In the English-Russian dictionary, the pronouns EVERY and EACH are translated in the same way - EVERYONE. But are they always interchangeable? And if not, what is the difference between them? Consider the pronouns EVERY and EACH in detail separately, and then compare and find similarities and differences.

I. Pronoun EVERY = EVERYONE can ONLY be an adjective-pronoun and performs the function of a definition in a sentence. Let's look at three uses of the pronoun EVERY.

1. When it comes to an unlimited number of persons or objects, that is, persons and objects that for some reason cannot be counted or simply this calculation is not required. We talk about people and things in general, without singling them out or limiting them. In this case, the pronoun EVERY echoes the pronoun ALL when it is not followed by any determiner. Only the pronoun EVERY always comes before a singular noun, and ALL before a plural noun. In a sense, we can say that ALL is the pronoun EVERY in the plural. You can also draw an analogy between EVERY and the indefinite article “a”, although these are different parts of speech, but they have something in common, we are talking about one object or person, without distinguishing it from many similar ones.

For example:

Every Monday is horrible. = Every Monday is terrible.

All Mondays are horrible. = All Mondays are terrible.

Not every bird can fly. = Not every bird can fly.

Not all birds can fly. = Not all birds can fly.

I beleive every word he says. = I believe every word he says.

I believe all the words he says. = I believe everything he says.

2. When it comes to a limited number of people or objects, that is, to any particular group. Then after the pronoun ALL there is a noun determiner, for example, a definite article (the), a demonstrative pronoun (these/those) or possessive pronouns (my, your, his, her, its, our, their). There is no determiner after the pronoun EVERY. The pronoun EVERY in this sense often has a connotation of emphasis, that is, its meaning is “everyone, without exception, not missing a single one.”

For example:

The boy has read all the books on the shelf. = The boy has read all the books on the shelf.

The boy has read every book on the shelf. = The boy read every book on the shelf. (that is, I didn't miss a single book)

She has eaten all the biscuits in the packet. = She ate all the cookies in the bag.

She has eaten every biscuits in the packet. = She ate every cookie in the bag. (i.e. each cookie, one by one)

The girl showed me all the pictures in this book. = The girl showed me all the pictures in this book.

The girl showed me every picture in this book. = The girl showed me every picture in this book. (that is, all the pictures, not missing a single one)

3. When the pronoun EVERY stands before abstract nouns and makes sense = EVERYTHING IS POSSIBLE, EVERYTHING, EVERYTHING.

For example:

I think you have every reason to be satisfied. = I think that you have every reason to be satisfied.

There is every prospect of success. = There is every hope for success.

He takes every opportunity of having his English. = He takes every opportunity to study English.

I wish you every success and every happiness. = I wish you every success and happiness.

II. Pronoun EACH = EACH can be a pronoun-adjective (adjective-pronoun) and a pronoun-noun (noun-pronoun).

1. Pronoun EACHas an adjective pronoun (adjective-pronoun) performs the function of definition and stands before a countable noun in the singular. The pronoun EACH indicates that this noun denotes one person or one thing from a limited number of persons or things. You can draw an analogy between the pronoun EACH and the definite article “the”, although these are not the same thing, they have something in common. Both of them individualize a person or an object from a group of the same type.

Each child in the class gave a different answer. = Each boy in our class answered differently.

She gave each boy a present. = She gave each boy a present.

I've inspected each painting myself. = I carefully examined each painting myself.

When a noun is preceded by a determiner, such as the definite article (the), demonstrative (these, those) and possessive (my, your, his, her, our, their) pronouns, the noun is always plural, and the pronoun is followed by a preposition - OF.

Each of my aunts gave me socks for Christmas. = Each of my aunts gave me socks for Christmas.

I've invited each of my colleagues in turn. = I invited each of my colleagues in turn.

Each of the men signed his name when he came in.= Each of the men signed his name when he came in.

Each of my children go to a different school. = Each of my children goes to different schools.

2. Pronoun EACHas a pronoun-noun (noun-pronoun) acts as a subject or object. In such cases, it is always clear and understandable who or what is being discussed, because the main meaning of the pronoun is to individualize each member of the group. But the pronoun EACH does not really like to stand alone and in such cases, after the pronoun EACH, the indefinite pronoun ONE is placed, which acts as a substitute word.

For example:

There were five boys in the room. Granny cut the cake and gave a piece of the cake to each. or: Granny cut the cake and gave a piece of the cake to each one. There were five boys in the room. Grandmother cut the pie and gave each a piece.

John has three sons and he always gives good advice for each. or: John has three sons and he always give good advice to each one. = John has three sons and he always gives good advice to everyone.

I have read some anecdotes. Each was funnier than the last. or: Each one was funnier than the last. = I have read some jokes. Each was funnier than the last.

The pronoun EACH comes before personal pronouns in the oblique case YOU, THEM, US with the preposition OF or after personal pronouns in the nominative case YOU, WE, THEY without a preposition.

For example:

Each of them knew about it. = Each of them knew about it.

Ann phoned each of us. = Anna called each of us.

Each of you was wrong. = Each of you was wrong.

We each have a telephone. = Each of us has a telephone.

They can each speak English. = Each of them can speak English.

You were each busy yesterday. = Each of you was busy yesterday.

Indefinite pronouns(Indefinite Pronouns) indicate indefinite, unknown persons, objects or phenomena. For example, when the speaker does not want to mention names or titles.

They replace nouns, so they are used on their own. They are always followed by a verb in the third person singular.

• Seemed like everybody liked this idea.“Everyone seemed to like the idea.
• We all need someone to lean on. We all need someone we can rely on.
• I know no one who can answer this question. I don't know anyone who could answer this question.

-one, -body, -thing

Pronoun endings - one and - body practically do not differ in meaning, therefore they freely replace each other. However, pronouns with - body are considered more colloquial than with - one. They are only used to refer to people.

• Someone took my sandwich. Someone took my sandwich.
• Somebody took my sandwich. Someone took my sandwich.

Pronouns with the ending - thing are used to refer to inanimate objects, phenomena, actions, etc.

• Is there anything i can do for you?- May I help you?

Possessive form

Indefinite pronouns, indicating only per person(which end in - one and - body) can be used in the possessive form. In this case, the ending is added to them - ’ s.

• Yesterday I found someone's sock. Is it yours? Yesterday I found someone's sock. This one is yours?
• I don't need anybody's opinion! I don't need anyone's opinion!
• It's nobody's pen. You can take it.- It's a no-man's pen. You can take her.
• Our clean city is everyone's responsibility.– Our clean city is everyone's responsibility.

Someone, somebody, something

Pronouns someone, somebody, something convey the meaning of the word some - " some», « some and indicate something and someone vague or unknown. Most often they are used in affirmative sentences.

• I hope that somebody will come and help us. I hope someone will come and help us.
• Mike was trying to find someone to show him the right way to the station. Mike was trying to find someone to show him the right way to the train station.
• Something has happened but I don't know what. Something happened, but I don't know what.

Someone, somebody, something can be used in special and general questions that express a request or suggestion.

• What about calling someone to play football this afternoon? How about inviting someone to play football after dinner?
• Would you like something to drink, ma'am?“Would you like something to drink, madam?”

Anyone, anyone, anything

Pronouns anyone, anyone, anything also matter " someone», « some», « some", but transmit negative connotation. They are used in negative sentences, general questions, conditional sentences (if.., in case..) and in affirmative sentences with the meaning " any», « everyone», « any».

• I have never met anybody from Indonesia.– I have never met anyone from Indonesia. (negative sentence)
• Does anyone want to go the cinema tonight? Does anyone want to go to the cinema today? (general question)
• If anything happens, call me.“If anything happens, call me. (conditional sentence)
• Don't be so cocky. Anyone can do that.- Don't be so self-confident. Anyone can do it.

No one, nobody, nothing

Pronouns no one, nobody, nothing express the denial or absence of a person or object, phenomenon. Since these pronouns themselves convey negation, then with them not used other types of negations (negative form of the verb or adverb never).

• No one came to that party. Nobody came to that party.
• After yesterday's accident I can trust nobody now.“After yesterday’s incident, I can’t trust anyone now.
• Calm down nothing bad happened.“Relax, nothing bad happened.

Everyone, everybody, everything

Pronouns everyone, everybody, everything convey the meaning of integrity, a whole number of persons, objects and phenomena. They can be used in affirmative sentences, general and special questions, as well as in negative sentences with a particle not before the pronoun itself, according to the rules for the formation of the imperative mood in English.

• Everyone wants to be rich.- Everyone wants to be rich. (statement)
• This plan was approved by everybody. This plan was approved by everyone. (statement)
• Where is everyone going?- Where is everyone going? (special question)
• Has everybody understood me? Did everyone understand me? (general question)
• Not everything has already been done.- Not everything has been done. (negation)

Pronouns everyone, everybody can be used in orders and commands. In such sentences, after the pronouns, the infinitive of the verb without the particle is used. to.

• Everyone stand up!- Everybody get up!
• Everybody dance now! Everyone dance now!

Else

Adverb else(more, more) after indefinite pronouns expresses some addition to the already mentioned persons, objects, phenomena.

• You can't do this job so I will find somebody else . You can't do this job, so I'll find someone else.
• Do you have anything else to say?“Is there anything else you want to tell me?”
• No one else wanted to go to that park after one horrible accident. No one else wanted to go to that park after one terrible incident.
• Kate is not like everybody else. Kate is not like everyone else.

Indefinite pronouns and adverbs derived from some, any, no, every in English are presented with examples.

In the previous topics, some indefinite pronouns were considered, and in this topic, derivatives from them will be mainly considered.

By adding the words thing, body, where and one, derivatives of the pronouns some, any, no, every are formed. These derivatives will be shown below with examples, and then the various rules to be considered when using these derivatives will be considered.

Learn the derivatives of these pronouns.

1) Something - something, something, something, something.
I have to do something - I have to do something.

2) Somebody - someone, someone, anyone, anyone.
The word someone has a similar meaning.
Somebody opened the window - Someone opened the window.
Someone wrote this letter - Someone wrote this letter.

3) Somewhere - somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere.
John and Mary go somewhere to the North for the holidays every year - Every year, John and Mary go somewhere north for the holidays.

4) Anything - anything, anything, anywhere.
It's impossible to hear anything here - It's impossible to hear anything here.

5) Anybody - anyone, anyone, anyone, anyone, anyone.
The word anyone has a similar meaning.

She knows this rule better than anybody else - She knows this rule better than anyone else.
Anyone who wants to go to the cinema must call me - Anyone who wants to go to the cinema should call me.

6) Anywhere - anywhere, anywhere, anywhere, anywhere.
Have you seen him anywhere? Have you seen him anywhere?
I will go anywhere - I will go anywhere.

7) Nothing - nothing, nothing.
Nothing was sent today - Nothing was sent today.

8) Nobody - nobody, nobody.
The word no one has a similar meaning.

Nobody can prove it - Nobody can prove it.
No one will listen to you - No one will listen to you.

9) Nowhere - nowhere, nowhere.
Where are they going? - Where are they going?
Nowhere - nowhere.

10) Everybody - everything.
The derivative everyone has a similar meaning.

Everybody tried to find his key - Everyone tried to find his key.
Everyone was in our office - Everyone was in our office.

11) Everything - everything.
He did everything himself - He did everything himself.

12) Everywhere - everywhere, everywhere.
You can see his works everywhere - You can see his work everywhere.

Some rules for the use of derivatives from some, any, no, every.

You need to remember the following:

- if the second component of the word is thing, then it is talking about things;
- if the second component of the word is where, then it means a place;
- if the second component of the word is body or one, then it is talking about people.

We use derivatives of some, any, no, every according to the same rules as these pronouns themselves are used.

It should be remembered that all the pronouns listed above are used as independent members of the sentence (as objects and subjects), while some, any, no, every usually act as definitions for a noun. To make this difference clearer, consider the following examples.

Bring me some water, please (definition) - Bring me some water, please.
I want something to eat (addition) - I want something to eat.

Have you seen any workers there? (definition) Did you see any workers there?
Was anybody in the office last week? (addition) - Was anyone in the office last week?

Did he buy any interesting films yesterday? (definition) Did he buy any interesting films yesterday?
Did you see anything interesting yesterday? (addition) Did you watch anything interesting yesterday?

There are no tables in that classroom (definition) — There are no tables in that classroom.
There is nothing in the bag - There is nothing in the bag.

We use the word nowhere, as a rule, as a short answer to a question. A similar example is shown at the beginning of the topic (in paragraph 9).

It must be remembered that the word no one is written separately.

It must be borne in mind that if we use pronouns someone, somebody, anybody, something, anything, anyone, no one, nothing, nobody, everything, everybody as a subject, the verb-predicate is always in the singular. Explore a few examples.

Somebody was invited to a party - Someone was invited to a party.
Everybody has your invitation - Everyone has your invitation.
Someone has answered the question - Someone answered the question.

Remember not to use anyone, anything, anybody as the subject in negative sentences. In such sentences, nothing, none, nobody, no one should be used. Explore a few examples.

She didn’t invite anybody - She didn’t invite anyone (addition).
She invited nobody - She did not invite anyone (addition).
Nobody could fulfill a task - Nobody could complete the task (subject).

After the union if in conditional subordinate clauses, it is necessary to put indefinite pronouns anything, anybody, anyone.

If anyone comes, don't open the door - If someone comes, do not open the door.

With words someone, somebody, nobody, no one, anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, that is, with derivatives whose second component is one or body , the preposition of is not used. Of is used with indefinite pronouns none, some, each, any, one. Explore a few examples.

One of us took the book - One of us took the book.
Some of them brought the water - Some of them brought water.
None of us will tell him this news - None of us will tell him this news.
Will any of you be there next week? —
Will any of you be there next week?
Each of us answered him - Each of us answered him.

After the words anyone, anybody, anything, something, someone, somebody, nobody, nothing, somewhere, anywhere, nowhere a definition expressed by an adjective or the word else can be used. Explore a few examples.

Have you seen anybody else in the office? Did you see anyone else in the office?
Give them something delicious to eat - Give them something delicious to eat.

It should be remembered that the definition used with adverbs and indefinite pronouns is placed after them.
I saw something strange in the street - I saw something strange on the street.

The words anybody, everybody, someone, nobody, somebody can be used in the possessive form. Study an example.

I saw somebody's dog - I saw someone's dog.

The indefinite pronouns (indefinite pronouns)

The indefinite pronouns are some, any, no, every(and their derivatives); much, many, little, few, other, all, none, one, either, neither, each and etc.

Indefinite pronouns some, any means: "some", "several", "some".

Pronoun some used with countable and uncountable nouns, special questions, as well as in general questions, where something is offered or any request is expressed. Pronoun any used with countable and uncountable nouns in general questions, in negative and conditional sentences:

I have some English newspapers. - I have (several) English newspapers.

Why didn't you buy some cheese? - Why didn't you buy some cheese?

Won "t you have some tea? - Do you want tea?

Can I have some water? - Is it possible water?

Have you any English newspapers? - Do you have (any) English newspapers?

I have not any English newspapers. - I don't have (any) English newspapers.

If any of you knows about it, you may tell me. - If anyone knows about it, you can tell me.

Pronoun any in an affirmative sentence it is used with the meaning "any", "any":

Any man can do it. - Anyone (person) can do it.

You may come at any time. - You can come any time.

In negative sentences instead of not any more commonly used no:

I have no English newspapers. - I have no English newspapers.

Pronouns some and any often not translated into Russian:

Give me some water. - Give me water.

Is there any chalk on the table? - Is there chalk on the table?

Pronouns derived from some, any, no, every

1. Pronouns some, any, no, every combined with a noun thing(thing, object) form the following pronouns, replacing nouns denoting inanimate objects:

For example:

Give me something to read. - Give me something to read.

Can you tell me anything about this town? - Can you tell me something about this city?

I do not know anything about this man. - I don't know anything about this man.

I know nothing about this man. - I don't know anything about this man.

Didn't tell me everything about it. - He told me all about it.

2. Pronouns some, any, no, every form the following pronouns with the words body and one instead of animate nouns:

For example:

Somebody has taken my book. - Someone took my book.

Is there anybody in the room now? - Is anyone in the room now?
Everybody is here. - All here.

I met none of our students at the theater yesterday. - I didn't meet any of our students at the theater yesterday.

Like some and any, pronouns someone, somebody and something used in affirmative sentences, a anyone, anybody and anything- in negative sentences, general questions (direct and indirect) and conditional sentences:

Somebody (someone) is knocking at the door. - Somebody's knocking on the door.

Give me something to read. - Give me something to read.

There isn "t anybody (anyone) here. - There is nobody here.

There isn't anything in the box. - There is nothing in the box.

Did you see anybody (anyone) there? - Did you see anyone there?

Not asked the secretary if there was anybody (anyone) waiting for him. He asked the secretary if anyone was waiting for him.

If anything happens, ring me up immediately. - If anything happens, call me immediately.

If the sentence contains a negative pronoun no, nothing, nobody, then the predicate is in the affirmative form, since in an English sentence there can be only one negation. In Russian, in such cases, the predicate is put in a negative form:

Nobody could do it. - Nobody could do it.

I see nothing there. - I don't see anything there.

All these derived pronouns perform the function of a subject or object in a sentence:

Somebody is coming here. (Subject.) - Someone is coming here.

Do you see anyone there? (Addition.) - Do you see anyone there?

Some, any, no, every- in conjunction with where(where) form adverbs somewhere, anywhere(somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere) nowhere(nowhere, nowhere) everywhere(everywhere):

Did you go anywhere yesterday? - Did you go anywhere yesterday?
No, I did not. I shall go somewhere tomorrow. - Not. I will go somewhere tomorrow.

Pronouns much, many, little, few

Pronouns many(lot), few(few), a few(a few, a little) are used with countable nouns.

Pronouns much(lot), little(few), a little(a little) are used with uncountable nouns.

There are many books on the table. - A lot of books on the table.

There is much snow in the streets. - There is a lot of snow on the streets.

I have few English books. - I have few English books.

I have little free time. - I have little free time.

Pronouns few and little mean "little" in the sense of "not enough, almost none".

Pronouns a few and a little mean "a little, a few" in the sense of "some, albeit a small amount":

I bought a few apples. - I bought some (several) apples.

I bought a little coffee - I bought some coffee.

Compare:

I know little about painting. - I don't know much about painting.

I know a little about painting. - I know something about painting.

There are few flowers in my garden. There are few (almost no) flowers in my garden.

There are a few flowers in my garden. - There are a few (small) flowers in my garden.

Little and few can be used with the definite article the little with the meaning "that small amount", a the few with the meaning "those few, not few":

Nearly the whole cargo of paper has been unloaded today. The little that remains will be unloaded tomorrow. - Almost the entire load of paper was unloaded today. The small amount that remains will be unloaded tomorrow.

He has read the few English books he has. He has read the few English books he has.

Pronouns much and many are used mainly in negative and interrogative sentences. In affirmative sentences, they are less common. Instead, the expressions are usually used a lot of / lots of, plenty of(both with countable and uncountable nouns), a great deal of(with uncountable nouns), a large / great / small number of(with countable nouns), etc.

In affirmative sentences much and many are mainly used in the function of the subject:

Many people think that the situation will improve. - Many believe that the situation will improve

Much of what he says is true. Much of what he says is true.

(Much and many as pronouns-nouns are often used with a preposition of.)

In affirmative sentences much used with past participles:

Diamonds are much sought after. - A lot of attention is paid to the search for diamonds.

If a much / many explained by adverbs of degree too, so, how, as, rather and in some expressions with very, then they are used as a definition:

You have so much fruit in your garden. - There are so many fruits in your garden.

You "ve bought too many tomatoes. - You bought too many tomatoes.

Pronoun one

Pronoun one used to denote an indefinite person in sentences corresponding to indefinite personal sentences in Russian. One in this case is subject to:

One never knows what his answer may be. You never know what he will answer.

One often used as a subject with verbs must, can, may, should, ought. In Russian, such combinations correspond to the words "it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is possible":

One can find ... - One can find ...

One should take into consideration ... - One should take into account ...

One can also be used in the possessive form - one's:

One must always keep one "s word. - You must always keep your word.

Pronoun one(in plural ones) is used to replace a noun to avoid repetition:

The old pen won't write. Will you give me a new one? - The old pen doesn't write. Will you give me a new one?

With pronouns one / ones articles are used: a green one; the one in the corner. However, the indefinite article one not used if before one no adjective.

One replaces only countable nouns and is used after pronouns this, that, another, which etc. However one may be omitted after the superlative degree of comparison, after this (that), these (those).

One usually not used after both, numeral, possessive pronouns, nouns in the possessive case.

The pronoun it, its functions and translation

It The proposal may include:

subject and translated by a personal pronoun (he, she, it) or a demonstrative pronoun "it":

The City is in the center of London. It occupies about one square mile of area. - The City is in the center of London. Its area is about one square mile.

It is a famous picture. It was painted by John Constable. - It's a famous painting. It was written by John Constable.

addition (direct, indirect, prepositional) and translated by personal pronouns "his", "her":

I "ve read this book. Now I can give it to you. - I have already read this book. Now I can give it to you.

In indefinitely personal and impersonal sentences it introduces the subject and in this case is not translated (for more on this, see the Infinitive - a complex subject and the functions of the infinitive in a sentence):

It is reported that the plane landed. The plane is reported to have landed.

It is easy to translate this text. - This text is easy to translate.

In proposals with a reinforcing structure it introduces the subject and is translated by the words "precisely", "just", "only", "that":

It was in October, 4, 1957, that the space age began. - It was on October 4, 1957 that the space age began.

Pronoun none

None used as a pronoun-noun in relation to people and things. depending on the meaning none can be combined with a verb in the singular and plural:

None of us has ever been to Great Britain. - None of us have ever been to the UK.

None of them really know how ill she is. None of them know how sick she is.

I wanted some more coffee but none was left. - I wanted some more coffee, but there was nothing left.

After pronouns nobody and no one pretext of not used. The expression "none of us (you, them, students, etc.)" is translated into English as none of us (you, them, the students, etc.)):

None of us knows about it. - None of us knows about it.

Pronoun all

All used as a noun and as an adjective.

Like an adjective all used with the meaning "all" with countable nouns in the plural and with the meaning "all, all, all" with uncountable nouns. After all article can be used the(the use of the definite article is regulated by the general rules for the use of the article), possessive and demonstrative pronouns:

All the students want to get excellent marks. All students want excellent grades.

Before singular countable nouns instead of all used the whole:

The whole house was destroyed by fire. - The whole house was destroyed by fire.

With words day, night, morning, evening, etc. can be used as all, and the whole: all (the) morning = the whole morning.

As a pronoun all used with the meaning "all".

Depending on the meaning, it can be combined with a verb in the singular and plural:

All is well that ends well. - All is well that ends well.

All agree that we should discuss this problem. - Everyone agrees that we should discuss this problem.

All often used in combination with pronouns we, you, they: we all, you all, they all, which are equal in value to combinations all of us, all of you, all of them.

Place all in the offer is not fixed. Compare:

All the children are in bed. - All the kids are in bed.

The children are all in bed. - The children are all in bed.

All of them are in bed. - They're all in bed.

They are all in bed. - They are all in bed.

When the predicate is expressed by a complex verb form or a combination of a modal verb with an infinitive, then all comes after an auxiliary or modal verb, not after pronouns we, you, they.

If there are two auxiliary verbs, all comes after the first one.

All comes after the verb to be when used in its simplest form.

Instead of all often used everybody, everyone, everything. Compare:

All were (plural verb) of the same opinion on this problem. - Everyone was of the same opinion on this issue.

Everybody was (singular verb) of the same opinion on this problem. - Everyone was of the same opinion on this issue.

All is ready. - Everything is ready.

Everything is ready. - Everything is ready.

Russian "everything that" corresponds all that or everything that:

That's all (that) I want. - That's all I need.

I told him everything (that) I knew. - I told him everything I knew.

Word that may or may not be used in a sentence.

Pronouns every, each

The pronoun each "everyone" is used in relation to a limited number of persons or objects.

each used as an adjective before a singular countable noun:

Each boy in our group got a present. - Each boy in our group received a gift.

When each used as a pronoun-noun, often followed by a preposition of:

I told them what each (of them) should do. - I told them what to do.

Each of us received a ticket to the concert. - Each of us got a ticket to the concert.

Pronoun every means "everyone", "all". It is used only as an adjective, explaining a noun in the singular, in the case when a limited number of persons or objects are not meant:

He remembered every word of her letter. He remembered every word in her letter.

He goes to the university everyday. - He goes to the university every day.

The Russian expression "each of us (you, them)" is translated into English using pronouns each (of us, you, them) or everyone.

used as adjectives, all, every, each are translated into Russian as "everyone", "everyone", "everyone". The difference between them is as follows: all represents the object as a homogeneous mass; every indicates an individual object as part of a mass; each distinguishes an individual object from the mass. Compare:

All (the) books had supercovers. All books had dust jackets. (General conclusion about all books.)

Every book had a supercover. - Each book was in a dust jacket.

Each book had a supercover in a different color. - Each book was in a dust jacket of a different color.

Pronoun other

As an adjective pronoun other"other, others" is used before nouns in both the singular and the plural. An indefinite article can precede an adjective pronoun (then it has the form another), definite article ( the other) or zero article.

The other is used when it is about one of two objects (or persons). If we are talking about one of three or more objects (persons), then we use another. Word another often means "one more":

I don "t like this coat. Will you show me another one, please? - I don't like this coat. Please show me another one.

The house is on the other side of the street. - The house is on the other side of the street.

Have another cup of tea. - Have another cup of tea.

He has other intentions. - He has other intentions.

Pronoun other(in the shape of others, the others) can be used in a sentence as a subject or object:

Two of the five children studied music, the others went in for sport - Two of the five children studied music, the rest (of this number) went in for sports.

Some people like apples, others prefer bananas. - Some people like apples, others prefer bananas.

Indefinite pronouns are divided into simple and compound. Simple are: all, any, both, each, every, either, (a) few, many, much, (a) little, one, other (another), some, several. Complex pronouns are formed from simple pronouns any, some, every by adding the words body, thing, one to them. These are the pronouns anybody, anything, everybody, everything, somebody, something, anyone, someone.

Simple indefinite pronouns all, any, both, each, every, some, several, as well as complex indefinite pronouns with the second part - thing, are invariable.

Compound pronouns with the second part -body or -one, as well as simple one, other (another) have the general and possessive forms.

Much and little are used with uncountable nouns and agree with the singular verb. I have much time. Little was said about it.

Many and few are used with countable nouns and agree with the plural verb. Many people speak English. Few people know him.

In colloquial language, instead of many and much, the expressions a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great deal of are often used. Few and little - express a negative idea and mean "little". A few and a little express a positive idea and mean "a little", "a few". Not is very dull and has few friends.

Negative Pronouns

Negative pronouns no, none, one, nobody, nothing, neither indicate the absence of something and are one of the ways to express negation in a sentence. In English, two negatives are not used in one sentence, and therefore, unlike the Russian language, the use of a negative pronoun in a sentence excludes the use of another negative and requires a verb in the affirmative form.

There was nobody in the room. - There was no one in the room.

Nothing was interesting for him. Nothing was interesting to him.

The pronoun-adjective no is used as a definition before countable and uncountable nouns. The article in the presence of the definition no is not used.

I found no flowers in the garden. There is no milk in the bottle.

No can be an adjective to a noun-subject.

No medicine could help him.

Negative noun pronouns, nobody, no one refer to persons, nothing refers to inanimate objects. In the complement function, these pronouns can be replaced by not anybody; nothing:

I found no one there. (I didn't find anybody there.)

I know nothing about it. (I don't know anything about it.)

Such a replacement is impossible if the pronouns nobody, nothing perform the function of the subject in the sentence.

Nothing could be more pleasing to me.

Nobody could answer the question.

The word neither (neither one nor the other) is the negative form of the pronoun either. Neither is used as a noun pronoun and as an adjective pronoun.

Neither answer was correct.

Do you prefer tea or coffee? I like neither.

Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are What? Which? Who - whom? Whose? They are invariable, except for the pronoun who, which has the nominative who and the object whom.

Interrogative pronouns are used to form special questions.

What did you say?

Which way shall we go?

Reflexive and intensifying pronouns (Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns)

The same group of pronouns in English performs two functions - reflexive and intensifying pronouns. These pronouns are inflected for person and number, like the personal and possessive pronouns from which they are derived.

CONTROL WORK 1

Option 1

1. Insert the correct article instead of dots, where necessary:

1) This is … address book.

a) a b) an c) the d) -

2) Open your … exercise book.

a) a b) an c) the d) -

3) Can you play …guitar?

a) a b) an c) the d) -

4) … Kremlin is the heart of … Moscow.

a) a b) an c) the d) -

5) Who is … President of the USA?

a) a b) an c) the d) -

6) He is … the most intelligent student is the college.

a) a b) an c) the d) -

7) Dickens father was sent to ... prison for debts.

a) a b) an c) the d) -

8) Last year … Smiths went on holiday to London.

a) a b) an c) the d) -

9) … Hyde Park is the please you should visit in London.

a) a b) an c) the d) -

10) Mr. Green visited … Tower of London.

a) a b) an c) the d) -

2. Form the form of sets of nouns:

3. Insert an adjective or adverb instead of dots:

1) Our landlady greeted us … in French

a) bright b) brightly

2) The moon was shining so …, we decided to go out

a) bright b) brightly

3) Industrial goods are often produced ... in developing countries.

a) cheap b) cheaply

4) You can buy fresh vegetables … at the market.

a) cheap b) cheaply

5) They broke the window stole everything and got … away.

a) clean; b) cleanly

6) With one stroke, he out the log … down the middle.

a) clean; b) cleanly

7) He's in a bad mood and I'm going to stay ... of him for/a/while.

a) clear; b) clearly

8) White your name and address … at the bottom of the form.

a) clear; b) clearly

4. Insert the correct form of the pronoun instead of dots:

1) We are going to the cinema. Do you want to come with …?

2) He wants the key please give ... to ....

3) Oxford is famous for ... university.

4) It's their/theirs problem, not our/ours.

5) I gave her … address and she gave me ….

6) I went on holiday by ... .

7) Be careful! That plate is very hot. Don't burn... .

5. Insert the necessary indefinite pronoun instead of dots:

1) I'll buy … paper when I go to the shops.

a) some; b) any; c) no.

2) I don't have … time today. Sorry!

a) some; b) any; c) no.

3) Would you like … tea? Yes, please.

a) some; b) any; c) no.

4) Have you got … brothers or sisters?

a) some; b) any; c) no.

5) Don't buy … rice. We don't need ... .

a) some; b) any; c) no.

6. Insert the desired derivative of indefinite pronouns instead of dots:

1) He has got ... money.

2) How much money has he got? ….

3) Jack has a bad memory. He can't remember ... .

4) It's dark. I can't see ... .

5) … needs friends.

7. Read and translate the text orally:

Cambridge

Cambridge is one of the best known towns in the world and it can be found on most tourists’ lists of places to visit. Cambridge is famous for its university, which started during the13th century and grew steadily, until today there are more than twenty colleges. The oldest one is Peterhouse, which was founded in 1284. And the most recent is Robinson College, which was opened in 1977. But the most famous is King’s College, because of its magnificent chapel. Its choir of boys and undergraduates is well known all over the world. The Universities were only for men until the 19th century when the first women's college was opened. Later the doors of colleges were opened to both men and women. Nowadays almost all the colleges are mixed.

To the north of Cambridge is the Cambridge Science Park, the modern face of the University. This park has developed in response to the need of universities to increase their contact with high technology industry. It is now home to more than sixty companies and research institutes. The whole area is in fact very attractively designed, with a lot of space between each building. The planners thought that it was important for people to have a pleasant, park like environment in which to work.

Every year thousands of students come to Cambridge from overseas to study English.