Someone walked along some road and found something. some he gave part of what he found to a friend, and something threw. What did he have left?
Is it clear from this riddle who was walking along which road, what he found, what he gave?
Highlighted pronouns indicate indefinite objects, attributes, quantities and are called indefinite.
Indefinite pronouns other than someone and something, change in cases. Some indefinite pronouns also change by gender and number.
Consider the table. How are indefinite pronouns formed?
414 . Write down how these words are formed.
Sample:
Make up 2-3 common sentences with indefinite pronouns.
Something, some, someone, someone, someone, several, something, something.
415 . Make sentences with these phrases. Indicate the conditions for choosing the studied spelling (see the sample in the box). Specify cases of indefinite pronouns.
For (not) how many minutes, after (not) some time, in (a few words, from (not) some time.
Compare the indefinite pronouns in the left and right columns. How do they differ in spelling?
416 . Write with missing punctuation marks. Indicate the conditions for choosing hyphenated and separate writing in indefinite pronouns (see the sample in the box). Explain the spelling of nouns and adjectives with not.
1. Since (not) for some time now, some (some) flies have been flying pleasing to the eye (bright) green grass turning pink (reddish) brown cones of spruce. 2. Maybe for some (some) hour, but spring has shown up. 3. There are more and more light coats in the crowd 3, and (some) of the youth are flaunting in jackets. 4. At night the wind rose. Something beats outside the window. The (un)weather is raging. 4 5. And now (not) how many days it has been cold (not) pleasant rain.
417 . Divide the text into three parts. Write it down, observing the red line and inserting pronouns someone, some, someone, something in the right form. Underline all pronouns you know. # Indicate the signs of conversational style in the text.
Early in the morning I went to s..rai. Suddenly - - slipped past my feet. 4 I saw only - - a gray .. little tail .. to. I enter ..l in s..paradise. From the corner where the hay lay, came ... sounds. There - - fiddled around. (I didn’t) manage to - - take it, as a mouse jumped out of the hay, and (behind) it our cat Vaska. At the same instant 3 the mouse darted into slot 3 under the threshold.
418 . Write out from the frames (see § 69, 72) words with unverifiable spellings, select words with the same root for them. Label the parts of the words.
Pronoun
An indefinite pronoun indicates that the referent to which it refers or which it replaces, or (still) unknown, or unimportant to mention, i.e. it is indefinite.
This article presents the most used indefinite pronouns in German.
1. "few"
wenig- few
weniges- little, little
Wenige- few (who/what), a few
2. "a little"
ein bisschen, ein wenig, etwas- a little, a little
3. "several"
ein paar, einige, mehrere- several(plural)
etliche- several(plural, more urgent)
4. "something"
ein, einer- some, some, some, one
irgendein, irgendeiner- some, any, any, any
eine- some, some, some, one
irgendeine- some, any, any, any
ein, ein(e)s- something, something, something, something
irgendein, irgendein(e)s- some, any, any, any
Ø, welche- some, some, some, some
irgendwelche- any, any, any, any
5. "something"
jemand- someone, someone, somebody
irgendjemand- someone, anyone, anyone, (someone) anyone
etwas- something, something, something
irgendetwas- something, anything, anything, (something) any
6. "some"
manch-ein, manch-einer- some
manch eine- some
manch ein, manch ein(e)s- some
manches- some
7. "something"
mancher- someone
manches- something
8. "some"
ein gewisser- some
eine gewisse- some
ein gewisses- some
Gewisse- some
9. "other"
ein anderer- other, other
eine andere- other, other
ein anderes- other, different
andere- others, others
10. "further"
ein weiterer- further
eine weitere- further
ein weiteres- further
weitere- further
11. "other"
ein sonstiger- other
eine sonstige- other
ein sonstiges- other
sonstige- others
12. "many"
Viel- a lot of
vieles- a lot, a lot
viele- many (who/what), many
13. "enough"
genug, genügend- enough(pl./unnumerable)
14. "each"
jeder- each
jede- each
Jedes- each
alle- every, all
samtliche- all (more urgent)
15. "everything"
jeder, jedermann- each(no noun)
alles- all
16. "any"
jeder (beliebige)- any
jede (beliebige)- any
jedes (beliebige)- any
alle (beliebigen)- any
17. "both"
beide- both, both
beides- both
| Notes: Adjectives after pronouns → wenig P assendes (little suitable) etwas N eues (something/something new) Viel I nteressantes (a lot of interesting things) alles G ute (everything good, all the best) Note: adjectives after There are also colloquial variants of pronouns → Sag mal irgend etwas! ~ Sag mal (irgend)was! (Say something!) → East da irgend jemand? ~ East da (irgend) wer? (Is there anyone there?) Do not confuse pronoun Please note that the word<любой>has in German, depending on the context, various values: Indefinite personal pronoun<man> and negative pronouns<kein>, <niemand> and<nothing> are a subcategory of indefinite pronouns, information about which you will find in this section ( |
It is traditionally indicated that in speech indefinite pronouns can express three shades of meaning and, in accordance with this, are divided into three groups, each of which performs its own function:
1) Pronouns expressing the meaning of the unknown: someone, something, someone, something, some: "A bullet scratched the hand of Richard Galins while he was decorating a Christmas tree. The next evening, someone broke through the windshield of a truck owned by Michael Clerk" (Koms. Pr. 1989. Feb. 18); "On Monday, by order of the vice-mayor, the baths will still be closed ... There are rumors about the transfer of the baths to some joint venture" (Mosk. Koms. 1991. 25 Oct.).
2) Pronouns expressing the meaning of insignificance: someone, something, someone, anyone, some, etc. learned to ride skiing in Bakuriani"? (Koms. pr. 198o. April 21); "I came to the rally for the first time in my life, because I believed and continue to believe that any serious issues are not resolved in this way" (Koms. pr. 1991. March 21).
3) Pronouns expressing the meaning of approximateness, incompleteness of coverage: someone, something, something, someone, some, some, several, something, etc. For example: "When I was driving back blindfolded in the shaking darkness, something began to clear up for me" (Mosk. nov. 1991. No. 10); “Our historical past is no longer so ephemeral matter: it can be locked up in the archive, it can be varnished.
Obviously, in the first case, the use of an indefinite word is due to the fact that the author does not have complete information about what he is reporting. In the second and third cases, the author has the necessary information, but uses indefinite pronouns, since either, according to the writer, this information is not essential for the reader, or, after an approximate indication, in the further presentation this information is given in full.
In addition, in publicistic texts, indefinite pronouns are often used in one more case. They are resorted to when the author deliberately does not want to directly name those persons, those phenomena that are being discussed. Moreover, usually these are persons or phenomena to which the writer / speaker has a negative attitude. For example: "The rolling wave of anti-Soviet campaigns shows that right now someone needed to cast a shadow on the traditionally good relations between France and the USSR" (Izv. 1987. April 11), or: "But then why is everything last years did the government buy and continue to buy alcohol from abroad? Is it because it is more important for someone to “fill in” intoxicated riots and do not care about the ever-increasing intoxication of society?” (Moya Moskva. 1991. No. 1).
These reports assume that the author and the reader are equally aware of who they are talking about: in the first case, these are persons who are hostile to the USSR; in the second - representatives of power, using it in their own selfish interests, indifferent to the fate of the people. Precisely counting on the awareness of the reader, the author does not name the exact names. That is, here indefinite pronouns perform another function that is very characteristic of journalistic speech - a euphemistic one (that is, they deliberately indirectly, flattenedly call phenomena of a negative nature).
It is important to emphasize that indefinite pronouns are not always used correctly in speech. This is especially often observed in journalistic and socio-political texts. There are several cases of unsuccessful use of indefinite pronouns.
1. The text uses a pronoun with the meaning of an approximate indication, without further explanation, and the reader expects complete and accurate information from the journalist. Most often this is associated with the use of the pronoun some, as well as the words certain, known, separate, which, when used figuratively, acquired a pronominal meaning and act as synonyms for some.
Such an example is indicative. The price reform being carried out in our time has long been the subject of discussion in the press and, naturally, aroused the most keen interest among readers. She was devoted to many materials; one of them was an interview published in Pravda with A.N. Komin, who answered the correspondent's question: "It should also be emphasized that the change different prices will not be carried out to the detriment of the material interests of the population. Changing them not only should not lead to a deterioration in the living standards of workers, but, on the contrary, should contribute to raising this level for certain categories of workers, to a more complete implementation of social justice "(Pr. 1987. Oct. 29). In the future, the word definite is not The reader of 1987 was left at a loss: what categories of workers would benefit from the upcoming price increase? In journalism, one can come across such communicative-incomplete, incomplete statements... They have become the misfortune of many reports, reports, certificates, which say that "certain shifts" have occurred in one area or another, "some changes" are observed, "achieved" notable successes and where there is nothing behind all this. Not further supported by specific information, vague words became a means of bureaucratic demagoguery, covering up the emptiness or absence of thought, or, even worse, the unwillingness to provide specific information.
2. Another error in the use of indefinite pronouns (and words synonymous with them) is associated with their use in a euphemistic function. Firstly, the phrases "someone in Bonn", "some circles in NATO", "someone in Washington" and others have themselves become a kind of stamp of international journalism during the stagnation, and they should be used very sparingly and carefully. Secondly, some kind of reticence that arises when using them is not always appropriate. An illustration of this is the article by Z. Tazhurizina “So why is religion “useful”?”, Published in Komsomolskaya Pravda in 1987 (April 10); when a benevolent attitude towards religion was not yet officially "sanctioned". How the author of the article answers the question formulated in the title is clearly indicated by several excerpts from this article: "For a long time, in some circles of the intelligentsia, a conciliatory, and sometimes apologetic attitude towards religion and idealistic philosophy is regarded as "breadth of views", "civil courage "; "Speaking of the so-called "moral quests" of some intellectuals, A. Ananiev very accurately notes: history was being revised"; "Individual writers with Olympic indifference passed by the mass of the most interesting studies and popular works in the field of scientific atheism"; "For a dozen years spread in a certain environment of the intelligentsia the idea of the need for worldview, philosophical pluralism in the spiritual life, etc.
The highlighted words performed a euphemistic function - they pointed to cultural figures, writers and publicists, to whose views the author is sharply negative. However, firstly, it is unlikely that all readers of the mass youth newspaper knew what kind of works, what authors, what kind of circles of the intelligentsia were discussed. Consequently, the text turned out to be informatively insufficient, the reader learned mainly only about the attitude of the author of the article to religion and to those who sympathize with it. Secondly, the article is pointedly polemical in nature, but a lot of reticence, half-hints, omissions made it vague and unconvincing for the general reader. As a result, the propagandistic, according to the author's intention, material did not achieve its goal. All this should be taken into account when using indefinite pronouns-euphemisms.
Rakhmanova L.I., Suzdaltseva V.N. Modern Russian language. - M, 1997.
Indefinite pronouns ( Indefinite Pronouns) indicate unknown objects, signs, quantity.
| derivatives of indefinite pronouns | use | |||
| -thing |
-body |
-one |
||
| indefinite pronoun some some, some, several |
something[ˈsʌmθiŋ] something, anything | somebody[ˈsʌmbɒdi], someone[ˈsʌmwʌn] somebody, somebody | 1. In affirmative sentences. 2. In incentive sentences. 3. In special questions. |
|
| indefinite pronoun any[ˈeni] some, several, any |
anything[ˈeniθiŋ] anything | anybody[ˈeniˌbɒdi], anyone[ˈeniwʌn] anyone | 1. In interrogative sentences. 2. In conditional sentences. |
|
| anything | anyone, anyone | 3. In affirmative sentences. | ||
| nothing | nobody | 4. In negative sentences (with the negative form of the verb). | ||
| indefinite pronoun one any |
1. In sentences that correspond to Russian indefinite personal sentences to designate an indefinite person. 2. To avoid repeating the previously mentioned noun. |
|||
The indefinite pronoun some
1. English pronoun some does not have categories of gender, number and case. It is used as a definition before a noun or on its own. It is most often not translated into Russian, and in English language often, but not always, used in affirmative sentences.
Examples: There are some letters on the shelf. There are several letters on the shelf (affirmative sentence).
Pass me some bread, please. Pass me the bread, please (incentive).
Who has got some colored pencils? Who has colored pencils? (special issue)
2. Pronoun some often used in questions that are expected to receive a “yes” answer - “yes”. Some also used in questions when the request or proposal contained in them prompts the listener to answer positively - “yes”.
Examples: Could I have some more coffee, please? – Yes, of course. – Can I have some more coffee, please? Yes please.
3. Pronoun some often used to create contrast.
Examples:Some museums are worth visiting, but others aren't. Some museums are worth visiting, but others are not.
Indefinite pronoun any
1. English pronoun any does not have categories of gender, number and case. It is used as a definition before a noun or on its own. In English, it is most often used in negative sentences, but not always.
Examples: There is not any chalk in this box. – There is no (absolutely) chalk in this box (negative sentence).
Have you got any writing paper? – Do you have any note paper? (interrogative sentence)
If you need any information, tell me. – If you need any information, tell me (conditional sentence)
I can come and see you any day next week. “I can come and see you any day next week.
2. Pronoun any used after words negative value, for example without- without, if not, never- never, seldom- infrequently, rarely- rarely, hardly- hardly, almost not, etc.
Examples: I found a taxi without any trouble. I found a taxi without (any) problems.
Indefinite pronoun one
1. Pronoun one has the category of case and number and acts as a definition in the sentence. The possessive case form is formed like a noun. The form plural is formed.
Examples:One must always be in time for classes. - You have to be on time for class. (the sentence corresponds to the Russian indefinite-personal sentence for an indefinite person)
My new house is much bigger than my old one. - My new house much more than the old one (to avoid repeating the previously mentioned noun).
Examples: Which picture do you prefer this one or that one? Which picture do you prefer, this one or that one?
I like these shoes more than those. I like these shoes better than those.
I like these shoes more than those white ones. – I like these shoes more than those white ones (before the pronoun ones worth adjective white).
4. Pronoun one can be used in questions Which one(s)..? and after each.
Examples:Which one is correct? - Which one is correct? (for example about the answer)
Each one did his part. “Everyone did what he was supposed to do.
5. Pronoun one(s) It is only used in place of countable nouns. With uncountable nouns (glass - glass, water - water, sand - sand, etc.), the noun is either repeated, or it can often be omitted.
Examples: There is some brown sugar in the cupboard, but there isn't any white ( sugar). There is brown sugar in the cupboard, but no white (sugar).
Derivatives from the pronouns some and any - something, anything, somebody, anybody, anyone, someone, etc.
1. Derived indefinite pronouns are formed by adding to some and any -thing, -body, -one and do not have categories of gender and number. Difference between something/somebody and anything/anybody etc. similar to the difference between some and any.
2. Derived indefinite pronouns something/somebody/someone are used most often in affirmative sentences, and anything/anybody/anyone used in negative sentences and questions.
Examples: It may be something you need, something you want or something you desire. “It could be something you need, something you want, or something you dream about.
Somebody has written in my book. Someone wrote in my book.
There isn't anybody watching the TV at the moment. - AT this moment nobody watches TV.
Have you got anything to say? Do you have something to say?
But note that very often in English something/somebody etc. are used in questions when we expect or want to receive the answer "yes" (when expressing offers and requests).
Examples: Can I get you something to drink? “May I offer you something to drink?”
Would you like someone to help you? Would you like someone to help you?
3. If derivatives from a pronoun some and any act as the subject, the verb is used in the singular.
Examples:Something is wrong with you. “Something is wrong with you.
Anything is possible! - Everything is possible!
4. Pronouns ending in -body or -one, for example, somebody/someone, anybody/anyone have a case category- general and possessive. The possessive case form is formed by analogy with the noun.
Examples: There was someone's bag in the hall. There was someone's bag hanging in the hallway.
