word stress is called the selection during the pronunciation of one of the syllables of a disyllabic or polysyllabic word. Word stress is endowed with an organizing function. A group of syllables connected by a common stress forms a special phonetic unit. It's called a phonetic word, for example: [gl ^ vá] head, [ná (glvu] on the head. Within the framework of a phonetic word, the stressed syllable is the reference point, in relation to which the nature of the pronunciation of other syllables is determined. Unstressed words can behave differently. Some of them, they obey the usual rules for pronunciation of sounds: [da_sád] to the garden (cf.: [d^sád] annoyance); [l 'e´j_kj] lei-ka (cf.: [l 'e´jkj] watering can). Others , despite being unstressed, retain some phonetic signs of an independent word... They may, for example, contain vowels that are uncharacteristic of unstressed syllables: [shto(nám] what to us (cf.: [pants] pantsam); [t'e(l' isá] - those forests (cf.: [t'l'isá] telesa).Verbal stress is one of the main external signs independent word. Service words and particles usually do not have an accent and are adjacent to independent words, making up one phonetic word with them: [under-mountain], [on-side], [that's it]. The Russian language is characterized by power (dynamic) stress, in which the stressed syllable stands out in comparison with non-stressed syllables with greater intensity of articulation, especially the vowel sound. A stressed vowel is always longer than its corresponding unstressed sound. In Russian, the stress is different - it is not assigned to a syllable defined in a row: light (the emphasis falls on the first syllable), brighten (the emphasis falls on the second syllable), firefly (the emphasis falls on the last syllable). Thus, Russian stress can fall on any syllable (exit, exit, exit). The diversity of stress is used in Russian to distinguish between homographs and their grammatical forms (organ - organ) and individual forms of various words (my - mine), and in some cases serves as a means of lexical differentiation of the word (chaos - chaos) or gives the word stylistic coloring(well done - well done). Stress norms for most words in Russian are contained in the orthoepic dictionary. The mobility and immobility of the accent serves additional means when forming forms of the same word: the stress either remains in the same place of the word (garden, -a, -y, -om, -e, -s, -ov, etc.), or goes from one parts of the word to another (city, -a, -y, -om, -e; -a, -ov, etc.). The mobility of stress ensures the distinction of grammatical forms (buy - buy, legs - legs, etc.). AT individual cases the difference in the place of verbal stress loses all meaning: cf .: cottage cheese and cottage cheese, differently and differently, butt and butt, etc. Words can be unstressed or weakly stressed. Functional words and particles are usually devoid of stress, but they sometimes take on stress, so that the preposition with the independent word following it has one stress: [in winter], [out of town], [under-evening]. Weakly impacted can be disyllabic and trisyllabic prepositions and conjunctions, simple numerals in combination with nouns, connectives to be and become, some of the introductory words. Some categories of words have, in addition to the main one, an additional, secondary stress, which is usually in the first place, and the main one is in the second, for example: Old Russian. These words include words: 1) polysyllabic, as well as complex in composition (aircraft building), 2) complex abbreviated (gostelecenter), 3) words with prefixes after-, super-, archi-, trans-, anti-, etc. (transatlantic , post-October), 4) some foreign words (postscript, post factum).

Phrase, clock and logical stress. Clitics.

Phrase stress - highlighting one of the words in a phrase by strengthening the word stress that combines different words in one sentence. Phrasal stress usually falls on the stressed vowel last word in the final speech tact (syntagma): There is in the initial autumn / short, / but marvelous time / /.

Bar Accent- highlighting one of the words in the speech tact (syntagma) by strengthening the word stress, which combines different words into one syntagma. The syntagmatic stress usually falls on the stressed vowel of the last word in the speech tact: There is an initial / short / but marvelous time in autumn / /. The speech tact usually coincides with the respiratory group, i.e. a segment of speech uttered by one pressure of exhaled air, without pauses. The integrity of the speech tact as a rhythmic unit is created by its intonational design. On the stressed syllable of the word as part of the speech tact, the intonational center is concentrated - the clock stress: On dry aspen / hoodie/... Each speech measure is formed by one of the intonation structures. A speech tact is sometimes called a syntagma. The main means of dividing into syntagmas is a pause, which usually appears in combination with the melody of speech, intensity and tempo of speech and can be replaced by sharp changes in the meanings of these prosodic features. One of the words of the syntagma (usually the last one) is characterized by the strongest stress (In logical stress, the main stress can fall on any word of the syntagma). The phrase usually stands out, contains several speech measures, but the boundaries of the phrase and measure may coincide: Night. // The street. // Lamp. // Pharmacy // (Block). The selection of speech measures can be characterized by variability: cf. Field behind the ravine and Field/behind the ravine.

word stress- a type of stress defined within a word and consisting in the selection of one of its syllables, in contrast to phrasal, rhythmic (clock), syllabic stress. S. at. can be free, as in Russian, or fixed, as in Czech, Hungarian, Polish. Within the beat (less often - phrases) there are two types of clock (phrasal) stress, depending on the functions - logical and emphatic. logical stress- an accent that allows any word in a phrase to be made a semantic center. emphatic stress- To characterize the emotional expressiveness of the word Shcherba introduced the term "emphatic stress". This stress "puts forward" and enhances the emotional side of the word or expresses the affective state of the speaker in connection with a particular word. Briefly, the difference between logical and emphatic stress can be formulated as follows: logical stress draws attention to a given word, and emphatic stress makes it emotionally rich. In the first case, the intention of the speaker is manifested, and in the second, an immediate feeling is expressed.

In Russian, emphatic stress consists in a greater or lesser lengthening of the stressed vowel: the most beautiful worker, a wonderful work of art.

clitic- a word (for example, a pronoun or a particle), grammatically independent, but phonologically dependent. Clitics, by definition, are, in particular, all words that do not make up a syllable (for example, the prepositions в, к, с). Clitics can be attached to the stressed word form of one part of speech (for example, Roman pronominal forms in indirect cases - only to the verb) or to word forms of any part of speech (such are Russian particles, are they); the latter are called transcategorical.

16. The concept of Russian intonation, its means, types, functions.
Intonation- this is a set of rhythmic-melodic components of speech: melody, intensity, duration, tempo of speech and timbre.

Elements of intonation:

1) melodic speech - the main component of intonation, raising - lowering the voice in a phrase (cf., the pronunciation of interrogative and declarative sentences);

2) rhythm speech - regular repetition of stressed and unstressed, long and short syllables. The rhythm of speech serves to organize poetic and prose texts;

3) volume speech - the strength or weakness of pronouncing an utterance (cf. the different intensity of speech at a rally and in a room);

4) pace speech - the speed of pronunciation (sounds, syllables, words), the speed of the flow of speech, the duration of the sound of speech in time (for example, by the end of the utterance, the pace of speech slows down,
segments containing secondary information are pronounced quickly, informatively significant segments are pronounced in slow motion);

5) timbre speech - the sound coloring of speech, conveying its emotionally expressive shades (for example, intonation of distrust, playful intonation, etc.).

intonation functions.

1) A means of formalizing an utterance, revealing its meaning. With the help of intonation, the speech flow is divided into semantic segments (cf. intonation of completeness and incompleteness of a sentence).

2) Distinguishes types of statements according to purposefulness (cf. intonation of motivation, question, narration, etc.).

3) Conveys syntactic relations between parts of a sentence or sentences (cf. intonation of enumeration, explanation, comparison).

4) Expresses emotional coloring (cf. exclamatory intonation, non-exclamatory).

5) Reveals the subtext of the statement (a special meaning that does not follow from the meanings of words).

6) Characterizes the speaker and the communication situation as a whole (emotionally neutral, elevated tone, mystery, secrecy, importance, intimacy).

I.L. pounds

Phrase stress in English and Russian1

The article is devoted to a contrastive analysis of the accentual features of the English and Russian languages, namely: the influence of word stress on the accent structure of a phrase and the changes that the accent structure of a word undergoes under the influence of the tempo, rhythm and melody of the phrase. The article discusses the categories of words that are distinguished and not distinguished by phrasal stress in English and Russian, and also determines the functional significance of phrasal stress in the formation of an utterance and touches upon the problem of different interpretations of phrasal stress in the compared languages. Key words: phrasal stress, significant word, enclitic, proclitic, redistribution (shift) of stresses.

By definition T.V. Babushkina, stress is a selection in oral speech any phonetic unit with the help of phonetic means peculiar to the language.

1 The article is published within the framework of the federal target program "Scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel of innovative Russia" for 2009 - 2013 (direction "Philological sciences and art criticism") on the topic: "Comprehensive study of the problems of language, personality and culture in the conditions of innovative changes in science and education."

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Linguistics

Depending on which segment unit the stress corresponds to, several of its functional types are distinguished: 1) verbal, with the help of which one of the syllables of a non-single word is distinguished; 2) clock, or syntagmatic, whose function is to phonetically combine several words into a syntagma; 3) phrasal, combining several syntagmas into a phrase and formalizing its completeness; 4) logical, which allows you to highlight the word that carries the main communicative load in the phrase; it is associated with an explicit or implied opposition and can fall on any word of a speech tact; 5) emphatic, allowing to convey various kinds of emotions, the attitude of the speaker to the reported.

In this article, we are going to conduct a contrastive analysis of phrasal stress in English and Russian and determine its functional significance in the formation of an utterance.

Verbal and phrasal stress refer to different speech units - a word and a phrase, but there is a close connection between them. On the one hand, phrasal stress is realized on the same syllable as verbal. Thus, the latter influences the accent structure of the phrase. On the other hand, the accent structure of a word is capable of undergoing changes under the influence of the tempo, rhythm and melody of the phrase.

When several syntagmas are combined into a phrase, the syntagmatic stress in the last syntagma is increased, and it becomes a phrasal one. It determines the type of the phrase as a whole and performs a phrase-forming function.

The distinction between syntagmatic and phrasal stresses is connected with the distinction between the segmental units distinguished by them. However, according to their physical characteristics these two types of accents are the same. When analyzing a sounding text characterized only by such stresses, it is possible to divide it into segments corresponding to syntagmas, but it is impossible to distinguish the boundaries between phrases. This can be done only if other parameters are taken into account - the duration of pauses and the nature of intonation. Therefore, as L.L. Kasatkin, most linguists combine syntagmatic and phrasal stress under one name - "phrasal".

Attempts to identify one leading prosodic component that creates the effect of emphasis on a word in a phrase have not been successful. Despite the opinion of most phoneticians that this role is played by a change in tone on stressed syllables, it should be recognized that not all stressed syllables are realized with an indispensable melodic change; at the same time, a change in melody can also occur on unstressed syllables. Therefore, as noted by E.A. Buraya, I.E. Galochkin

and T.I. Shevchenko, the most acceptable is the following hierarchical scheme for the participation of acoustic characteristics in achieving the effect of phrasal stress: CHOT (fundamental tone frequency corresponding to the frequency of vibration of the vocal cords) > duration > intensity. Timbre (vowel quality) also plays an important role in this process.

Due to its complexity, phrasal stress is rarely recognized as an independent component of intonation. It cannot be put on a par with melody, loudness and tempo, since it does not have a primary acoustic correlate and is the result of the interaction of several prosodic means [Ibid., p. 137]. Stress is complex in nature and is a complex perceived quality, born from the interaction of pitch level, longitude, strength and timbre (sound quality) [Ibid., p. 144; 5, p. 118].

Undoubtedly, stress is closely related to intonation: the rise or fall of tone most often corresponds to the stressed syllable of one of the words in the phrase. The degree of phrasal stress depends on the level and direction of pronunciation of the stressed syllable. Unstressed syllables often appear in intonational descriptions, which implies an appeal to stress. This interdependence explains the fact that phrase stress is sometimes included among the components of intonation.

From a functional point of view, phrasal stress is a means of highlighting some words in a semantic group or phrase according to the degree of their semantic load against the background of others. The place of phrasal stress undoubtedly plays an important role in shaping the meaning of the utterance.

First of all, phrasal stress is a means of highlighting the information center of an utterance. The position of the latter depends on the context and situation. It can cover the entire phrase (semantic group), in which case all significant words receive the same emphasis, and the nuclear tone is located on the last significant word. Such an accent is called ordinary, or decentralized. The information center may include several words of the phrase, and then the nuclear tone is on the last significant word of this group.

In the event that the information center turns out to be concentrated on one word, then its position must either be justified by the previous context or situation ("Who "didn't you under .stand? - I

odidn’t understand "Peter), or she creates a communicative subtext (I onever understood" Peter \u003d but I "did understand the .others). Such an accent is called centralized.

The position of the nuclear tone is able to differentiate the meaning of isolated statements, distinguishing between their semantic-syntactic

Philological

Linguistics

components (members of the sentence), for example: I've "never" met his "brother" Bill and I've "never" met his "brother, oBill. In the first phrase, the name Bill is an application, in the second it is an address.

Finally, strengthening the degree of phrasal stress is used to convey rich emotional states speaker. In this, phrasal stress functionally merges with intonation.

All of the above, along with the organizing and rhythm-forming role of phrasal stress, constitute its functions.

However, phrasal stress does not form paradigmatic distinctive linguistic units that have a content plan like, for example, melody. Differences in the meanings of intonational units are recognized through "vertical" oppositions, i.e. through oppositions between syntagmas or phrases, while phrasal stress creates "horizontal", syntagmatic units, the significance of which is determined through comparison within a semantic group or phrase, for example: I'll obring his obook to "morrow," I'll obring his obook to ° morrow, I'll obring "his obook to ° morrow. However, putting phrasal stress beyond the intonation does not mean detracting from its functional significance; on the contrary, it can be singled out as an independent functional system.

In English and Russian, phrasal stress is understood differently. As V.N. Yartseva, in anglophone tradition the term phrase does not correspond to the Russian “phrase” (in the meaning of “statement”), but rather to the Russian full-valued phonetic word or phrase, therefore, terminological misunderstandings are possible. So, for example, for the phrase On Sunday "nye we go" m to those Natr (On Sunday ^ we are "going to the theater) in English tradition we can talk about three phrasal stresses (in the words Sunday, going and theatre), and in Russian - only one phrasal stress on the word theater in a neutral pronunciation. In other words, phrasal stress in Russian is realized in the zone of the last stressed syllable of a phrase, while in English it is distributed on the basis of the lexical-syntactic division of words into functional and meaningful ones. In neutral pronunciation, the area of ​​phrasal stress is not perceived as being specially marked, therefore phrasal stress is sometimes called neutral or automated [Ibid.].

The stress of a word in an English sentence is directly dependent primarily on the semantic role of this word. Therefore, significant words are usually emphasized, i.e. with own lexical meaning(nouns, adjectives, significant

verbs, adverbs, numerals, demonstrative and interrogative pronouns) as opposed to auxiliary ones, which express grammatical meanings, relations between words in a sentence and are grouped around significant words as a proclitic adjacent to the beginning significant word, and the enclitic adjacent to its end. Articles, conjunctions, prepositions, linking verbs and auxiliary verbs, modal verbs can, may, must, should, as well as personal, possessive, relative and reflexive pronouns are unstressed in English. The negative particle not in English is stressed.

However, there are a number of cases where normally unstressed functional words acquire semantic importance and are stressed:

1) linking verbs, auxiliary and modal verbs at the beginning of general questions, in short answers to questions, as well as in continuous negative forms conversational style: "Are you „ready?," Did you „see him?, "May I „go? - vYes, | you may, It "isn't a" great "deal of trouble;

2) auxiliary to do in emphatic constructions (with underlining) in the meaning of "really, in fact": I "do like it;

3) the verb to be at the end of the syntagma after an unstressed pronoun:

I "don't" know T where he is;

4) when expressing an assumption, the modal verb may in the meaning of “maybe, perhaps”, and the modal verb must in the meaning of “should be”: He "may have already .come - but: You may go onow; He "must be .waiting for us °now - but: He must "do it at once;

5) reflexive pronouns in the meaning of "self": He "did it him .self, "I my" self jsaw it (in this case, the personal pronoun I also becomes stressed);

6) personal and possessive pronouns in short answers to questions to the subject: "Which of you" speaks "French .well? - .She odoes (in this case, the auxiliary verb has a tertiary stress);

7) conjunctions (with the exception of but) and two-syllable prepositions at the beginning of a sentence before an unstressed pronoun: "If he comes, I" tell him to.wait -but: "Tell him to "wait, if he .comes; Be "fore we start, I" tell me .one othing;

8) two-syllable prepositions at the end of the syntagma before an unstressed personal pronoun: I "ran after them, He di" saw it be .tween them.

Thus, phrasal stress in English is primarily due to the semantic significance of words, and also, to some extent, to the rhythmic tendency to pronounce stressed syllables at regular intervals, which is facilitated by the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables. So, for example, the rhythmic tendency contributes to the stress

Philological

Linguistics

linking verbs, auxiliary and modal verbs, beginning linking verbs, auxiliary and modal verbs, beginning

general question. The personal pronouns that follow them are unstressed. Unstressed pronouns are usually followed by a stressed nominative verb: this establishes the rhythmic alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables. There are also widely known cases of displacement (shift, or redistribution) of stresses in English under the influence of the rhythmic factor and an increase in the rate of speech: It was a "well - °ordered park - I"saw a ^large °well -"ordered.park.

In English, with the help of phrasal stress, not words are distinguished, but groups consisting of any significant word with its enclitics and proclitics. The latter form, together with the significant word, a rhythmic group: I'll "leave it till to .. morrow, j as

I "haven't" time to " do it.now.

The rules for the distribution of stress in a phrase and the rhythmic structure of the English syntagma differ in many respects from the pronunciation norms of the Russian language. Yes, at in large numbers polysyllabic words in Russian and with free stress, the rhythm of the Russian sentence is not as clear as the rhythm of English speech.

The main difficulty for Russians studying English is the unstressedness of personal, possessive and relative pronouns, auxiliary and modal verbs, as well as the verb "to be" in any function, because in Russian we observe just the opposite phenomenon. For example, English sentences I must "go to Moscow and You can" do it to morrow in Russian would sound like this: I "need" to go to Moscow, You can "do it" tomorrow.

In a Russian phrase, almost every word has an emphasis (strong or weak): Mo "I was a sister" and d.oma, For "tomorrow" he would "go away z.anyat. In English, such phrases are found as an exception: Find page twenty jiine. The pronunciation "I a" lighted, "my" father, "he" was "out represents the usual norm in Russian, and in English it sounds like an emphatic selection of words that usually act as proclitics, or like pronouncing words by syllables.

In Russian, there are still a number of unstressed words, but there are not so many of them. For example, particles are not emphasized whether, after all, yes, well, and unions and, but, then, monosyllabic prepositions are often unstressed. However, in some combinations, the prepositions on, for, under, on, from, without, from take on the stress, and then the noun following them becomes unstressed and acts as an enclitic: for "winter, for" night, arm, by " sea, cha with about "t hour, missing, from the forest.

Usually in a sentence, particles not (negative) and neither (amplifying) are unstressed, but sometimes they “pull” the stress onto themselves: not “was, not” gave, whatever, whoever “was”. AT negative pronouns, separated from the particles by neither and nor by prepositions, the emphasis falls on the negation of not, and the particle is always unstressed, for example: not "with anyone - with anyone", not "to anyone - to anyone".

Thus, our study of phrasal stress in English and Russian showed that, if we do not talk about emphatic stress, then in Russian speech, unlike English, words are not distinguished so sharply by phrasal stress, and almost every word is stressed. Therefore, Russian speech, compared to English, often gives the impression of being smoother and more melodic.

As for the functional significance of phrasal stress in the formation of an utterance, in English and Russian such stress performs the function of highlighting some words in a semantic group or phrase in relation to others in accordance with the degree of their semantic load. We can also note the organizing role of phrasal stress, which cements the components of a phrase into a single whole, and its rhythm-forming function (especially in English).

Bibliographic list

1. Babushkina T.V., Gurieva N.N. Phonetic system of the Russian language. Tver, 1999.

2. Bogomazov G.M. Modern Russian literary language: Phonetics. M., 2001.

3. Bulanin L.L. Phonetics of the modern Russian language. M., 1970.

4. Buraya E.A., Galochkina I.E., Shevchenko T.I. Phonetics of modern English. Theoretical course. M., 2006.

5. Kasatkin L.L. Modern Russian language. Phonetics. M., 2008.

6. Lebedeva Yu.G. Sounds, stress, intonation. M., 1975.

7. Leontieva S.F. Theoretical phonetics of modern English. M., 2011.

8. Linguistic encyclopedic Dictionary. M., 1990.

9. Trotsinskaya A.E., Funtova I.L. The Phonetic Analysis of the Text (English textbook). M., 2007.

10. Phonetics of the English language. Normative course / Vasiliev V.A., Katanskaya A.R., Lukina N.D. et al. M., 1980.

The beat accent - stronger stress of one word from the entire speech structure.

Phrase stress - a stronger emphasis on one of the measures of a phrase.

Usually occurs on the last word of a speech measure, and phrasal stress highlights the last measure.

Example: Lizaveta Iva[”]novna | sat in her room, | still in his ball gown [”]de, | immersed in deep contemplation.

Bar Accent – ​​[”]

Phrase stress - ["']

Here bar and phrasal stress are not connected with the meaning. A word highlighted by a bar or phrasal stress is not more important in a semantic sense. The function of bar and phrasal stress is to phonetically combine several words into a speech beat and several beats into a phrase.

The bar accent can also move to other words of the bar. This is due to the actual division of the sentence, when the clock stress highlights the rheme, i.e. usually the new one that is reported in the sentence.

Example: the rooks have flown away - a new message may be that the rooks have flown away, and then the clock stress will highlight this word.

logical stress - highlighting in a speech tact with a stronger stress of a word to emphasize it special significance. It is stronger than the clock and can fall on any word of the speech tact. The logical emphasis is related to the explicit or implied opposition: I[’] will go to the cinema, not you. I will go[’] to the cinema (although I am very busy). I will go to the cinema[’] (not anywhere else).

16. Russian intonation.

In a broad sense, intonation is a change in voice in pitch, in volume, in tempo, in timbre (additional voice coloring, which is metaphorically defined as a gloomy voice, cheerful, gentle, etc.)

All components are interconnected, exist in unity, but are still studied separately. Intonation in the narrow sense is a change in voice in pitch, i.e. melody of speech.

In every language, there are general and objective patterns in the methodical design of speech, which makes intonation the most characteristic feature of a particular language.

For the Russian language, regularities were described in the middle of the 20th century. Elena Andreevna Bryzgunova was able to bring together all the melodic diversity of Russian speech. She noticed that the beginning of any phrase is pronounced on the middle tone (individual for each person), then on any syllable the tone breaks up or down, the rest of the phrase is pronounced above or below the middle tone.

Structure:

The center is the syllable where the tone break occurs.

The pre-center part is that to the center.

Post-center part - after the center.

In some cases, the center Or postcenter. Part may be missing.

(The highlighted letters are the letters that are stressed. I just don't know how the stress is placed in the Word.)

clitics

Stress / unstressedness is a property not only of the vowel, but of the entire syllable. The stressed syllable is characterized by the clarity of articulation of all sounds. In Russian, stress can fall on any syllable of a word and on any morpheme - prefix, root, suffix and ending: release, house, road, dining room, deeds, dear, distribute, regroup. Such an accent is called free.

Functions of Russian stress

word stress- this is the selection of one of the syllables of a non-single word. With the help of stress, part of the sound chain is combined into a single whole - a phonetic word.

The ways of highlighting the stressed syllable in different languages ​​are different. The power of a vowel is manifested in its loudness. Each vowel has its own threshold of loudness, stress. Vowels that sound louder than this threshold are perceived as stressed. Stressed vowels are also characterized by a special timbre.

Accent functions:

- lexicological- is an additional means of distinguishing the words atlas

- morphological- is an additional means of distinguishing the grammatical form of the word (hands - I.P. plural and hands - R.p. singular)

Such variants are rare in RJ. РЯ has a fixed, stable stress.

Some words in speech are not stressed. They are adjacent to other words, making up one phonetic word with them. An unstressed word that precedes the stressed word to which it is adjacent is called proclitic th. Proclitics are usually monosyllabic prepositions, conjunctions and some particles: on the mountain, to me; sister | and brother; said | to come; Don't know. An unstressed word after the stressed word to which it is adjacent is called enclitic. Enclitics are usually monosyllabic particles: tell me, will he come, on his back, under his arms.

Some words in the Russian language may have not one, but 2 or 3 stresses - one main, others - secondary. Side ones are usually on the first syllable, and main ones on the others:

Compound words from two stems Old Russian (eleven, twenty)

Many compound words (building materials, children)

Words with prefixes after outside, between, inside and foreign language elements archi, anti, super near-literary, dust jacket

In complex and compound abbreviated words, consisting of 3 stems, 3 stresses are possible. aerial photography

speech beat- a part of a phonetic phrase, limited by a small pause and characterized by intonational incompleteness.

Phrase stress- highlighting in the speech stream the most important word in the semantic sense, such stress is one of the clocks.

The structure of stress in the PR is defined as complex and there are no uniform patterns in this structure, and the stress is acquired along with the assimilation of the word.

Need to remember:

– If the accent is short form female falls on the ending, then in the short forms of the neuter gender and the masculine stress on the base and usually coincides with the stress in the full form: be ly - whitea , be l, be lo (but all around white-whiteabout ); I sleepy - cleara , I sen,I clear.
– In most forms plural there are fluctuations in the setting of stress: be ly - whites , ble bottoms - pales , bland zki - closeand , nand zki - lowand , piI we are drunks , Pat sta - emptys , I dreams are clears , etcabout hundred(outdated) - simples .
- But only easilyand , etca you.
- If in the short form of the feminine it falls on the ending, then in the comparative form - on the suffix: longa - longe e, visiblea - visiblee e. Fulla - fulle e.
- If in the short form of the feminine the stress falls on the stem, then in comparative degree accent based: lilabout wah lilabout wow, beautifuland wa - beautifuland Vee, linenand va - linenand vee, talkingand va - spokeand in her.

4. Often there is an incorrect emphasis on the basis of the word, and not on its ending in past tense verbs singular female: vzI la instead of tooka , cna la instead of slepta and so on

Pronunciation norms

In the pronunciation of a number of words, difficulties arise due to the indistinguishability of letters in the printed text. e and yo , since only one graphic symbol is used to designate them - e . This situation leads to a distortion of the phonetic appearance of the word, causes frequent pronunciation errors. You need to remember two sets of words:

1) with a letter e and sound [" uh]: af e ra, be e , live e , grenad e r, op e ka, os e dumb, stupid e ny, foreign e ny, w e non-hater;

2) with a letter yo and sound [" about]: beznad yo zhy, payment yo capable, man yo vry, white yo syy, bl yo cool, w yo personal, w yo lie (option - w e lch), one yo ny.

In some pairs of words, a different meaning is accompanied by a different sound of the stressed vowel: ist e kshiy (term) - but: ist yo kshiy (with blood), screams as loud e ny - but: decree, announce yo given in the morning etc. .

Intonation

2. PHRASE AND LOGICAL STRESS.

An integral syntactic intonation-semantic rhythmic unit is called a syntagma or phrase. Syntagma can be one word or a group of words, for example: Autumn. All our poor garden is crumbling. From pause to pause, the words are pronounced together. This unity is dictated by the meaning, the content of the sentence. The group of words representing the syntagma has an accent on one of the words, mostly on the last one. From the end of August / the air begins to get colder (K. Ushinsky). Every day I becomes more and more golden leaves (K. Ushinsky). One of the words in the group stands out: phrasal stress falls on it: August, get colder, during the day, more, leaves. In practice, this is achieved by slightly amplifying or raising the voice, slowing down the tempo of pronouncing the word, and pausing after it.

It is necessary to distinguish logical stress from phrasal stress. (True, sometimes these types of stress coincide: the same word carries both phrasal and logical stress.) Words that are important in thought in a sentence stand out, they are brought to the fore by the tone of voice and the force of exhalation, subordinating other words. This "promotion by the tone of voice and the force of exhalation of the word to the fore in a semantic sense is called logical stress." AT simple sentence, as a rule, one logical stress, for example: From the end of August, the air begins to get colder.

But often there are sentences with two or more logical stresses. For example: Dales, hills, fields flashed.

Here homogeneous members: valleys, hills, fields - logically stand out, become shock.

Logical stress is very important in oral speech. Calling it a trump card for the expressiveness of oral speech, K. S. Stanislavsky said: “Stress is forefinger, marking the most important word in a phrase or bar! In the highlighted word, the soul, the inner essence, the main points of the subtext are hidden! . Great importance Stanislavsky gave logical stress in artistic (stage) speech: “Stress is loving or malicious, respectful or contemptuous, open or cunning, ambiguous, sarcastic emphasis on a stressed syllable or word. This is his presentation, as if on a tray.

If the logical stress is incorrect, then the meaning of the whole phrase may also be incorrect. Let's see how the content of the statement changes from a change in the place of the logical stress in the sentence. We put the stress in turn on each word of the sentence:

You will you be at the theater today? (and not anyone else?)

You today you will in the theatre? (Will you come or not?)

You today will you be in the theatre? (and not tomorrow, not the day after tomorrow?)

You will be in today theater? (and not at work, not at home?)

The correct setting of logical stress is determined by the meaning of the entire work or its part (piece). The last phrase of Krylov's fable "The Pig under the Oak" sounds like this: Whenever up I could raise your snout, I would like you it is seen was, I that these acorns I on the to me growing... Of all the underlined stresses, the combination on me is the strongest. Such a logical separation is due to the content of the fable: the pig harmed the tree, the fruits of which she ate.

In each sentence, you need to find the word on which the logical stress falls. The practice of reading and speech has developed a number of guidelines on how to place logical stresses. These rules are set out, for example, in the famous book by Vsevolod Aksenov "The Art of the Artistic Word". With few exceptions, these rules help in reading the prepared text. Here are some of them:

1. Logical stress, as a rule, is placed on nouns and sometimes on verbs in cases where the verb is the main logical word and usually comes at the end of a phrase or when the noun is replaced by a pronoun. For example: Gathered in the hall spectators. The table was covered

2. Logical stress cannot be placed on adjectives and pronouns. For example: It's cold today day. Thanks to you. You Sorry me.

3. When comparing, the setting of a logical stress does not obey this rule. For example: I don't like blue Colour, but zeleny. to me like it and not for you.

4. When combining two nouns, the stress always falls on the noun taken in genitive case and answering whose questions? whom? what? For example: This is an order commander.(When rearranging words the same way: This commander order).

5. The repetition of words, when each subsequent one reinforces the meaning and meaning of the previous one, requires a logical stress on each word with increasing amplification. For example: But what is in me now boils, worries,infuriates.

6. Enumerations in all cases (as well as the account) require an independent stress on each word. For example me got up, washed up, got dressed and drank tea. Appeared in the clearing tank, behind him second, the third, fourth...

7. When combining author's (or narrative) words with direct speech (when the text contains the own words of one of the characters), the logical stress is preserved on the main word of one's own speech. For example: - yes well, in my opinion, - Fyodor gritted through his teeth. It is impossible to mechanically apply these or other rules for setting logical stresses. You should always take into account the content of the entire work, its leading idea, the whole context, as well as the tasks that the reader sets himself when reading the work in this audience. It is also not recommended to "abuse" logical stresses. Speech overloaded with stresses loses its meaning. Sometimes this overload is the result of the separation of words during pronunciation. “Separation is the first step towards emphasizing ... - the first step towards extending the stress to that which does not require stress; it is the beginning of that unbearable speech, where every word becomes "significant", where there is no more important, because everything is important, where everything matters, and therefore nothing means anything anymore. Such speech is unbearable, it is worse than obscure, because you cannot hear obscure or you can not listen, but this speech forces itself to listen, and at the same time it is impossible to understand, because when the stress does not help the clear disclosure of thought, it distorts and destroys it. ) .

One must learn not only to place stresses, but also to remove them or weaken them, obscuring the rest of the phrase - this obscuration should not mean a hasty and unclear pronunciation of the entire phrase. “Fussiness makes speech difficult. It makes it easier: her calmness and endurance. Removing stress from other words already highlights the stressed word. For example: Passed a whole a week,I before mother collected them on the road.11 Chuk and Gek I did not waste time too. 11 Chuk made himself dagger I from a kitchen knife, I and Huck found himself a smooth stick, I hammered a nail into it, I and it turned out peak... 11 Finally all the cases were finished. (A. Gaidar.) Strong stress on the word finished weakens the stress on the words on the road, too, dagger, pike, and with some words: stick, nail - removes the stress following the rules. Context suggests emphasizing some words and shading others.

American English

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