Or petrol. In addition, lighters use Various types ignition - flint, piezoelectric, etc.
Petrol lighters appeared at the beginning of the 20th century and were not very reliable at first. Zippo gas lighters were introduced in 1932 and have a cult status due to their reliability and remarkable history.
Austrian lighter of the 1920s, which served as the prototype for the creation of Zippo lighters
Gas lighters were invented later than gas lighters and were joyfully received by smokers, as they did not give off a pungent gasoline smell and could even be used to light cigars.
Ignition device
Gas lighter with pyrophoric "flint" (cerium alloy - mischmetal).
The principle of operation is based on spontaneous combustion of pyrophoric alloys (ferrocerium) during abrasion; ignited by hot wire electric shock, touching a hot object; piezoelectric discharge; catalytic ignition of vapors of organic substances.
Fuel
In gas lighters, liquefied propane or liquefied butane is used as fuel, which, after passing through the reducer, evaporates, forming a highly flammable mixture of gas and air.
Petrol vapors burn in petrol lighters.
combustion temperature
Depending on the type of fuel, the lighter flame can reach the following temperature values:
- propane-butane - from 800 to 1970 ° С;
- gasoline - 1300-1400 ° C;
Reducer
Design
The design of the lighter directly depends on its purpose. Pocket lighters have small size, they are easy to carry. The design is absolutely any, but the sizes are limited. Desktop lighters are quite rare. These lighters are quite massive and are not designed to be carried. The design of such lighters can be anything. There are also special fireplace lighters, with a large length, they have a small width and thickness, and even lighters from famous brands. Not so long ago, sensor lighters appeared in which gas is ignited without mechanical influences, but by acting on the touch sensor. AT recent times the so-called branded or promotional lighters are gaining more and more popularity. They are an ordinary pocket lighter, on which the necessary information is applied. The information is usually promotional in nature. Widely used large networks shops and establishments of the HoReCa class. Lighters with information are also used for promotions. Information, as a rule, is applied to inexpensive plastic lighters using silk-screen or pad printing.
kitchen lighter
Many lighters for cookers have an elongated spout (so that you can light the oven with them) and there are several types.
Ignition type
Gas
A conventional lighter with a gas container, an elongated spout and a piezoelectric ignition. The lighter is also suitable for lighting fires and fireplaces. Gas lighters are conventional and turbo.
Electrical
They were common in Soviet times, such a lighter is plugged into an outlet. The lighter is tied not only to the house but also to electricity. If there is no electricity in the house, turn on gas stove such a lighter is impossible. Has the most powerful spark effect while the button is pressed. The principle of operation is based on the cyclic closing and opening of the electrical circuit by a spark-producing rod, under the influence of electromagnetic field. The iron-containing rod closes the circuit, turns on the electromagnet, which draws the rod into itself and thereby opens the circuit, the rod returns to its original position under the action of the spring, and the process repeats. The resulting electric arc ignites the gas. The advantages of such lighters: reliable and fast ignition of gas, simplicity and durability of the design. Disadvantages: dependence on an external supply circuit, high level radio interference, risk of electrical injury.
Battery powered
Designed to run on one or more batteries. It is a pulse converter with a step-up transformer. Gives off many weak sparks while the button is pressed.
Piezo
Does not require energy sources or other consumables. It has a piezoelectric in its design. Gives several powerful sparks along the button in one direction and in the other.
Souvenir lighters banned
The EU and a number of US states have adopted or are preparing to adopt legislative acts, prohibiting the circulation souvenir lighters, made in the form of objects that are not lighters (animals, cartoon characters, lanterns, cameras, etc.), which can be mistaken for toys by children and lead to injuries, burns and fires in their hands.
Story
The first lighter, the Döbereiner flint, was invented by Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner in 1823. It was produced until 1880.
The first "flint" lighter was created after the invention of a ferrocerium alloy in 1906 in Austria by Baron Karl von Auerbach. It is this alloy that is the basis for the manufacture of "flints" for lighters. Then the flint lighter acquired a design that has survived to this day almost unchanged: a specially serrated wheel strikes a spark from the “flint”, and the spark ignites the wick soaked in gasoline or the gas coming out of the valve.
The development of lighters was accelerated during the First World War. The soldiers used matches to see the way in the dark, but the intense flash when ignited gave away their location. The need for a fire without a big flash fueled the lighter industry. By the end of the war, lighters were a mass-produced product. The leader in the production of flint lighters at that time was the birthplace of ferrocerium, Austria, and also Germany. A little later, lighters began to be mass-produced around the world.
During World War II, Zippo lighters, made in the US and distributed to US military personnel, became the standard for reliability and functionality among liquid lighters.
see also
- The wheel lock is an invention of Leonardo da Vinci, with a mechanism similar to a lighter.
Links
- Russian-language online encyclopedia of lighters (rus.). archived
- Site of an English collector about rare and vintage lighters (English). Archived from the original on February 24, 2012. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
Lighter length: 9 cm.
Lighter width: 2 cm.
Lighter thickness: 1.2 cm.
Lighter body material: plastic alloy and metal.
Fuel required for lighter: gas.
Lighter brand: Lomai.
Lighter weight: 25 gr.
Lighter Description: long lighter with a transparent body that allows you to see the amount of gas in the lighter, unusual way ignition, from the beginning gas is supplied using a toggle switch at the top of the lighter, then you need to strike the wheel on silicon, the flame from a small flicker of a candle to a long one of almost 5 cm.
Scope of the lighter: for lighting cigarettes.
Lighter color: black.
Type of lighter: gas lighter.
Lighter packaging: no packaging.
The presence of flame adjustment: yes, the flame height regulator is located at the bottom of the lighter, the adjustment is carried out manually, there is also a toggle switch for turning on the gas supply from the top of the lighter.
The online store www.site (ILEC GTI) is an online lighter store where you can buy lighters wholesale and retail, gas lighters, autogenous turbo lighters, gasoline lighters, fire flint, eternal matches in stock and on order.
Now lighters are exclusively an attribute of a smoker, although they once acted as a universal source of fire that served for different purposes. In addition, in the 20th century, another transformation took place with them - from a purely utilitarian item of everyday use, lighters turned into a fashionable men's accessory.
History of lighters
The history of lighters begins in the first half of the 19th century- in 1816. Their very first prototype was called the Debereiner lamp, on behalf of its inventor, a chemist from Germany, Johann W. Debereiner. At that time, hydrogen, a highly explosive mixture, was used as fuel for them. The catalyst was platinum, so given its cost, one can only imagine how valuable lighters were.
In addition to the high cost, the lighter had another significant drawback - it was absolutely non-ergonomic, so it was extremely difficult to hold in your hand, and indeed to use it. It was most of all a desktop, not a pocket item. And yet, it was considered a sign of status and solidity.
The first functional lighters appeared around the beginning of the 20th century, around 1903, when, thanks to the discovery of another chemist (Karl von Welsbach from Austria), a completely new alloy was obtained - ferrocerium, which, under the influence of a metal element, gave a spark. This is what made it possible to turn massive lighters into a pocket attribute. The final miniature version was formed by 1908.
The mass distribution of lighters began with the advent of cheap silicon, which replaced expensive platinum. By the end of 1918, the developers proposed an updated design, and two years later, the lighter became a fashion statement and, at the time of the heyday of art deco culture, was both male and female paraphernalia.
Lighters experienced another reincarnation in 1930, when J. Blaisdell drew attention to them, who later made their case ergonomic: lighters not only became more convenient to hold, but they also received a windproof wick cover. He also redesigned the fuel tank to be more efficient in operation and provided the lighters with a lid. Since then, these novelties have become even more widespread, having decreased in price. And over time, there were already automatic lighters.
The most famous lighter manufacturers today are - trade marks ZIPPO, WINDMILL, SAROME, Ronson, PIERRE CARDIN, Lamborghini, DURAN, DIPLOMAT, COLIBRI, Caran d`Ache, BUGATTI, Im Corona, Philip Laurence, WENGER, etc.
Types of men's lighters
Modern men's lighters are classified by the method of ignition, color, shape, size, type of fuel and even the type of flame.
Types of men's lighters according to the ignition method
According to the ignition method, men's lighters are:
- piezo (ignited using a special element that has a piezoelectric effect and, when physically acted upon, gives a charge, generating a spark);
- sensory (at the moment the lid is opened, the gas supply is simultaneously started and the sensor mechanism comes into action - when a cigarette is brought to the sensing element, it produces a spark);
- silicon (ignition occurs due to the use of a sparking material and mechanical friction on it with a special element; silicon requires periodic replacement).
Types of men's lighters by color and finish
The color of men's lighters is more diverse. Now the following tones are predominant, which are in demand among manufacturers and buyers:
- silver;
- gold;
- blue;
- red;
- black;
- copper;
- green;
- yellow;
- grey;
- chromium;
- brown;
- white and so on
In the course and lighters with a matte body. In general, 95 percent of their composition is zinc alloys with various impurities. The body is coated with non-toxic varnishes and paints. The vast majority of these technologies are classified and belong to manufacturers. There are also lighters with an additional coating of the case. This role can be played by: rhodium, palladium, plastic, metal, gilding, polishing, silvering.
Types of men's lighters by type of fuel
According to the type of fuel used, men's lighters are divided into:
- gasoline (ignition is produced by gasoline vapors);
- gas (liquefied propane or butane are used).
At the dawn of lighters - in the 1930s - they used the so-called naphtha, a special oily substance obtained from petroleum. In 1940, the production of new products was launched in a more modern version - operating on the basis of butane.
Types of men's lighters by type of flame
According to the type of flame, lighters (gas) are divided into:
- conventional (in them, the gas exits at a low speed from the valve located at the top through the divider and then mixes with air);
- turbocharged (in them, the gas first passes through a special turbine diaphragm with an extremely small hole cross section and increases speed sharply; air enters through the side holes in the turbine).
The lighter can be chosen simply on the basis of the principle "like / dislike" or, depending on what the man smokes - ordinary cigarettes, cigars or pipes. Be sure to pay attention to the quality of the joining of parts - since these are mechanisms that use flammable and fire hazardous compounds, therefore there should be no gaps between the elements. Otherwise, gasoline will quickly evaporate, and the gas will immediately evaporate.
Lighter Precautions
Lighters from which the fuel evaporates quickly are not suitable for use.- this indicates that they have a defect or an imperceptible crack. You also need to ensure that particles of small debris, dust and dirt do not get into the lighters. This will block the outlet and cause the hinged lid to be loose. Contact with moisture should also be avoided. It is best not to touch the turbine or divider - this can quickly damage the lighter.
how to help a child?
Hello dear accomplices! At my son's school, there was an extremely unhealthy situation at school and in the classroom. He is studying in the 2nd grade. English gymnasium, in the same place where his father once studied ...
Fireplaces are installed in apartments with a large area, but most often they are used in private estates. In order to set it on fire and not get injured, it is best to use a fireplace lighter.
Benefits of using
Fireplace electric lighters
Safe operation of the fireplace requires the use of special devices for ignition of the flame. Fireplace matches have been used for a long time, however, fireplace lighters have replaced rare items.
Their operation is much safer than the usual way of making fire.
Benefits of using devices:
- comfort;
- functionality;
- wide range of uses.
Varieties of models
Fireplace lighter is of two types:
- gas;
- electric.
Models gas devices for ignition are made of an aluminum case, inside of which there is compressed gas. Ignition occurs with the help of electricity.
All you need to do is press the power button. Such devices can be used not only for a fireplace, but also on a hike, in the country.
Electrical appliances are flameless. Work happens from the accumulator. They are either wireless or connected to a power source.
You need to turn it on directly in the furnace. Then a fire occurs. The required voltage for the device is 220 volts.
How does a piezo lighter work. What is inside.
Applications
All devices for ignition are made on the basis of the basic safety requirements for structures.
Therefore, the devices are made of material that is resistant to high temperatures. Also needed long handle so as not to burn your hands.
Also, manufacturers create various designs and shapes of devices. Many of them can be filled several times.
The main advantage of a fireplace lighter is the comfort of its use.
Made of aluminum alloy, the devices will last a long time. Main areas of application:
- Lighting a fire in a fireplace. The safety and simplicity of the accessory allows it to be used even by teenagers. Convenient length and buttons allow you to keep your hands away from the flame at a great distance.
- BBQ, hiking, picnics. The advantage is that weather conditions cannot affect the fire.
Main manufacturers
A large number of manufacturers and stores offer to purchase fireplace lighters at affordable price from 150 rubles and more.
- The Mig company presents to the attention of buyers a gas lighter with a ceramic piezoelectric element. The main advantages of the model are flame adjustment, safety lock from children. It is also easy to fill it with a regular lighter can. Length 18 cm. Available in several colors.
- ONEY company. Lighters are presented in various designs and forms. Manufactured in several sizes using modern styles and designs. The material of manufacture is plastic.
- Bioker offers an unusual fireplace lighter. Stylish design will perfectly complement any interior. Convenient size 35 cm allows you to safely use the device. The metal case reliably protects from mechanical damage. It has an adjustable flame and is equipped with a refill mechanism.
Also popular is a model with a size of 20 cm. It is refilled, it works from a built-in piezoelectric element. The cost is much higher than plastic due to the use quality materials and unique design.
- Silver Match will be a great accessory for making a fire. Due to the length of 50 cm, it can be used for hanging candles. Made of metal and plastic, equipped with a flame regulator.
- Lighters with bendable tip. The main advantage of the accessory is a bendable rod, which allows you to make a fire in hard-to-reach places. Also suitable for gas stoves. The material of manufacture is plastic, it has an ignition lock. Presented in several colors.
The use of lighters allows you to safely start the fireplace. Many models are equipped with fire control and child lock. Convenient ignition buttons allow you to bring your hand to firewood or coal at a sufficient distance, and not be afraid to get burned by it.
Video: Ignition and combustion of the Tarnava fireplace
”, characterized by small size, ease of use and reliability.
Gas lighters were invented later than gas lighters and were joyfully received by smokers, as they did not give off a pungent gasoline smell and could even be used to light cigars.
Ignition device
Several principles are used:
- spontaneous combustion of pyrophoric alloys (ferrocerium) during abrasion;
- ignition by a hot object (for example, a wire heated by an electric current);
- ignition by an electric spark arising from the rapid closing and opening of an electrical contact or during a breakdown air gap high voltage- the latter can be generated using a piezoelectric element (in lighters without a power supply) or a transformer (in lighters connected to the mains or battery-powered - for example, some kitchen ones);
- catalytic ignition of vapors of organic substances.
Fuel
In gas lighters, liquefied propane or liquefied butane is used as fuel, which, after passing through the reducer, evaporates, forming a highly flammable mixture of gas and air.
Petrol vapors burn in petrol lighters.
combustion temperature
Depending on the type of fuel, the flame temperature of the lighter can reach the following values:
- propane-butane - from 800 to 1970 ° С;
- gasoline - 1300-1400 ° C;
Reducer
Design
The design of the lighter directly depends on its purpose. Pocket lighters are small and easy to carry. The design is absolutely any, but the sizes are limited. Desktop lighters are quite rare. These lighters are quite massive and are not designed to be carried. The design of such lighters can be anything. There are also special fireplace lighters, with a large length they have a small width and thickness, and even lighters from well-known brands. Not so long ago, sensor lighters appeared, in which gas is ignited without mechanical influences, but by acting on a sensor sensor.
Advertising
Recently, the so-called promotional lighters are gaining more and more popularity. They are an ordinary pocket lighter with information, usually of an advertising nature, applied using silk screen or pad printing. Widely used by large chain stores and hotel and restaurant companies to advertise services and promote products.
kitchen lighter
Many stove lighters have an elongated spout (so that you can light the oven with it) and come in several types.
Ignition type
Gas
Electrical
They were common in Soviet times, such a lighter is plugged into an outlet. The lighter is tied not only to the house, but also to electricity. In the absence of electricity in the house, it is impossible to light a gas stove with such a lighter. Has the most powerful spark effect while the button is pressed. The principle of operation is based on the cyclic closing and opening of the electrical circuit by a sparking rod under the influence of an electromagnetic field. The iron-containing rod closes the circuit, turns on the electromagnet, which draws the rod into itself and thereby opens the circuit; then the rod under the action of the spring returns to its original position, and the process is repeated. The resulting electric arc ignites the gas. The advantages of such lighters: reliable and fast ignition of gas, simplicity and durability of the design. Disadvantages: dependence on an external supply circuit, high level of radio interference, danger of electrical injury.
Battery powered
Designed to run on one or more batteries. It is a pulse converter with a step-up transformer. Gives off many weak sparks while the button is pressed. There is also a similar type of lighters on batteries (with the possibility of recharging from the mains).
Piezo
Does not require power sources or other consumables. It has a piezoelectric in its design. Gives several powerful sparks along the button in one direction and in the other.
Certification
There are standards and regulations for the manufacture of lighters: for example, ISO 9994:2005(E) Lighters-Safety specification (“Lighters - safety requirements”), which describes technical requirements to lighters different types, corresponding fire height, inertness of materials, etc.
Souvenir lighters banned
The EU and a number of US states have adopted or are preparing to adopt legislation prohibiting the circulation of souvenir lighters made in the form of objects that are not lighters (animals, cartoon characters, lanterns, cameras, etc.), which can be mistaken for toys by children, and lead in their hands to injury, burns and fires.
Story
The first gas lighter, the Döbereiner flint, was invented by Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner in 1823. It was produced until 1880.
The first modern "flint" lighter was created after the invention of a ferrocerium alloy by Baron Karl Auer von Welsbach in 1903 in Austria. It is this alloy that is the basis for the manufacture of "flints" for lighters. Then the flint lighter acquired a design that has survived to this day almost unchanged: a specially jagged wheel strikes a spark from the “flint”, and the spark ignites the wick soaked in gasoline or the gas coming out of the valve.
The development of lighters was accelerated during the First World War. The soldiers used matches to see the way in the dark, but the intense flash when ignited gave away their location. The need for a fire without a big flash fueled the lighter industry. By the end of the war, lighters were a mass-produced product. The leader in the production of "flint" lighters at that time was the birthplace of ferrocerium, Austria, and also Germany. A little later, lighters began to be mass-produced around the world.
During World War II, Zippo lighters, made in the USA and distributed among American military personnel, have become the standard for reliability and functionality [ ] among liquid lighters.
see also
- The wheel lock is an invention of Leonardo da Vinci, with a mechanism similar to a lighter.
- A turbo lighter is a turbocharged lighter.
Write a review on the article "Lighter"
Links
- (Russian). Retrieved 21 August 2010. .
- (English) . Retrieved 21 August 2010. .
Notes
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An excerpt characterizing the Lighter
“I was there,” Rostov said with anger, as if by this he wanted to offend the adjutant.Bolkonsky noticed the state of the hussar, and it seemed funny to him. He smiled slightly contemptuously.
- Yes! Lots of stories about this stuff!
“Yes, stories,” Rostov spoke loudly, looking at Boris and then Bolkonsky with furious eyes, “yes, there are many stories, but our stories are the stories of those who were in the very fire of the enemy, our stories have weight, and not stories of those staff thugs who receive awards without doing anything.
“Which do you suppose I belong to?” - calmly and especially pleasantly smiling, said Prince Andrei.
A strange feeling of anger and at the same time respect for the calmness of this figure was united at that time in the soul of Rostov.
“I’m not talking about you,” he said, “I don’t know you and, I confess, I don’t want to know. I'm talking about staff in general.
“And I’ll tell you what,” Prince Andrei interrupted him with calm authority in his voice. - You want to insult me, and I am ready to agree with you that this is very easy to do if you do not have sufficient respect for yourself; but you will agree that both the time and place are very badly chosen for this. One of these days we will all have to be in a big, more serious duel, and besides, Drubetskaya, who says that he is your old friend, is not in the least to blame for the fact that my physiognomy had the misfortune not to please you. However,” he said, getting up, “you know my name and you know where to find me; but do not forget,” he added, “that I do not consider myself or you offended at all, and my advice, as a man older than you, is to leave this matter without consequences. So on Friday, after the show, I'm waiting for you, Drubetskoy; goodbye, ”concluded Prince Andrei and went out, bowing to both.
Rostov remembered what he had to answer only when he had already left. And he was even more angry because he forgot to say it. Rostov immediately ordered his horse to be brought in and, after taking a dry farewell to Boris, rode off to his place. Should he go tomorrow main apartment and call this breaking adjutant, or, in fact, leave the matter like this? was a question that tormented him all the way. Now he thought with malice about how pleased he would be to see the fright of this small, weak and proud little man under his pistol, then he felt with surprise that of all the people he knew, he would not have wanted so much to have his friend like this adjutant he hated.
On the next day of Boris' meeting with Rostov, there was a review of the Austrian and Russian troops, both fresh, who had come from Russia, and those who had returned from the campaign with Kutuzov. Both emperors, the Russian with the heir to the crown prince and the Austrian with the archduke, made this review of the allied 80,000-strong army.
From early morning, smartly cleaned and cleaned troops began to move, lining up on the field in front of the fortress. Then thousands of feet and bayonets with fluttering banners moved, and at the command of the officers they stopped, turned around and formed up at intervals, bypassing other similar masses of infantry in different uniforms; then with measured clatter and clatter sounded elegant cavalry in blue, red, green embroidered uniforms with embroidered musicians in front, on black, red, gray horses; then, stretching out with its copper sound of trembling on carriages, cleaned, shiny cannons and with its own smell of overcoats, artillery crawled between the infantry and cavalry and was placed in designated places. Not only generals in full dress uniform, with impossibly thick and thin waist and reddened, propped up collars, necks, in scarves and all orders; not only pomaded, well-dressed officers, but every soldier, with a fresh, washed and shaved face and cleaned up to the last possible shine with ammunition, each horse, groomed so that, like satin, its wool shone on it and hair to hair lay wetted mane, - everyone felt that something serious, significant and solemn was happening. Each general and soldier felt their insignificance, conscious of being a grain of sand in this sea of people, and together they felt their power, conscious of being part of this huge whole.
Intense chores and efforts began from early in the morning, and at 10 o'clock everything came into the required order. Rows lined up on the vast field. The whole army was stretched out in three lines. Cavalry in front, artillery in back, infantry in back.
Between each row of troops there was, as it were, a street. Three parts of this army sharply separated from one another: the combat Kutuzovskaya (in which the Pavlogradites stood on the right flank in the front line), army and guard regiments that had come from Russia, and the Austrian army. But all stood under one line, under one command and in the same order.
As the wind swept through the leaves, an excited whisper: “They are coming! they're going!" Frightened voices were heard, and a wave of fuss over the last preparations ran through all the troops.
Ahead of Olmutz appeared a moving group. And at the same time, although the day was windless, a light stream of wind ran through the army and slightly shook the weather vanes of the lance and the unfurled banners that were frayed on their shafts. It seemed that the army itself, with this slight movement, expressed its joy at the approach of sovereigns. One voice was heard: "Attention!" Then, like roosters at dawn, the voices repeated in different directions. And everything went quiet.
In the dead silence only the sound of horses could be heard. It was the suite of emperors. The sovereigns drove up to the flank and the sounds of the trumpeters of the first cavalry regiment were heard, playing a general march. It seemed that it was not the trumpeters who played it, but the army itself, rejoicing at the approach of the sovereign, naturally made these sounds. Because of these sounds, one young, gentle voice of Emperor Alexander was clearly heard. He said hello, and the first regiment barked: Hurrah! so deafening, prolonged, joyful that the people themselves were horrified by the number and strength of the bulk that they made up.
Rostov, standing in the forefront of the Kutuzov army, to which the sovereign approached the first, experienced the same feeling that every person in this army experienced - a feeling of self-forgetfulness, a proud consciousness of power and a passionate attraction to the one who was the cause of this triumph.
He felt that it depended on one word of this man that this whole mass (and he, associated with it, an insignificant grain of sand) would go into fire and into water, to crime, to death or to the greatest heroism, and therefore he could not help but tremble and freeze at the sight of that approaching word.
– Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! - thundered from all sides, and one regiment after another received the sovereign with the sounds of a general march; then Hurrah! ... general march and again Urra! and hooray!! which, growing stronger and stronger, merged into a deafening roar.
Until the sovereign arrived, each regiment, in its silence and immobility, seemed like a lifeless body; as soon as the sovereign was compared with him, the regiment revived and thundered, joining the roar of the entire line that the sovereign had already passed. At the terrible, deafening sound of these voices, in the midst of the masses of the army, motionless, as if petrified in their quadrangles, carelessly, but symmetrically and, most importantly, hundreds of horsemen of the retinue moved freely and in front of them were two people - emperors. The restrained passionate attention of all this mass of people was undividedly focused on them.
Handsome, young Emperor Alexander, in a horse guards uniform, in a three-cornered hat, put on from the field, with his pleasant face and sonorous, soft voice attracted all the power of attention.
Rostov stood not far from the trumpeters and from afar with his keen eyes recognized the sovereign and followed his approach. When the sovereign approached at a distance of 20 steps and Nicholas clearly, to every detail, examined the beautiful, young and happy face of the emperor, he experienced a feeling of tenderness and delight, the like of which he had not experienced before. Everything - every feature, every movement - seemed to him charming in the sovereign.
Stopping in front of the Pavlograd regiment, the sovereign said something in French to the Austrian emperor and smiled.
