Basic rules of the game of basketball. How many players are on the basketball team

Basketball is one of the most popular sports nowadays. The number of officially registered players worldwide exceeds 200 million people. The International Basketball Federation (FIBA) in 2002 included 173 countries.

Regular basketball lessons improve coordination of movements, train the respiratory and circulatory organs, develop muscles, strengthen nervous system. In many countries of the world, basketball classes are included in the physical training program for students in secondary schools and higher educational institutions.

Rules of the game.

The game takes place on a rectangular area 28 m long and 15 m wide (previously its dimensions were 26x14 m, respectively) with a special ball.

Ball weight 567–650 grams, circumference 749–780 mm (in games for men's teams; in games for women's teams, smaller balls are used, and even less in mini-basketball matches). Basketballs are of two types: intended for playing only indoors (indoor) and universal, i.e. Suitable for use both indoors and outdoors (indoor/outdoor). The basket (a metal ring with a diameter of 45 cm with a net stretched on it without a bottom) is mounted at a height of 3.05 m on a shield mounted on a rack parallel to the front lines of the site.

Until the late 1960s, official competitions were held on both outdoors as well as in gyms. Since 1968, all official matches have been played indoors only. The largest basketball tournaments are usually held in halls with a height of at least 7 m.

The match starts in the center of the court. The referee tosses the ball straight up between two opposing players. At the moment when they touch the ball (you can not take the ball in your hands), the countdown of playing time begins. After each whistle of the referee, the stopwatch stops - and with the resumption of the game it turns on again. (Accordingly, in basketball they distinguish between "live ball" and "dead ball".) Game time is recorded by the judge-timekeeper. Previously, matches under the auspices of the International Amateur Basketball Federation (FIBA) consisted of 2 halves of 20 minutes of pure playing time. According to the new rules adopted in 2000, the match consists of four halves of 10 m of pure time each (in the NBA - of four halves of 12 m) with 2-minute breaks between the first and second, third and fourth halves, a break in the middle of the match - 15 m.

Previously, a player could have possession of the ball indefinitely. In the 1960s of the last century, a 30-second (FIBA) and 24-second (NBA) limit was introduced: after it expires, the team loses the ball. According to the FIBA rules of 2000, teams are also given no more than 24 seconds to attack. The judging panel includes the so-called 24 second operator, who monitors compliance with this rule. In addition, there are also the “three-second rule” (for how long a player of the attacking team can stay in the opponent’s restricted zone, which is sometimes called the “3-second zone”) and the “eight-second rule” (during this time, the team that took possession of the ball in his own half of the court, must move him from the backcourt to the frontcourt).

There are no draws in basketball. If at the end of the regular time of the match the score is equal, an additional 5-minute time is assigned - overtime. If neither team achieves victory in overtime, another additional five-minute period is assigned, etc. An exception is possible if, according to the rules of the competition, the teams hold double matches (according to the so-called cup system): then a draw can be counted in the first match, and the winner in the pair is determined by the results of the second game.

An accurate throw into the basket from a position behind the arc, carried out at a distance of 6.25 m from the shield (in the NBA - 7.27 m), is worth three points. This arc is also called the "three-point line". All other throws (including those from under the shield) are worth two points. If the ball is thrown into the basket, but the opposing team blocks (intercepts or hits) it directly over the basket, the points are scored as if the throw had reached the goal. Often the referees have to play a controversial ball during the game. The ball is considered controversial in the following cases: if two opponents firmly hold the ball and neither of them can take possession of it without breaking the rules; if the ball went out of bounds from two players of different teams (or the referee could not determine exactly which of the players touched the ball last); if the ball is stuck between the backboard and the ring, etc. Depending on the situation, the ball can be played either between the direct participants of the "dispute", or between any two players of the opposing teams. A player participating in a dropped ball may not be substituted.

Basketball rules have several restrictions regarding dribbling technique. After dribbling, the player can only take two steps with the ball in his hands without hitting it on the floor. Then he must either throw the ball into the ring, or give it to a partner. In the case of the third step, a run is recorded and the ball goes to the other team. If the basketball player stops with the ball in his hands and instead of throwing into the basket or passing to the partner starts dribbling again, a double dribble is recorded and the ball also goes to the opponent. The player in possession of the ball may stop and then continue moving again, provided that during the stop he continued to tap the ball on the floor. The ball in basketball can be dribbled alternately with one or the other hand, but not with both hands at once. If a player has received the ball while standing still or has stopped after receiving the ball, he is not allowed to lift his pivot foot off the floor before he has released the ball from his hands.

Five players from each team play simultaneously on the court, another five to seven basketball players are on the bench during the game. The number of substitutions in basketball is not limited, but they can only be carried out at the moment when the stopwatch is stopped.

According to FIBA rules, in official competitions, players perform under the numbers from 4 to 15. The numbers "1", "2" and "3" are not currently used as numbers. Among the special gestures used by the referees during the match, there are gestures with these numbers: for example, when the referee points out a violation of the “three-second rule” or shows how many free throws a player of the injured team should take. In the same way, on the fingers, the referee shows the match secretary the number of the player who is penalized. In order to avoid confusion, it was decided to abolish numbers 1, 2 and 3.

Basketball rules prohibit hitting an opponent on the hands, pushing him, holding him with his hands, stepping on his feet, meeting with his foot (both straight and bent at the knee). A player who has committed any of such violations is declared a personal reprimand (foul). If an athlete has received five fouls during the match (six in the NBA), he is removed from the field until the end of the meeting and replaced by one of the substitute players.

A double foul is declared when the players of both teams violate the rules at the same time: both basketball players receive personal warnings, and the ball remains with the team that possessed it at the time of the violation, or a dropped ball is played. There are also: technical foul (for unsportsmanlike behavior, not only basketball players on the court, but also the coach and substitute players can be subject to such punishment - for arguing with the referee, trying to start a fight, etc.), deliberate foul (in particular , for rough play or a deliberate mistake in a game situation that is fraught with scoring the ball), etc.

The heaviest punishment in basketball is the so-called disqualifying foul. It is declared for a serious violation and entails the disqualification of the player and removal from the court until the end of the game, regardless of the number of fouls he already had (he is replaced by another basketball player).

If a personal foul was committed in relation to the player who made a shot on the ring, or a technical foul was called, the referee, in addition to a personal remark to the offending player, also assigns free throws. Depending on the nature of the violation, the throws are made either by the victim himself or by one of his teammates. Free throws are taken from a special spot 6 m from the shield. Each accurate throw is worth a point, so two free throws can earn two points.

Modern basketball rules include clauses such as "game lost due to lack of players" (a team is forfeited if only one player remains on its roster) and "game lost by forfeit" (in a situation where a team refuses to start - or continue - the game after the corresponding signal from the arbiter).

At the very beginning, there were only 13 rules in basketball, now there are more than 200 of them. They are periodically reviewed by the FIBA World Technical Commission and then approved by the Central Bureau of the Federation. The last major revision took place in May 2000.

The rules define only the basic principles of the game; they cannot provide for all possible game situations. In addition to the set of rules themselves, there are also their official interpretations, which stipulate the possible interpretation of the rules in various controversial points. The match referee has the right to make an independent decision in situations that are not specified in the rules.

All official international competitions are governed by the rules approved by FIBA. They are somewhat different from the NBA rules.

Technique and tactics of the game.

In modern basketball, the following playing roles are distinguished: point guard defender; shooting guard, small and heavy forwards, as well as center (or centre-forward).

The point guard is also called a "playmaker" or "conductor". Point guards have more possession of the ball than other players and lead the game of the whole team. They are required to have excellent vision of the court, filigree dribbling and subtle passing play. Attacking defenders not only start the attack of their team, but often complete it with long-range shots. Forwards usually attack from the edges of the court, and centers - from close range. Center forwards, as a rule, are the tallest players on the team, their main function is to fight under their own and other people's shields.

The position of the center eventually acquired a truly cult status. One of the strongest in the world has always been the Soviet center school, which gave the world such outstanding players as Otar Korkia, Janis Krumins, Alexander Belov, Vladimir Tkachenko, Arvydas Sabonis and others.

At the present time in basketball highly valued master all-rounders, who, if necessary, can play not only in their position. The concept of "team player" is also very important. Legendary center Bill Russell's commitment to team play has led the Boston Celtics to 11 NBA championships. His eternal rival Wilt Chamberlain (Philadelphia Warriors) was not inferior in class to Russell, but preferred to play "for himself" rather than "for the team", and as a result, only once became the champion of the NBA.

Depending on how the game develops, the coach may at some point make changes to the usual tactical arrangement (the “scheme” 2-1-2 is considered standard): for example, put two or three centers on the court at the same time. The team's success is determined not only by the individual skills of the players, but also by the right tactics. Classic example- the final of the 1972 Olympic tournament. Realizing that his wards are inferior to the US basketball players in terms of their playing condition and physical data, the head coach of the USSR national team Vladimir Kondrashin built a defense game, imposed “his own basketball” on the opponent, which ultimately brought success to the Soviet team.

In basketball, zone and personal (personal) defense are distinguished. In the first case, each of the players takes care of any opponent who is in the area (zone) of the site allotted to him. At personal protection each basketball player takes care of "his" player. The so-called pressure is extremely effective - an active type of defense in which opponents are guarded not only in the immediate vicinity of their shield, but also on the distant approaches to it, sometimes all over the site. The purpose of pressing is to prevent the opponent from calmly playing the ball and making an attack.

Of particular importance in modern basketball is the fight under the shield. The well-known basketball motto is “Whoever wins the shield wins the game,” and one of the main statistics of a basketball player’s performance, be it a single game or an entire season, is the number of so-called rebounds and blocked shots.

A player's individual skill is made up of many components. Dribbling, i.e. dribbling, including without visual control, which allows the player to instantly assess the changing situation on the site. Various feints misleading the opponent: deceptive movement of the ball, arms, legs, whole body, head turn, gaze, etc. game in pass. The so-called hidden pass is especially appreciated - passing the ball without looking at the partner to whom it is addressed. Another technique from the arsenal of basketball masters is a pass from behind (holding the ball behind the back, the player throws it over his head to his partner). throws in basketball, they are carried out both from a place and on the move. There are many varieties of them: a jump shot, a “hook” throw (the hand of a player standing sideways to the opponent’s basket moves along an imaginary arc), a throw into the basket from above, etc. Along with the ball possession technique in basketball, the ability to play correctly without the ball is extremely important. .

Basketball technique has evolved over decades. For example, at the end of the 19th century. the players passed each other with only two hands from the chest, and the throw was made in the same way or “from under themselves”. Such a seemingly natural technique as throwing the ball with one hand was first used only in the 1930s and made a real revolution in the game.

When there were no time limits on attacking, basketball was a very slow game. This is confirmed by the "microscopic" results of the matches, often not going beyond 15-20 points on each side. Basketball in the beginning and middle of the last century was characterized by a leisurely rally of the ball, and the success of the team was largely determined by the individual actions of the leading players. As a rule, these were the tallest athletes. For a long time, basketball was considered exclusively the sport of giants. There are really a lot of them among the former and current "stars" of basketball. For example, the tallest athletes in the history of Soviet basketball had an incredible growth: the player of the Almaty Burevestnik, Uvais Akhtaev, was 238 cm, and Alexander Sizonenko, who played for the Kuibyshev Stroitel, was 239 cm. But over time, the game began to have a noticeable impact on smaller players, who are called "babies" in basketball. They are extremely mobile, hardy and have an excellent reaction. The famous Bob Cosey compensated for the lack of basketball growth with filigree technique, for masterful dribbling and passing he was nicknamed "Houdini of the basketball court" and "Nimble magician". Michael Jordan, considered the best basketball player of all time, is also not a giant by basketball standards: his height is “only” 198 cm. Nevertheless, he fought on equal terms with taller opponents and earned the nickname “Their Air” for his incredible “flights” over the site. ".

Before the adoption of the "rule of 3 seconds", the attack was often built according to a very simple tactical scheme: the tallest player of the attacking team was located in close proximity to the opponent's ring and, having finally received the ball, sent it to the basket. The introduction of the "rule of 3 seconds" forced basketball players to look for other options for developing an attack, to actively use medium and long-range shots. And with the introduction of a 24-second restriction on attack and a ban on returning the ball to their backcourt, the pace of the game has noticeably increased, the game of passing has become of great importance, the technique and sniper qualities of players have become valued no less than their height.

Sometimes even non-compliance with the rules is used as a tactic. For example, a losing team at the end of a match deliberately breaks the rules: thanks to rebounds and subsequent skillful counterattacks, it can change the score in its favor. Similarly, the team leading in the score may refuse free throws at the end of the match and put the ball into play from behind the touchline (such a “substitution” is allowed by the rules). This allows the team to buy time and keep the winning score.

From the history of basketball.

Descriptions of games reminiscent of modern basketball, are found among the ancient Normans and in many cultures of "pre-Columbian America". A modernized version of one of these games, pok-ta-pok, once a religious rite, is still found in the northern states of Mexico as a sports entertainment and attraction for tourists.

Among the immediate predecessors of basketball is often called the widespread in the 19th century. in some countries, the children's game "duck on a rock", with which James Naismith (1861-1939) was well acquainted: by throwing a small stone, the player had to hit the top of another, larger stone with it. According to Naismith's biographers, it was at the moment of playing "duck on the rock" that the "concept of basketball" was born in the head of young James in general terms. She finally matured when Dr. Naismith began teaching anatomy and physical education at the YMCA International Youth Training College in Springfield, Massachusetts. Naismith noticed that winter gymnastics classes in the hall seemed too monotonous to students, and decided to occupy them with some new mobile game of dexterity and coordination that could be played indoors - and relatively small in size. At different ends of the gym, two baskets were attached to the balcony that encircled it around the perimeter (in English “basket”, hence the name new game) from under the fruit (the height from the floor to the edge of the balcony turned out to be 3 m 5 cm, hence the standard that is maintained to this day on all basketball courts in the world). The students had to hit the ball into the basket. And so basketball was born.

The first officially registered basketball game took place in December 1891. It was not quite usual for us. So, there were 9 people in Naismith's teams (the doctor simply divided the group of his students equally), and they played with a soccer ball.

news of a new sports game spread all over America, and soon a lot of letters began to arrive at the college where Naismith taught, the authors of which asked to send them the rules of the game.

In 1892 the first Basketball rule book, which contained 13 points, many of which are still valid today. Although in some ways the “Naismith rules” differ from modern ones. For example, the match consisted of two halves of 15 meters each. Dribbling was not allowed by the rules of early basketball: it was possible to move around the court only without the ball, and having received it, the player had to stop and either pass the ball to a partner or throw it into the basket. The number of players in the team was arbitrary - "from two to forty" (but always equal to the number of players in the opposing team). The player with the ball could not be attacked - it was only possible to prevent him from disposing of the ball (jumping, waving his arms and other similar tricks). In case of violation of this rule, a foul was recorded, a repeated foul led to the disqualification of the violator - until the goal was scored. Three fouls in a row committed by any team were recorded as a "goal" in its basket - provided that the opponents themselves did not commit a single foul during this time. At one time, the team also had a goalkeeper guarding the basket, and behind the basket itself there was no basketball backboard that we are used to.

The game quickly gained popularity. Already at the end of the 19th century. competitions between teams from different cities and student campuses began to be held regularly. There were amateur leagues. In 1896, a basketball game was held in the small American city of Trenton, the winning team of which received a cash reward. Thus was born one of the phenomena of the 20th century. - professional basketball.

In 1898, the first professional association of teams was created - the National Basketball League (NBL). Having existed for five seasons, it broke up into several independent leagues.

Around the same time, one of the regional branches of the YMCA created its own basketball league. The success of the undertaking was tremendous. The leaders of the YMCA were afraid that this idea could discourage their students from the interest in gymnastics - the number one sport in the Association - and disbanded the league. And thus contributed to the further popularization of basketball: the players of the disbanded league decided to make a living with their basketball skills. In the American province, one after another, new professional basketball leagues began to appear. And in 1914 the first basketball team was formed in a major city. Today it is known to the whole world under the name "Boston Celtics".

NBA (National Basketball Association).

At the beginning of the 20th century American blacks were forbidden to play for or against "white" basketball teams, although amateur basketball was then cultivated mainly in New York's "black" Harlem and the black ghettoes of other major US cities. Managers of professional teams for a long time did not pay attention to the giant black players, who, thanks to their natural flexibility and jumping ability, demonstrated incredible technique.

In 1922, the first professional team, consisting entirely of black players, was created in Harlem - the New York Renaissance (or simply Rens). Black basketball players easily beat white student teams. In 1927, a historic meeting took place between the New York Renaissance and the Bolton Celtics. A series of seven matches ended in a draw (teams scored three victories and drew one game, which was then allowed by the rules). In a short time, no one in America would have dared to say that basketball is a "whites only" sport.

A little earlier, in 1925, another attempt was made to unite numerous teams scattered throughout the country within the framework of the national championship - the American Basketball League (ABL) was created. However, with the onset of the Great Depression, the League had to be closed. Its former players staged real "basketball tours" throughout the country. They played several exhibition matches in some small town, after which they went to the next one. This "educational raid" did its job: student basketball began to develop at a rapid pace, which in the future was destined to become a genuine raw material base NBA.

In 1937, the National Basketball League (NBL) was recreated. But soon the second World War, and most of the players were drafted into the army. And after the war, the NBL was seriously competing with a new organization - the Basketball Association of America (BAA), created by a native of Russia named Maurice Podolov.

Initially, the BAA consisted of 11 clubs. The first match took place on November 1, 1946, and the Philadelphia Warriors (now the Golden State Warriors) became the first champion of the Association. The championship was organized so well, and the interest in it was so huge that the best players in the NBL began to move en masse to the BAA, and eventually the League ceased to exist. From now on, in America there was only one organization that united all professional teams. After some time, she changed her name to the NBA, now known to basketball fans all over the world.

At the time of the founding of the NBA, basketball in America was far from the most popular view sports. But the number of his supporters constantly grew, and in the late 1970s, the NBA reached an unprecedented peak. Today, the NBA Championship is, in fact, the club world championship among professionals, although formally only 27 American teams and two Canadian clubs, which joined them in 1995, participate in it. These teams are divided, according to tradition, into the Western and Eastern Conferences, and those, in turn, into two divisions: Pacific and Midwest (Western Conference), Atlantic and Central (Eastern Conference). Each team plays 82 matches in the regular season. Then the playoff series begins. In each of the conferences, eight of the strongest clubs are determined, which, according to complex system The seededs play each other up to three victories (in the quarter-finals) and up to four victories in the semi-finals and the final. In a series of final matches between the winners of the conferences, the next NBA champion is determined, who receives the main prize of the Association - the Golden Basket.

The season is crowned by the All-Star Weekend, which, in addition to the match between the teams of the Eastern and Western conferences (the first such match was played back in 1951), also includes a match for beginners, a competition for 3-point throws and throws from above.

Currently, the NBA is considered the most successful of all professional sports organizations in the world. The leadership of the NBA strives to maintain interest in the championship of the Association with the help of all sorts of organizational measures. One of them is the draft system, established back in the 1940s. Every year, clubs replenish their ranks with newcomers, while the draft scheme is such that the weakest this moment the club has more chances to acquire the strongest of the rookie basketball players. By modern rules, players over the age of 18 can participate in the draft.

The most titled club in the NBA is the Boston Celtics, who have won the league title 16 times. And the most titled player is Bill Russell. The NBA experts also record other individual achievements of the players very scrupulously. For example, Wilt Chamberlain holds, among others, the records for the number of points scored in one game (100) and for the number of rebounds per game (55). And Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (another legendary basketball player who went by the name of Lewis Alcindor before converting to Islam) played the most games in the history of the League (1560) in 20 years of playing in the NBA and scored the largest number points (38,387).

In 1997, the Women's National Basketball Association was created in the United States following the example of the NBA. (The first such attempt was made back in the 1970s, but the then-created Women's Professional Basketball League lasted only three seasons and disbanded).

International basketball competitions.

In June 1932, the International Basketball Federation (FIBB) was established in Geneva, later renamed FIBA.

In 1935, in the same place, in Geneva, the first European Championship was held, the winner of which was the Latvian team. Three years later, the women's European tournament debuted. The first champions of the continent were Italian basketball players. Now the European Championships are held every two years. Most often, the Soviet teams won them: men's - 14 times, women's - 20.

World championships for men's teams have been held since 1950, for women's - since 1953. The first world champions in history were, respectively, the national team of Argentina and the US team. Currently, the world championship is played every 4 years. The USSR team three times, like the Yugoslav national team, won the world "gold" (1967, 1974 and 1982). Soviet basketball players became the first 6 times. FIBA also holds world championships for juniors and juniors and for men under the age of 22. In addition, the official FIBA calendar includes a number of competitions, including regional ones: both among national teams and among clubs.

Basketball at the Olympics.

At the III Olympiad in St. Louis and at the IX Olympic Games In Amsterdam, demonstration basketball matches were held with the participation of American athletes. The Olympic debut of men's basketball took place in 1936 at the Games in Berlin, where Dr. Naismith was the guest of honor. The basketball tournament attracted a lot of attention. Teams from 21 countries participated in it. The American team won. The US team won every Olympic tournament without exception until 1972, while winning 63 matches and not losing a single one. In the dramatic final of the Munich Olympics, the previously invincible Americans lost to the USSR team. In 1976 and 1984 the Americans were again first. At the Olympic tournament in Moscow, the Yugoslav team excelled. In 1988, the basketball players of the USSR became the first again. Since the Olympics-92, professional basketball players have been officially allowed to participate in the Games. The US Olympic team, made up of the "stars" of the NBA, was dubbed "Dream Team" even before the announcement of its composition. She fully justified the hopes of her fans and won a convincing victory at the Games-92. The “dream team” repeated its success at the next two Games.

Women's basketball was first included in the Olympic program in 1976 at the Games in Montreal. The first then, as then at the 1980 and 1992 Games, was the USSR national team. All other Olympic tournaments have been won by the US team.

Basketball in Russia.

At the beginning of the 20th century member of the St. Petersburg Society for the Promotion of Moral, Intellectual and physical development young people "Mayak" Stepan Vasilyevich Vasiliev translated the basketball rules into Russian. The “grandfather of Russian basketball,” or, as he was also called, the “Russian Naismith,” Vasiliev was as versatile an athlete and no less enthusiastic about the new game as its founder. Vasilyev persuaded his Mayak comrades to hold a trial game. The historic match took place in St. Petersburg in December 1906. The "green team" and the "lilac team" took part in it, named after the color of the athletes' jerseys. The “purple team”, headed by Vasiliev himself, a little later won the first basketball competition in the history of Russia and several subsequent ones. St. Petersburg and Moscow have become the centers for the development of domestic basketball. In 1909, the first official tournament in Russia was held. In the same year, the first international match took place - with the founders of basketball, the YMCA team. (According to some sources, this game was the first international match in the history of world basketball.) The Russian team won a sensational victory.

The first basketball league - already in Soviet times - was created in Petrograd in 1921. In 1923, the first official tournament was held. Until the end of the 1930s, teams of cities competed in all-Union competitions. The first club championship in the country's history was won by Dynamo Moscow.

After the Great Patriotic War Basketball in the USSR has become one of the most popular and mass sports. At different times, the leaders of domestic basketball were SKA Riga, CSKA, Spartak Leningrad, Zalgiris Kaunas. Soviet clubs have won the European Cup and the Cup Winners' Cup more than once.

In 1947, the Basketball Section of the USSR (later the Basketball Federation of the USSR) joined FIBA. In the same year, the USSR national team successfully performed at the European Championships and won gold medals. The Soviet national team has always been considered one of the strongest in the world. At the first Olympic tournament for her, our team competed seriously with the US team and took second place. At the 1956, 1960 and 1964 Olympics, she also received silver, in 1968 - bronze, and in 1972 she won the Olympic tournament for the first time, defeating the US team in the final with a minimum margin of 51:50. In 1976 - again "bronze", in 1980 - "silver". In 1988, Soviet basketball players repeated their golden success, beating the US team on their way to the final. But in the 1990s, the Russians performed unsuccessfully at the Olympic basketball tournaments.

The international debut of Soviet basketball players took place in 1935. One of our club teams beat French women in Paris with a devastating score of 60:11. The shocked organizers of the match offered our basketball players to play with the men's team. This game also ended in victory for the guests - with a difference of 6 points.

The women's team, created in 1950, had no equal for a long time. Only at the second World Championship (1957) and the sixth European Championship (1958) were Soviet basketball players second. At all other tournaments, they invariably won: 5 times the world championships and 20 times the European championships. And in 1976, the women's team led by Lidia Alekseeva (formerly one of the strongest basketball players in the USSR, who had already led the national team as a coach for 25 years) became the first team in history to win the Olympic tournament.

Established in 1990 The Russian Federation basketball (RFB), which eventually became the successor of the USSR Basketball Federation. Basketball CSKA still does not give up its positions. Serious competition to the famous army club is now made up of Ural Great (Perm), UNICS (Kazan), Lokomotiv ( Mineral water). The traditions of our great basketball players are continued by the current “stars” of Russian basketball: Igor Kudelin, Andrey Kirilenko, Vasily Karasev, Zakhar and Yegor Pashutin, Sergey Panov and others.

Currently, over 4 million people play basketball in Russia (half of them are schoolchildren).

The Soviet (Russian) basketball school is still considered one of the strongest in the world. tactical innovations and theoretical studies specialists of the older generation (such as the famous coach Alexander Gomelsky, nicknamed "Papa" or the founder of the "Leningrad school" of basketball Vladimir Kondrashin) are recognized in many countries. Lidia Alekseeva became the first of the domestic basketball players, whose name is immortalized in the Hall of Fame women's basketball in the city of Knoxville.

Some types of basketball

Mini basketball.

Mini-basketball rules were developed in the early 1950s by American Jay Archer. The game is intended for children aged 6-12 and is divided into two levels: mini-basketball itself (age group 9-12) and micro-basketball (for children under 9). Playground and inventory adapted to childhood. The length of the site is 28 m, the width is 15 (options: 26ґ14, 24ґ13, 22ґ12 and 20ґ11 meters). Baskets are mounted at a height of 2 m 60 cm, the backboard itself is also smaller than in classic basketball: 1.2ґ0.9 m. The ball weighs 450–500 grams, the circumference is 680–730 mm 330 grams, and the circumference is 550–580 mm). The mini-basketball court markings correspond to those of a standard basketball court, but there is no 3-point zone line, and the free throw line is drawn 3.6 m (option: 4 m) from the backboard.

Mini-basketball is played by teams of five players each, although "reduced" teams are also allowed - up to 2ґ2. Often there are matches between mixed teams (which include both boys and girls). The game is on four halves of 6 minutes. The rules of the game are somewhat different from classic basketball. In mini-basketball, for example, it is not fixed clean time and the "three second rule" does not apply.

FIBA has a special mini-basketball commission, and there is also an International mini-basketball committee. Currently, it includes representatives of 170 states, mini-basketball is cultivated in the North and South America, Australia, Asia and Europe - only in 195 countries of the world. In 1965, the first mini-basketball world championship took place.

In 1973, a mini-basketball committee was created under the Basketball Federation of the USSR. A year later, Leningrad hosted the country's first mini-basketball festival. Currently, the All-Russian club "Minibasket" holds a number of national (Cup of Russia, etc.) and international competitions.

Wheelchair basketball.

Appeared in 1946 in the USA. Former basketball players, who during the Second World War received serious injuries and injuries on the battlefields, did not want to part with their favorite game and came up with “their own” basketball.

Now it is played in more than 80 countries. The number of officially registered players is 25 thousand people. The International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF) holds various sports events: World Championship - every 4 years; annual tournaments of club teams, zonal competitions (once or twice a year), etc. Wheelchair basketball has been part of the program of the Paralympic Games since the first such Olympics were held in Rome in 1960.

Wheelchair basketball rules have their own prohibitions and restrictions. For example, "jogging" is prohibited - when a player, in the process of dribbling the ball, spins the wheel with his hand more than two times.

Streetball

(from the English "street" - street). A more dynamic and aggressive sport than classic basketball. The game involves two teams of three players each (sometimes with one spare) on a special streetball court or on a regular basketball court, using only one half of it - and, accordingly, only one ring. In case of a miss, the team that attacked the ring before, protects it from the attack of the opponent, etc. Which team will start the game is determined by lot. The game goes on until one of the teams scores 16 points (but the gap in the score must be at least 2 points). Sometimes they play until a gap of 8 points or for a time (20 minutes) - in this case, the 30-second rule applies: if during this time the team has not managed to complete the attack, the ball goes to the opponent. For a successful throw, a team is awarded a point, for a throw from a 3-point zone - two points. A goal scored in the basket is counted only if it has been touched by two players of the attacking team. The ball then goes to the defending team: play resumes as soon as one of its players has touched the ball. In this case, the ball must first be taken out of the 3-point line. Jogging, double dribbling and throwing into the basket from above are prohibited.

Streetball tournaments are now held in various cities of Russia, often timed to coincide with major city holidays.

Korfball

(from Dutch korf - basket). This game was invented in 1902 by a schoolteacher from Amsterdam, Nico Brekhuysen. Two teams of 8 people each (4 men and 4 women) play on a 40x20m court divided in half middle line, two halves of 30 minutes. Four players (2 men and 2 women) are on their half of the court and defend their basket, four are on the half of the opposing team, their task is to hit the "alien" ring. After two successful shots, the defenders move into the offensive zone and vice versa. Korfball is a less contact game than basketball. At the same time, according to the rules, a man can only play against a man, and a woman against a woman. Dribbling in korfball is not allowed, and the player who has possession of the ball can take no more than two steps with it. The ring is narrower in diameter than a basketball one (40 cm), and it is attached higher (3.5 m). (There is a more “large-scale” version of the game: with large sizes courts, number of players, etc.)

Korfball is extremely common in Holland (more than 100 thousand people play it constantly, more than 500 clubs are registered participating in national tournaments) and neighboring countries. Over time, korfball gained recognition all over the world, including in Russia, and is currently included in the program of the World Games. Since 1933, the International Korfball Federation (IKF) has been operating, currently officially recognized by the IOC and other international sports associations. .

Literature:

Gomelsky A.Ya. With the ball around the countries. M., 1960
Gomelsky A.Ya. Basketball days. M., 1964
Aduevsky V.V. On the target is a ring. M., 1965
Bashkin S.G. Basketball lessons. M., 1966
Gomelsky A.Ya. Basketball tactics. M., 1966
Children's encyclopedia: for middle and older age. Volume 7 M., 1966
Basketball: A Handbook. M., 1967
Alachachyan A.M. . Not only about basketball. M., 1970
Gzovsky B.M., Kudryashov V.A. College basketball(Analysis and exercises). Minsk, 1972
In the land of Olympia. Edited by L. Barykina. M., 1974
Gomelsky A.Ya. Eternal exam. M., 1978
Basketball: A Handbook. M., 1980
Gomelsky A.Ya. Basketball is taking over the planet. M., 1980
Mini basketball. Competition rules. M., 1980
The Olympic TV Fan's Handbook. Compiled by G.A. Stepanidin. M., 1980
Belov S.A. Basketball Secrets. M., 1982
Physical culture and sports: Small encyclopedia Per. with him. M., 1982
Basketball: Handbook. Comp. BEHIND. Genkin, E.R. Yakhontov. M., 1983
Yakhontov E.R. The ball flies into the basket. L., 1984
Gomelsky A.Ya. Basketball team management. M., 1985
Gomelsky A.Ya. The Basketball Bible. M., 1994
Gomelsky A.Ya. Basketball. Mastery Secrets. M., 1997
Gomelsky A.Ya. Center. M., 1998
Kuzin V.V., Polievsky S.A. Basketball. M., 1999
I know the world. Children's encyclopedia. Sport. M., 1999
In the World of Basketball: A Fan's Handbook. Rostov-on-Don, 2000
Avanta+. Encyclopedia for children. Tom: Sports. M., 2001
Parcel M. Basketball. Per. from English. M., 2001
Chomicius V. Great team captain. M., 2001
Gomelsky A.Ya. Encyclopedia of basketball from Gomel. M., 2002

Each team consists of 5 main and 5-7 (in major tournaments) permanent substitutes, who can enter the game only after the game is stopped and the referee whistles.

While the team in possession is entitled to a substitution at every stoppage of play, the team not in possession of the ball is only entitled to a substitution in the event of a bounce and time-out or when the team in possession makes a substitution.

Game time.

In all classes, basketball matches last 2 halves of 20 minutes of pure time.

The break between halves is 10 minutes. If at the end of the match the teams scored the same number of points, then extra time (5 minutes) is given to determine the winner.

Time-out.

Each team is entitled to 2 time-outs in each half and 1 time-out in extra time. Coaches usually use the timeout to give players tactical instructions and make substitutions.

Beginning of the game.

The game begins with the referee throwing the ball up in the center of the court between 2 players, each of whom tries to return the ball to his team. The rest of the team players are outside the center circle or in the front zone.

Movement rules.

According to this rule, the player who received the ball has the right to take only 2 steps (more precisely, 2 contacts with the floor). Touching the floor while receiving the ball (also catching the ball on the spot) counts as 1st contact. Jumping from a place with the ball in hand is a violation of the movement rule. Especially often this rule is violated during runs, at the beginning and at the end of dribbling.

Dribbling.

At a certain point, an athlete can only dribble once. As soon as the athlete touches the ball with both hands or takes it with one or the other hand, the dribbling ends. If the athlete again continues to dribble, then this is considered a violation of the rules (double-dribbling). The ball is passed to the opposing team who put it in play from behind the touchline.

Stop ball.

A stopping ball is such a game situation in which 1 or 2 players of each team are in contact with the ball and the ball is taken out of the game. In this case, the game continues with a controversial face-off.

The ball is out of play.

If the ball or the ball carrier touches the boundary lines of the court or the floor, an object or a person outside the court, the referee gives the command “offside”.

In the event that it is difficult to determine the offside position, i.e. if both side referees adhere to different opinions or if the referees are unable to determine which team caused the offside, the game continues with a face-off.

Throw-in.

After the game has been stopped in case of offside or technical errors (violation of the movement rule, double dribbling, violation of the 3 sec rule, etc.), the ball is put into play by a throw-in from behind the touchline. In case of a successful throw into the basket, a throw-in occurs from behind the end line.

Estimates.

Throwing the ball into the basket is counted if the ball falls through the ring and the net from top to bottom. For each successful throw made during the game, the team receives 2 points, for each successful free throw - 1 point.

Foul rule.

One of essential rules basketball is the foul rule (translated from English - "mistake"). There are personal and technical fouls.

Personal fouls include any intentional touching of an opponent (holding, pushing, hitting, blocking with hands and feet, etc.). In such cases, the ball is passed to the opponent for a throw-in. After the 11th foul in a half period, a foul on an opponent's missed shot is punishable by 2 free throws.

In addition, all personal comments are recorded in the athlete's personal card. If at the same time 2 players of the team receive a warning, then the opponent is entitled to 2 free throws. In most cases, the free throw is taken by the player against whom the rules were violated.

Players receive a mutual remark in case of simultaneous violation of the rules in relation to each other. In this case, a controversial throw-in occurs. Each player who has received 5 personal or technical remarks must leave the court. In case of gross and intentional violations of the rules, the athlete may be disqualified. But in both cases, the team has the right to change.

Beginning in 1976, offensive fouls on basket shots were penalized particularly severely. If the ball misses the basket due to a foul, the attacker is entitled to 2 free throws. If the ball misses the basket on the 1st or 2nd free throw, the attacker is entitled to 1 more free throw (3 in total).

If, despite the foul, the player shoots the ball into the basket, then this throw is counted and the player receives an additional 1 free throw.

A technical foul is called for unsportsmanlike conduct by a player and is punishable by 2 free throws by any player on the opposing team.

Time rules.

Some of the rules of time are extremely important. 30 seconds after the throw-in, the attack must be completed with a throw into the opponent's basket (30 second rule). The 3 second rule states that an attacker cannot be in the opponent's free throw area for more than 3 seconds. For the throw-in and for the implementation of the free throw, the player is given 5 seconds. If the time rules are violated, the ball is given to the opponent for a throw-in.

The 10 second rule implies that the attacking team must, after a throw-in taken in their own half of the court, no longer than 10 seconds later bring the ball to the opponent's half, after which the attacking team cannot return the ball to their own half.

Each team consists of five active players and seven reserve players. Basketball teams are made up of players. The player starts training and participating in the active life of the team only after receiving a special permit. This permission is issued by the organization conducting the competition, according to the previously established rules of the game. Necessarily, the question concerning the age limits of the team member will be considered.
Each player has the right to participate in the game immediately after entering his name in the protocol, which is filled before the start of the game. And he will finish participation only after his disqualification.
During the game, a team member can be:
- by the player, in the event that he enters the playing field and takes an active position for the game process.
— Substitute, if present on gameplay and has the opportunity to enter the playing field.
- Removed from participation in the game, after the implementation of five or more violations of the rules. The removed player loses the right to further participation in the game.
Even during the break, all team members who are eligible to take part in the game continue to be considered as players.
Every basketball team must have:
- twelve players eligible to enter the field, including the team captain.
– Team coach and, if necessary, assistant coach.
– Accompanying a team of no more than five people. Only accompanying persons have the right to sit on the bench and perform the functions of a medical officer, manager, translator.
Each team must have replacement players. Their number can reach five people and they need to be present at playground during the gameplay.
A player becomes a substitute when the referee gestures for the substitute to a place on the playing court. If, during a break or time-out, the substitute himself asks the scorer to change players.

Read also:

All sports games are similar to each other. They consist in the rivalry of two teams or players for a certain number of points.

Basketball is no exception. This is one of the most popular sports games that has gained a large number of fans around the world. Adults, students and schoolchildren love to play basketball.

As in any sports game, the rules of basketball have their own nuances. What are they?

Briefly about the rules of the game of basketball

During the game, participants must throw the ball into the opponents' basket. Freely moving around the field, the players pass the ball to each other. Behind certain types hits are awarded a certain number of points.

The playing field and its elements must comply with the FIBA standard - the international basketball federation.

The duration of the match and the number of halves in basketball

Basketball is one of the few games where only pure time is counted. This is the period during which the ball was in bounds. There is even the concept of a "dead ball" - one that is out of the game. Time stops when the ball leaves the field.

In total, 4 halves of 10 minutes must be played in the match. This is international standard, adopted by all leagues except one - the NBA (National Basketball Association). In the NBA, a quarter of a game is 12 minutes long. It turns out that the total duration of net playing time is 40 (48) minutes.

There are 2 minute breaks after each half. After the second half there is a 15 minute break.

At the beginning of the game, the ball is played with a toss. Players at this time must stand in their positions.

The arrangement is shown in the diagram:

Basketball field: dimensions, markings, shields

By conditional rule the length of the field should be about 2 times the width. According to this principle, amateur sites are made.

Good to know: according to the FIBA standard, the length should be 28 m, width - 15 m. The field area - 420 m. This size is used for tournaments and international competitions.

The site can be divided into 3 zones:

central part (consists of a central line and a zone, which is a circle);
three-point line (located between the center and the shield);
penalty line (located near the shield).

Boundary strips are marked along the perimeter of the field. The lines indicated in width are facial, in length are lateral. The width of any line according to the standard is 5 cm. Sometimes a protective net is placed around the perimeter.

The backboard support, according to the standard, is located at a distance of 2 m from the front line. The height of the support is 2.15 m. The height of the shield from the floor level is 3.05 m.

Shield dimensions:

thickness - 3 cm;
length - 1.8 m;
height - 1.05 m.

The shield is installed at a height of 2.9 m.

Basketball ball, net and basket

The main item in the game is a basketball. It must also have certain parameters.

Few people know that basketballs are divided by size. Each size is designed for a specific team, for example, women's, children's.

Depending on the size, the characteristics of the ball should be as follows:

size 3 (children, up to 7 years): weight - up to 330 g, circumference - 560-580 mm;
size 5 (children, 7-12 years old): weight - up to 500 g, circumference - 690-710 mm;
size 6 (female): weight - up to 540 g, circumference - 720-740 mm;
size 7 (male): weight - 567-650 gr, circumference - 750-780 mm.

The basketball net should hold the ball for several minutes when it hits the hoop. Mesh length according to the standard is 400-450 mm. Also, according to the FIBA standard, the basketball net must have 12 loops intended for attachment.

The ring is fixed on the shield support. The places where the mesh is attached to the ring should not be more than 8 mm. This is necessary so that the fingers of the players do not fall into them.

Number of players in a team

There are 10 players on the field, 5 in each team. A few more are in stock. Usually there are 5-7 of them.

You can make an unlimited number of substitutions. But this is done only at the moment when the stopwatch is stopped.

Refereeing in basketball

There are two referees in the game: the referee and the chief referee. There are also 3 assistants responsible for time.

Briefly about the duties of the Chief Referee:

check equipment;
play the ball;
decide whether a hit counts if this issue is in dispute;
make a decision if the assistants do not come to a common conclusion.

Also, the chief referee has the right to end the game.

Rights and duties of a judge:

put the ball into play;
determine when the ball became "dead";
serve the ball for the introduction;
allow substitutions.

The referees must be on the field during the game. The rest are sitting at the table.

Judges use gestures to indicate certain moments.

Referee gestures in basketball:

Passing and dribbling

During the game, the ball must constantly be in motion. A player in a jog either leads it himself or passes it to the players of his team.

When dribbling, the ball constantly bounces off the floor with the help of the hand.

There are several types of transfers:

with one hand from the shoulder;
with one hand above the head;
one hand from below;
with two hands from the chest;
with two hands from the head;
two hands below;
two hands with a rebound from the floor.

Depending on the circumstances of the game, passes can be performed in different ways. For example, with a turn, a turn, a half turn. Top gears can be performed while jumping.

fouls in basketball

A foul is a violation of the rules associated with unsportsmanlike conduct.

Types of fouls:

personal (unintentional contact with the player);
unsportsmanlike (intentional contact with a player);
technical (violation in which there was no contact);
disqualifying (serious violation, for example, causing injury).

What is forbidden in basketball

During the game, you cannot do the following:

kick the ball;
run with the ball without bouncing off the floor;
stand still with the ball in hand;
carry out double dribbling (after the player takes the projectile, he has the right to dribble only 1 time, then the ball must be passed to another player).

Its useful to note: kicking the ball unintentionally is not considered a foul.

How the winner is determined

The team with the most points at the end wins. There can be no draw.

If the teams have an equal score, extra time is assigned (overtime - 5 minutes).

The history of basketball speaks of numerous rule changes since the game's inception. FIBA has the right to change any item from established rules. Now the main goal of these changes is to make the game more spectacular.

(at the end of the article you can download the full official Basketball rules)

Rules of the game. The game is played on a rectangular court 28 meters long and 15 meters wide (previously, its dimensions were 26 × 14 meters, respectively) with a special ball.

Until the late 1960s, official competitions were held both outdoors and in gyms. Since 1968, all official matches have been played indoors only. The largest basketball tournaments are usually held in halls with a height of at least 7 m.