“Exceptional fortitude was required to extract the laws of nature from specific phenomena that were always before everyone’s eyes, but the explanation of which nevertheless eluded the inquisitive gaze of philosophers,” the famous French mathematician and astronomer Lagrange wrote about Galilee.
Discoveries of Galileo Galilei in astronomy
In 1609, Galileo Galilei independently built his first telescope with a convex lens and a concave eyepiece. At first, his telescope gave a magnification of about 3 times. Soon he managed to build a telescope giving a magnification of 32 times. The term itself telescope also introduced into science by Galileo (at the suggestion of Federico Cesi). A number of discoveries made by Galileo with a telescope contributed to the approval heliocentric system of the world, which Galileo actively promoted, and the refutation of the views of the geocentrists Aristotle and Ptolemy.
Galileo's telescope had one converging lens as an objective, and a diverging lens served as an eyepiece. Such an optical scheme gives an uninverted (terrestrial) image. The main disadvantages of the Galilean telescope are the very small field of view. Such a system is still used in theatrical binoculars, and sometimes in homemade amateur telescopes.
Galileo made the first telescopic observations of celestial bodies on January 7, 1610. They showed that the Moon, like the Earth, has complex terrain- covered with mountains and craters. Galileo explained the ashen light of the moon, known since ancient times, as a result of falling on it. sunlight reflected by the earth. All this refuted Aristotle's teaching about the opposition of "earthly" and "heavenly": the Earth became a body of the same nature as the heavenly bodies, and this served as an indirect argument in favor of the Copernican system: if the other planets move, then it is natural to assume that the Earth also moves. Galileo also discovered libration Moon (its slow oscillation) and quite accurately estimated the height of the lunar mountains.
The planet Venus appeared to Galileo in the telescope not as a brilliant point, but as a bright crescent, similar to the moon.
The most interesting thing was the observation of the bright planet Jupiter. Through the telescope, Jupiter seemed to the astronomer no longer a bright point, but rather a large circle. Near this circle in the sky there were three stars, and a week later Galileo discovered the fourth star.
Looking at the picture, one might wonder why Galileo did not immediately discover all four satellites: after all, they are so clearly visible in the photograph! But we must remember that Galileo's telescope was very weak. It turned out that all four stars not only follow Jupiter in its movements across the sky, but also revolve around this large planet. So, four moons were found at Jupiter at once - four satellites. Thus, Galileo refuted one of the arguments of the opponents of heliocentrism: the Earth cannot revolve around the Sun, since the Moon revolves around it. After all, Jupiter obviously had to revolve either around the Earth (as in the geocentric system) or around the Sun (as in the heliocentric system). Galileo observed the period of revolution of these satellites for a year and a half, but the accuracy of the estimate was achieved only in Newton's epoch. Galileo suggested using observations of the eclipses of Jupiter's satellites to solve the most important problem of determining longitude at sea. He himself was unable to develop an implementation of this approach, although he worked on it until the end of his life; Cassini (1681) was the first to succeed, however, due to the difficulties of observing at sea, Galileo's method was used mainly by land expeditions, and after the invention of the marine chronometer (mid-18th century), the problem was closed.
Galileo also discovered (independently of Fabricius and Harriot) sunspots(dark areas on the Sun, the temperature of which is lowered by about 1500 K compared to the surrounding areas).
The existence of spots and their constant variability disproved Aristotle's thesis about the perfection of the heavens (as opposed to the "sublunar world"). Based on their observations, Galileo concluded that The sun rotates around its axis, estimated the period of this rotation and the position of the axis of the sun.
Galileo also established that Venus changes phases. On the one hand, this proved that it shines with the reflected light of the Sun (about which there was no clarity in the astronomy of the previous period). On the other hand, the order of phase change corresponded to the heliocentric system: in Ptolemy's theory, Venus, as the "lower" planet, was always closer to the Earth than the Sun, and "full Venus" was impossible.
Galileo also noted the strange "appendages" of Saturn, but the opening of the ring was prevented by the weakness of the telescope. 50 years later, the ring of Saturn was discovered and described by Huygens, who had a 92x telescope at his disposal.
Galileo argued that when observed through a telescope, the planets are visible as disks, the apparent dimensions of which are various configurations change in such a ratio, which follows from the theory of Copernicus. However, the diameter of the stars during observations with a telescope does not increase. This disproved estimates of the visible and actual size stars that have been used by some astronomers as an argument against the heliocentric system.
Milky Way, which looks like a solid glow to the naked eye, was revealed to Galileo in the form of individual stars, which confirmed Democritus' conjecture, and a huge number of previously unknown stars became visible.
Galileo wrote the book Dialogue Concerning the Two Systems of the World, in which he explained in detail why he accepted the system of Copernicus and not Ptolemy. The main provisions of this dialogue are as follows:
- Venus and Mercury never find themselves in opposition, which means that they revolve around the Sun, and their orbit passes between the Sun and the Earth.
- Mars has opposition. From the analysis of changes in brightness during the movement of Mars, Galileo concluded that this planet also revolves around the Sun, but in this case the Earth is located inside its orbits. He made similar conclusions for Jupiter and Saturn.
It remains to choose between two systems of the world: the Sun (with planets) revolves around the Earth or the Earth revolves around the Sun. The observed pattern of planetary motions is the same in both cases, which guarantees principle of relativity formulated by Galileo himself. Therefore, additional arguments are needed for the choice, among which Galileo cites greater simplicity and naturalness of the Copernican model (however, he rejected Kepler's system with elliptical orbits of the planets).
Galileo explained why the earth's axis does not rotate when the earth revolves around the sun; To explain this phenomenon, Copernicus introduced a special "third motion" of the Earth. Galileo showed by experience that the axis of a freely moving top keeps its direction by itself("Letters to Ingoli"):
“A similar phenomenon is evidently found in any body that is in a freely suspended state, as I have shown to many; Yes, and you yourself can verify this by placing a floating wooden ball in a vessel with water, which you will take in your hands, and then, stretching them out, begin to rotate around yourself; you will see how this ball will rotate around itself in the opposite direction to your rotation; it will complete its full revolution at the same time as you complete yours."
Galileo made a serious mistake, believing that the phenomenon of tides proves the rotation of the Earth around its axis. But he gives other serious arguments in favor of the daily rotation of the Earth:
- It is difficult to agree that the entire Universe makes a daily revolution around the Earth (especially given the enormous distances to the stars); it is more natural to explain the observed picture by the rotation of one Earth. The synchronous participation of the planets in the daily rotation would also violate the observed pattern, according to which the farther the planet is from the Sun, the slower it moves.
- Even the huge Sun has axial rotation.
To prove the rotation of the Earth, Galileo suggests mentally imagining that a cannon shell or a falling body deviates slightly from the vertical during the fall, but his calculation shows that this deviation is negligible.
Galileo also made the correct observation that the rotation of the Earth must influence the dynamics of the winds. All these effects were discovered much later.
Other Achievements of Galileo Galilei
He also invented:
- Hydrostatic balance for determining specific gravity solid bodies.
- The first thermometer, still without a scale (1592).
- Proportional compass used in drafting (1606).
- Microscope (1612); with it, Galileo studied insects.
The circle of his interests was very wide: Galileo was also engaged in optics, acoustics, color theory and magnetism, hydrostatics(science that studies the balance of liquids), resistance of materials, problems of fortification(military science of artificial closures and barriers). Tried to measure the speed of light. He empirically measured the density of air and gave a value of 1/400 (compare: Aristotle has 1/10, true contemporary meaning 1/770).
Galileo also formulated the law of the indestructibility of matter.
Having become acquainted with all the achievements of Galileo Galilei in science, it is impossible not to be interested in his personality. Therefore, we will tell about the main stages of his life path.
From the biography of Galileo Galilei
The future Italian scientist (physicist, mechanic, astronomer, philosopher and mathematician) was born in 1564 in Pisa. As you already know, he is the author of outstanding astronomical discoveries. But his adherence to the heliocentric system of the world led to serious conflicts with the Catholic Church, which made his life very difficult.
He was born into a noble family, his father was a famous musician and music theorist. His passion for art was also passed on to his son: Galileo was engaged in music and drawing, and also had a literary talent.
Education
He received his primary education in the monastery closest to his home, he studied all his life with great eagerness - at the University of Pisa he studied medicine, at the same time he was fond of geometry. He studied at the university for only about 3 years - his father could no longer pay for his son's studies, but the news of the talented young man reached the highest officials, he was patronized by the Marquis del Monte and the Tuscan Duke Ferdinand I of Medici.
Scientific activity
Galileo later taught at the University of Pisa and then at the more prestigious University of Padua, where his most prolific academic years began. Here he is actively engaged in astronomy - he invents his first own telescope. The four satellites of Jupiter he discovered, he named after the sons of his patron Medici (now they are called the Galilean satellites). Galileo described the first discoveries with the telescope in the essay “The Starry Messenger”, this book became a real bestseller of its time, and the inhabitants of Europe hastily acquired telescopes for themselves. Galileo becomes the most famous scientist in Europe, odes are composed in his honor, where he is compared with Columbus.
During these years, Galileo enters into a civil marriage, in which he has a son and two daughters.
Of course, such people, in addition to adherents, always have enough ill-wishers, Galileo did not escape this either. Especially ill-wishers were outraged by his propaganda of the heliocentric system of worlds, because a detailed justification for the concept of the Earth's immobility and refutation of hypotheses about its rotation was contained in Aristotle's treatise "On the Sky" and in Ptolemy's Almagest.
In 1611, Galileo decided to go to Rome to convince Pope Paul V that the ideas of Copernicus were fully compatible with Catholicism. He was well received, he showed them his telescope, giving careful and circumspect explanations. The cardinals created a commission to find out if it was a sin to look at the sky through a trumpet, but they came to the conclusion that it was permissible. Roman astronomers openly discussed the question of whether Venus moves around the Earth or around the Sun (the change in the phases of Venus clearly spoke in favor of the second option).
But denunciations to the Inquisition began. And when Galileo in 1613 Galileo published the book "Letters on Sunspots", in which he openly spoke in favor of the Copernican system, the Roman Inquisition began the first case against Galileo on charges of heresy. The last mistake of Galileo was the call to Rome to express its final attitude towards the teachings of Copernicus. Then Catholic Church decided to ban his teaching with the explanation that " the church does not object to the interpretation of Copernicanism as a convenient mathematical device, but accepting it as a reality would mean admitting that the previous, traditional interpretation of the biblical text was erroneous».
March 5, 1616 Rome officially defines heliocentrism as a dangerous heresy. The book of Copernicus was banned.
The church ban on heliocentrism, in the truth of which Galileo was convinced, was unacceptable to the scientist. He began to think about how, without formally violating the ban, to continue the defense of the truth. And decided to publish a book containing a neutral discussion different points vision. He wrote this book for 16 years, collecting materials, honing his arguments and waiting for the right moment. Finally (in 1630) it was finished, this book - "Dialogue about two major systems world - Ptolemaic and Copernican" , but was published only in 1632. The book is written in the form of a dialogue between three lovers of science: a Copernican, a neutral participant and an adherent of Aristotle and Ptolemy. Although there are no authorial conclusions in the book, the strength of the arguments in favor of the Copernican system speaks for itself. But in the neutral participant, the Pope recognized himself and his arguments and was furious. A few months later, the book was banned and withdrawn from sale, and Galileo was summoned to Rome for the trial of the Inquisition on suspicion of heresy. After the first interrogation, he was taken into custody. There is an opinion that torture was used against him, that Galileo was threatened with death, he was interrogated in the torture chamber, where terrible tools were laid out before the eyes of the prisoner: leather funnels through which a huge amount of water was poured into the human stomach, iron boots (they screwed legs of the tortured), tongs that broke bones ...
In any case, he was faced with a choice: either he would repent and renounce his "delusions", or he would suffer the fate of Giordano Bruno. He could not bear the threats and retracted his work.
But Galileo remained a prisoner of the Inquisition until his death. He was strictly forbidden to talk to anyone about the motion of the Earth. Nevertheless, Galileo secretly worked on an essay in which he asserted the truth about the Earth and the heavenly bodies. After the verdict, Galileo was settled in one of the Medici villas, and five months later he was allowed to go home, and he settled in Arcetri, next to the monastery where his daughters were. Here he spent the rest of his life under house arrest and under the constant supervision of the Inquisition.
Some time later, after the death of his beloved daughter, Galileo completely lost his sight, but continued Scientific research, relying on faithful students, among whom was Torricelli. Only once, shortly before his death, the Inquisition allowed the blind and seriously ill Galileo to leave Arcetri and settle in Florence for treatment. At the same time, under pain of prison, he was forbidden to leave the house and discuss the “damned opinion” about the movement of the Earth.
Galileo Galilei died on January 8, 1642, at the age of 78, in his bed. They buried him in Archetri without honors, the Pope also did not allow him to erect a monument.
Later, the only grandson of Galileo also took the monastic vows and burned the priceless manuscripts of the scientist that he kept as ungodly. He was the last representative of the Galilean family.
Afterword
In 1737, the ashes of Galileo, as he requested, were transferred to the Basilica of Santa Croce, where on March 17 he was solemnly buried next to Michelangelo.
In 1835, books that advocated heliocentrism were struck off the list of banned books.
From 1979 to 1981, on the initiative of Pope John Paul II, a commission for the rehabilitation of Galileo worked, and on October 31, 1992, Pope John Paul II officially recognized that the Inquisition had made a mistake in 1633, forcing the scientist to renounce the theory of Copernicus by force.
Galileo Galilei was born in western Tuscany in 1564 to the lute player Vincenzo Galilei. There were six children in their family, but only four of them survived. In 1572, the Galilean family moved to Florence, where the arts and scientific discoveries were held in high esteem.
He mastered the first stage of education at the school at the monastery. Galileo even considered becoming a priest, but his father was not happy with his son's decision. At the age of 17, the young man was admitted to the University of Pisa in the medical field, where he became interested in geometry. Due to lack of funds, studies had to be stopped in the fourth year, and the son again goes to Florence. In 1589, under the auspices of the Marquis Guidobaldo del Monte, Galileo came to Pisa to lecture on the mathematical sciences. Two years later, his father died, and Galileo became the head of the family.
From 1592 to 1610 Galileo lectured on various subjects in Padua. This period is considered to be the most fruitful for scientific activity. During these years, he met Kepler and other learned minds in Italy. In 1609, on the general wave of popularity of astronomy, Galileo invented the first telescope, with which he saw previously unimaginable things: craters on the Moon, the Milky Way in individual stars, and the satellites of Jupiter. These discoveries were described by him in the Starry Herald, which made Galileo the most famous scientist of the Old World. At this time, Galileo enters into a marriage alliance with a girl from Venice, Marina Gamba, and becomes the father of two daughters and a son.
In 1610, Galileo was forced to return to Florence due to accumulated debts. Here he continued to explore the sky and discovered the phases of Venus and magnetic storms on the Sun. Intoxicated by his popularity, he made a series of mistakes, speaking out openly in defense of the ideas of Copernicus, which attracted the attention of the Inquisition to his person. The heliocentric system of the world is declared a heresy and Galileo decides to write a book with a neutral opinion on this issue. He has been writing a book for about 16 years, waiting for the right moment to publish it.
After the church banned heliocentrism, in 1624 Galileo published his Letters to Ingoli, part of which was later included in the Dialogue Concerning the Two Systems of the World. In 1631 Galileo moved to Arcetri, closer to his daughters.
In the winter of 1632, the Dialogue Concerning the Two Systems of the World saw the light of day. Galileo sent 30 copies of the book to Rome, but miscalculated. Pope Urban VIII took the book as an insult at his own expense and Galileo was invited to Rome for the trial of the Inquisition, which lasted until July 1633. The court decided on imprisonment and Galileo, bowing his head, uttered the words of renunciation. The inquisitors did not leave the scientist until the end of his days; and at the death of Galileo there were two churchmen.
Galileo Galilei died on January 8, 1642, at the age of 77, in his bed. The Pope issued a ban on funerals with the rest of the family. It was decided to bury in Archetri without frills.
For schoolchildren about the main thing 5, 7 class
Biography of Galileo Galilei about the main thing
Galileo Galilei was truly a great man. He is known today not only as an outstanding chemist and physicist, but also as an excellent designer, a wonderful inventor and a great astronomer.
Galileo was born on February 15, 1564. His hometown is Pisa. Until the age of 11, he studied at local school. After moving to Florence, he was educated in a Benedictine monastery. At the end of his studies at the monastery, Galileo entered one of the universities of Pisa, where he actively studied medicine, higher mathematics, philosophy and geometry for three years.
The future physicist was no longer able to pay for his education and therefore returned to Florence. Very soon there is his acquaintance with the Marquis of Monte.
It is thanks to him that Galileo gets a job as a mathematics teacher University of Bologna. Thereafter great person He taught at the Universities of Padua and Pisa. It was here that the most fruitful period took place. For Galileo. The work "Mechanics" appeared in 1593, where the physicist described all the studies of falling bodies, as well as the pendulum. It was in these works that completely new and previously unknown principles of movement were put forward, which was a counterbalance to the dynamics of Aristotle.
His passion for astronomy was so great that he managed to prove the truth of the heliocentric model of the structure of the entire surrounding world. After that, he also created the first telescope. His passion for the sublime led to great discoveries a large number previously unknown celestial objects. At this time, fame and recognition cover the great scientist.
Galileo's philosophy of how the world works is highly contradictory in relation to Holy Scripture. After he began to actively promote the teachings of Copernicus, Galileo falls under the inquisitorial court, where he delivers a renunciation speech, of course, not according to own will. For a short time the scientist was in prison, after which he immediately went to his homeland.
5, 7 grade and its discovery
Interesting Facts and dates from life
Galileo Galilei is an Italian scientist, philologist, mechanic, critic, poet, astronomer and physicist. He had a significant impact on the development of science of his time. He considered experience to be the basis of knowledge and fiercely fought against scholastic teachings. Now everyone knows his achievements: Galileo invented the hydrostatic balance, the thermoscope and improved the spyglass. The scientist is the founder of experimental physics. In this article, we will tell you about the life and inventions of Galileo. So let's get started.
Childhood and youth
Galileo Galileo, short biography which will be presented below, was born in Pisa (Italy) in 1564. His father, who worked as a musician and mathematician, chose the medical profession for his son. After the boy graduated from the monastery school, he assigned him to the University of Pisa for Faculty of Medicine. But the seventeen-year-old Galileo was not interested. He left the university and went to Florence, where he studied the writings of Archimedes and Euclid. Galileo's father, yielding to his son's requests, transferred him to the Faculty of Philosophy.
In childhood, Galileo loved to design mechanical toys and working models of ships, mills, and machines. The student of Galileo Viviani, who later wrote a biography of the scientist, mentioned that already in his youth Galileo was very observant. It was thanks to this quality that he managed to make important discovery: seeing a chandelier swinging in the Pisa Cathedral, the young man came up with the law of isochronism of pendulum oscillations (independence of the magnitude of the deviation from the oscillation period). Many researchers disagree with Viviani and believe that this discovery does not belong to Galileo. But it is reliably known that Galileo repeatedly tested this law empirically. He also used it to determine the length of time. This experiment was enthusiastically received by physicians.
Galileo's hydrostatic balance
In 1586, the young scientist published the first scientific work practical nature. Galileo designed a special hydrostatic balance and described it in detail in his work. We can say that this determined his future fate as a scientist.
Allows you to determine the density when weighing precious stones and metals. The method itself was discovered by Archimedes. Galileo's work, entitled "Little Scales", came to the Florentine mathematician Guido del Monte. The scientist immediately recognized Galileo as a talented mechanic and wished to get to know him.
It was on del Monte's recommendation that in 1589 Galileo received a professorship at his university, which he was never able to graduate due to financial difficulties. True, he was taken on the minimum salary, but the scientist was still happy, because Galileo's hydrostatic balances were glorified in the scientific world. He was especially famous among Italian mathematicians.
Treatise "On the Movement"
Starting to teach mathematics and philosophy at the university, Galileo faced a difficult choice. On the one hand - the indestructible dogmas of Aristotle's views, on the other - their own reflections, supported by experience. According to Aristotle, the rate at which a body falls is proportional to its weight. Galileo refuted this statement when, in front of numerous witnesses, he dropped balls from the Leaning Tower of Pisa. the same size but with different weights. Aristotle taught that various bodies have different “lightness properties”, so some of them fall much faster than others. In order for the body to move, it needs an air push, therefore, the movement of the body indicates the absence of emptiness. Galileo's experiments suggested otherwise.
In 1590, the explorer wrote a treatise On Motion. In it, he sharply criticized the views of the followers of Aristotle (peripatetics). This caused a disapproving attitude towards the scientist on the part of representatives of official scholastic science. In addition, the salary received did not suit Galileo. He was very tight on funds. The aforementioned del Monte helped him by recommending Galileo to the University of Padua.
Padua period
From 1592 began the most fruitful period in the life of the researcher. We have already talked about Galileo's hydrostatic balances, which became his first discovery. So, over the years of teaching at the University of Padua, the scientist made two more. Galileo invented the thermoscope for research and improved the spyglass by making a telescope out of it.
In fact, the thermoscope was the prototype of the thermometer. To invent it, Galileo had to radically rethink the principles of cold and heat that existed at that time.
The invention of the spyglass in Venice was already known in 1609. Interested in this discovery, Galileo improved the device and adapted it to observe starry sky. In early 1610, this helped the explorer discover three satellites of the planet Jupiter. Watching the planet different time, Galileo was able to understand that it was the satellites that revolved around her, and not vice versa. This confirmed the model of the Keplerian system, of which the scientist was a supporter.
In addition, Galileo discovered the principle of relativity in dynamics. It formed the basis of the current theory of relativity. Galileo recognized Aristotle's ideas about motion as erroneous. Empirically, the scientist found out that processes) is relative. That is, it is impossible to talk about movement without finding out in relation to which “reference body” it occurs. The laws of motion themselves are irrelevant. Therefore, having closed in the cabin of the ship, it is impossible to establish experimentally whether it moves in a straight line and uniformly or rests in place.
Astronomical discoveries
Thanks to an improved spyglass, the scientist has new achievements. Galileo Galilei discovered and became convinced of the existence of a huge number of stars in the Milky Way. Observing the movement of sunspots, the researcher realized that this process is due to the rotation of the sun. Studying the surface of the moon, Galileo discovered craters and mountains. With all this, he undermined confidence in the cosmogonic dogma about the immutability of the universe, having made a revolutionary revolution in astronomy. Galileo described all his observations in the Starry Messenger, which was published in 1610. He dedicated this work to the Duke of Tuscany named Cosimo Medici.
Return to Florence
Soon the duke invited Galileo to work in Florence. The scientist took the position of court philosopher and the first mathematician of the university, who was not obliged to lecture. By that time, Galileo's work had become known throughout Italy. They were admired by some, they were fiercely hated by others. True, at first hostility was not manifested. In 1611, the astronomer was even invited to Rome, where he was enthusiastically greeted by the first persons of the city and the church. Galileo was not yet aware of the secret surveillance established behind him. The offensive of the opponents intensified in 1613, when the question of incompatibility with the discoveries of Galileo was raised by the Inquisition. The researcher gave a detailed answer to this accusation, in which he made an attempt to clearly distinguish between science and the church. In 1616 he went to Rome to defend his doctrine.
First process
The circumstances turned out very well. The reason for this was the brilliant oratorical skills of Galileo. In addition, the Duke of Tuscany helped the scientist by writing for the Inquisition. The accusations against Galileo were recognized as unfounded. However, now the scientist has a rather difficult task: legalization of their scientific views.
The Copernican system could not be openly defended, but the form of dialogue-disputation was not prohibited. Therefore, Galileo wrote the manuscript "Dialogue on Ebb and Flow", in which three interlocutors discussed the two main systems of the world - Copernicus and Ptolemy. In 1630 he went with this book to Rome. It took the scientist two years to fight censorship to get permission to publish the manuscript. She ended up leaving Florence in August 1632.
Second process
The Inquisition immediately reacted to the release of the book, read throughout Europe. At the end of 1632, Galileo was ordered to come to Rome. The scientist asked for a delay due to his illness and advanced age. But his request went unheeded. In early 1633 he was taken to Rome on a stretcher. For a month he lived with the Tuscan envoy, and then Galileo was expelled to the prison of the Inquisition. Then there were threats of torture, demands for renunciation, interrogations, and the worst thing for the researcher - the destruction of his works. Galileo failed to justify his "Dialogues" before the judges. After the trial, the scientist was brought to the monastery of St. Minerva was forced to sign a renunciation and publicly repent on her knees.
Last years
In 1637, Galileo Galileo, whose brief biography was covered in this article, lost his sight. But before that, the scientist managed to complete a work dedicated to his achievements in the field of mechanics. The work was called "Mathematical Proofs and Conversations". In contrast to the Dialogues, everything in this book is presented in such a way that the dispute with the supporters of Aristotle is no longer relevant and the approval of new scientific views is necessary. Thanks to the efforts of Galileo's friends, the book was published during the life of the researcher. He was overjoyed at this.
Galileo died early in 1642 at the Villa Arcetri. In 1732, the ashes of the scientist were sent to Florence and buried next to Michelangelo.
This is the whole biography. Galileo Galilei forever inscribed his name in the history of science. Finally, here are a few facts about this researcher.
- In 1992, he described the scientist as a brilliant physicist and expressed regret about the sentence passed on him in the past. This was the first public recognition by the Vatican regarding the rotation of the Earth around the Sun.
- Galileo's hydrostatic balances are among the five most ingenious inventions that are used in our time.
- The phrase "And yet it spins!" the researcher never uttered. This myth was invented by an Italian journalist.
The life of Galileo Galilei was fascinating and varied. The famous scientist was born in 1564 in the city of Pisa, which is now the region of Tuscany, in Italy. His childhood and education took place in hometown, but later life forced him to change his place of residence.
Pisa gave the young scientist a lot, but real life began only after the whole family moved to Florence. In this city, Galileo Galilei managed to build his career and personal life. In 1581, after several years of study at a monastery school, Galileo entered the medical faculty. In addition to medicine, Galileo was also interested in the scientific works of ancient Greek philosophers, in particular Aristotle and Euclid, and was also deeply interested in the mathematical works of Archimedes and basic mechanics. Education prompted Galileo to thoughts that contributed to further discoveries and breakthroughs in the field of science and astronomy.
Italy, the country in which Galileo Galilei lived, was orthodox at that time, but did not prevent young talents from showing themselves, of course, if their discoveries were not out of the ordinary from the point of view of the church.
In 1585, the financial difficulties of the family forced Galileo Galilei to abandon his studies. In 1589, by a happy coincidence and due to strong friendships that led to amazing changes, Galileo received a professorship at the University of Pisa, therefore, due to obvious circumstances, he was forced to return to his native city.
1591 was a mourning year for the Galileo family - his father died. As the eldest son, Galileo had to take care of the younger members of the family and his mother, but he did not leave teaching. Protectorate and social communication were quite common at that time - thanks to the help of the Marquis del Monte, Galileo Galilei received a professorship, but already at the University of Padua. He taught there for a long time - from 1592 to 1610. It is believed that this was the period of Galileo Galilei's popularity as a scientist and teacher, which contributed to the next career stage in the life of Galileo Galilei. In 1610, he received a professorship at the University of Pisa, but for life, and moved to live in Florence, where he also became a court scientist. Officially, the position had such a name as "court philosopher". At that time, the well-known, rich and influential di Medici dynasty ruled in Italy, so Cosimo II Medici kindly offered him this position.
In 1632, a church hearing was held in Rome, which considered the position of Galileo Galilei on the two systems of Ptolemy and Copernicus, which he considered in his scientific treatise. His teaching was recognized as heretical, after which he was forbidden to teach and create new scientific works. To recent years During his lifetime, Galileo Galilei's health deteriorated significantly, which led to the complete blindness of the scientist. In the circle of his students, he gave thought and talked on abstract topics. Galileo Galilei died in 1642 and was buried in Florence, next to Michelangelo.
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But first he wanted to devote his life to medicine, enrolling in 1581 at the University of Pisa. However, after reading the works of Archimedes and Euclid, he left the university and studied mathematics on his own for four years.
- Already in 1582, while observing pendulums, Galileo discovered the law of isochronism - the independence of the period of oscillation of a pendulum from the swing of oscillations and the mass of the load - and put forward the idea of using pendulums in clocks.
- Having applied mathematics not only to mechanics, but also to hydrostatics, in 1586 he invented hydrostatic balances, which were used in weighing precious metals and their alloys.
In the next 20 years, he experimentally and theoretically established the basic principles of mechanics. First of all, this is the principle of relativity for rectilinear and uniform motion and the principle of constancy of acceleration under the action of gravity. The first principle later led to the concept of an inertial frame of reference, and the second to the concept of an inertial mass. And, having extended Galileo's principle of relativity to all physical processes (in particular, to light) and interpreting his second principle as the equivalence of the forces of inertia and gravity, he created general theory relativity.
Photo: en.wikipedia.org
In 1609, Galileo creates his first telescope and begins systematic astronomical observations. He discovers mountains on the moon, four moons of Jupiter.
Discovers that the Milky Way is made up of many stars. Opens a spot on the Sun and its rotation, the phases of Venus. These astronomical discoveries bring Galileo and his telescope such wide popularity that he even establishes the production of telescopes. And in 1610-14, combining and selecting the distance between the lenses, he invents a microscope. These two devices served as a powerful tool for scientific research in subsequent centuries.
And Galileo himself investigated the nature of light, color, dealt with issues of physical optics. He formulated the idea of the finiteness of the speed of propagation of light and conducted experiments to determine it.
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The astronomical discoveries of Galileo were summarized by him in the treatise “Dialogue on the two main systems of the world”, published in 1632, which practically confirmed the correctness of the doctrine of the heliocentric system of the world. This book infuriated churchmen.
The Inquisition imposed a ban on the book, and in 1633 Galileo himself was forced to renounce his views and excommunicated. In the same church where in 1600 he was sentenced to be burned and did not renounce his views, Galileo, on his knees, pronounced the text of the renunciation offered to him. 
Photo: en.wikipedia.org
Galileo Galilei died on January 8, 1642 at the age of 78. He was buried without honors and tombstone. In 1737, after 95 years, his ashes were transferred to Florence, to the church of Santa Croce. And in 1992, only 350 years after the death of Galileo, Pope John Paul II, after the work of a special commission, recognized the heliocentric system of the world and dropped the charges from.
