Target: to reveal the features of the structure of the honey bee in connection with the social way of life, the role in nature and in human life.
Lesson type: a lesson in analytical thinking.
During the classes
group work
I. Motivational conversation
(the lesson begins by asking the children questions about the family):
- What can you say about your family?
- How can you describe your family in one word?
- Why is your family the most friendly?
Family - seven I, all together. Although we study insects, family relationships there are among them. These insects include bees and ants. Today we will talk about bees.
II . Intrigue
In the entire history of mankind, there is no more studied and, at the same time, more mysterious insect than a bee. Why? You will learn about this at the end of the lesson.
III. Memory
Group work:
Group 1: Development with complete transformation
Group 2: Development with incomplete transformation
Group 3: What are the similarities and differences between 2 types of transformation. What is the advantage of development with complete transformation.
IV. Learning new material (return to intrigue)
Bees are social insects. Community - big family. They share food with each other, take care of each other.
The uterus has a long body, the abdomen is elongated. Drones medium size with big eyes. Worker bees have devices for collecting pollen (brush, basket, mirror)
There are 100 thousand worker bees in the family, they clean the hive, collect nectar, take care of the queen and larvae, protect the hive from enemies. In a bee family, the main bee is the queen, which lays up to 2000 eggs per day. She lives for about five years. Drones do not take any part in the work. The main task is the fertilization of the uterus. In autumn, the worker bees drive the drones out of the hive and they die. All care for the hive lies with the worker bees6 growing up, each worker bee changes several "professions". She builds combs, cleans cells, feeds larvae, takes food from incoming bees and distributes it in the hive, ventilates the hive, guards it, and finally, begins to fly out of the hive for nectar. Bees communicate with each other through touch and secretions. Bees have a "language of dance". Complex behavior social insects- instinct.
Bees build honeycombs. They crawl on the flowers and pollen falls on the hairs of the body of the insect. Then the bee cleans the pollen into a basket with help. Special brushes. Soon a ball of pollen will form there. Perga is honey-soaked pollen. Bees have an extended goiter - honey. There is honey. For a year, a bee colony receives 100 kg of honey. (presentation)
V. Effective consolidation
Group 1: fill in the table:
Group 2: What are the similarities of the uterus, drone, worker bee
Group 3: What products do bees give? How they are formed.
Tasks for all groups:
Explain terms: uterus, drone, pocket mirror, honeycomb, basket, goiter, perga, swarming, instinct, "the language of bees."
Explain the statements:
If bees die out on earth, humanity will have 4 years to live.
Albert EinsteinThe bees can tell their mates where the sweet nectar flowers are.
AristotleFrom the bellies of the bees comes the drink different colors that brings healing to people. Verily, in this is a sign for a people who think.
Koran
VI. Disclosure of intrigue
In the entire history of mankind, there is no more studied and, at the same time, more mysterious insect than a bee. Moreover, it can be argued that man also owes his origin to the bee to a large extent. After all, it was she who for millions of years, tirelessly pollinating plants, developed and improved vegetable world planets, and with it the animal world.
For many millennia she lives next to a man, but nothing and no one can tame her. At the same time, it is the bee, which has a terrible weapon against enemies, that allows a person to unceremoniously invade his home and make any (within reason) changes and rearrangements in it, and once a year take away the vital thing - his food.
VII. Homework
Paragraph 28. Type of arthropods, preparation for verification work.
form among themselves organized groups(societies) acting as a whole. Such are many membranous-winged - ants and bumblebees, as well as some bees and wasps. A similar way of life was acquired by termites - insects with incomplete transformation.
A family
Everyone at the heart of the group publicinsects lies the family, but the family has greatly expanded and transformed.
It consists of a fertile female (she is called a queen or queen) and her many barren daughters, forming a caste of workers. The uterus is usually much larger than the workers, and its organism is adapted to produce very a large number of eggs. Workers feed the queen, build chambers for eggs and larvae, and nurse the larvae until they become pupa. In most cases, the uterus lives longer than barren daughters (in ants, 6-7 years, up to 18 years). Workers build and repair the nest, clean it, ventilate it, heat it, protect it from the outside and on the approaches to it. They scout for new sources of food, collect it, take it to a nest where they can different ways pack, preserve and process. They may take care of mushroom plantations or their "milk animals".
Social insects share food with each other all the time and everyone can use its reserves.
Each working individual has programs for all forms of labor necessary for the prosperity of the family. Usually, the insect switches from one type of work to another depending on its age.
But in some social insects, workers are divided into podcasts, such as foragers (food gatherers) and soldiers. The latter have a body structure different from foragers - powerful adaptations for defense and attack. They protect the nest and foragers, wage territorial wars, but they themselves cannot get food.
In termites, the composition of the family is somewhat different: the working caste consists of barren individuals of both sexes, and their father is kept in the nest with the female and fertilizes her as needed.
Communication (communication)
Family members very clearly interact with each other, understand each other thanks to the innate communication system.
It is based on "language" - a complex code of signals, sound, visual, tactile and chemical. With the help of such a language, it is impossible to convey any information (that is, two bees, unlike us, cannot “talk” about anything). But on the other hand, in strictly defined areas, very complex information can be transmitted. For example, returning from a new flowering tree to a hive, a scout bee, using an innate encoding program, translates information about the direction to blossoming tree, the distance to it, the abundance of flowers and the appearance of a flowering plant in a set of standard movements that she will perform in front of other bees in the hive (the so-called dance). Forager bees, following the dancing bee and repeating all its turns, decode the dance, and they nervous system receives information embedded in the dance by a scout.
For deciphering the informational meaning of the dance of bees, which excited the mind of man since ancient times, the German entomologist Karl Frisch was awarded the highest award in the scientific world - the Nobel Prize.
Uterus
Previously, people thought that the insect society was like a state, and was controlled from some center. Did you think that the uterus rules the family, that's why she was called the "queen". Now we know that there is no such center, and all members of society interact on the basis of behavioral programs and information flows coming from individual to individual. material from the site
The role of the queen in management is that she can lay eggs, from which either barren workers will come out (and they can be of different shapes, if the species has sub-castes), or fertile males (drones) and females (future queens) . But workers can also partially control this process. In Hymenoptera, males are not used in the family. Their function: they must fly away, meet fertile females from other families who went on a mating flight and fertilize them. A fertilized female stores sperm throughout her life. This ensures that all individuals born in the family are consanguineous (that is, descended from one father and one mother) sisters and brothers.
The accumulation of mosquitoes or butterflies that you may observe are temporary, as these insects can live alone. But there are species of insects that exist only because individual individuals live in organized communities - colonies (families). Such insects are called social. How are their colonies organized?
To public insects (Fig. 26.1) include termites, ants, some types of bees, wasps, bumblebees. In the colony, there is always a uterus (queen) - a fertile female. The queen of Utermites always has a "wife" (king) who lives with her. Many sterile offspring form a caste of workers. In bees, it consists of females, and in termites, among the workers, there are both females and males. How are responsibilities distributed among the members of the colony?
The uterus is "responsible" for the continuation of the genus, therefore it continuously lays eggs. They develop into sterile workers, and capable of breeding males, and females - future queens. Usually the uterus lives longer than its barren offspring: bees - up to 5 years, ants - 6-7 years, termites - over 20 years. In hymenoptera, males (tinder or bees) do not live long in the family, they fly away to meet fertile females from other families and fertilize them.
Workers perform all duties to ensure the "life" of the family and its protection. They build a nest with chambers for eggs and larvae, clean it, protect approaches to the nest, and destroy enemies that have entered it. Workers who find food sources, collect it, carry it to the house (Fig. 26.2), are called foragers. They feed the queen and larvae until they turn into pupae. material from the site
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| Rice. 26.2. Foraging ants with prey |
A worker bee usually performs one type of work, then another, depending on her age. In ants and termites, the caste of workers is divided from the very beginning of their life into soldiers and foragers. Soldiers protect the nest, wage territorial wars, but they themselves cannot find food. The physique of insect foragers and insect soldiers is different: the soldiers have adaptations for defense and attack.
Each member of the colony has a program of instinctive behavior that determines his duties. Members of the colony cannot live independently, the reproduction of such insects is possible only with the presence of a family, therefore the existence of their species depends on the well-being of the colony.
On this page, material on the topics:
Social and domesticated insects
Most insects lead a solitary lifestyle. However, there is alsosocial insects . These includetermites, bumblebees, wasps, bees, ants . The community of these insects is one big extended family. Social insects share food with each other, take care of the larvae together, and guard the nest.
Bees and ants are social insects
bees.The social insects arehoney bee . A large family of bees has up to 100 thousand individuals that live in a hive. Most of the insects in the hiveworkers bees. These are infertile females in which a modified ovipositor serves assting . They clean the hive, collect nectar, take care of the queen and larvae, protect the hive from enemies. They live one warm season (less than a year). In a bee family, the main bee isuterus , which lays eggs - up to 2000 per day. The queen is larger than the worker bees. She lives for about five years. In the spring, in May - June, a new queen and several dozen males appear from the pupae in the bee colony, which are calleddrones: they do not take any part in the work, and their main task is the fertilization of the uterus. In autumn, the worker bees drive the remaining drones out of the hive and they die.
All care about the hive lies with the worker bees: growing up, each worker bee changes several "professions". She builds combs, cleans cells, feeds larvae, takes food from incoming bees and distributes it in the hive, ventilates the hive, guards it, and finally begins to fly out of the hive for nectar. Bees communicate with each other in the same way as ants - with the help of touch and excreted substances.
However, only bees have a "language of dance". With the help of special body movements and movements, one bee can tell others where the nectar-rich flowering plants . The scout bee "dances" in the hive on the combs.
On the bottom side The abdomen of the worker bee contains special glands that secretewax . From it, bees, thanks to complex instincts, buildhoneycombs . On the hind legs ah bees there are areas surrounded by long chitinous hairs - baskets. The bees crawl over the flowers, and the pollen falls on the hairs of the insect's body. Then the bee cleans the pollen into the basket with the help of special brushes on the paws of the legs. Soon a ball of pollen is formed there - a pollen, which the bee transfers to the hive.Perga - Pollen impregnated with honey - serves as a reserve of protein food for the bee colony.
Worker bees have a peculiar expansion of the esophagus -honey goiter . From the nectar collected from the flowers, which passed through the honey goiter, the main food supply of the bee family is formed -honey . Cells are filled with honey, which the bees cover with a thin wax layer. For a year, up to 100 kg of honey can be obtained from one bee family.
Although man has been breeding bees for a long time, collapsible frame hives were invented relatively recently - in 1814 by the Ukrainian beekeeper P. I. Prokopovich. Prior to this, in order to extract honey from a bee nest, which, as a rule, was located in a hollowed-out log of a tree, it was necessary to break the honeycomb, that is, to ruin the bee colony. The surviving swarm of bees can live independently, without human help. This indicates that bees are not yet fully domesticated.
Ants- social hymenoptera. They do not have a sting, but a poisonous gland has been preserved, thanks to which they can protect themselves from enemies. Red forest ants are of great benefit to the forest. Ants of one anthill eat tens of thousands of insects per day and protect the forest on an area of 0.2 hectares from pests. They live in families.
The anthill consists of aboveground and underground parts. Most of the ants living in the anthill are wingless working individuals - these are barren females. Their number sometimes reaches a million. In addition to them, a queen lives in an anthill. She doesn't have wings either. She breaks them off after the nuptial flight. All her life she lays eggs, and all the care of the anthill lies with the worker ants. They forage, repair and clean the anthill, feed the larvae and the queen, defend the anthill in case of attack by enemies. Once a year, at the beginning of summer, winged females and males appear from pupae in the anthill, which go on a mating flight. After mating, the males die, and the females shed their wings and found a new anthill. They can also get into the anthill in which their development took place.
Most ants are predators. Some feed on the sweet secretions of aphids. For this, ants guard, "graze"these insects that feed on plants, and sometimes build shelters for them. Other species of ants breed mushrooms in underground chambers for their food, bringing crushed plant leaves for this. There are herbivorous ants.
Ants communicate by touching each other with their antennae, legs, and head. In addition, they have a "chemical language" - they secrete special substances with which they mark their paths. By smell, ants recognize relatives and enemies.
FROM the false behavior of social insects is called instinctive because instinct - a set of innate moments of behavior, fixed hereditarily and characteristic certain kind animals. The behavior of bees, ants, and some other animals is so amazing and complex that it leads many people to believe that it is intelligent. However, these actions of animals are instinctive, unconscious.
domesticated insects
There is only one completelydomesticated insect , not found in nature in the wild, -silkworm ; females of this species even "forgot how" to fly. An adult insect is a thick butterfly with whitish wings with a span of up to 6 cm. The caterpillars of this silkworm eat only mulberry leaves, or mulberries.
Scientists suggest that in the wild, the ancestor of the silkworm lived in the foothills of the Himalayas. The butterfly was domesticated in China around 3,000 BC. e. Nowadays, this insect is completely domesticated. It is bred in China, Japan, the countries of Indochina, in Southern Europe, South America, Central Asia and the Caucasus - where the mulberry tree can grow. There are several dozen breeds of silkworms, differing in length, strength and color of the silk thread they produce.
Silkworm females lay eggs (each female - up to 600 eggs), which are calledgrenay . Caterpillars emerge from them. These caterpillars are fed with mulberry leaves in special rooms on the aft shelves. When pupating, each caterpillar viet for three days.
Lesson on the topic "Bees and ants are social insects"
Target:
- highlight the structural features of the honey bee and ant in connection with the social way of life;
Show the role in nature and significance in human life; prove the need to protect these insects;
- broaden the horizons of students.
Teaching methods : reproductive, search, research, method of collective decision making
Lesson type: learning new material.
Form of organization of classes : educational project.
Project typology : information - research, short-term.
Equipment: multimedia projector, presentation “Bees and ants are social insects, books, handouts, didactic cards.
Form of organization of work in the classroom : class-lesson, group, individual.
Lesson content:
I . Organizing time (Mutual greeting of students and teachers, fixing absentees, checking students' readiness for the lesson)
Call stage:
Before telling the topic of today's lesson, I will give you riddles, and you must guess what the lesson will be about.
1. I smell like summer and pollen.
I'm flying to the flowers with a bullet.
But I am very angry.
To the one who climbs into the hive!
2. In the meadow near the trees The house is built from needles. He is not visible behind the grass, And it has a million residents.
II .Preparation for the main stage of assimilation educational material . Activation of basic knowledge and skills.
- In previous lessons, we began to study the most numerous type of animals - the Arthropod type.What are the signs of this type seen in bees and ants? (listen to children's responses).
Jointed limbs
The presence of chitinous cover.
To which class would you classify these animals?
(to the class of insects).
As you already understood, the heroes of our lesson will bebees and ants.
In view of the fact that there is a lot of information about these insects, we will study this topic as part of the project.
Project goals:
To study the systematic position of the honey bee and ant;
study the structure of a honey bee;
study polymorphism in the hive and anthill; find similarities and differences;
to study the importance of bees and ants in nature and human life; protection of insects;
study the history of beekeeping;
to conclude why bees and ants are classified as social animals;
present our project.
III .Stages of work on the project.
1. 3 groups of students are formed:
Each group receives an instructional map on which a plan for studying the topic area is printed. Answer sheets.
Today's lesson will be done in groups.
"Theorists", 2 "Beekeepers", 3 "Biologists".
The request to group members to remember the rules of work in the group, to observe the time.
On the group work 20 minutes are allotted, the speaker's speech time is 3-4 minutes.
Please get started by reviewing the instructional map.
I wish you good luck.
Instructive card "THEORETICS"
Target: study the systematic position of the honey bee and ant, find out their significance in nature and human life, and propose measures for the protection of insects.
1. The systematic position of the bee and ant.
2. External structure bees:
Consider in more detail the structure of the worker bee in Fig. 1 (reference material) and answer the questions?
What parts is the body of a bee divided into?
How many pairs of wings?
How many pairs of legs?
What are the sensory organs on the bee's head?
Features in the structure of the hind legs. What do you think they are for?
3. What is the importance of bees and ants in nature and human life.
4. Suggest measures to protect insects.
5. Conclude why bees and ants are called social insects?
Instructional map "Beekeepers"
Target: study the history of beekeeping.
1. Where could we find out the information that the bee has become a human pet from time immemorial?
3. What bee products paid tribute, taxes and taxes?
4. What did the ancient Slavs use instead of sugar, and what did they use for light?
5. What was the name of ancient beekeeping?
6. What did the Ukrainian landowner Pyotr Ivanovich Prokopovich invent in 1814?
7. Draw a conclusion that reflects the importance of bees in nature and human life.
Instructive card "Biologists"
Target: study polymorphism in the hive and anthill; find similarities and differences.
Theoretical part.
1. Polymorphism of the bee colony.
2. Polymorphism of the ant family.
3. What is called swarming? What is its biological role?
Practical part.
Using the material of the textbook pages 135-136 and reference material, fill in the table"Polymorphism of bees and ants"
Signs of comparison.
Polymorphism of bees and ants
Uterus
bees
Uterus
ant
Drone
male ant
worker bee
worker ants
1. Body measurements.
l = 18-20 mmm = 0.25 g
Up to 50 mm
l = 15-16 mmm = 0.2 g
Up to 50 mm
l = 12-14 mmm = 0.1 g
2 mm
2. The number of individuals in the family.
1
2 or more
Several
dozens
From several tens to several hundreds
70 000
From a few tens to a million
3. Terms of life.
Up to 5 years
12-20 years old
1 season
Several days, weeks
1 season
Up to 3 years
4. Features of the structure.
Large bee, long pointed abdomen; associated with its reproductive function
similar to workers, but differ from them in the structure of the chest and larger sizes. They have wings that bite off themselves after fertilization
medium sized bee with very large eyes , touching at the back of the head,the abdomen is rounded
Develop from unfertilized eggs, have wings
on hind legsbaskets , on the abdomen of the mirror, expansion of the esophagus - honey goiter; at the end of the abdomenthe sting
Females with an underdeveloped reproductive system , They have no wings, a simplified chest structure, eyes smaller than those of females, or absent.
5. Functions performed.
Pairing
and laying eggs
mating
And laying eggs
Fertilization
females
Fertilization of the female
Cleaning cells, feeding the queen and larvae, building combs, scouting, gathering food, protecting the hive.
Caring for the family (Guards, "nannies", cleaning the nest, etc.)
Answer the questions?
1. Give the concept of polymorphism?
2. Draw a conclusion what is the polymorphism in bees and ants, what is it connected with.
2.Search for information.
Students are encouraged to find answers to the questions indicated in the instruction card. Students work with a textbook, additional literature.
3. Information processing .
Students in groups fill out answer cards, prepare a presentation - the defense of the project, and determine a speaker from their group.
4. Project protection.
Representatives of each group present their work, talk about their achievements, draw conclusions:
1. The bee and its metabolic products are of great practical importance. But the most great importance The activity of bees is manifested in the pollination of plants.
2. A bee family consists of a queen, drones and worker bees. Responsibilities are divided among them in the family.
4. Features of the structure of the worker bee are associated with its "professional" duties.
5. The bee and the ant are "social" insects with complex instinctive behavior, in their caring care for the "baby", in the expediency of the division of labor between family members, in their amazing building art
IV . Homework.
Choice tasks:
Prepare messages about the silkworm
Silk production
Insects listed in the Red Book.
V . Lesson summary and reflection.
Guys, you've done a great job.
I make my comment. And I propose to briefly answer the questions
What is your mood?
Please continue the sentence
It was interesting to me…
We figured it out today...
Today I realized that...
It was difficult for me...
Tomorrow I want to go to class...
