University of Bologna is the oldest continuously existing university in Europe. Located in the Italian city of Bologna. In the Arab world, Bologna's competitor is Al-Karaouine University, the oldest continuously existing university in the world, but unlike in Europe, Arab religious schools did not issue diplomas on behalf of the institution itself. It is a member of the European university associations Utrecht Network, Coimbra Group and Europaeum. The University of Bologna laid the foundation for European education.
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In Bologna, as in other major centers of Italy, from ancient times Roman law was studied and put into practice. The exact date of the founding of the university is unknown, but there is no doubt that there was a school of “liberal arts” in Bologna, which was especially famous in the 11th century, where students studied Roman law in the form of additional classes to the course of rhetoric.
The beginning of a deep study of law was laid by Irnerius at the end of the 11th century. This Irnerius (sometimes called Wernerius, Varnerius, Garnerius) was a teacher in the school of liberal arts; having studied the law of Justinian without the help of a teacher, he gained a reputation as a legalist. According to Audfroy, a Bolognese jurist of the 13th century, whose writings contain historical information about the professors who preceded him, Irnerius opened a special law school at the request of Countess Matilda, the former ruler of Tuscany and part of Lombardy. It is quite plausible that the Countess, being a supporter of the pope, was against the invitation to her courts of legists from Ravenna, distinguished by traditional hostility to the papal throne.
Irnerius opened his public lectures in 1088, which is considered the year of the foundation of his institute, and held the chair there until his death (between and 1137).
The rise of fame
Irnerius turned out to have many students, of which the most famous were four doctors of law: Bulgar Martin, Gozia, Goog and Jacques de la Porte Revennante. At the beginning of the twelfth century, the school of law in Bologna was already more popular than that of Ravenna. However, even in the middle of this century, the school of liberal arts enjoyed greater fame outside of Italy. But by the end of the 12th century, the Bologna professors of law gained a noticeable advantage over other scientists of Bologna and gained European fame. This was due, firstly, to the scientific advantages of the teaching method and, secondly, to the patronage of the German emperor Frederick I, who was also the king of Lombardy and was interested in maintaining the authority of Roman law, which could be relied on in cases of crown harassment. After the Diet in Roncalle in 1158, which was attended by Bolognese professors and where mutual legal relations between the emperor and the Italian cities were settled, Frederick undertook to provide all students studying Roman law in Bologna with the following benefits: firstly, to travel freely around all countries under the auspices of his authority (which helped to avoid the troubles usually experienced by foreigners), and secondly, to be subject to the court only of professors or a bishop in the city.
Popularity among foreign students, especially northerners, was added by the wonderful climate of the city and its development. Not only young men came to study, but already quite adults, family people. Among them are such as Copernicus, Ulrich von Gutten, Oloander. Crowned heads sent their children to Bologna to study law and the fine arts. The surprising features of the university for that time were the impossibility to enter only due to its position (knowledge was required equally from the son of an artisan and from the son of the king), as well as the fact that women were allowed into its depths, both as students and as teachers.
The students who flocked from all over Europe were not slow to form real corporations in their midst, modeled on the various craft and art workshops of that time. By the end of the twelfth century, the collection of all student corporations under a common statute constituted the University of Bologna.
Features of the University of Bologna
This university, which, along with the Parisian, founded in the same era (1200), is the oldest in Europe, from the day of its formation had two features - features arising from the very conditions under which it was formed. First, it was not an association of professors (universitas magistrorum), to whose authority the students attending their lectures had to submit exclusively, but an association of students (universitas scholarium), which itself chooses the leaders to whom the professors were subordinate. The students of Bologna were divided into two main parts, ultramontanes and citramontanes, each of which annually elected a rector and a council of different nationalities, who, together with him, managed the administration and university jurisdiction. Professors (doctores legentes) were chosen by students for a certain time, received a fee according to the condition and were obliged not to teach anywhere except Bologna. Being according to the statute, thus, depending on the university and being only free in the direction of the students' studies, they could gain authority and influence on the students solely by their personal qualities and pedagogical talents.
The second feature of the University of Bologna was that, in its essence, it was legal (universitas legum) in contrast to Paris, which at first was devoted solely to theology. The study of Roman law, which laid the foundation for the university itself, and canonical law, introduced into the university program from the 12th century, remained the main, if not exclusive, subjects of university teaching. Medicine and the liberal arts were indeed taught there during the thirteenth century by eminent professors; but their listeners were nevertheless considered to belong to the law university, and only in the XIV century. along with them, two other universities were formed: 1) medicine and philosophy and 2) theology. A remarkable consequence of the purely juridical character of the University of Bologna was that it was not subject, like Paris, to the supreme administration of the popes, since there was no need for ecclesiastical permission to teach Roman law, which was required for theology. However, since the thirteenth century the popes, who supported the university in its disputes with the city administrations and approved its statutes in 1253, in turn had a certain moral authority over the university and ensured that the Archdeacon of Bologna, on their behalf, was the inspector at examinations and at the issuance of diplomas, in order to make sure their correctness.
heyday
The most brilliant period of the Bologna school of law was the interval between the beginning of the twelfth century and the second half of the thirteenth century, which included the lectures of Irnerius and the teaching of the glossary by Accursius. During this period, their new teaching method found the widest and most fruitful application both in oral presentation and in the writings of glossators. During this long period, the most famous of the glossators, after the four doctors mentioned above, were: Placentinus, who worked mainly on the code of Justinian and founded the school of law at Montpellier, where he died in 1192; Burgundio is one of the few glossators who knew Greek, and a translator of the Greek texts of the pandectes; Roger, Jean Bassien, Pillius, Azo - whose works enjoyed such authority that there was even a saying: “Chi non ha Azo, non vado a palazzo”; Gougolin, who continued the work of Azo Jacques Balduini; Rofroy, and finally Accursius (1182-1258), the most famous of the glossators, chiefly famous for his enormous compilation in which he summarized the work of his predecessors.
Accursius also passed on his love for practicing law to his children, and his daughter, Dota d'Accorso, who was awarded the degree of Doctor of Laws by the university and admitted to public teaching, was the first woman mentioned in the annals of the university. She was followed by other female lawyers: Bitgisia, Gozzatsini, Novella d'Andrea, and others. Simultaneously with Roman law at the University of Bologna, the teaching of canon law was successfully taught by professors who, in their lectures and writings, directly followed the method of Irnerius. Starting from the second half of the 12th century, in acts relating to the University of Bologna, there are names of professors of canon law (doctores decretorum). Around 1148, Gratian, a monk and author of the famous decretals, lived in Bologna. After him, his students Pokapaliya, Rufin, Roland Bandinelli (who later became Pope under the name of Alexander III), Guguccio, and in the XIII century. - Richard of England, Damas, Tancred, famous for his "Ordo judiciarius", Bernard of Parma, Raymond of Peñafor - became the main representatives of the university teaching of canon law in Bologna. For some time the professors of Roman law (legum doctores) and the canonists (decretistae) constituted two distinct classes; but little by little the canonists began to consider Roman law as an integral part of their subject, and vice versa, the novelists had to make references in their works to church canons; the same scholars were often professors of both law (doctores utriusque juris) and taught both these branches of law, which are closely related to each other.
During the period of the highest flourishing at the University of Bologna, the schools of law, along with jurisprudence, other sciences began to flourish: philosophy, Latin and Greek literature, and then medicine. Of the professors-philosophers, one can name Alberigo, who read in the XII century, the Florentine Lot, who taught simultaneously with philosophy and physics, the monk Moneto. Among the philologists of the University of Bologna were Gaufrido di Vinisauf, an Englishman by birth, who taught and wrote in verse and prose, Boncompagno, an excellent connoisseur of the Latin language. The study of the Greek language, which marked the beginning of the era of the humanists, took root here earlier than in other Italian universities, and since the 15th century it has firmly established itself in Bologna, which can be proud of the fact that Erasmus of Rotterdam lived among its philosophers. In Bologna, medicine also made a significant step forward thanks to the method of teaching the anatomy of the human body and animals on corpses, pioneered by Lucin di Luzzi. In the field of medicine, and then the natural sciences, the female professors of the University of Bologna were especially distinguished. Among them are known: the names of Dorothea Bucchi (XIV-XV centuries), who, after the death of her father Giovanni Bucchi, occupied the chair of practical medicine and moral philosophy, and the famous Bolognese lecturers of the 18th century, closer to our time, Laura Bassi, who occupied the chair of experimental physics and philosophy, the pride of the women of Bologna, who built by subscription in honor of their illustrious compatriot a monument that adorns the staircase leading to the museum and library of the university, Gaetana Agnesi, who taught analytical geometry, Anna Morandi, after the husband of Manzolini, known for her work on anatomy, Maria dalle Donna who earned the respect of Napoleon I.
Decline in popularity
The spiritual and moral authority enjoyed by the professors of the Bologna school was reflected not only in the success that their lectures and writings had, but also in the high position that they occupied both in Bologna itself and beyond its borders. They were exempt from taxes and military service, and although they were not born in Bologna, they received all the rights of citizens of this city. They were given the title dominus as opposed to the name master, which was worn by professors of the school of liberal arts, and they were listed as knights. Many of them took an active part in public affairs as judges, rulers of the city or envoys, such as Azo, Hugolin and Accursius - in Bologna, Burgundio - in Pisa, Baldina - Genoa, Rofroi - Benevenge. But Bologna often forgot that it owed its brilliance to the university, and joined with it during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. into violent disputes that often threatened to destroy the rights and privileges of the university and interrupted studies in it. The struggle between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines, which divided Italy into two warring parts, was waged with particular force in Bologna, and the university could not remain indifferent to it. Despite, however, these disputes and party strife, the Bologna school flourished for a long time and in the middle of the 13th century. reached the pinnacle of prosperity. Since that time, the direction in the former system of glossators begins to change little by little. Instead of taking exclusively texts from the primary sources of Roman law as the subject of their interpretations, the present professors set about interpreting the glosses of their predecessors: in the school, as well as in the courts, glossa magistralis Accursius took the place of Corpus juris.
Moreover, various circumstances influenced the change for the worse of the high position enjoyed by the Bologna professors. Taking part in public affairs, they involuntarily intervened in party feuds and due to this they lost a significant part of their moral charm. Then towards the end of the thirteenth century. the city founded several chairs for public lectures, and assigned to the professors who occupied these chairs a certain fee in exchange for the fees paid by the students themselves, and little by little most of the professors found themselves on the salary of the city; they thus fell under the authority of the city municipality, which claimed to regulate the teaching of professors, regardless of the personal abilities of teachers and the interests of science. And in the next century, another new measure dealt a mortal blow to the Bologna school: the political party, more and more seizing power in the city, showed a desire to give the right to teach only to the citizens of Bologna and, moreover, only to members of famous families, very few. The University of Bologna thus gradually lost its preeminence in the study of Roman law, as the most famous legalists of the time went to teach science in Pisa, Perusa, Padua, and Pavia, who challenged each other for the palm of primacy.
The fall of the Bologna school caused during the XIV century. the birth of the school of commentators - in the person of Bartol, which dominated during the XIV and XV centuries. But in the 16th century The historical school took the matter of the glossators into its own hands, expanding and supplementing it with the help of all the means that history and philology brought to it, updated by the works of the humanists of the Renaissance.
University influence
During its existence, the Bologna school had a huge impact not only on Italy, but throughout Western Europe. Due to the reputation of its professors, Bologna was regarded as the center of Roman law: by all accounts, only here could one find a deep knowledge of Roman laws and ecclesiastical rules. That is why young people from all over Europe aspired to hear the science of law from the lips of the professors themselves; upon returning back to their homeland, former students of the University of Bologna propagated the method and doctrine of the glossators. In France, Pierre de Blois, Jacques de Revigny, Guillaume Durand; in England - Vakarius, Richard of England, Francis of Accursius; in Spain the Pont de Larida; in Italy, a large group of legalists spread through their lectures and writings the science that they themselves received in Bologna. Moreover, in these countries, most of the faculties of law were founded on the model of the Bologna school by its professors: in Italy - Padua (1222), Vicenza (1203), etc.; in Aragon - Perpignan (1343); in France - the University of Montpellier, founded by Placentino at the end of the 12th century.
Since the end of the twelfth century, thanks to the work of the Bolognese glossators and their students, the reception of Roman law has been expanding more and more in the West, which, according to the doctrine of the scientists of that time, should be called universal law, that is, ratio scripta, which should serve the common legislation of all Christian peoples. At the same time, the study of canon law was developing throughout Europe, the foundation of which was laid by the Bologna school. If, strictly speaking, it cannot be said that the Bolognese school revived in the twelfth century the study of Roman law, which, in fact, did not stop in previous centuries, nevertheless it can be argued that, thanks to its method and doctrine, it largely rejuvenated the science of law and exercised on the legislation, institutions, and very ideas of European society a tremendous influence that was felt throughout the Middle Ages right down to the most recent times. That is why, in Bologna's celebration of the 800th anniversary (1088-1888) of its university, the international character of the festival, to which the entire European scientific world responded, could so clearly affect. Its present position, the beginning of which can be dated back to 1859, when it again acquired a secular character, freed from the strong influence of the pope, bears very little resemblance to the old university. At the end of the 19th century, there were 4 faculties and a number of institutes, such as an engineering school, a pedagogical seminary, a school of political sciences, independent of the law faculty. The rector is appointed from among the professors, who numbered up to 200 in 1888. Among them were the famous Italian poet Carducci, who occupied the department of Italian literature and read the comparative history of Romance literature in parallel with this course, and female lecturers - Giuseppina Cattani and Malvina Ogonovskaya, professors Slavic dialects.
The rich university library contains more than 200 thousand volumes.
In which country is the University of Bologna located? Of course, in Italy, the wonderful city of Bologna.
At one time, Nicolaus Copernicus, Francesco Petrarca, Albrecht Dürer, Umberto Eco and others studied and taught here. It was here that the cradle of Italian science and education was born.
Founding history
Trying to establish the exact date of the founding of the university, historians around the world are still arguing, but have not agreed on a single opinion. Most are inclined to believe (and the references in the documents indirectly confirm this) that The founding of the University of Bologna in Italy is considered to be 1088.(This date is taken as the main one; it is even indicated on the official website of the university).
The prerequisites for the birth of the university appeared at the beginning of the 11th century, when teachers of rhetoric and grammar began to study law.
Here, a certain Irnerius began to quickly gain "teaching" weight, who paid special attention to the systematization and structuring of Roman legal materials. Until now, the study of law - both Roman and canonical - remains a priority.
The original name of the educational institution is "Studio". The dominant role here was played by the students themselves (universitas scholarium), and not by the teaching staff. In order to pay for the work of teachers (and they did not have salaries as such before), the students themselves collected money and compensated for teaching activities.
All collections and donations were carried out on a voluntary basis and did not have a fixed amount. Moreover, students had the right to “fire” a negligent teacher if he missed a lecture or was late for it.
The university differed not only in this. Both men and women could study here.- no gender distinction was made, as in many educational institutions in other countries.
And the position in society did not play a role in admission - it was impossible to become a student just because your family occupies a high position in society. Only knowledge was valued - it equalized the rights of both peasants and aristocrats.
The heyday of the educational institution is considered to be the XII-XIII centuries. It was during this period that Latin and Greek literature, medicine and philosophical sciences began to be taught. But the XIII century was a turning point in the history of the educational institution. The municipal government of Bologna cancels student donations, subordinating the entire professorial staff to its own jurisdiction.
In the era of the late Middle Ages, astronomy, arithmetic, geometry, music, and later mathematics and logic were added to the subjects and disciplines studied.
Features of architecture, photo
In addition to being the oldest educational institution in Europe, the University of Bologna is also a magnificent example of medieval architecture.
The building itself has two levels - this is the educational complex itself and the courtyard.
The upper level of the building is the Anatomical Theater (a specialized room for public educational dissection of corpses), which appeared within the walls of the educational institution in 1637. Lectures on anatomy are still held in its halls, including public open lectures.
Part of the lower tier is reserved for the municipal library(Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna), which is the largest public library in the region - its fund contains about one and a half million volumes (in the building itself - about 260 thousand copies of books). And also in the funds of the library there are original works of fine art by the masters of the Middle Ages and ancient manuscripts.
Within the walls of the Alma Mater, this library is not the only one: another 261 libraries at various departments or departments have their own collections dedicated to individual disciplines.
The main building of the university is Palazzo Poggi, decorated with frescoes and sculptures. It was built for Alexandro Pozzi and his brother Giovanni, who later became a cardinal. The building was built in a classical style, has a patio, and a huge staircase leads to the main hall, where all solemn and significant events are held today.
The educational institution also owns 14 branch museums. Among them, for example, the Anthropological Museum, the Geological Museum, the Palazzo Museum, the Museum of Comparative Anatomy, the Mineralogical Museum, the Botanical Garden and others. All of them are in Bologna.
Botanical garden "Orto Botanico" founded in 1568 and is considered the oldest botanical garden in Europe. More than 5,000 plants belonging to 1,200 species are located on its area. These are succulent plants brought from the African continent, from Central and South America; as well as coffee trees, orchids, bromeliads, medicinal plants.
A notable feature of the building is the Heraldic complex. Many students studying at the University of Bologna in the Middle Ages had a rich family tree, and they were allowed to leave their coat of arms on the walls of the educational building.
The building of the Universita di Bologna survived the bombings of World War II, and part of the building (including the anatomist) was destroyed. But since the original drawings of the building remained, they were able to restore it almost to its original state.
Learning Today
Today, more than 86 thousand students study within the walls of this ancient educational institution (of which 7-8% are foreign students). By the way, foreigners have the right to receive a financial grant for education: especially gifted students can receive it.
A modern university offers its students a variety of curricula and specializations, the opportunity to study in a master's and doctoral studies. To date, the University of Bologna has 23 faculties.
Much attention is paid to research: thanks to the many research programs, laboratories and research centers, the university annually participates in various international scientific competitions and conferences.
The university maintains links with educational institutions in Italy and other European countries, participating in international student exchange programs.
The cost of training depends on which direction or discipline the student chooses. The approximate cost of education for bachelors is 650-750 euros, and master's and doctoral studies will cost 900-950 euros.
The most curious thing is The University of Bologna is not only in Bologna. Universita di Bologna has a special structure - it is called "multicampus" and has five educational institutions, they are located in the cities of Bologna, Rimini, Cesena, Forli and Ravena.
It has its own branch (it is also called the sixth campus) in the capital of Argentina - Buenos Aires (the educational institution was opened as part of cooperation between Italy and Latin American countries). By the way, this is the first educational institution in Italy, which has a branch abroad.
How to become a student
Studying in many foreign institutions is considered very prestigious.
To be guaranteed to become a student at the University of Bologna, you need to fulfill a number of requirements and pass the entrance exams. The site reflects the statistics of admissions, it shows that after the entrance exams, about 70% of applicants become students of this university.
The University of Bologna laid the foundation for European education.
University of Bologna original name ital. University of Bologna Motto Alma Mater Studiorum Year of foundation 1088 The president Francesco Ubertini students 86.014 Foreign students 2.280 Location Bologna Campus Bologna
(main campus)
Forlì, Cesena, Ravenna, RiminiWebsite unibo.it/en/homepage Story
The data in this article are given as of the end of the 19th century.
You can help by updating the information in the article.
The emergence of the Bologna School of Law
According to an Italian jurist of the 13th century odofred, Bologna became the location of the school of law, which was previously based in Ravenna, and even earlier in Rome. In the treatise of 964, which was concluded between Emperor Otto I the Great and Pope Leo VIII, doctors of law living in Rome were named. It is also known that in 1055 Dominicum legis Doctorem issued diplomas to teachers and students of law in Ravenna. In Bologna, Pepo was the first to teach jurisprudence, receiving a doctorate in law in 1075.
However, the real foundation of the Bologna School of Law is associated with the name of Irneria. Initially, he was magister artium liberalium, but then he began to specialize in jurisprudence. According to Hermann Fitting, the reason for the change of interests of Irnerius was the desire of the Margravine Matilda of Tuscany to create a rival to the Ravenna School of Law. During the struggle for the investiture, the Countess actively supported Pope Gregory VII, while the jurists from Ravenna were notable for their hostility towards the papacy. According to legend, Irnerius began teaching law in Bologna in 1088.
The rise of fame
Near Irnerius, a circle of disciples soon formed, the most famous of which were four (Quatuor Doctores): Bulgar, Martin Gosia, Jacob de Boragine and Hugo de Porta Revennate. They started the school of glossators.
At the beginning of the twelfth century, the school of law in Bologna was already more popular than that of Ravenna. However, even in the middle of this century, the school of liberal arts enjoyed greater fame outside of Italy. But by the end of the 12th century, the Bologna professors of law gained a noticeable advantage over other scientists of Bologna and gained European fame. This was due, firstly, to the scientific advantages of the teaching method and, secondly, to the patronage of the German emperor (1152-1190) Frederick I Barbarossa, who was also the king of Lombardy and was interested in maintaining the authority of Roman law, which could be relied upon during crown harassment. After the Diet in Roncalle (Piacenza) in 1158, which was attended by Bolognese professors and where legal relations between the emperor and the Italian cities were settled, Frederick gave the obligation to provide all students studying Roman law in Bologna with the following benefits: firstly, to travel freely in all countries under the auspices of his authority (which helped to avoid the troubles usually experienced by foreigners), and secondly, to be subject to the court only of professors or a bishop in the city.
The development of the city and its wonderful climate also contributed to the popularity of the university. Not only young men came to study, but also adults, family people. Nicolaus Copernicus, Ulrich von Hutten, Oloander studied in Bologna. Crowned heads also sent their children to Bologna to study law and the liberal arts. Surprising features of the university for that time were the impossibility to enter only due to their position (knowledge was required equally from the son of an artisan and from the son of the king), and also the fact that women were allowed both as students and as teachers.
The students who flocked from all over Europe were not slow to form real corporations in their midst, modeled on the various craft and art workshops of that time. By the end of the twelfth century, the collection of all student corporations under a common statute constituted the University of Bologna.
Features of the University of Bologna
This university, which, along with the Parisian, founded in the same era (1200), is the oldest in Europe, from the day of its formation had two features arising from the very conditions under which it was formed. First, it was not an association of professors (universitas magistrorum), to whose authority the students attending their lectures had to submit exclusively, but an association of students (universitas scholarium), which itself chooses the leaders to whom the professors were subordinate. The Bolognese students were divided into two main parts, "ultramontanes" (from beyond the mountains, that is, from countries outside Italy, beyond the Alps) and "citramontanes" (from Italy, on this side of the Alps), each of which annually elected a rector and a council from of various nationalities, who together with him was in charge of administration and university jurisdiction. Professors (doctores legentes) were chosen by students for a certain time, received a fee according to the condition and were obliged not to teach anywhere except Bologna. Being according to the statute, thus, depending on the university and being free only in the direction of the students' studies, they could gain authority and influence on the students solely by their knowledge, personal qualities and pedagogical talent.
The second feature of the University of Bologna was that it was legal (universitas legum) as opposed to Paris, which at first was devoted solely to theology. The study of Roman law, which laid the foundation for the university itself, and canon law, introduced into the university curriculum in the 12th century, remained the main subjects of university teaching. Medicine and the liberal arts were taught there during the thirteenth century by eminent professors; but their listeners were nevertheless considered to belong to a law university, and it was only in the fourteenth century that two other universities were formed along with it: 1) medicine and philosophy, and 2) theology. A remarkable consequence of the legal character of the University of Bologna was that it was not subject to the pope, like that of Paris, since there was no need for ecclesiastical permission to teach Roman law, which was required for theology. However, starting from the 13th century, the popes, who supported the university in its disputes with city governments, and approved its statutes in 1253, in turn wielded some power over the university, and ensured that the Bolognese archdeacon was the inspector at examinations and when issuing diplomas from their names, "to make sure they are correct."
heyday
The most brilliant period of the Bologna school of law was the interval between the beginning of the twelfth century and the second half of the thirteenth century, which included the lectures of Irnerius and the teaching of the glossary by Accursius. During this period, their new teaching method found the widest and most fruitful application both in oral presentation and in the writings of glossators. During this long period, the most famous of the glossators, after the four doctors mentioned above, were: Placentinus, who worked mainly on the code of Justinian and founded the school of law at Montpellier, where he died in 1192; Burgundio is one of the few glossators who knew Greek, and a translator of the Greek texts of the pandectes; Roger, Jean Bassien, Pillius, Azo - whose works enjoyed such authority that there was even a saying: “Chi non ha Azo, non vado a palazzo”; Gougolin, who continued the work of Azo Jacques Balduini; Rofroy, and finally Accursius (1182-1258), the most famous of the glossators, chiefly famous for his enormous compilation in which he summarized the work of his predecessors.
Accursius also passed on his love for practicing law to his children, and his daughter, Dota d'Accorso, who was awarded the degree of Doctor of Laws by the university and admitted to public teaching, was the first woman mentioned in the annals of the university. She was followed by other female lawyers: Bitgisia, Gozzatsini, Novella d'Andrea, and others. Simultaneously with Roman law at the University of Bologna, the teaching of canon law was successfully taught by professors who, in their lectures and writings, directly followed the method of Irnerius. Starting from the second half of the 12th century, in acts relating to the University of Bologna, there are names of professors of canon law (doctores decretorum). Around 1148, Gratian, a monk and author of the famous decretals, lived in Bologna. After him, his students Pokapaliya, Rufin, Roland Bandinelli (who later became Pope under the name of Alexander III), Guguccio, and in the XIII century. - Richard of England, Damas, Tancred, famous for his "Ordo judiciarius", Bernard of Parma, Raymond of Peñafor - became the main representatives of the university teaching of canon law in Bologna. For some time the professors of Roman law (legum doctores) and the canonists (decretistae) constituted two distinct classes; but little by little the canonists began to consider Roman law as an integral part of their subject, and vice versa, the novelists had to make references in their works to church canons; the same scholars were often professors of both law (doctores utriusque juris) and taught both these branches of law, which are closely related to each other.
During the period of the highest flowering at the University of Bologna, the school of law, along with jurisprudence, other sciences began to flourish: philosophy, Latin and Greek literature, and then medicine. Of the professors-philosophers, one can name Alberigo, who read in the XII century, the Florentine Lot, who taught simultaneously with philosophy and physics, the monk Moneto. Among the philologists of the University of Bologna were Gaufrido di Vinisauf, an Englishman by birth, who taught and wrote in verse and prose, Boncompagno, an excellent connoisseur of the Latin language. The study of the Greek language, which marked the beginning of the era of the humanists, took root here earlier than in other Italian universities, and since the 15th century it has firmly established itself in Bologna, which can be proud of the fact that Erasmus of Rotterdam lived among its philosophers. In Bologna, medicine also made a significant step forward thanks to the method of teaching the anatomy of the human body and animals on corpses, pioneered by Lucin di Luzzi. In the field of medicine, and then the natural sciences, the female professors of the University of Bologna were especially distinguished. Among them are the names of Dorothea Bucchi (XIV-XV centuries), who, after the death of her father Giovanni Bucchi, occupied the chair of practical medicine and moral philosophy, and the famous Bolognese lecturers of the 18th century, closer to our time, Laura Bassi, who occupied the chair of experimental physics and philosophy, the pride of the women of Bologna, who built by subscription in honor of their illustrious compatriot, a monument that adorns the stairs leading to the museum and library of the university, Gaetana Agnesi, who taught analytical geometry, Anna Morandi, after the husband of Manzolini, known for her work on anatomy, Maria dalle Donna, who won self-respect of Napoleon I.
Decline in popularity
The spiritual and moral authority enjoyed by the professors of the Bologna school was reflected not only in the success that their lectures and writings had, but also in the high position that they occupied both in Bologna itself and beyond its borders. They were exempted from taxes and military service and received all the rights of citizens of Bologna, even if they were not born in this city. They were titled dominus(possessing lord), in contrast to the name master, which was worn by professors of the school of liberal arts, and they were listed as knights. Many of them took an active part in public affairs as judges, rulers of the city or envoys, such as Azo, Hugolin and Accursius - in Bologna, Burgundio - in Pisa, Baldina - Genoa, Rofroi - Benevenge. But Bologna often forgot that it owed its brilliance to the university, and joined with it during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. into violent disputes that often threatened to destroy the rights and privileges of the university and interrupted studies in it. The struggle between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines, which divided Italy into two hostile parts, was waged with particular force in Bologna, and the university could not remain indifferent to it. Despite, however, these disputes and party strife, the Bologna school by the middle of the 13th century. reached the pinnacle of prosperity. Since that time, the direction in the former system of glossators begins to change little by little. Instead of taking exclusively texts from the primary sources of Roman law as the subject of their interpretations, the present professors set about interpreting the glosses of their predecessors: in the school, as well as in the courts, glossa magistralis Accursius took the place of Corpus juris.
Moreover, various circumstances influenced the change for the worse of the high position enjoyed by the Bologna professors. Taking part in public affairs, they involuntarily intervened in party feuds and due to this they lost a significant share of their moral influence. By the end of the XIII century. the city founded several chairs for public lectures, and assigned to the professors who occupied these chairs a certain fee in exchange for the fees paid by the students themselves, and little by little most of the professors found themselves on the salary of the city; they thus fell under the authority of the city municipality, which claimed to regulate the teaching of professors, regardless of the personal abilities of teachers and the interests of science. And in the next century, another new measure dealt a mortal blow to the Bologna school: the political party, more and more seizing power in the city, showed a desire to give the right to teach only to the citizens of Bologna and, moreover, only to members of famous families, very few. The University of Bologna thus gradually lost its preeminence in the study of Roman law, as the most famous legalists of that time went to teach in Pisa, Perugia, Padua and Pavia, which challenged each other's palm.
The fall of the Bologna school caused during the XIV century. the birth of the school of commentators (in the person of Bartolo), which dominated during the XIV and XV centuries. But in the 16th century the historical school took the matter of the glossators into its own hands, expanding and supplementing it with the help of all the means that history and philology brought to it, updated by the works of the humanists of the Renaissance.
University influence
During its existence, the Bologna school had a huge impact not only on Italy, but throughout Western Europe. Due to the reputation of its professors, Bologna was regarded as the center of Roman law: by all accounts, only here could one find a deep knowledge of Roman laws and ecclesiastical rules. That is why young people from all over Europe aspired to hear the science of law from the lips of the professors themselves; upon returning back to their homeland, former students of the University of Bologna propagated the method and doctrine of the glossators. In France
It is rightfully considered the "university center" of the country. There is also a more amusing characteristic of the province - Smart, Red, Fat.
This is how the city was characterized because of the considerable number of educational institutions on the territory, for the color of the roofs of buildings, and finally, for the delicious food prepared in local restaurants.
Italy is a country with a centuries-old culture, rich nature, developed architectural skills, so almost every city in the country is famous for its sights. And our province is no exception! In the city of Bologna, the tourist will see the following sights.
The history of the University of Bologna dates back to the 2nd century. it was founded in 1088. It is considered one of the largest and most famous European universities since the Middle Ages. The University of Bologna in the Middle Ages was called Studium, the offspring of influential families from all over the globe aspired to study here. The university gave education to such scientific luminaries as Erasmus of Rotterdam, Paracelsus, Albrecht Dürer, Dante Alighieri, Salimbene of Parma who later became famous.
The University of Bologna is considered one of the largest and most famous European universities since the Middle Ages.
Gradually, the faculty of the university, among whom was Irnerius, began to specialize in law, and as a result, the legal theories cultivated here began to be accepted and used throughout the country.
From the 14th century The higher educational institution of the city of Bologna - a local university, in addition to jurisprudence, organized the following faculties on its territory: astronomy, philosophy, medicine, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, grammar.
A little later, theology was included in the list of disciplines. Currently, the university consists of five institutions located in different parts of Italy. Therefore, there is no unequivocal answer to the question of where the University of Bologna is located. The faculties of the higher institution teach students a total of about 85 thousand people, in the following cities: Bologna, Rimini, Cesena, and Forlì.
You can take a virtual tour of the campus by watching the video:
Students are trained in such areas as law, agriculture, cultural heritage preservation, psychology, communications, politics, etc. The main building of the university is located on the street. Dzamboni, 33, tel. +39 051.209.91.11 / 93.70. You can find out the details about the University of Bologna that interest you by visiting the official website: www.unibo.it.
temples
What else can you see in Bologna? In the Middle Ages, a considerable number of temples were erected on the territory of the city, each of which can rightfully be called an object of the country's cultural heritage.
Basilica of Saint Petronius
One of the largest temples in the world, located in the central square of Bologna - Maggiore. The basilica was erected for a long time, for more than one century.
The construction of an original temple in the Gothic style began in the 14th century, and the construction and decoration was completed only in the 17th century.
Interestingly, the church was built in the form of an ancient Latin cross, among its creators such famous architects as Andre Palladio, Giacomo Barozzi di Vignola, Antonio di Vicenza.
The Basilica of Saint Petronius is located on Piazza Maggiore
The exterior of the walls of the church is also made in the Gothic style, famous for the strict geometry of the pattern. From the inside, the cathedral is decorated with works by famous painters: “The Consecration of Christ with 4 Saints” by A. Aspertini, “The Mysterious Wedding of St. Catherine” by F. Lippi, “Madonna with Saints” by L. Costa Jr. other.
An ancient relic of the 15th century, which has been subjected to assassination attempts, deserves special attention.
This is a fresco with the Islamic saint Mohammed, depicted, according to the plot of the picture, among the inhabitants of Hell, which the religious Islamic fans who ended up in Bologna tried to destroy.
What the Basilica of St. Petronius looks like inside - see the video:
After the Middle Ages, the city of Bologna used the building of the Basilica of San Petronio for social and political purposes, both the local court and the city council were located here.
Only by the 20s of the last century prayer chants began to sound again in the church.
You can visit the cathedral daily from 7-30 to 12-45 hours, and in the afternoon from 15 to 18 hours.
Monastery complex of Santo Stefano
St. Stephen's Cathedral consists of 7 buildings that form the temple complex. According to legend, it was Saint Petronius, inspired by holy thoughts, who wished to reproduce the monuments to the seven main Jerusalem shrines.
The monastery complex of Santo Stefano consists of 7 buildings
So, the churches included in the San Stefano complex are named: Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Cathedral of St. John the Baptist, Church of the Holy Trinity, Cathedral of the Martyrs Agricola and Vitaly, Pilate's courtyard and monastery. The visiting hours of the Basilica, located in St. Stefano's Square, are similar to the opening hours of the Church of St. Petronius.
Temple of the Madonna of Saint Luke
Built on a hill of about 250-300 m, "Sentry Hill". The name of the church was given by the work of art by St. Luke the Evangelist - Madonna and Child, brought to the city by a pilgrim from Greece.
The honorary burden was instructed to be carried to the Guard Hill, whose image is on the icon, which was done.
The basilica was built later, specifically for the storage of the shrine.
The Temple of the Madonna of St. Luke was built on Guard Hill
The church is located outside the city, you can get into the cathedral by making your way through the gallery of 666 arches, with a total length of about 4 meters, leading from the Zaragoza gate. The entrance ticket costs 10 euros.
What else to see in Bologna?
If you are in the province of Bologna for a little more than 1 day, be sure to check out the rest of the city's relics and monuments. What can you see in Bologna in 2 or more days?
These are world-famous museums of the city, towers and palaces.National Pinakothek
Stores the largest collections of works by Italian painters known throughout the world. The National Pinacoteca of Bologna offers tourists the works of art created by the famous Titian, A. Coracci, L. Costa, G. Reni, Paramigiano, Raphael, whose life was marked by the Italian city of Bologna.
The National Pinakothek houses the largest collections of works by Italian painters
The museum is located on 56 Belle Arti Street and is open from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m. daily, except Mondays. The ticket price varies from 2 to 4 euros.
Archaeological Museum
Formed in the 19th century, in 1881. It is famous for its expositions of archaeological origin from the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic eras, as well as historical finds raised from Etruscan and Gallic tombs. A considerable number of archaeological finds were provided to the museum by the University of Bologna and the artist P. Palagi.
Archaeological Museum of Bologna founded in the 19th century
Household items of the ancient Romans, Egyptians, Greeks are collected here, and there are also extensive collections of ancient awards and banknotes. Entrance to the museum is paid, the cost is 5 euros. You can view local collections every Friday from 9 am to 2.30 pm at Via Arciginassio 2.
The largest of them is the tower, which once belonged to the Asinelli family and was named after the eminent family. The building was built in defiance of the Garisendi family, who were at enmity with the owners of the tower and built a similar skyscraper directly opposite. It rises above the city to a solid height, created around 1120.
The high-rise tower of Asinelli offers an excellent view of the surroundings of the city of Bologna, so the building was used as an observation tower.
Later, in the 15th century, a fortress building joined the high-rise building, where trade is flourishing today. A characteristic feature of the Tower is not only a height of about 100 meters and a staircase consisting of almost five hundred steps, but also an inclined arrangement.
The famous leaning towers of Bologna
Being one of the "highlights" of the city of Bologna, the falling towers of Asinelli and Garisendi seem to "look" at each other, tilting down. You can visit the high-rise building of the Asinelli clan daily by paying 3 euros, from 9 am to 6 pm in summer, in winter the visiting time ends an hour earlier. And the entrance to the Garisendi Tower for tourists, alas, is closed.
Palaces of Bologna
Bologna is famous for its palaces:
Flea markets
Bologna is famous not only for a huge number of cultural historical sites, but also for a fairly developed trade in the so-called "flea markets". What can you bring with you as a keepsake from Bologna?
Visit local retail outlets and be sure to choose a memorabilia for yourself:
- Flea market Mercato Antiquario di Santo Stefano in Bologna, Italy, famous for its antiques trade. It sells antique frames for mirrors and photographs, dolls, bags, lamps. The market is open from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. in winter and until 7 p.m. in summer, every 2nd weekend. Located on the square of the same name;
- Mercado di Collectionismo Market, also offers customers antiques, but these are more printed publications: magazines, newspapers, manuscripts. Open from 9 to 6 pm on Thursdays. Located in Piazza Villa Agosto;
At the flea market in Bologna you can buy antiques as a keepsake
- flea market Mercato Del Vintage, they sell antique hats, accessories, jewelry, sunglasses every Tuesday from 9 am to 4 pm;
- Market La Piazzola. It sells both clothing and a variety of household items, paintings, figurines. Trading is conducted on Fridays and Saturdays throughout the day. Ares: Piazza Vill Agosto.
And this is not an exhaustive list of world-famous sights, cultural, religious, architectural monuments and colorful retail outlets that can be visited by a tourist of Bologna for the benefit of the mind, soul and heart!
If you are planning an Italian trip, be sure to visit this city with its rich cultural, religious, and simply colorful life.
Prerequisites to form a university in Italy
In 476, under the blows of the barbarian tribes of the Germans, the Western Roman Empire fell - the center of not only the political, but also the intellectual life of the world in the era of antiquity. Actually, the history of antiquity ends with this event - a new era begins, which has received the name "Middle Ages" in historical literature. The British call the Middle Ages nothing more than dark ages, that is, "dark ages". Indeed, as the great Soviet historian Yevgeny Tarle wrote, “700-800 years separating the Western Roman Empire from the Renaissance are very meager with luminous dots, beacons and centers of Enlightenment.” These words fully apply to the whole of Europe and to Italy.
It is wrong to think that Italy has completely lost the traditions of Cicero and Virgil. Of the figures of the 6th-10th centuries, one can recall Cassidor, Boethius, Pope Sylvester, who, before taking such a high rank, was the brilliant mathematician Herbert. A certain rise in cultural life was caused by the so-called "Carolingian Renaissance". However, practically nothing remained of the former glory of science and belles-lettres.
The beginning of the 11th century radically changed this state of affairs. This is explained by the fact that at that time Italy became the scene of an irreconcilable struggle between the parties of the Guelphs and the Ghibellines - the parties of the Pope and the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. To confirm their positions, both sides actively used works of journalistic genres. Such controversy led to a revival of the country's intellectual activity. This, and the position of the church (the clerics discovered a shortage of powerful intellectuals in their ranks and also contributed to the university boom) led to the emergence of a number of higher educational institutions in Italy.
University of Bologna
The University of Bologna is officially considered the first university not only in Italy, but also in Europe. Bologna is located in the region of Lombardy. Lombard trading cities have long been distinguished by the desire of noble and wealthy citizens, not quite typical for the Middle Ages, to give their children a good (at that time) education. According to ancient legend, already in 433, Emperor Theodosius founded a higher law school in Bologna. True, this legend is not trusted by scientists: most likely it was invented in the 13th century by those lawyers who wanted part of the university founded by that time to belong to the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire.
Therefore, Pepo, the doctor of law, known in the annals as the legis doctor, is considered to be truly the first who took up teaching in Bologna. His lectures, however, were not very popular. But great heights were achieved by his follower Irnerius, who opened a special Bologna law school in 1088.
Irneria's lectures were not slow to bring quick popularity to the school. He had many students, among whom four doctors of law stand out in particular: Bulgar Martin, Gozia, Goog and Jacques de la Porte Revenante. Very soon the Bolognese professors became widely known and gained an advantage over other learned cities. There are several reasons for this success. First, the scientific advantages of the teaching method. Bologna jurists made a revolution in the study of Roman law: they studied and taught it not as an appendage to rhetoric, but as an independent subject, and, moreover, not in fragments, but in full. And secondly, the patronage of the German Emperor Frederick I, who was at the same time the king of Lombardy. The emperor was very interested in encouraging the study of Roman law, whose authority could always be relied upon in the event of various harassment by the crown.
In 1158, Frederick I solemnly agreed to grant from now on to everyone who came to Bologna the following benefits:
1. To travel freely throughout all countries under the auspices of his authority, without having therefore to be subjected to all sorts of troubles experienced by foreigners;
2. To be subject in the city exclusively to the court of professors or the bishop.
Bologna's location, its healthy climate, the wealth of the city, its very status thanks to its recent autonomy, all explain the reason for the extreme popularity of the law school. Along with the youth, people of mature age, often leaving their family, occupation, honorary position in their homeland, strive to Bologna to become scolarii. Children of crowned persons, and they were sent to this city to study law and fine arts. The popularity of the school is also explained by the fact that women were allowed into the bowels of the “Felzin Temple of Wisdom”, as the University of Bologna was called in the times of Irnerius and Accursius, and, most importantly, not only to listen to lectures, but also as teachers (lectresses).
The main feature that distinguishes the entire medieval university history has also been outlined: the corporate, guild principle was so strong in those days that the university, in essence, was two combined guilds. Both of these workshops, "learning" and "teaching", depending on the nation and the specialty of the persons included in them, were divided into smaller categories. In Bologna, in particular, there were four nations: Campanian, Tuscan, Lombard and Roman. The meeting of all student corporations under a common statute constituted the university in Bologna by the end of the 12th century. This university, which is (along with Paris, founded in the same era - 1200), the oldest in Europe, from the day of its formation had two special features arising from the very conditions of its formation:
1. It was not an association of professors (universitas magistrorum), to whose authority the students were to be exclusively subject. On the contrary, it was an association of students (universitas scholarium), which itself chooses leaders, to whom, in turn, professors report. Bologna students were divided into two parts: ultramontane and citramontane, each of which annually elected a rector; both parts participated in the administration of the university. Professors were chosen by students for a certain period of time, received a fee according to the condition and were obliged not to teach anywhere except in Bologna. Being according to the statute, thus, depending on the university and being free only in the direction of the students' studies, they could gain authority and influence on the students solely by their personal qualities and pedagogical talents.
2. In contrast to the Parisian, which was originally devoted solely to theology, Bologna was legal. The study of Roman law, which laid the foundation for the university, as well as canonical law, introduced into the program from the 12th century, remained the main, if not exclusive, subjects of university teaching.
Medicine and liberal arts were taught there, indeed, during the 13th century. famous professors, but their students, nevertheless, were considered to belong to the Faculty of Law, and only in the fourteenth century. along with them, two other faculties were formed: medicine and philosophy, as well as theology.
The most brilliant period of the Bologna school of law was the period between the beginning of the 12th century. and the second half of the 12th century, covering the lectures of Irnerius and the teaching of glossing by Akcursius. During this period, a new method of teaching found the widest and most fruitful application, both in oral presentation and in the writings of glossators. During this long period the most famous of the glossators, after the four doctors mentioned earlier, were: Placentinos, who worked chiefly on the Justinian code and founded the Montpellier school; Burgundio is one of the few glossators who knew Greek; Roger, Jean Bassien, Pillius, Azo (whose works were so popular that there was even a saying: "Chi non ha Azo, non vado a palazzo"; and, finally, Accursius, the most famous of the glossators.
Accursius passed on his love of practicing law to his children, and his daughter Dota d'Accorso, awarded the degree of Doctor of Laws by the university and admitted to public teaching, was the first of the women mentioned in the annals of the university.
During the period of the highest prosperity at the University of Bologna, law, along with jurisprudence, other sciences begin to flourish. So, to the trivium, the complex of sciences of the early Middle Ages, which consisted of grammar, rhetoric and dialectics, a quadrium was added in this era of the late Middle Ages: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music plus (a little later) logic and mathematics. Other sciences also flourish here: philosophy, Latin and Greek literature and medicine.
However, after the rise comes the fall. Much contributed to this: the struggle of the Guelphs and Ghibellines and, as a result, the participation of university professors themselves in party strife; the gradual falling of professors under the influence of the city municipality, which claimed to regulate professorial teaching, regardless of the personal abilities of the teacher and the interests of science. Thus, the University of Bologna gradually lost its primacy in the teaching of law. To top it off, the most famous legalists gradually began to teach law already in Pisa, Perusa, Padua and Pavia.
During its existence, the Bologna school had a huge impact not only on Italy, but also on Western Europe. Through her methods and doctrine, she greatly updated the science of law, and exercised upon the legislation, institutions, and very ideas of European society a great influence which was felt throughout the Middle Ages.
The University of Bologna became the prototype for many other similar institutions in Europe. Moreover, he became the "initiator" of the formation of many law faculties (universities), both in Italy and abroad. The professors and students of Bologna scattered throughout Europe, spreading the science that they themselves had received there. So, in Italy, universities were formed in: Vicenza (1203), Arezzo (1215), Padua (1222). In France, the University of Montpellier was founded (1137).
Education of the University of Bologna 1158
Limarev V.N.
Medieval quarter of Bologna. University of Bologna.
In the center of the Italian Bologna, the spirit of the Middle Ages has been preserved, against the backdrop of early and late architectural heaps.
The ancient Roman aqueduct and modern new buildings are not the face of the city, they are interspersed in the architectural ensemble of the ancient city center.
History of Bologna:
From the end of the 6th century BC, Bologna, which was then called Felsina, was the capital of the Etruscan state. Numerous Etruscan necropolises (VI-IV centuries BC) have survived from this era in the city and its environs. From 189 BC, Bologna was under the rule of Rome. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Ostrogoths, Lombards, Byzantines, Franks visited the city. The Frankish Emperor Charlemagne granted Bologna the rights of a free city. Since the 11th century, Bologna has been a self-governing city commune. In the XIII-XIV centuries in Bologna, as in many other cities of Northern Italy, a bloody struggle unfolded between the Guelphs (supporters of the Pope) and the Ghibellines (supporters of the emperor). As a result, in 1511 Bologna was incorporated into the Papal States, a theocratic state headed by the Pope.
The city was under the rule of the popes until 1797, when Napoleon's troops occupied Bologna. In the same year, it became part of the Cisalpine Republic, dependent on France, and in 1805, it became part of the Italian Kingdom. By decision of the Vienna Congress of 1814-1815, Bologna was returned to the papal throne.
In 1860, the city became the capital of the Romagna region as part of a united Italy.
If you came to Bologna with the aim of getting to know the city by train, then you do not need to spend time looking for transport to get to the city center, since ancient Bologna is located next to the station, you only need to focus on the medieval gate of Galliera, which was the entrance to the medieval city. Having passed through the gate, you will run into Montagnola park.
Go to the park, there are sculptural compositions with mermaids, these sculptures became the source of a romantic mood for me, before I plunged into the atmosphere of medieval Bologna. And then, moving along the famous portico galleries (antique wooden porticos in houses of the Roman era, Gothic arcades, Renaissance and Baroque arcades, almost all central streets are covered with porticoes, the total length of the porticoes is 38 km.), You will reach the city center.
For me personally, the city center is two medieval towers to the sky, one of them is almost 100 meters high. In the 12th century, the wealthy families of Bologna competed to see who could build the tallest tower. The Asinelli family built a tower of 97.2 meters, the tower deviated from the vertical by 2.2 meters.
This is the second unforgettable experience in Bologna, after the sculptures of Montagnola Park.
Third, the huge Catholic Cathedral Church of St. Petronius is the largest Christian basilica, built at the end of the 14th century.
But these sights of Bologna are mentioned less often in reference books, focusing the attention of visitors to Bologna on the fountain of Neptune; funny fountain, but didn't impress me. They also write a lot about the University of Bologna, the oldest university in the world that is still active.
The University of Bologna became the center of my attention.
The University of Bologna arose at the turn of the 10th-11th century. In Bologna in the 11th century there was a "school of liberal arts". (Seven liberal arts: grammar, rhetoric (the ability to compose letters, legal documents), dialectics, arithmetic, astronomy (astrology), music, geometry (actually geography)
Later, under the auspices of Frederick 1 Barbarossa (1152-1190), the “emperor of the sacred risk of the empire of the German nation,” the university became an educational institution that emphasized the study of law, including rhetoric and Roman law, i.e. the University of Bologna became a law school.
Medicine and the liberal arts were taught there during the 13th century, but their listeners were nevertheless considered to belong to the law university, and only in the 14th century. along with them, two other universities were formed: 1) medicine and philosophy and 2) theology. A remarkable consequence of the purely juridical character of the University of Bologna was that it was not subject, like Paris, to the supreme administration of the popes, since there was no need for ecclesiastical permission to teach Roman law, which was required for theology.
Many students from Germany, the Czech Republic came to study at the University of Bologna ...
Students flocked from all over Europe to create corporations on the model of various craft and art workshops of that time. Corporations of students chose their leaders, to whom the professors were subordinate. Every year, a meeting of the corporations chose a rector and a council from various nationalities.
The teachers of the university occupied a high position in the city of Bologna. They were exempted from taxes and military service and, although not born in Bologna, received all the rights of citizens of this city.
A picture hangs at the university: Irnerius (1055-1130), professor of law, founder of the Bologna school of jurists. (see photo)
The University of Bologna has preserved medieval architecture in its external appearance and internal interiors. Inside the museum there are museum halls, which contain masterpieces of the Italian Renaissance.
The special design of the library of the University of Bologna, the entrance to which and the galleries are decorated with knightly coats of arms of the students of the university, with special reverence are kept the rarities of the university.
The University of Bologna is a museum - a museum of the history of the university and a museum of memory of prominent personalities who once studied here.
