How to identify a load bearing wall. Load-bearing, self-supporting and load-bearing walls Self-supporting walls

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2 Curtain Walls

3 curb at the foot of the wall

4 curb at the foot of the wall

5 pit along the wall

6 rusticated plastered walls

7 adjacent walls

8 WALLS

9 and the walls have ears

10 walls have ears

[saying]

⇒ one can be overheard because another or others might be listening surreptitiously, even the most secret conversations may become known to others:

- - (even) the walls have ears.

11 like peas from the wall

⇒ all requests (orders etc) are ignored, disregarded by s.o.; all attempts to persuade s.o. to do sth. or to change his mode of behavior produce no results, have no effect on s.o.:

- (it "s) like beating (banging) your (one" s) head against the wall (a wall, a brick wall, a stone wall) ;

- you might as well beat (bang) your head against a wall (a brick wall, a stone wall) ;

- you might as well talk to the wall (a wall, a brick wall).

♦ All this was told to him [Nadelashin] at the same time. But no matter what you say to Nadelashin, everything is like peas against the wall (3a Solzhenitsyn). had not been told about it at the time. But no matter how often one spoke to Nadelashin, it was like beating one's head against a stone wall (3a).

♦ "I tried to negotiate with this Golem - like peas against a wall..." (Strugatsky 1). "I tried to come to an agreement with this Golem. It"s like talking to a brick wall" (1a).

♦ "Careful. It's slippery here. How many times I said not to pour slops in front of the door - like peas against a wall" (Pasternak 1). Careful - it's slippery. I don"t know how many times I"ve told them not to throw the slops out of the door - might as well talk to a wall" (1a).

12 houses and walls help

[saying]

etc

- etc) ;

- [usu. in sporting contexts] etc) advantage.

13 home walls help

[saying]

⇒ a person feels more sure of himself, performs better etc in his home or usual, familiar surroundings than he does in an unfamiliar setting:

- it helps to be in your own territory (in your own home, on your own turf etc) ;

- [usu. in sporting contexts] one has the home court (field etc) advantage.

14 Houses and walls help

15 battlement wall

16 home walls help

houses and walls help

last

We were afraid to start the engine at the factory, where we were still people from the outside ... Now the factory, it seemed, was not needed: the walls help at home; we will finish it at home, on our machines. (A. Beck, Life of Berezhkov)- We were afraid to test the engine at the works, where we were still regarded as outsiders... We had no more need of the works, we thought. There's no place like home and your own machines for developing an engine.

During the construction of houses, both multi-storey and private country houses, load-bearing or self-supporting walls can be erected. The first type of enclosing structures experiences serious loads from floors and roofs. Self-supporting walls are vertical elements buildings on which nothing rests. During the operation of the house, loads in such structures arise only from their own weight.

What are they?

Basic distinctive feature self-supporting walls, in comparison with loaded ones, is that they have a small thickness. Material during their construction, respectively, takes less. The thickness of the walls of this variety, depending on what they were built from, can vary between 50-380 mm.

Operation features

According to the SNiP standards, in such structures, when redevelopment is carried out in multi-storey and country houses it is allowed to make openings or expand them to the required parameters. Also, the walls of this variety, in some cases, can even be dismantled and rebuilt without the risk of collapse of other building structures.

Calculation

Before the start of the construction of any house, of course, a detailed project is also drawn up. At the same time, such an operation as the calculation of walls of self-supporting, non-bearing and loaded for stability is also performed. For brick structures, for example, such calculations are made taking into account the data of several tables from paragraphs 6.16-6.20 of SNiP II-22-81. In any case, when calculating the stability of a self-supporting wall, the correspondence of the ratio of its thickness to height with a given geometry to standard values is determined.

Construction features

It is allowed to build such enclosing structures from almost any material. Self-supporting walls are building elements that can be built from wood, brick, blocks. In any case, such structures are assembled exclusively on strong supports. Their foundations are poured simultaneously with the foundation of the building itself.

Brick, block, etc. self-supporting walls are mated with other types of enclosing structures exclusively using flexible connections. When using rigid ones, due to the unequal degree of loading, the elements of the building may subsequently crack and deform. Accordingly, it will become unsafe to live in the house.

Self-supporting walls are structures that are supposed to be reinforced when laying bricks or blocks according to the standards. However, such enclosing parts of buildings are usually not as carefully strengthened as loaded ones. Rods in the construction of walls of this type are inserted through large quantity masonry rows. Reinforcement for such structures, according to the standards, is allowed to use a diameter of 1-2 mm.

Materials for multi-storey buildings

During the construction of high-rise buildings, self-supporting external walls can be built from:

ceramic bricks of hollow, porous, full-bodied;
silicate brick.

When erecting buildings of not too high number of storeys, blocks are sometimes also used:

arbolite;
ceramic;
from foam or aerated concrete;
expanded clay concrete and any other large format.

A feature of such materials in comparison, for example, with the same brick, is a relatively low degree of strength. Therefore, their standards are allowed to be used, depending on the variety, when building houses with a height of no more than 3-5 floors.

During the construction of any building are used Various types walls, each of which plays an important role in construction.

What are self-supporting walls? How their design differs from load-bearing and non-bearing walls, this is all about today in our article.

wall types

There are several types of walls that are present in every multi-storey or private house.

Bearing wall- the main carrier-enclosing vertical design building, resting and transferring to the foundation the load from the ceilings and the self-weight of the wall, separating adjacent rooms in the building and protecting them from impact external environment.
- an external enclosing vertical structure that protects the interior of the building from the effects of the external environment, resting and transferring the load from its own weight to the foundation.
Curtain wall – outer wall, based on the ceiling within one floor with a floor height of not more than 6m. (with a higher floor height, these walls are self-supporting) and protecting the building from the outside from the effects of the external environment.
Partition- an internal vertical enclosing non-bearing wall, based on the floor, and separating adjacent rooms in the building.

What are they?

The main distinguishing feature of self-supporting walls, in comparison with loaded ones, is that they have a small thickness. Material during their construction, respectively, takes less. The thickness of the walls of this variety, depending on what they were built from, can vary between 50-380 mm.

Self-supporting walls are basically only external enclosing structures. Such elements of the building simply protect its interior from wind and precipitation, adjoining the main frame. Ceilings to such walls are attached to the side on all floors in height. During the construction of houses, both single-layer and multi-layer self-supporting enclosing structures can be erected. If walls of this type are inside the building, they only serve as partitions.

Operation features

According to the SNiP standards, in such structures, when redevelopment in multi-storey and country houses, it is allowed to make openings or expand them to the required parameters. Also, the walls of this variety, in some cases, can even be dismantled and rebuilt without the risk of collapse of other building structures.

Calculation

Construction features

Self-supporting walls are structures that are supposed to be reinforced when laying bricks or blocks according to the standards. However, such enclosing parts of buildings are usually not as carefully strengthened as loaded ones. Rods in the construction of walls of this type are inserted through a greater number of rows of masonry. Reinforcement for such structures, according to the standards, is allowed to use a diameter of 1-2 mm.

Materials for multi-storey buildings

During the construction of high-rise buildings, self-supporting external walls can be built from:

ceramic bricks of hollow, porous, full-bodied;
silicate brick.

When erecting buildings of not too high number of storeys, blocks are sometimes also used:

arbolite;
ceramic;
from foam or aerated concrete;
expanded clay concrete and any other large format.

Bearing wall (Fig. 1)- the main bearing-enclosing vertical structure of the building, which rests and transfers the load from the ceilings and the own weight of the wall to the foundation, separating adjacent rooms in the building and protecting them from the effects of the external environment.

Self-supporting wall (Fig. 2)- an external enclosing vertical structure that protects the interior of the building from the effects of the external environment, resting and transferring the load from its own weight to the foundation.

Fig.2. Self-supporting wall
(the outer wall rests on the foundation, and the ceiling adjoins the wall)

Curtain wall (Fig. 3)- an external wall resting on a ceiling within one floor with a floor height of not more than 6 m. (with a higher floor height, these walls are self-supporting) and protecting the building from the outside from the effects of the external environment.

Partition- an internal vertical enclosing non-bearing wall, based on the floor, and separating adjacent rooms in the building.

In buildings with self-supporting and non-load-bearing external walls, loads from coatings, ceilings, etc. are transferred to the frame or transverse structures of buildings.

In the house, the walls that stand on the foundation and on which the ceilings rest will be carriers.

And the walls standing on the foundation without resting the ceiling on them will be self-supporting.

Fig.3. Non-bearing wall (outer wall rests on the floor slab)

Walls of Miscellaneous constructive purpose carry different loads. To provide the necessary bearing capacity for different walls choose a certain wall thickness and the strength of the materials used.

For example, internal and external load-bearing walls of buildings made of aerated concrete blocks up to 3 floors inclusive are recommended to be made from blocks of classes in compressive strength not lower than B2.5, with glue or mortar of grade not lower than M75; at a height of up to 2 floors inclusive - not lower than B2 on glue or on a solution of grade not lower than M50.

For self-supporting walls of buildings up to 3 floors high, the block class must be at least B2.

Question 13. Walls and roofing of one-story industrial buildings. Top lights. Attachment of roofs to walls and parapets. Drainage device.

Question 7. Load-bearing stone walls, including lightweight ones. Walls of small and large blocks, panel walls

MOTHER TERESA LAYED ON A PEDESTAL IN THE CENTER OF THE LIGHT ROOM. MORTENSON CAREFULLY PUSHED OTHER BOUQUETS AWAY TO MAKING A ROOM FOR HIS FLOWERS, AND SAT AT THE WALL.

Walls are called structural elements buildings that serve to separate a room from the outside (external walls) or one room from another (internal walls).

By the nature of the work, the walls are divided into: load-bearing, self-supporting and hinged .

load-bearing walls perceive the load from their own weight and other structures and transfer it to the foundations.

Self-supporting walls carry the load only from their own weight along their entire height and transfer it to the foundations.

curtain walls Walls are fences that rest on each floor on other elements of the building (framework) and perceive only their own mass within one floor.

The following requirements are imposed on the walls: they must have sufficient strength and stability, have the necessary heat and soundproofing properties, be flame retardant, durable and economical. Sound insulation requirements are mainly applied to the walls of residential buildings.

Optimal Thickness walls must be at least the limit determined by static and thermal calculations.

Since January 1997, the Amendments to SNiP 11-3-79 "Construction Heat Engineering" came into force: the required heat transfer resistance for residential premises has been doubled, and since 2000 it has been increased by 3.45 times. If you follow the letter of the law, then brick walls should be built with a thickness of 1.5 meters, so it is advisable to use combined structures of external walls: the bearing part of the wall, of minimum thickness, plus effective insulation and decorative trim.

According to the type of material, the walls can be stone, wooden, or combined (such as "sandwich"). stone walls according to the design and construction method, they are divided into masonry, monolithic and large-panel walls. Combined walls- various panel-frame houses.

Masonry is a structure made of individual wall stones, the seams between which are filled masonry mortars. To create a solid monolithic system, the rows of masonry are made with a mismatch of vertical seams, that is, with their dressing.

monolithic wall. The wall structure is reinforcing cage and concrete. To pour concrete, formwork must be set. Formwork can be removable and fixed.

Panel-frame Houses. Panel houses as a rule, they are manufactured in factories and assembled at the customer's site. Panel materials: core insulation (expanded polystyrene or mineral wool), “clad” on both sides with LSU or OSB sheets.

frame houses . Such houses have many options (manufactured at the factory or built on the site).

Bearing walls are erected in frameless and incomplete frame buildings. They are made of bricks, small and large blocks. Performing both load-bearing and enclosing functions, such walls perceive the load from the roof, ceilings, wind forces and sometimes loads from handling equipment. Load-bearing walls rest on foundations. Self-supporting walls carry their own weight within the entire height of the building and transfer it to the foundation beams. Wind loads, acting on the walls, perceives the frame of the building or half-timbered. The wall filling is connected to the frame with flexible or sliding anchors that do not prevent the walls from settling. The height of self-supporting walls is limited depending on the strength of the material and the thickness of the wall, the pitch of the wall columns, the magnitude of the wind load, etc. Self-supporting walls are made of bricks, blocks or panels.
Non-bearing (curtain) walls perform mainly enclosing functions. Their mass is completely transferred to the columns of the frame and fachwerk, with the exception of the lower window sill, which rests on the foundation beams. The columns take up the weight of the non-load-bearing walls through girders, half-timbered crossbars or supporting steel tables.

Light curtain walls, not being load-bearing structure, have one purpose - to protect the premises from atmospheric influences. Application effective heaters and thin sheet facings allows, with a small mass of curtain walls, to ensure their high heat-shielding properties, and their manufacture without wet processes determines a satisfactory humidity regime of premises from the first days of operation of buildings.

Curtain walls from frame panels two floors high were used in the building of the Institute of Scientific and Technical Information in Kyiv. The frame of the panels, measuring 2.8X7.2 m, is made of extruded aluminum profiles, the glazing is made of double-glazed windows. The blind areas of the panels are lined with outside stemalite, with internal - chipboard. Used as a heater semi-rigid mineral wool plates. Joints between panels are filled mineral wool and covered with aluminum protective and decorative elements.

The thickness of the walls with foam glass insulation, semi-rigid mineral wool boards, FRP-1 phenol-resol foam plastic is approximately 100-120 mm, which makes it possible to reduce the volume of the building (without changing the area of the premises) and, accordingly, the consumption of materials. Ceteris paribus, this helps to reduce the cost of 1 m 2 of buildings.

In buildings erected in the Far North, light panels are mainly used, consisting of two outer aluminum sheets 0.8-1.5 mm thick, between which there is a heater ( polystyrene foams PSB, PSB-S phenolic FRP-1, Vilares-5 or polyurethane PPU-ES, PPU-308, density 35-80 kg / m 3); such panels in most cases have framing ribs. In the conditions of the Far North, the use of light panels dramatically reduces their thickness - up to 150 mm, and hence the mass (for comparison: the thickness of lightweight concrete walls reaches 600 mm, brick - 770 mm)

Wall panels dimensions 1.3x3.5 m and 1.3x4.5 m with facings made of 1.5 mm thick aluminum sheet, with framing ribs that perceive transverse loads, made of bakelized plywood 10 mm thick and polyurethane foam insulation used in one-story residential buildings in the north.