Classification of elements of innovation infrastructure. Elements of innovation infrastructure and their characteristics

Introduction

Now it seems quite obvious that increasing the competitiveness of the Russian industry is possible only through the development of innovative activities. One of the main directions of development and stimulation of innovative activity is the creation of an innovative infrastructure. In the Fundamentals of the Policy of the Russian Federation in the field of development of science and technology for the period up to 2010 and beyond, the construction of an innovation infrastructure is named among the main tasks of forming a national innovation system.

This article examines the state of the infrastructure of the Russian innovation system and analyzes a number of problems that hinder the development of innovative approaches in industry, as well as some possible measures to create favorable conditions for the development of innovative activities of Russian enterprises.

The first elements of the innovation infrastructure - science and technology parks and business incubators - were created in Russia on the basis of higher educational institutions in the early 90s in Tomsk (1990), Moscow and Zelenograd (1991). In the mid-1990s, technoparks appeared, organized on the basis of large state scientific centers (SSC). The next step was the emergence of regional technoparks created to develop the production of high technology products. Such technoparks had their own premises, financial support from the federal and regional authorities, and quite successfully developed small innovative firms within their walls.

In the late 90s - early 2000s, with the participation of the Ministry of Industry and Science of Russia, a network of innovation and technology centers (ITCs) was created, which, in terms of tasks being solved, largely intersect with technology parks. The main feature of the ITC is that it is a support structure for established small innovative enterprises that have already passed the most difficult stage of creation. Therefore, unlike technoparks, which were supposed to be created at universities and perform the task of incubating small firms, ITCs were designed to provide more stable links between small businesses and industry, and therefore had to be created at enterprises or research and production complexes. The dynamics of the number of ITCs by years is shown in Figure 1. one

1 Analysis of the practice of existing innovation infrastructure facilities and development of mechanisms for their adaptation to support (incubate) small innovative companies created with the participation of technology transfer centers. Research report. Union of Innovation and Technology Centers of Russia. M.: 2004.

Fig.1. Dynamics of the number of innovation and technology centers

Since 2003, a network of technology transfer centers (TTCs) has been developing, the task of which is to accelerate the commercialization of scientific and technical results, to ensure the creation of small innovative enterprises, including as part of technology parks and innovation and technology centers.

Currently, there are more than 100 organizations operating in the regions of Russia that perform the functions of technoparks. Their distribution by regions is shown in Figure 2.

Geography of objects of support for innovation activity

- Technoparks

- Innovation and Technology Centers

- Technology Transfer Centers

In addition to the above elements, enterprises of information support for innovation, personnel training, financing, etc. have been created and are functioning.

Although a fairly extensive network of infrastructure enterprises has been created at present, the results of the development of innovative activities leave much to be desired. The share of Russia in the markets of science-intensive products is a vanishingly small value of 0.3 ... 0.5%, which is tens and hundreds of times less than the share of developed countries. At the same time, there is a reduction in the number of small innovative enterprises (Fig. 3), the number of researchers is decreasing (Fig. 4). 2

2

Fig.3. Dynamics of the enterprises of the industry "Science and scientific service"

Fig.4. Dynamics of the Research Sector

In order to understand the reasons for the current situation and the problems facing the innovation sphere, it is necessary to consider the place of infrastructure in the national innovation system (NIS) and the role it plays.

The system of links of elements of the NIS

Consider what components are included in the NIS, and how its individual parts interact. There are quite a few definitions of NIS. 3 For our purposes, the simplest and most intuitive clear definition NIS as a system that transforms knowledge into new technologies, products and services that are consumed in national or global markets.

3 Dezhina I.G., Saltykov B.G. Improvement of economic mechanisms state regulation commercialization of the results of scientific research and development. IET, M.: 2004

The decisive role in the functioning of the NIS is played by the state, which determines the rules for the functioning and interaction of participants in the innovation process through the formation of a regulatory environment. The NIS includes the actual subjects of innovation activity - organizations and individuals involved in the creation and promotion of an innovative product, and infrastructure facilities - organizations that contribute to the implementation of innovative activities. The composition and system of communications of the NIS are shown in Fig.5.

Fig.5. The composition of the NIS and the system of links of innovative activity

As follows from the definition of the NIS, the main result of its functioning is an increase in the volume of production of science-intensive products. Achieving almost all the goals formulated in the latest materials of the Government (doubling the GDP, raising the standard of living of the population, etc.) ultimately boils down to how efficiently production will be organized. Therefore, the main goal of analyzing the functioning of the NIS and the innovation infrastructure is to identify measures that stimulate the growth in sales of science-intensive products of Russian enterprises.

Resources of subjects of innovative activity

To do this, we first consider the potential that enterprises that carry out innovative activities have. These enterprises, which we will refer to as the subjects of innovative activity, include research institutes(sectoral and academic), universities conducting scientific research, industrial enterprises (small and medium) involved in the development of new products and the release of small batches of them, large enterprises that ideally should carry out large-scale production of innovative products. For the sake of completeness, private entrepreneurs and inventors engaged in inventive and research activities should also be mentioned.

The process of creating a new (innovative) product goes through several stages, starting from fundamental scientific research, through putting forward an idea and developing a product prototype (R&D) to mass production and sale to a consumer. This entire path, sometimes referred to as the "innovation corridor", is based on the use of a whole range of resources. In order to carry out their activities (to conduct research or produce products), enterprises must have a set of resources, the main of which include:

• production facilities, research base or production facilities,
• personnel with the necessary qualifications,
• scientific background, production technologies, etc.,
• finance for development or production,
• informational resources,
• sales networks that ensure the promotion of products on the markets.

The effectiveness of innovation activity depends on the availability and condition of these resources, on the ability of enterprises to use them, therefore, we will briefly characterize the listed resources in terms of possible competitive advantages of Russian innovative enterprises. Detailed studies and statistical data are given in the specialized literature, so what follows will mainly be a statement of the current situation without a detailed analysis.

The research base of research organizations is mostly outdated. The renewal of the instrumentation fleet in most of them was interrupted for almost a decade. Separate purchases of modern scientific equipment cannot radically change the situation; therefore, from this point of view, it is hardly worth hoping for Russian enterprises to maintain leading positions along the entire front of scientific research.

The production capacities of industrial enterprises of the machine-building complex are also largely outdated. The machine park is aging and changing towards the use of the simplest universal machines. Enterprises carry out very few purchases of modern equipment capable of ensuring the production of products of high complexity. Thus, the production base of the scientific and technical complex can hardly be considered a competitive advantage either.

To ensure the release of modern products, it is necessary to provide enterprises with access to modern equipment and technologies. This problem is especially relevant for small and medium-sized enterprises, which, due to weak financial capabilities and small production volumes, cannot purchase modern equipment. At the same time, it is small innovative enterprises that are considered as one of the main sources of innovation for industry.

The result of the current state of affairs in industry has become a situation where fundamental science creates a product that cannot be rationally used within the country by Russian enterprises. Instead, promising scientific and technical results are often transferred to industrialized countries, where they are already being commercialized. In cases where the results of work carried out at the expense of the state budget are transferred, in the current state of affairs, state funds are in fact sponsoring foreign countries, often without adequate coverage of the costs of our research sector. With the development of the global information infrastructure, when open information about the work carried out almost instantly becomes available to any interested person, the possibility of "informal" contacts with developers allows foreign firms to buy developments at a fraction of their real cost.

It should also be noted that, despite the existing resource limitations, research in our country continues in almost all areas that were developed back in Soviet times. This leads to the fact that in most promising areas of research it is not possible to concentrate forces sufficient for a serious breakthrough.

A serious resource is the scientific backlog left over from the old days. The unique technologies created in the Soviet era still remain a resource that supports individual islands of high-tech business in the Russian industry. A number of enterprises continue to produce small batches of devices that are successfully sold in the domestic and foreign markets. However, there are very few examples when large-scale use of old technologies is carried out. In addition, it should be noted that the technologies used by our enterprises become morally obsolete over time and their comparative efficiency is gradually decreasing due to the development of new areas and technologies created on a new scientific and technological basis, which is absent in the Russian industry.

Another problem of enterprises producing such products has recently been the aging of personnel who are carriers of these technologies. Without the entry of young workers, the technologies used may be partly lost. The average age of highly qualified scientific and design personnel of research enterprises is close to retirement age (see Table 1). Replenishment of personnel potential at the expense of young people does not cover losses due to the outflow of older specialists. A difficult situation is with the average technical staff, which largely determines the effectiveness of the use of technology in industry. The high human resources potential, which has been our advantage over the past few years, may gradually come to naught without its adequate supply of young employees.

Table 1

Average age of scientific personnel 4

4 Science of Russia in numbers. CISN, M.: 2003

Another serious problem in the science-intensive sector of the economy is access to financial resources, which is limited for most industrial enterprises in the science-intensive sector. The development of enterprises is mainly due to the use of own funds. There is practically no receipt of borrowed funds at the stage of product development. Venture capital raising schemes are currently not working, and an elementary analysis shows that in the near future they will not work on a significant scale for the economy due to the underdevelopment of the stock market. The seed financing systems that have begun to develop recently are also unlikely to solve the problems of large-scale development due to the insignificance of resources allocated for this on an economy-wide scale.

Finally, another important resource is the development of a system for marketing science-intensive products. It is practically absent in most high-tech enterprises. Separate positive examples do not become a model for study and replication. As a result, the marketing of science-intensive products is very poorly organized by most enterprises. This largely explains the unjustifiably low share of Russian enterprises in the world market. Having no experience in trading in world markets and qualified personnel, our enterprises are not able to successfully compete for markets with foreign competitors.

On the basis of the above facts, it can be concluded that certain strategic advantages of the Russian innovation system are not supported by a set of resources and lose their significance over time. The solution of existing problems is possible due to the development of the infrastructure of innovation activity.

Innovation activity infrastructure

The main task of the innovation infrastructure is to contribute to the solution of the problems listed above. At present, there is a fairly extensive network of organizations that promote the development of innovation activity (see Table 2). It should be immediately noted that the objects of innovative infrastructure can solve only part of the problems and the successful development of innovative activity cannot be made solely dependent on the presence or number of relevant infrastructure objects. As can be seen from Figure 5, an innovative system for successful operation must also have favorable regulatory legal framework and an effective system for bringing the products of innovative enterprises to the markets.

table 2

General scheme of innovation infrastructure

Let us characterize the role of individual elements of the infrastructure and the problems of their development, as well as the measures necessary for this.

Technological infrastructure

The technological infrastructure is designed to create conditions for the access of enterprises (especially small ones) to production resources. This includes technology parks (TP) and innovation technology centers (ITCs), which mainly provide access to production facilities, and innovation technology complexes, which additionally also provide access to production facilities.

One of the problems of the existing technological infrastructure is that there is practically no rotation of small enterprises (SE) in technoparks and ITC, that is, a small business, once in a technopark, remains in it indefinitely. This is due to the lack of a market for production space in most regions, and SE is forced to hold on to the area of ​​the technopark as long as possible. The consequence of this situation is that, on the one hand, after some time, the growth in the production of MPs located in the technopark stops, and on the other hand, the growth in the number of MPs stops. As a result, TP and ITC are in many cases purely nominal objects of innovative infrastructure, rather they are tenement houses that bring their owners income from renting space to small businesses. A solution to this problem is proposed in setting a limit on the duration of the MP's stay in the TP. However, without creating opportunities for placing them in other areas, this, in fact, will mean the closure of part of the MP after a specified period. Most likely, the situation will quickly return to its initial state due to the formal "rotation" through the organization of new legal entities with a permanent composition of founders.

As real alternative To solve this problem, it is possible to consider the construction of industrial parks - a set of standard modules equipped with the necessary communications and industrial infrastructure, where SE could rent for a start, and, if financially possible, buy out production areas. Another option for providing access to production facilities is the organization of industrial parks based on empty or idle enterprises, which are quite numerous in almost all regions. Such projects are already beginning to be implemented in a number of regions.

The next issue that should be addressed by the technological infrastructure is providing access for small businesses to production facilities. When creating areas for accommodating small enterprises, one must also keep in mind the need to ensure that they can manufacture their own industrial products. This task is intended to be solved by innovative industrial complexes (IPCs) and technological clusters. IPK were created, as a rule, on the basis of unused production capacities of large enterprises. Until now, the workload of large enterprises made it possible to rely on the placement of MP orders for them. At the same time, a paradoxical situation developed, when large enterprises loaded small enterprises under subcontracts, while in developed countries the situation is basically the opposite. With the growth of the economy, this opportunity becomes less, as large enterprises increase production volumes and, first of all, fulfill their own orders at their production base.

Recently, the organization of "clusters" has become fashionable, which actually play the role of innovation-industrial parks. Clusters, as a rule, are a set of enterprises located in one limited area (in a large enterprise or within the same city) and more or less closely connected by industrial ties. In essence, such a definition of a cluster is almost completely identical to the concept of an innovation-technological complex. To avoid misunderstandings, it should be said right away that the concept of a competitiveness cluster introduced by M. Porter 5 has nothing to do with these formations.

5 M. Porter, Competition. M.: ID "Williams", 2003

For completeness, we should also mention technology and innovation zones, which can also be attributed to the elements of technological infrastructure. Recently, there has been an extensive discussion of the project to create such zones. It is assumed that enterprises that will be located in these zones will have access to business infrastructure and special tax and customs regimes. So far, the conditions for the existence of enterprises in technology and innovation zones have not been legally defined, and it is premature to discuss the role of such formations in the innovation system.

Centers for collective use of production equipment

It is obvious that providing all small enterprises with modern production equipment is impossible due to the fact that relatively small volumes of their production do not allow efficient use of modern productive equipment. With the cost of a modern machine at several hundred thousand dollars, only a fairly large enterprise can afford its purchase and efficient operation in the production of its own products (we do not consider here the issue of the availability and cost of loans for the purchase of equipment for small and medium-sized enterprises, but only the issues of its cost-effective operation ). Thus, for this reason, a huge layer of small and medium-sized enterprises is cut off from the use of new technologies in production. The way out of this situation is possible through the collective use of equipment in service centers.

In the West, this approach has become widespread. For example, up to 20% of laser production equipment is installed in so-called job-shops (centers providing services for laser processing of materials). It should be noted that not only small and medium-sized, but also large enterprises are clients of such centers.

As mentioned above, the machine park of the industry is aging, and providing access to modern technologies is very relevant not only for small and medium-sized enterprises. In modern Russian conditions, when most enterprises do not have the necessary resources to re-equip production, this approach will allow, at relatively low cost, to provide access to modern technologies to almost all interested enterprises, regardless of their size and production volumes. For example, Table 3 shows comparative data on two options for equipping industrial enterprises with laser equipment. 6

6 Report on the research work "Development of a project for the creation of a problem-oriented innovation center in the field of laser technologies". Moscow: Laser Association, 2003

Table 3

Comparison of laser equipment utilization rates
at individual enterprises and as part of the regional center

With the traditional approach, when equipment is installed at each of the enterprises, the cost of its purchase is 10–20 times higher than in the case of equipping collective use centers serving the same number of enterprises. An important factor in comparison is the provision of equipment with qualified service personnel - for equipping through the centers of collective use, an order of magnitude fewer qualified specialists will be required. Finally, the start-up period of equipment operation in the center can be significantly shorter, since higher-skilled specialists can be used to install equipment and debug technological processes.

One of the main results of the organization of centers for collective use will be providing access to modern technologies for small and medium-sized enterprises, for which the purchase of their own expensive technological equipment is almost impossible. If partially budgetary funds are used to equip regional centers, their payback due to an increase in the production volumes of enterprises using the services of the center, and a corresponding increase in tax payments, can be extremely fast.

In addition to the direct return of funds invested in the CCU from production activities, one should also take into account the indirect effects from the activities of the centers for collective use. They cannot be calculated with the same accuracy as production costs and business income, but the following estimates give an idea of ​​the indirect positive effect. It is known that for each ruble of costs for the production of products using lasers at the next stages of production, products are generated for 8 ... 10 rubles in the following redistributions. If we assume that 10% of this amount is taxes, then for each ruble of products manufactured at the laser complex, approximately 1 ruble of tax revenues is generated throughout the entire production chain. The annual amount of work on a laser installation is approximately equal to its cost. Thus, an investment in the organization of laser sites for collective use pays off only in tax revenues in about one year.

This example shows the main advantages that may arise from the proposed approaches. Naturally, the example with laser centers is only an illustration, and similar approaches can be used in other areas. For example, there are projects with the organization of similar industries in the field of biotechnology.

In conclusion, we list the additional positive effects that the organization of regional centers for collective use gives:

• generation of additional production volumes,
• generation of tax revenues from increased production volumes,
• increasing competitiveness - expanding sales, increasing sales of industrial products through the use of advanced production technologies, increasing the export potential of Russian manufacturing enterprises by improving the quality of products,
• creating new jobs for highly qualified personnel and expanding the volume of training of qualified personnel,
• preservation of the production potential of Russian enterprises.

As can be seen from the above list, the organization of centers for collective use makes it economically feasible to provide a large number of regional industrial enterprises with access to modern technologies and gives many positive side effects that contribute to the transfer of regional industry to an innovative development path.

Consulting infrastructure

The next block of infrastructure enterprises includes consulting organizations. The importance of these structures for ensuring innovation activity lies in the fact that innovation activity has many specific features, knowledge of which is acquired only with practical experience. The creation of small innovative enterprises (SIEs) by "unprofessional" managers leads to the fact that the survival rate of such enterprises is usually low. Therefore, providing access to professional advice seems to be one of the means to increase the efficiency of the use of funds allocated for innovative development. The centers (offices) of technology transfer are called upon to deal with a comprehensive solution of many of these issues. Currently, TTCs are created, as a rule, at large universities and academic institutions. The CTT network is much less developed in industry institutes and state research centers (SRCs), although it is they who have the most significant backlog in the development of new technologies. The CTT network at the beginning of 2005 included about 50 organizations and continues to develop intensively. CTTs are created either as structural subdivisions of organizations with innovative developments, or as independent legal entities. Both options have both advantages and disadvantages. So far, the existing work experience is insufficient to say which of the options for organizing the CTT is more preferable.

The main task of the CTT is the commercialization of developments created in parent organizations. To solve this problem, the CTT must be able to provide consulting services on a fairly wide range of issues - financial, economic, marketing, and often also on foreign economic activity.

The main problems that began to manifest themselves with the beginning of the development of the CTT network are the lack of qualified personnel for their recruitment. Often CTT management does not know how to organize practical work on the commercialization of developments, has a poor understanding of the existing opportunities. If, in parallel with the creation of the CTT, measures are not taken to train personnel, the effectiveness of the network being created will be low. If the problem of personnel is solved, the CTT can become one of the important structural elements that stimulate the development of innovative activity in the regions.

In addition to CTT, the scope of consulting also includes other organizations that are listed in Table 2. As a rule, they are of a universal nature, provide services to enterprises of various specializations and are not focused only on innovative activities.

Training infrastructure

If we consider the problems of personnel training in more detail, we should note a whole range of problems in this area. As noted above, there are growing problems with personnel providing research and development, and there is an acute problem of a shortage of secondary technical personnel and skilled workers. The problem of enterprises producing innovative products has recently been the aging of personnel who are carriers of key technologies. Without the entry of young workers, the technologies used may be partly lost.

With the development of the personnel training system, it is necessary to ensure a balanced training of personnel in all areas that ensure innovative activity. However, as one of the main problems, it should be noted that at present most industrial enterprises (both large and small) do not have specialists who can competently ensure the promotion of high-tech products of enterprises to the market. The total need for such personnel is several tens of thousands of people. The problem can be solved only by organizing purposeful work on training such personnel with a planning horizon of 5-10 years (time for basic training of personnel and the acquisition of practical work skills by them).

Currently, dozens of universities in the country are training specialists in the field of management and marketing of high-tech production, but the effectiveness of this work is low. Only a small number of graduates go to work in their specialty, there are significant problems even with staffing a small number of technology transfer centers created with the participation of Rosnauka. As a rule, they are completed by specialists who are selected according to their practical suitability for the fulfillment of the tasks and functions facing the CTT.

Finally, one should also note the shortage of qualified teachers for training. In many universities, teaching is conducted by specialists who do not have practical experience in the issues that they teach students. Training is based on foreign developments and manuals that do not fully reflect Russian specifics and realities, resulting in specialists who then have to gain experience through trial and error for several years.

In this regard, the role of the consulting system should be noted once again. Since the training of personnel is a rather long and inertial process, and the time of irreversible changes at many enterprises focused on the production of high technology products may be less than the time for solving the personnel problem, it is necessary to provide for the creation and development of a consulting system for industrial enterprises in the field of innovation and market promotion science-intensive products. This system does not repeat the CTT system, although it should work closely with it, but provides one-time consulting on certain issues that arise for enterprises. Perhaps it is advisable to build this system as a system of express training in the basics of innovative approaches.

At the first stage (1-3 years), the consulting system should cover the need for information in the field of promotion and marketing of innovative products of enterprises. It is advisable to provide state support for this system for the first three to five years in order to form the need for such services among enterprises (for enterprises, services should have a symbolic cost at the first stage). The basis for creating a consulting network can be the technology transfer centers currently being created, staffed with the necessary specialists. To successfully solve the problem of providing access to consulting, it is necessary to provide support for the work of such centers from local administrations. It is expedient to link the created centers into a single network that provides access to the consulting resources of other organizations - members of the network in the absence of the necessary specialists in the region. According to estimates, the number of consulting centers should be several hundred at the rate of 1 consulting center for 500 - 1000 industrial enterprises.

Information infrastructure

The next block of the innovation support infrastructure is related to providing access to information. In this area, there is a fairly extensive network of organizations, including a regional system of state centers of scientific and technical information, structures that support small businesses, and regional information networks. A large amount of information on innovation issues is available on the Internet.

The current system effectively solves a number of problems. So technical information is now available in large volumes in almost all areas of science and technology. Access to patent information is not particularly problematic. The main information that can influence the solution of problems of innovative development, and for which there is a significant deficit, is related to information about the markets.

Another group of issues of information support for innovation activity is related to bringing information about new developments to potential users, organizing consultations on their use.

In 2005-06 Within the framework of the Federal Target Scientific and Technical Program (FTsNTP) "Research and Development in Priority Areas of Science and Technology Development" for 2002-2006, it is planned to create a network of information and analytical centers in priority areas of science and technology development, as well as on innovation topics. It is also planned to set up work to organize the collection, analysis and systematization of information on completed R&D in the regions and in Russia as a whole. Significant efforts are supposed to be directed to bringing information about completed R&D to interested consumers. This work will be carried out, including at exhibition events supported by the Russian Ministry of Education and Science and Rosnauka.

Within the framework of the FTSTP, work on market research and the development of business plans for organizing the production of promising science-intensive products will also be supported.

financial infrastructure

The next group of innovative infrastructure enterprises is the subject of the most lively discussion - these are the structures that provide access for innovative enterprises (both large and small) to financial resources. There are currently quite a few financial instruments However, statistical studies show that the main source of financing for the development of innovative industrial enterprises is their own funds. Bank credit is still too expensive, and loans are too short for the development of innovative activities.

State budget resources are available mainly to large enterprises. But even for them, the scale of provision with budgetary financial resources is no more than 5-10% of required volumes. The development of SIE is financed mainly by the founders themselves, their relatives and friends. The limited nature of such sources also leads to a slowdown in the growth of the number of IIBs.

The start-up financing program, conducted by the Fund for the Promotion of Small Forms of Scientific and Technical Enterprises and local small business support programs, is not able to reverse the negative trends and, at best, compensate for a small part of the "natural loss" of IIP. There are no consolidated data on the support of small innovative entrepreneurship by local budgets, but it can be assumed that their impact on the dynamics of IIP is also small, with the possible exception of capitals and some large cities.

Venture capital investment, which has been discussed a lot lately, still remains exotic, and there are no significant successes in this direction yet. Apparently, this is due to the fact that our industry has not yet formed the need for the development of venture capital approaches. Unlike developed countries, where the venture business serves the need of large enterprises for promising developments, most Russian enterprises prefer to produce such developments on their own. In the West, this function is increasingly being taken out, that is, enterprises prefer to buy development, rather than carry it out on their own - this is what becomes the basis of venture approaches. We have a significant number of in-house developers in most enterprises, and enterprises tend to upload them first, not third parties. Those few of our venture projects that end in the sale of established enterprises show that buyers are, as a rule, foreign firms or investors. That is, the creation of venture enterprises is work on foreign markets with all the ensuing difficulties. Another important circumstance is the current difficulty of an investor's "exit" from the venture enterprise being created - this also does not contribute to the development of venture business.

Since foreign venture financing schemes do not work well in Russian conditions, it is advisable to think about developing modifications of venture financing schemes that allow attracting venture capital financing in an underdeveloped stock market, an excess of proposals for the development of R&D, an undeveloped system of "exit" from the created venture enterprises.

It should also be noted that recently in many regions the creation of regional venture funds has been underway. In most of these cases, the word "venture" in the title reflects only a fashion trend. In essence, most of these structures are innovation support funds aimed at financing R&D and not involving the creation of new enterprises.

A serious contribution to solving the problem of financing could be the attraction of money from large manufacturing enterprises to the innovative business. Most industrial enterprises are not yet interested in paying (or are unable to pay) R&D. Only very large buyers of innovations from the raw material sector of the economy can move the situation off the ground. Recently, several projects have been launched to finance promising developments by such companies, but the scale of this activity is still insignificant.

Another way to attract market money to innovative enterprises is to accelerate the innovation cycle in terms of expanding the scale of entry of enterprises into markets with finished products. This path will allow already existing innovative enterprises to receive additional resources to bring their new developments to the markets.

Recently, guarantee structures and funds have been created in a number of regions, which should solve the problems of securing loans for small enterprises in the banking system. Leasing schemes for the purchase of high-tech equipment by small businesses are also successfully developing.

Within the framework of the work carried out by the Ministry of Industry and Science of Russia, it is planned to develop standard documents on the organization of guarantee funds in the regions, methodological materials on the organization of their work, amendments to the existing regulatory framework should be formulated to ensure the operation of such funds.

It should also be noted that the emerging system of financing innovations by business angels. Currently, several associations of private investors have been created in the regions of Russia. So far, the amount of SIE financing under this scheme is insignificant.

Another source of funding for innovation is the participation of enterprises in international projects. The expansion of financial inflows from this source is possible with the development of a network of technology transfer centers with the participation of foreign partners.

Sales infrastructure

One of the key factors in the competitiveness of a modern enterprise is a developed sales system. Due to objective reasons related to the history of the development of Russian enterprises, most of them do not have personnel and skills in the field of marketing high-tech products. The low demand for science-intensive products on the part of Russian industrial enterprises, which is often cited as one of the reasons for the poor development of the innovation sector of the economy, is explained, on the one hand, by the low solvency of enterprises, and on the other hand, by the lack of information about the opportunities offered by developers, that is, active work to promote innovative products to the markets by its manufacturers.

This problem is even more urgent when entering the world markets. In foreign markets, there is practically no even initial information about the products of Russian innovative enterprises, and therefore, without serious work in this direction, one cannot hope for a radical change in the situation with the entry of our enterprises into the world markets of high-tech products and an increase in their share from today's 0.3-0. 5% to values ​​comparable with developed countries.

In this regard, the creation of an effective system for promoting science-intensive products of Russian enterprises to the domestic and world markets is an extremely urgent task that determines the success of the entire program for transferring industry to an innovative development option.

Classical promotion methods (such as participation in exhibitions, sales via the Internet), typical for traditional products, do not work well for innovative products, characteristics and consumer properties at the first stages of promotion are not familiar to potential buyers. The huge shortage of qualified personnel for this activity allows us to consider the provision of this resource as a key, if not the main factor in accelerating the innovative development of the economy.

The solution to the problem can be sought in the creation of structures for collective entry into the markets (by analogy with Rosoboronexport or Soviet foreign trade organizations that served the export of industries). To complete such structures, it is possible to recruit a sufficient number of qualified specialists who will provide not one, but several enterprises at once, united according to a regional or sectoral principle.

Naturally, at the same time, it is necessary to develop other methods of promotion that currently exist - through exhibition activities, professional associations of enterprises, intermediary firms and a system of consulting and marketing firms.

Conclusion

The above analysis of the state of the innovation infrastructure allows us to conclude that there are serious imbalances in the creation of infrastructure organizations. If in some areas there is a sufficiently developed system, then in others, work has practically not begun. A serious task for the near future is the creation of such an infrastructure for innovation, which allows to ensure the necessary balance of resources of innovative enterprises.

The experience of foreign countries shows that the share of high-tech products supplied to world markets is directly dependent on the development of the national innovation infrastructure.

Innovative infrastructure is a set of objects of innovative activity and interconnections between them that produce new knowledge and innovations, transform them into new products and services, ensure their distribution and consumption in the market. The innovation infrastructure is the link between the results of scientific research and the market, the state and the business sector of the economy. The infrastructure of the national innovation system is based on technology transfer centers, innovation and technology centers, technology parks and high-tech territories, research and development support funds, start-up and venture financing funds, centers for training specialized personnel (personnel) and for information support of innovation. activities and others.

The innovation infrastructure implies, first of all, the presence in it of specific market-oriented economic entities, such as technology parks, technopolises, innovation and technology centers, as well as small innovation and venture enterprises.

Depending on the orientation, technoparks, technopolises, innovation centers, etc. are institutional entities, the main purpose of which is to implement innovation activities, commercialize R&D results and accelerate their advancement in the field of material production, as well as in creating favorable conditions for the innovative development of the country's economy.

The innovation infrastructure can be decomposed into 4 components:

1. Legal infrastructure:

A set of laws on the protection of objects of intellectual activity and the protection of rights;

Legal acts that stimulate R&D in the interests of industry and regulate the transfer of research results to areas of their use;

A set of legislative acts that determine the conditions for the creation and operation of business support institutions;

Legal support of small and medium-sized businesses.

2. Information infrastructure: - reference, patent, market, analytical, technical and advertising information.

The main information needs are in solving issues related to patenting innovations and conducting marketing research.

3. Specialized innovation centers: - business incubators, technology parks, innovation centers, business support centers, etc.

4. Financial institutions: - banks, investment institutions, individual investors, venture funds, budget, etc.

Let us consider in more detail the elements of the innovation infrastructure.

Entrepreneurship support centers (ESCs) in the Republic of Belarus are created as a legal entity on the basis of any form of ownership in order to provide economic and organizational support to small businesses. The regulatory framework for the activities of the CPP is stipulated by the regulation approved by the Council of Ministers on 25.08.97. No. 1111, developed on the basis of the Law of the Republic of Belarus "On State Support for Small Business in the Republic of Belarus" dated 10/16/96. No. 685-XIII. To date, the Ministry of Economy, with the assistance of the Belarusian Fund for Financial Support of Entrepreneurs, central government bodies, local executive and administrative bodies, has registered 40 PSCs that provide services to small businesses. There are 12 CPPs in Minsk alone.

Support for small business in the Republic of Belarus is provided by the adoption and implementation of the annual Program of State Support for Small Business and the functioning of the small business support infrastructure deployed throughout the country.

The infrastructure includes regional and district Business Support Centers, as well as small business incubators. It should be noted that in order to stimulate activities for the PSC, premises and office equipment can be allocated for free use or on preferential terms for rent and utility bills, as well as the PSC enjoy the right of priority to receive released production and other areas, land plots, soft loans. For support, an average of 10-50 MPs turn to the CPP per year. The CPP mainly provides information, consulting, methodological services, retrains personnel, and also conducts marketing research. However, PSCs practically do not provide services such as providing SE with qualified personnel and providing financial support. Often this happens not because the center has poorly adjusted its activities, but due to the influence of "external" factors that do not allow the organization to function in accordance with its goals and objectives. Certain areas of state policy have a negative impact on the development of innovation infrastructure. First of all, these areas of economic policy included tax, monetary, customs, and budgetary and financial.

At present, a number of legislative and regulatory acts have been adopted in the republic relating to the sphere of small innovative entrepreneurship. In accordance with Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus No. 244, a significant reduction in income and value added taxes, customs duties, etc. is provided for in the case of industries and enterprises based on new and high technologies.

A small business incubator (SBE) is an organization that is created on the basis of any form of ownership and provides, on certain conditions and for a certain time, premises specially equipped for offices and production to small businesses starting their activities in order to assist them in the gradual establishment and development business and their financial independence. The main task of the incubator is to create a favorable environment for the development and support of small businesses by creating organizational and economic conditions that stimulate their activities.

The Innovation Center (IC) is a specialized small business incubator in which small businesses are given the opportunity to develop and use new technologies and other innovations that would allow them to develop in the future own production. The legal and economic foundations for the organization and functioning of incubators in the Republic of Belarus are determined by the Regulation “On Small Business Incubators”, approved by the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus dated 04.06.1997 No. 640. Incubators are very important for our country because they cover the early, most risky stage of developing a high-tech product, which in our country is one of the least developed stages of the innovation process.

Almost all information centers provide information services to small businesses, search for partners, investors and creditors, assist in the introduction of modern technologies, conduct marketing research, provide consulting services. But not a single IC provides financial support, which is essential for innovative enterprises.

A technopark is understood as an innovative infrastructure entity that promotes the development of entrepreneurship in the scientific and technical sphere by creating favorable conditions, including a material, technical and information base.

Technopark provides conditions for the implementation of the innovation process - from the search (development) of innovation to the release of a sample of a commercial product and its implementation.

The subject of activity of the technopark are complete solution problems of accelerated transfer of the results of scientific research into production and bringing them to the consumer on a commercial basis.

Regulation "On Science and Technology Park" dated July 31, 1997, No. 998 establishes the procedure for the creation and liquidation of technology parks, determines the main directions of their activities. The criteria and procedures for classifying business entities operating on the territory of the Republic of Belarus as technoparks are determined by the "Procedure for classifying business entities as science and technology parks", approved by order of the State Committee for Science and Technology dated November 27, 1997 No. 95.

In Belarus, the functions of existing technoparks are mainly reduced to supporting small enterprises that have already launched the production of their products. This is their difference from foreign analogues. As a result, the results of the activities of domestic technology parks are much more modest than one would expect from such structures.

A free economic zone is a part of the territory of the Republic of Belarus with precisely defined borders and a special legal regime that establishes more favorable than usual conditions for entrepreneurial and other economic activities. Production, scientific and technological, export, trade, tourist and recreational, insurance, banking and other types of activities can develop in the SEZ (Article 1 of the Law of the Republic of Belarus “On Free Economic Zones”).

The legal and organizational foundations for the creation, operation and liquidation of the SEZ on the territory of the Republic of Belarus are established by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus dated March 20, 1996 No. 114 "On free economic zones on the territory of the Republic of Belarus" and the Law of the Republic of Belarus dated December 7, 1998 No. 213- 3 "On Free Economic Zones" with subsequent amendments and additions.

The goals and objectives of each of the SEZs are determined depending on the functional type of the SEZ, established by the relevant Regulations on the SEZ. Basically, this is the attraction and effective use of foreign and national investments for the creation and development of export-oriented industries based on modern and high technologies, as well as the efficient use of existing production facilities.

However, there are also specific goals. For example, for the FEZ "Gomel-Raton" - this is the involvement in production of non-traditional resources and energy sources; for FEZ "Brest" - expansion of production of consumer goods and services; for the FEZ "Minsk" - increasing the load of the airport "Minsk-2" and further development of air traffic; for the FEZ "Vitebsk" and "Mogilev" - the development and ensuring the effective use of the existing engineering and transport infrastructure, for the FEZ "Grodnoinvest" - the transformation of advanced resource and energy-saving technologies into the economy of the region.

Technology Transfer Center - an organization that promotes the implementation of innovations (Article 7 of the Draft Law of the Republic of Belarus "On State Support and state guarantees innovation activity in the Republic of Belarus”). CTTs are created in cooperation with scientific organizations of the republic to organize the flow of new technologies from the scientific centers of the republic into production.

By analogy with transport infrastructure, we can say that innovative infrastructure is all information, organizational, marketing, educational and other networks that help a new idea (as if on "rails") to get to its practical implementation and find its consumer (Fig. 9.3) .

Rice. Composition of the innovation infrastructure

Key elements of innovation infrastructure

1. Technopark structures:

· science parks, technological and research parks;

· innovative, innovative-technological and business-innovation centers;

Technology transfer centers

· business and technology incubators;

· virtual incubators;

Technopolises, etc.

2. Information technology systems:

bases of scientific and technological information,

technical-legal and technical-economic information,

other databases.

Technopark structures.

At present, there are many different forms of technopark structures in the world. There are fundamental differences between some of these forms associated with different functional purposes, the specifics of the organizational form, the range of tasks to be solved, while the difference between other technopark structures is more of a terminological nature, sometimes associated with the peculiarities of the development of innovative infrastructure in a particular country.

There are three main groups of technopark structures:

1. incubators;

2. technology parks;

3. technopolises.

Incubators- These are multifunctional complexes that provide a variety of services to new innovative firms that are at the stage of emergence and formation.

In other words, incubators are designed to "hatch" new innovative enterprises, assist them at the earliest stages of their development by providing information, consulting services, renting premises and equipment, and other services. The incubator usually occupies one or more buildings. The incubation period of the client firm usually lasts from 2 to 5 years, after which the innovative firm leaves the incubator and begins independent activity.

The incubator as a form and element of the innovation infrastructure is in constant development, the logic of which is largely helped to understand the history of the emergence and spread of incubators.

The progenitor of incubators in the field of innovation can be considered the so-called "creative communes" of architects, designers, artists or craftsmen. These communes tended to redesign the buildings they occupied to create the most conducive environment for creativity and communication. A distinctive feature of these communes, which are considered to be the birthplace of Great Britain, is that they had a certain set of services for collective use.

All incubators created and functioning to support new innovative companies and promote innovative entrepreneurship can be divided into two main types. The first includes those that operate as independent organizations. To the second - the incubators which are a part of a technopark.

The business incubator provides the following basic services:

Lease (sublease) of non-residential premises to small businesses;

Implementation of the technical operation of the building (part of the building) of the business incubator;

postal and secretarial services;

· consulting services on taxation, accounting, lending, legal protection and enterprise development, business planning, advanced training and training;

access to information databases.

Recently, in connection with the development of electronic business, the active use of the Internet and other new information technologies in production and management practice, they are distinguished as a separate type virtual incubators or "incubators without walls". Such incubators help to assess the commercial potential of an innovative project, considered as the basis for the creation of a new company; conduct appropriate marketing research; regulate relations with the parent organization (university, research institute, etc.) on intellectual property issues; develop a business plan and overall business strategy; find partner organizations acting as suppliers or consumers of innovative products, etc. Naturally, "incubators without walls" do not rent premises to client firms. However, the advantage of the virtual form is that the creation of such an incubator, compared to the traditional form, usually involves much more modest investments.

Under technopark It implies a research and production territorial complex, the main task of which is to create the most favorable environment for the development of small and medium-sized knowledge-intensive innovative client firms.

The concept of a technology park is quite close to the concept of an incubator in the field of innovation. Both of these elements of the innovation infrastructure are complexes designed to promote the development of small innovative companies, create a favorable, supportive environment for their functioning. The difference between them lies in the fact that the range of technopark client firms, unlike incubators, is not limited to newly created and operating companies. early stage development by innovative companies. The services of technology parks are used by small and medium-sized innovative enterprises that are at various stages of the commercial development of scientific knowledge, know-how and science-intensive technologies. In other words, technoparks are not characterized by a strict policy of constant renewal, customer rotation, which is typical for incubators in the field of innovation.

In addition, incubator complexes are usually located in one or more buildings. Technoparks also usually have plots of land that they can lease to client firms for the construction of those offices or other production facilities.

Consequently, technoparks, in comparison with incubators, imply the creation of a more diverse innovation environment that allows providing a wider range of services to support innovative entrepreneurship by developing the material, technical, socio-cultural, informational and financial base for the formation and development of small and medium-sized innovative enterprises.

The main structural unit of the technopark is the center. Typically, the structure of the technopark includes:

· innovation and technology center;

· Training Center;

· consultation center;

· information centre;

marketing center;

· Industrial Zone.

Each of the centers of the technopark provides a specialized set of services, for example, services for retraining specialists, searching for and providing information on a particular technology, legal advice, etc. The technopark may include an incubator as its separate structural element.

It should be noted that parks as an element of innovative infrastructure in different countries ah got different definitions. If in Russia they are referred to as “technological parks” (“technoparks”) or “science and technology parks”, then in the USA these structures are mainly called “research parks”, in the UK they are called “science parks”, in China they are called “science parks”. industrial parks.

Technopolis, which is often also called a scientific city or a science city, is a large modern scientific and industrial complex, including a university or other universities, research institutes, as well as residential areas equipped with cultural and recreational infrastructure.

The purpose of the construction of science cities and technopolises is to concentrate scientific research in advanced and pioneer industries, to create a favorable environment for the development of new high-tech industries in these industries. As a rule, one of the criteria that a technopolis must meet is its location in picturesque areas, harmony with natural conditions and local traditions.

In Russia, there are quite a few quite successful examples of the creation and development of technopolises. Among them - Pushchino, Dubna, Obninsk.

Information technology systems.

One of the key elements of the innovation infrastructure in many countries is information technology systems. These systems are based on databases containing a wide variety of information about the subjects and results of innovation, including information about innovative products, services, technologies, scientific and innovative organizations, intellectual property, etc.

The rapid development of Internet technologies and other new information technologies can significantly increase the efficiency of solving the problem of information support for innovation. The use of telematic networks for interactive remote access to databases of information technology systems contributes to a more efficient implementation of innovation processes.

Examples of the successful functioning of this element of the innovation infrastructure are the information technology systems ARIST, CORDIS, EPIPOS, supported by the countries of the European Union.

Thus, the scientific and technological information service ARIST is an information tool for obtaining information about innovative technologies existing on the market. It is used to connect innovative organizations with relevant technology with potential clients. ARIST provides a range of information services that can be divided into three groups:

· scientific and technological information to analyze what stage a certain innovative technology has reached;

technical and legal information for the analysis of industrial property (patents, trade marks, utility models, national and foreign technical standards), as well as legislation, regulations of different countries;

· technical and economic information, which includes market research on supply and distribution.

At present, the successful development of innovation infrastructure in many countries is associated with integration processes that allow achieving synergistic effects by combining and coordinating the activities of various elements of the innovation infrastructure. In our country, a positive integrating role in the development of innovation infrastructure is played by the creation of various innovation unions and associations.

Similar information.

Innovative infrastructure of the Russian Federation and its development

Introduction

At present, the creation of a national innovation infrastructure in Russia is a key task not only for the scientific and technical sphere, but also for increasing the competitiveness of the domestic economy. The commercialization of technologies is part of a holistic mechanism for the creation and implementation of innovations within the framework of the national innovation infrastructure. In this paper, we will consider the concept and objectives of the innovation infrastructure, elements of the innovation infrastructure of the Russian Federation, the essence and principles, the classification of scientific organizations, features and types of small innovative enterprises (companies), and also indicate the goals and objectives of the innovation strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020.

1. The concept and objectives of the innovation infrastructure

innovative infrastructure science

Under the innovation infrastructure is understood a set of organizations that contribute to the implementation of innovative projects, including the provision of managerial, logistical, financial, information, personnel, advisory and organizational services.

The innovation infrastructure is the link between the results of scientific research and the market, the state and the business sector of the economy.

Usually, at least the following types (subsystems) of innovation infrastructure are distinguished:

financial: various types of funds (budgetary, venture, insurance, investment), as well as other financial institutions, such as, for example, the stock market, especially in terms of high-tech companies;

production and technological (or material): technology parks, innovation and technology centers, business incubators, etc.;

informational: the actual databases and knowledge and access centers, as well as analytical, statistical, informational, etc. centers (i.e. service providers);

personnel: educational institutions for the training and retraining of personnel in the field of scientific and innovation management, technological audit, marketing, etc.;

expert consulting: organizations engaged in the provision of services on intellectual property, standardization, certification, as well as consulting centers, both general and specialized in certain areas (finance, investment, marketing, management, etc.).

In all the cases listed above, the subjects of innovative activity are provided with access to certain types of resources and services they need, namely:

to financial resources directly or through obtaining a share in the market value of entities;

to buildings, structures, equipment, instruments, etc.;

to the necessary information;

to human resources with the required qualifications, or systems that ensure the improvement of their qualifications;

different kind special services that can be provided to this subject of innovative activity.

The objectives of the innovation infrastructure are expressed as follows:

selection of projects based on the system of objective examination;

creation of favorable starting conditions for the development of small innovative technology-oriented firms;

support of mechanisms of interaction with major centers;

formation of a material and technical base for the creation and development of small innovative firms;

creation of information networks that ensure the development of small firms, the possibility of their connection to international networks;

entrepreneurship training in the scientific and technical field.

Elements of innovation infrastructure

With the help of various elements of the innovation infrastructure, the following main tasks are solved:

Information Support;

production and technological support for innovation;

holding exhibitions of innovative projects and products;

provision of consulting assistance;

training, retraining and advanced training of personnel for innovative activities.

The key elements of the innovation infrastructure are:

) technology park structures:

science parks, technology and research centers;

innovation, innovation-technological and business-innovation centers;

technology transfer centers;

business and technology incubators;

virtual incubators;

technopolises, etc.

) information technology systems:

bases of scientific and technological information, technical-legal and technical-economic information, other databases.

Let us consider separately the presented elements of the innovation infrastructure.

Information technology systems

One of the key elements of the innovation infrastructure is information technology systems. These systems are based on databases containing a wide variety of information about the subjects and results of innovation activity.

The rapid development of Internet technologies and other new information technologies can significantly increase the efficiency of solving the problem of information support for innovation. The use of telematic networks for interactive remote access to databases of information technology systems contributes to a more efficient implementation of innovation processes.

Examples of the successful functioning of this element of the innovation infrastructure are the information technology systems ARIST, CORDIS, EPIPOS supported by the EU countries.

Thus, the scientific and technological information service ARIST is an information tool for obtaining information about innovative technologies existing on the market. It is used to connect innovative organizations with relevant technology with potential clients. ARIST provides a range of information services that can be divided into three groups:

Scientific and technological information to analyze what stage a certain innovative technology has reached.

Technical and legal information - topics such as industrial property (patents, trademarks, utility models, national and foreign technical standards), as well as laws and regulations of different countries are analyzed.

Feasibility information includes market research on supply and distribution.

Technopark structures.

Currently, there are a wide variety of forms of technopark structures in the world:

science parks, technology and research parks,

innovation, innovation-technological and business-innovation centers,

technology transfer centers,

business and technology incubators, virtual incubators,

technopolises and others.

There are fundamental differences between some of these forms associated with different functional purposes, the specifics of the organizational form, the range of tasks to be solved, while the difference between other technopark structures is more of a terminological nature, sometimes associated with the peculiarities of the development of innovative infrastructure in a particular country.

There are three main groups of technopark structures:

. incubators,

. technology parks,

. technopolises.

Consider distinctive features, the characteristic features of each and these forms and the experience of their functioning in various countries.

Incubators -These are multifunctional complexes that provide a variety of services to new innovative firms that are at the stage of emergence and formation.

In other words, incubators are designed to "hatch" new innovative enterprises, assist them at the earliest stages of their development by providing information, consulting services, renting premises and equipment, and other services.

The main task of the incubator is to create a favorable environment for the development and support of small businesses by creating organizational and economic conditions that stimulate their activities (providing information, consulting services, renting premises and equipment, and other services).

The incubator usually occupies one or more buildings. The incubation period of the client firm usually lasts from 2 to 5 years, after which the innovative firm leaves the incubator and begins independent activity.

The incubator, as a form and element of the innovation infrastructure, is in constant development, the logic of which is largely helped to understand the history of the emergence and spread of incubators.

Under technoparka compactly located complex is meant, the functioning of which is based on the commercialization of scientific and technical activities and the acceleration of the promotion of innovations in the sphere of material production.

Distinctive features of the technopark:

the complexity of the legally independent firms and organizations included in the technological park according to the scientific and production cycle of creating innovations (scientific institutions, universities, industrial enterprises, service departments, etc.);

compact location;

limited space;

availability of quality infrastructure;

location in ecologically clean scenic areas;

high efficiency of innovative activity.

The concept of a technology park is quite close to the concept of an incubator in the field of innovation. Both of these elements of the innovation infrastructure are complexes designed to promote the development of small innovative companies, create a favorable, supportive environment for their functioning. The difference between them lies in the fact that the range of technopark client firms, unlike incubators, is not limited to newly created innovative companies at the earliest stage of development. The services of technology parks are used by small and medium-sized innovative enterprises that are at various stages of the commercial development of scientific knowledge, know-how and science-intensive technologies. In other words, technoparks are not characterized by a strict policy of constant renewal, customer rotation, which is typical for incubators in the field of innovation.

The main structural unit of the technopark is the center. Typically, the structure of the technopark includes:

innovation and technology center;

Training Center;

counseling center,

information centre,

marketing center,

Industrial Zone.

Each of the centers of the technopark provides a specialized set of services, for example, services for retraining specialists, searching for and providing information on a particular technology, legal advice, etc. The technopark may include an incubator as its separate structural element.

Technopolis,which is often also called a scientific city or a science city, a “city of brains”, is a large modern scientific and industrial complex, including a university or other universities, research institutes, as well as residential areas equipped with cultural and recreational infrastructure.

The purpose of the construction of science cities, technopolises is to concentrate scientific research in advanced and pioneer industries, to create a favorable environment for the development of new high-tech industries in these industries. As a rule, one of the criteria that a technopolis must meet is its location in picturesque areas, harmony with natural conditions and local traditions.

At present, the successful development of innovation infrastructure in many countries is associated with integration processes that allow achieving synergistic effects by combining and coordinating the activities of various elements of the innovation infrastructure. In our country, a positive integrating role in the development of innovation infrastructure is played by the creation of various innovation unions and associations.

One example is the beginning of the creation of a territorially isolated complex - the Skolkovo innovation center, which creates an unprecedented legal regime that minimizes administrative barriers and the tax burden for resident companies. Within the framework of the Skolkovo innovation center, a technical university is being created with the aim of reaching the level of the world's leading universities in the future. A system of state co-financing of innovative projects of private companies is being formed through management company innovation center "Skolkovo", the federal state autonomous institution "Russian Fund for Technological Development" and other development institutions. In relation to companies with state participation, a system is being formed to support the development and implementation of innovative development programs by them.

Essence and principles of formation of organizational structures of innovative enterprises

Solving the problems facing innovative enterprises (IE) (independent or included in associations, concerns and other organizational forms) high level), is carried out within the framework of certain organizational structures. They provide for the presence of a certain composition of units or individual functionaries who are in established relationships and interactions, and within the framework of intrastructural activities of one kind or another, aimed at performing certain functions and achieving private and general goals of the functioning of the IP.

The organizational structure of an IP is a set of scientific, design, design, technological and information departments (laboratories, departments, sectors, groups) that carry out the main creative activity in creating an intellectual product - innovations of a certain profile and specialization, as well as production, support and management departments, ensuring the implementation of thematic R&D plans and the implementation of the created innovations. The organizational structure of any IP must correspond to its target and functional structure in each period of time. In practice, such a complete coincidence of structures may not be. This is explained by the fact that in the conditions of dynamic market relations some goals and functions disappear and new ones appear in accordance with new ideas, tasks, methods of solution, etc. .

The fundamental factors under the influence of which the organizational structure of the IP is formed are:

features of the branch of knowledge, science and technology, production;

the degree of independence of the individual entrepreneur or place in the structure of the association;

directions of R&D performed and specific tasks of the thematic plan;

the level of specialization and the degree of cooperation of a particular IP and its place in the social division of labor, as well as the technology for conducting and the level of automation of scientific, design, economic and managerial work;

deadlines for solving scientific and technical problems;

the structure of the IP's disposable resources (labor, material, information and financial) and their development trends.

The most important principles building and improving IP structures are:

the primacy of goals, functions, tasks and the secondary nature of the departments that solve them;

rational division and cooperation of labor (external and internal) and expedient specialization of departments and performers, which in turn creates conditions for the scientific organization of labor of workers at all levels, speeding up workflow and passing information of all types vertically and horizontally, reducing the cycle and reducing the cost of creating innovation;

hierarchy of interaction structural divisions with the minimum possible number of hierarchy levels to provide the shortest paths for information from top to bottom and bottom to top;

ensuring manageability, for which at each hierarchical level there should be optimally 5-6, but not more than 8-9 organizational cells;

specialization of each structural body at any level in the performance of a possibly narrow range of functions provided for by the provisions.

Classification of scientific organizations by sectors of science and types of organization

Organizations for which research and development is the main activity are not always characterized by belonging to a particular sector of the economy, or organizational and legal form of ownership. In this case, the following classification of scientific organizations by sectors of science and types of organizations, united by organizational features, nature and specialization of work, is in force.

Sector Type of scientific organizationState Organizations of ministries and departments that ensure government and meet the needs of society as a whole (public administration, defense, public order, health care, culture, leisure, social security, etc.), including federal and local authorities. Non-profit (non-profit) organizations wholly or mainly funded and controlled by the government, with the exception of organizations related to higher education. They primarily serve the government and do not aim to make a profit, but are mainly engaged in research on public and administrative functions. Entrepreneurial All organizations and enterprises whose main activity is the production of products or services for sale (other than higher education services), including those owned by the state. Private non-profit (non-profit) organizations, mainly serving the above organizations. Higher education Universities and other higher education institutions, regardless of funding sources or legal status. Research institutes, experimental stations, clinics under the direct control of, or operated by, or associated with institutions of higher education. Organizations directly serving the field of higher education (organizations of the system of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation) Private non-profit (non-profit) Private organizations that do not aim to make a profit (professional societies, unions, associations, public, charitable organizations, foundations), except for foundations, more than half financed by the state, which belong to the public sector. Private individual organizations.

Small innovative companies (enterprises) in the Russian Federation

Among the organizational structures of innovation management, small enterprises stand out. In the most difficult situation is not a large business, but a small innovative company (enterprise) (MIK, MIP) - a science-intensive enterprise related to the so-called high tech companies that produces goods or services of a certain scientific and technical level.

Types of small innovative companies.

Small innovative companies are of the following types:

. MIK in the administrative structure of large research institutes and NGOs.They are the very first, trial market form of small knowledge-intensive companies. The organizers were almost always the leadership of the parent organization, the MEC actually functioned as one of the administrative departments of the parent organization, being part of its bureaucratic apparatus, and its employees carried out the orders of the parent organization through the accounts of the MEC, overstating their wages by 5-10 times. .

. "Shadow" MICs- were organized and registered by employees independently, without the consent of the administration of the parent organization, in which the vast majority of their founders and owners worked. Formally, the activities of such MICs are criminally punishable. However, shadow MICs had two advantages over the MICs described above:

They carried out initial accumulation financial resources for further, independent activity;

Scientific and technical staff got an idea of ​​what private enterprise is.

However, the most important drawback remained - the absence of social risk.

. MIK of a self-sustaining administrative unitseparated themselves from the large research parent organizations, which were entirely their former departments or laboratories. Such MECs almost completely ceased their activities, firstly, due to the termination of state funding and, secondly, with a change in the point of view of the leadership of the parent organization.

. Science-intensive MICs of "free swimming"- purely commercial enterprises, the creation of which was a truly responsible decision for the people who made it, since at the initial stage it assumed the complete absence of fixed assets, raw materials, working capital, combined with the rejection of social guarantees that existed when working in the parent organization.

Small innovative enterprises need constant support from state authorities, local self-government and non-profit organizations. First of all, a broad legal environment is needed for the functioning of the SIE. Legislative and regulations form a system of economic, financial, material and other incentives that guarantee the necessary support for certain categories of small businesses. General rules for their behavior in a market economy are being established, and bans on illegal business are being introduced at the same time. At the same time, legislative acts establish measures to protect business entities from negative impact external environment, including from illegal actions of authorities of different levels.

State support is provided at the federal, regional and local levels. State support measures at any level are based on the Federal Law "On State Support for Small Business in the Russian Federation" dated June 14, 1995 (as amended on March 21, 2002) .

In order to stimulate the innovative activity of SIE, the methods of state influence are divided into direct and indirect. Direct methods of state regulation of the development of SIE are manifested in various forms of financing, in stimulating the cooperation of small innovative enterprises with universities, large enterprises and research and production complexes, in the preferential right to receive orders for the development and production of products and the provision of services for state needs. Direct methods include targeted programs to support small businesses in the innovation sector. The indirect methods of state influence include legislative and legal acts, which are very diverse and relate to many areas of activity of the SIE. Indirect methods include the liberalization of taxation, in particular the use of tax incentives (reducing tax rates, "tax holidays", etc.).

legislative;

financial;

administrative and organizational (registration, licensing and certification procedure);

informational;

tax;

property;

consulting;

personnel (training and retraining);

commodity;

production and technical;

insurance.

Many authorities are responsible for implementing support for small businesses. These include the Federal Antimonopoly Service, the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation, the Russian Agency for the Support of Small and Medium Businesses and its regional branches, the State Duma Committee on Economic Policy, Entrepreneurship and Tourism, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry and departments (committees, commissions, etc.) to support small businesses, which are part of the structure of local governments. In addition, numerous non-profit unions and associations are involved in supporting small businesses.

6. Goals and objectives of the formation of the innovation infrastructure of the Russian Federation in market conditions

Russia sets itself ambitious but achievable long-term development goals, consisting in ensuring a high level of well-being of the population and strengthening the geopolitical role of the country as one of the leaders that determines the world political agenda. The only possible way to achieve these goals is the transition of the economy to an innovative socially oriented development model. The global economic crisis of 2008-2009 complicated the implementation of the set goals, led to a reduction in private business spending on innovation, and slowed down the development of the Russian innovation system. Nevertheless, the difficult economic situation in the short term does not mean the need to revise the goals of long-term development, but leads to increased requirements for the pace and quality of economic development in the period up to 2020.

The goal of the strategy is to transfer the Russian economy to an innovative development path by 2020, characterized by the following main indicators:

the share of industrial production enterprises implementing technological innovations will increase to 40-50% in 2020 (in 2009 - 9.4%);

Russia's share in the world markets for high-tech goods and services (including nuclear energy, aircraft, space technology and services, special shipbuilding, etc.) will reach at least 5-10% in 5-7 or more sectors by 2020;

the share of exports of Russian high-tech goods in the total world exports of high-tech goods will increase to 2% in 2020 (in 2008 - 0.35%);

the gross value added of the innovation sector in the gross domestic product will be 17-18% in 2020 (in 2009 - 12.7%);

the share of innovative products in the total volume of industrial output will increase to 25-35% in 2020 (in 2010 - 4.9%);

domestic spending on research and development will increase to 2.5-3% of gross domestic product in 2020 (in 2009 - 1.24%), of which more than half - at the expense of the private sector;

the share of Russian researchers in the global number of publications in scientific journals will increase to 3% in 2020 (in 2010 - 2.13%);

the number of citations per publication of Russian researchers in scientific journals indexed in the WEB of Science will increase to 2.1 citations in 2020 (in 2006 - 1.51 citations per article);

at least 4 Russian universities will be among the top 200 world universities according to the QS World University Rankings (1 in 2010);

the number of patents annually registered by Russian individuals and legal entities in the patent offices of the EU, the USA and Japan will exceed 2.5-3 thousand in 2020 (in 2009 - 63);

the share of funds received from R&D in the structure of funds received by leading Russian universities from all sources will reach 25%.

General economic growth and the pace of innovative development will be increasingly interconnected. On the one hand, innovative development will become the main source of economic growth through increasing the productivity of all factors of production in all sectors of the economy, expanding markets and increasing the competitiveness of products, through the creation of new industries, increasing investment activity, increasing household incomes and consumption volumes, etc.

It is estimated that innovative development will provide an additional 0.8 percentage points of annual economic growth above the “inertial” development scenario, starting in 2015. On the other hand, economic growth will expand opportunities for the emergence of new products and technologies, will allow the state to increase investment in human capital (primarily in education and fundamental science), in support of innovation, which will have a multiplier effect on the pace of innovation development.

The main objectives of the innovation strategy are:

development of human resources in the field of science, education, technology and innovation;

increasing the innovative activity of business and accelerating the emergence of new innovative companies;

the widest possible implementation in the activities of bodies government controlled modern innovative technologies;

formation of a balanced and sustainable research and development sector;

ensuring the openness of the national innovation system and economy, as well as Russia's integration into the world processes of creating and using innovations;

intensification of activities for the implementation of innovation policy carried out by public authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities.

Solving the problem of developing human resources in the field of science, education, technology and innovation includes the implementation of the following activities:

creation of effective material and moral incentives for the influx of the most qualified specialists, active entrepreneurs, creative youth in the sectors of the economy that determine its innovative development, as well as in education and science that ensure this development;

increasing the susceptibility of the population to innovation - innovative products and technologies;

increase in the number of innovative entrepreneurs;

creating an atmosphere of risk tolerance in society;

promotion of innovative entrepreneurship and scientific and technical activities;

adaptation of the education system in order to form the population with the knowledge, competencies, skills and behaviors necessary for an innovative society and innovative economy from childhood, as well as the formation of a system of continuous education.

Innovation model business behavior should become dominant in the development of companies in order to increase efficiency and take leadership positions in the markets, as well as in the technological modernization of key sectors of the economy that determine the role and place of Russia in the global economy, and in increasing labor productivity in all sectors.

The widest possible introduction of modern innovative technologies into the activities of government bodies will ensure, among other things, the formation of e-government, the transfer of most services to the population into electronic form and the expansion of the use of the state order system to stimulate innovation. The state should ensure the formation of a favorable innovation climate, including the creation of conditions and incentives for innovation, as well as favorable conditions for the use of innovation in all types of activities.

The formation of a balanced and sustainable research and development sector with an optimal institutional structure will ensure an expanded reproduction of knowledge, as well as an increase in the efficiency and effectiveness of the infrastructure that ensures the commercialization of research results.

Ensuring the openness of the national innovation system and economy, as well as Russia's integration into the world processes of creating and using innovations, will make it possible to intensify international bilateral and multilateral scientific and technical cooperation.

The intensification of activities for the implementation of innovation policy, carried out by state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities, will, among other things, ensure the formation of territories for innovative development and the development of innovative clusters.

The implementation of the Strategy is based on the following principles:

identification of problems and ways to solve them using a set of innovative tools in areas characterized by insufficient entrepreneurial activity;

close interaction between the state, business and science both in determining priority areas of technological development and in the process of their implementation;

creation of incentives and conditions for technological modernization based on increasing the efficiency of companies using a set of measures of tariff, customs, tax and antimonopoly regulation;

ensuring investment and personnel attractiveness of innovative activity;

transparency in spending funds to support innovation;

orientation in assessing the effectiveness of organizations of science and education, innovative business and innovation infrastructure to international standards;

promotion of competition as a key motivation for innovative behavior (including in the research and development sector);

coordination and interconnection of budgetary, tax, foreign economic and other areas of socio-economic policy as a necessary condition for solving the key tasks of innovative development.

In this paper, we examined the concept and tasks of the innovation infrastructure, elements of the innovation infrastructure of the Russian Federation, the essence and principles, the classification of scientific organizations, features and types of small innovative enterprises (companies), and also pointed out the goals and objectives of the innovation strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020. As a result, in At present, the key problem is the generally low demand for innovations in the Russian economy, as well as its inefficient structure - an excessive bias towards the purchase of finished equipment abroad to the detriment of the introduction of its own new developments. These trends determine the need to adjust the innovation policy pursued so far. The strategy, based on the positive results achieved as a result of the innovation policy in previous years, corrects its most significant shortcomings, and also takes into account new areas of innovation support policy formed in recent years.

Task number 2

Underline the correct answer.

1. Royalty is:

a) payments in the form of interest;

b) cost-reimbursed prices;

c) prices with guaranteed maximum payouts;

d) fixed price.

2. Innovation marketing is a process that includes:

a) price planning;

b) market research;

c) sales planning;

d) all together.

2.3. Receipt economic effect from investing in a new product is a challenge:

a) engineering;

b) reengineering;

c) brand strategy;

d) benchmarking.

2.4. The purpose of innovation management in the enterprise is

a) defining the main directions scientific activity enterprises;

b) determination of the main directions of economic activity of the enterprise;

c) determination of the main directions of the production activity of the enterprise;

d) all answers are correct.

Task number 3

List the sources of financing for innovation activities. Innovation finance is the direction and use of Money for the design, development and organization of production of new types of products, services, for the creation and implementation of new technology, technology, development and implementation of new organizational forms and management methods. Sources of funding for innovative activities of organizations can be divided into the following groups (Table 1).

Table 1. Sources of financing for innovative activities of organizations.

List of used literature

1. http://dic.academic.ru/

http://economy.gov.ru/

N.R. Kovalev, V.A. Pirozhkov "Innovation Management", Yekaterinburg, 2006

V.V. Zharikov I.A. Zharikov V.G. Odnolko A.I. Evseychev. Innovation process management: tutorial. - Tambov: Tambov Publishing House. state tech. Un-ta,. -180 p., 2009

Innovation management: educational and methodological complex / S. P. Barabenko, M.N. Dudin, N.V. Lyasnikov. - M.: ZAO Tsentropoligraf, 2010. - 287 p. - (Higher education)

http://studopedia.ru/

http://bzbook.ru/

Innovation management: Textbook for universities / S.D. Ilyenkova, L.M. Gokhberg, S.Yu. Yagudin and others; ed. Prof. S. Ilyenkova. - 2nd edition, revised and supplemented by M.: UNITI-DANA, 2003 -343 p.

Tutoring

Need help learning a topic?

Our experts will advise or provide tutoring services on topics of interest to you.
Submit an application indicating the topic right now to find out about the possibility of obtaining a consultation.