Method for measuring the levels of the electromagnetic field. Methods for measuring electromagnetic field strength Methods for measuring electromagnetic field levels

The method for measuring the strength of the electromagnetic field consists in placing antenna-sensors in the measured electromagnetic field K and recording the voltages on the load element K of the antenna-sensors U 1 .... U K , proportional to the strength of the acting electromagnetic field, all K antenna-sensors have distinctive amplitude-frequency characteristics, the number of antenna-sensors K is equal to the number of radiation sources N or exceeds it, K N, the intensity of all N components of the electromagnetic field E 1 .... E N is determined from the solution of a system of linear equations. The technical result is to increase the accuracy of measurements, to determine the intensity of all components of the field. 1 ill., 1 tab.

The invention relates to the field of measurement, namely to the section "measurement of magnetic field strength" (class G 01 R 29/08), and can be used to measure the intensity of electromagnetic fields of radio frequencies in the environment, to determine the safety of personnel and solve other similar problems.

Known methods for measuring electromagnetic fields of radio frequencies are based on placing the antenna-sensor in the measured field and recording the voltage induced by the measured field in the load of the receiving antenna-sensor, followed by the calculation of the field strength using known dependencies that relate the value of the field strength and the parameters of the sensor and load (see AN Zaitsev's book "Microwave measurements and their metrological support", M. 1989, p. 163, or Adolf I. Schwab "Electromagnetic compatibility", M. 1998, p. 254). This method is used in measurements at relatively low radio frequencies, in the microwave frequency range a similar method is used, differing in that the power released in the load of the receiving antenna-sensor is recorded when the antenna-sensor is placed in the measured field, and when recalculating the measured value, dependencies are used that connect the value of the released power with the parameters of the antenna-sensors and the power flux density of the measured field (see the book by A.N. Zaitsev "Measurement on the microwave and their metrological support", M. 1989, p. 164).

These measurement methods are implemented using various options for performing antenna-sensors (see USSR Patent A1 1649478 for 1991) in measuring instruments designed to measure the level of electromagnetic fields in order to determine levels hazardous to life, for example, in domestic devices of the type: PZ -16 ... PZ-21, as well as in the latest modification Pole-3, the essence of which is to measure from the output of sensor antennas designed to operate in their frequency range, a voltage proportional to the field strength. In this case, the coefficients of proportionality for each sensor antenna in its range are known.

Methods for frequency-selective measurements are also known, in which the electrical oscillations received by the receiving antenna-sensor and containing oscillations of various frequencies are filtered using band-pass filters, amplify, detect, measure and record the output voltage (see the book by A.N. Zaitsev " Microwave measurement and their metrological support", M. 1989, p. 174).

The method of frequency-selective measurements is mainly used for measuring relatively weak fields. The methods are implemented in various measuring receivers, selective microvoltmeters, which are complex and expensive devices.

The prototype of the invention is a method for measuring the field strength by placing a sensor antenna in the measured field and recording a voltage proportional to the measured strength in the load of the sensor antennas (see the book by A. N. Zaitsev "Microwave measurement and their metrological support", M. 1989 g., p. 163).

The method consists in placing the sensor antenna in the measured field, recording the voltage created by the measured field in the load of the receiving antenna, and determining the electric field strength according to a known relationship linking the value of the measured field strength with the electrical parameters of the sensor antenna and load.

This dependence has the form

E - electric field strength, V/M;

h g (f) - equivalent height of the antenna-sensor, M;

Z n (f) - load resistance of the antenna-sensor, Ohm;

Z a (f) - equivalent resistance of the antenna-sensor, Ohm;

K(f) - the value of the amplitude-frequency characteristic in frequency, M.

The disadvantage of the prototype is the inability to accurately determine the field strength generated by the source at a certain frequency f 1 due to interference from sources emitting at other frequencies f i , where i = 2...N, as well as the impossibility of determining the strength of the electromagnetic field generated by these sources of interference . The voltage induced in the load of the sensor antennas when exposed to N radiation sources with frequencies f i will be determined by the expression

where U - voltage at the output of the antenna-sensor, V;

K(f i) - the value of the amplitude-frequency characteristic at the radiation frequency of the i-th source (f i), M;

E i - electric field strength at the radiation frequency of the i-th source (f i), V/M;

f i - radiation frequencies of the i-th source, Hz;

N is the number of radiation sources in the measured field.

Thus, in real conditions, due to the finite susceptibility of the antenna-sensor radiation with frequencies that are not included in the frequency range of the applied antenna-sensor, the measurement of the true value of the field strengths becomes impossible.

The P3-80 meter is designed to measure the root-mean-square values of the intensity of alternating electric (AEL) and magnetic (NMF) fields and industrial sources in the frequency range of 5-500000 Hz, as well as to measure the intensity of electrostatic fields (ESF).

The main area of application is the control of the electromagnetic environment, the measurement of industrial radio interference, the measurement of biologically hazardous levels of electromagnetic fields in accordance with SanPiN 2.2.4.1191-03, as well as for scientific research.

The meter meets the requirements of GOST 22261, and according to the operating conditions it belongs to group 4 according to GOST 22261-94. The device does not contain flammable, explosive and other substances hazardous to human health and life.

The meter is supplied with the following configuration.

Digital converter of the electromagnetic field P3-80-EN500.

Digital electrostatic field converter P3-80-E.

Indicator unit (IB) type ECOPHYSICS-D1 (complete with a set of batteries: 4 cells type AA (LR6)).

Operational documentation: operation manual, passport.

Technical characteristics of the device P3-80

Operating frequency range of the meter

With converter P3-80-EN500: from 0.005 to 500 kHz.

Measured parameters

In P3-80-E400 (P3-80-H400) mode

Current, maximum and minimum RMS values of NEP (NMP) in 27 bands in the range from 25 to 675 Hz;

Current, maximum and minimum RMS values of the NEP (NMP) in the bands 10 kHz - 30 kHz; 5-2000 Hz, 2 kHz - 400 kHz.

In P3-80-E300 (P3-80-N300) mode

Current, maximum and minimum RMS values of NEP (NMP) on characteristics 30-300 Hz, 300-3000 Hz, 3 kHz-30 kHz, 30 kHz-300 kHz with reference frequencies 50 Hz, 500 Hz, 10 kHz, 100 kHz.

MEASURING THE STRENGTH OF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS USING THE PZ-50V INSTRUMENT

The PZ-50V meter is designed to measure the root-mean-square value of the electric and magnetic fields (EF and MF) of industrial frequency 50 Hz.

Measurement limit:

EP 0.01 - 100 kV / m;

MP 0.1 - 1800 A / m.

Setting the operating time: 3 min.

Preparing the device for measurements: measure temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure. Operation with the device is prohibited at values of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure that are outside the operating conditions (operating conditions: temperature from +5 to +40 ° C, relative humidity up to 90%, barometric pressure 537-800 mm Hg .). Check the presence and external condition of the batteries.

Reset switches:

OFF/CONT/MEAS switch to OFF position.

Switch "x0,l/xl/xl0" - to position xl.

Switch "2/20/200" - to position 200.

How to work with the device

1. Connect the standard cable KZ-50 to the connector on the tail of the antenna-converter (AP) type EZ-50(for EP) or NZ-50(for MP).
2. Screw the plastic handle onto the AP.
3. Connect the connector on the free end of the cable to the counterpart on the indicator UOZ-50.
4. Set the OFF/CONT/MEAS switch to the CONT position. At the same time, the indicator UOZ-50 a number corresponding to the device supply voltage will appear (from minus 100.0 to plus 100.0). If there is no indication on the indicator or if the control number is less than minus 100.0, the batteries should be replaced.
5. Set the switch "OFF / CONT-MEAS" position MEAS.
6. Place the transducer antenna in the measured field, wait 3 minutes.
7. Measurement is carried out separately for the three axes x, y, z. When measuring along each of the axes, rotate the antenna-converter, achieving the maximum reading on the indicator and, at the same time, selecting the measurement limits using the switches "хО.1/х1/х1О" and "2/20/200" so that the meter readings are in range from 0.05 to 0.75. The measurement limit is equal to the product of the values of the switches "x0,l/xl/xl0" and "2/20/200" (in kV/m or A/m).
1. The final root-mean-square value of the intensity vector fields are determined in accordance with the formula: E=V(E x) 2 +(E y) 2 +(E a) 2 or H=V(H x) 2 +(H y) 2 +(H,) 2 .
2. After finishing work with the meter, it is necessary to turn off the power by moving the “OFF / CONTACT / MEAS” switch to the OFF position, disconnect the component parts of the device from each other and put it in a case.

EMI MEASUREMENT WITH THE B&E-METER

Meter of parameters of electric and magnetic fields B&E-meter is designed for express measurements of the root-mean-square values of the electric and magnetic components of the electromagnetic field in residential and working areas, including those from VDT.

Operating conditions of the meter: climatic conditions: temperature from +5 to +40°С, humidity up to 86% at 25°С.

Specifications of the meter: frequency bands in which the rms value of the electric current and magnetic flux density are measured:

¦ band 1 - from 5 Hz to 2000 Hz;

¦ band 2 - from 2 kHz to 400 kHz.

RMS electric field strength range:

in band 1 - from 5 V/m to 500 V/m;

in band 2 - from 0.5 V/m to 50 V/m.

RMS range of magnetic flux density:

in lane 1 - from 0.05 μT to 5 μT;

in band 2 - from 5 nT to 500 nT.

The device is powered by a rechargeable battery. Preparing the instrument for measurements

Make sure that the battery is in working condition (after turning on the device with the “ON” button, the indicator LED does not light up or glows weakly). To restore the battery charge, the device should be connected to the charger, and the charger - to the AC mains (for a period of at least 5 hours).

Place the device at a distance of about 2 m from the intended sources of radiation, turn on the device and wait 5 minutes to establish the operating mode.

Operating procedure

Switch "TYPE OF MEASUREMENTS" to switch on the measurement mode of electric ("E") or magnetic ("B") field. Wait 1-2 minutes. Holding the instrument handle, place the meter with its front end at the measurement point and read the indicator readings. The measurement result refers to the point where the geometric center of the front end panel of the instrument is located. Measurements are taken in each of the three orthogonal axes x, y, G. The protocol indicates the largest value.

Turn off the device by pressing the "ON" button.

The results of measuring the parameters of the electric field in ranges 1 and 2 are given in units of V/m, the results of measuring the parameters of the magnetic field in range 1 are given in units of µT (microtesla), in range 2 - in units of nT (nanotesla). When recalculating, it should be borne in mind that 1 μT = 1000 nT.

EMF measurement methods are based on various physical effects, for example,

force interaction of the MF with the magnetic moment of a physical object or particles of matter,

excitation of the induction EMF in the inductor in an alternating MF,

change in the trajectory of electric charges moving in the MP under the influence of a deflecting force,

thermal effect of EMF on the radiation receiver, etc.

The requirements for modern electronic technology, such as: increasing reliability and noise immunity, reducing prices, dimensions, power consumption - also apply to sensors. The fulfillment of these conditions becomes possible when using microelectronic circuitry and technology, because:

firstly, the electrophysical properties of semiconductors and semiconductor devices, on which microcircuitry is based, strongly depend on external influences;

secondly, microelectronic technology is based on group methods of processing materials for the manufacture of devices, which reduces their cost, dimensions, power consumption and leads to an increase in reliability and noise immunity.

In addition, when using a semiconductor sensor or a sensor whose manufacture is compatible with the technological process for creating integrated circuits (ICs), the sensor itself and the received signal processing circuits can be manufactured in a single technological cycle, on a single semiconductor or dielectric crystal.

The most common microelectronic magnetic transducers include: Hall elements; magnetoresistors; magnetotransistors and magnetodiodes; magnetic recombination transducers.

Optical methods for obtaining information

Optics is a branch of physics that studies the nature of optical radiation (light), its propagation and phenomena observed during the interaction of light and matter

Light has a dual structure and exhibits both wave and particle properties. From the wave point of view, light represents electromagnetic waves that lie in a certain range of frequencies. The optical spectrum occupies a range of electromagnetic wave lengths in the range from 10 -8 m to 2*10 -6 m (in frequency from 1.5*10 14 Hz to 3*10 16 Hz). The upper limit of the optical range is determined by the long-wavelength limit of the infrared range, and the lower limit - by the short-wavelength limit of the ultraviolet. Wave properties are manifested in the processes of diffraction and interference. From a corpuscular point of view, light is a stream of moving particles (photons). The connection between the wave and corpuscular parameters of light is established by the de Broglie formula, where λ is the wavelength, R is the momentum of the particle, h- Planck's constant, equal to 6.548 × 10 -34 J s (in the SI system).

Optical research methods are distinguished by high accuracy and visibility.

optical microscopy

Optical devices such as microscopes are used to study and measure objects of small objects. The class of optical microscopes is very diverse and includes optical, interference, luminescent, infrared, etc.

A microscope is a combination of two optical systems - an objective and an eyepiece. Each system consists of one or more lenses.

An object is placed in front of the objective lens, and an ocular lens is placed in front of the observer's eye. For a visual representation of the passage of light through an optical system, the representations of geometric optics are used, in which the main concept is a beam of light, the direction of the beam coincides with the direction of the wave front.

A schematic diagram of image acquisition in an optical microscope is shown in Fig.1.

For ease of constructing an image in the figure, the lens system of the objective is replaced by a single converging lens L 1 , and the lens system of the eyepiece is the lens L 2 . Subject AB placed in front of the focal plane of a lens that creates an enlarged real image A"B" object near the front focus of the eyepiece. Image A"B" is slightly closer to the front focus of the eyepiece F 2 . In this case, the eyepiece creates an enlarged virtual image. A"B", which is projected at the distance of best vision and viewed through the eyepiece by the eye.

An optical microscope is characterized by the following main parameters: magnification, resolution, depth of focus (sharpness), field of view.

Increase is determined by the magnifying power of all lenses included in the path of optical rays. It can be assumed that by appropriately selecting the magnification values of the objective and the eyepiece, one can obtain a microscope with an arbitrarily high magnification. However, in practice, microscopes with a magnification of more than 1500–2000 times are not used, since the ability to distinguish fine details of an object in a microscope is limited. This limitation is due to the influence of light diffraction occurring in the structure of the object under consideration. Due to the wave nature of light, the image of each point of the object in the image plane has the form of concentric dark and light rings, as a result of which closely spaced points of the object merge in the image. In this regard, the concepts of the resolution limit and the resolution of the microscope are introduced.

resolution limit microscope is the smallest distance between two points of an object when these points are distinguishable, i.e. perceived under the microscope as not merging with each other.

The resolution limit is determined by the formula δ=0.51 λ/A, value A=n sin u called the numerical aperture of the microscope; λ - wavelength of light illuminating the object; n- the refractive index of the medium between the lens and the object; u- aperture angle of the objective, equal to half the angle between the extreme rays of the conical light beam entering the microscope objective.

Data about each lens is marked on its body with the following parameters:

increase ("x" - multiplicity, size);

numerical aperture: 0.20; 0.65, example: 40/0.65 or 40x/0.65;

additional letter marking if the lens is used for various methods of examination and contrast: phase - F, polarization - P (Pol), luminescent - L ( L), etc.

marking of the type of optical correction: apochromat - APO (APO), planachromat - PLAN (PL, Plan),.

Resolution microscope is called the ability of a microscope to give a separate image of small details of an object. Resolution is the reciprocal of the resolution limit ξ = 1/δ.

As can be seen from the formula, the resolution of the microscope depends on its technical parameters, but the physical limit of this parameter is determined by the wavelength of the incident light.

The resolving power of a microscope can be increased by filling the space between the object and the objective with an immersion liquid with a high refractive index.

Depth of field is the distance from the closest plane to the farthest plane of an object that is rendered acceptably focused.

If the points of the object are at different distances in front of the lens (in different planes), then the sharp images of these points formed by it will also be at different distances behind the lens. This should mean that sharp images can only be formed by points lying in the same plane. The remaining points in this plane will be displayed as circles, which are called scatter circles. (Fig. 2).

The size of the circle depends on the distance from the given point to the display plane. Due to the limited resolution of the eye, points displayed by small circles will be perceived as points and the corresponding object plane will be considered as being in focus. The depth of field is the greater, the shorter the focal length of the lens, the smaller the diameter of the active hole (the diameter of the lens barrel or aperture hole). Figure 2 shows the dependence of the depth of field on the listed factors. Other things being equal, that is, with F constant and also constant distance from the lens to the object, to increase the depth of field, the diameter of the active hole is reduced. For this purpose, a diaphragm is installed between the objective lenses, which makes it possible to change the diameter of the inlet.

line of sight optical system - part of the space (plane) represented by this system. The size of the field of view is determined by the details included in the system (such as frames of lenses, prisms and mirrors, diaphragms, etc.), which limit the beam of light rays.

electrostatic fields

Currently, the market for instruments and auxiliary equipment for measuring the parameters of non-ionizing electromagnetic and electrostatic fields is oversaturated. Only in the database of the compiler of the training manual there are detailed characteristics of more than 100 items of a wide variety of devices. This circumstance has led to an unprecedented scale of competition among manufacturers of products, both domestic and foreign. The development of competition, in turn, “promotes” developers and manufacturers to increase the competitiveness of their products, which means to create devices and equipment that implement the most modern achievements of science and technology, in particular, digital technologies are widely used.

The main directions in the creation of new devices today are characterized by the desire of developers to design:

Multifunctional devices (devices with combined functions);

Instruments for measurements in wide ranges;

direct-reading devices;

Devices with an interface that provides the ability to transfer results to a PC;

Devices with the ability to graphically display the results and their automatic analysis;

Devices with the highest accuracy and sensitivity;

Instruments with high measurement speed;

Devices with small dimensions and weight (portable);

Devices that provide an alarm when the measured indicator exceeds a predetermined level;

Instruments that ensure the safety of measurements.

Despite the abundance of devices on the market for measuring the parameters of non-ionizing electromagnetic and electrostatic fields, the principles of their operation remain unshakable. That is, each device has a receiving device in the form of an antenna that captures EMF of various frequency ranges and waves. Further, the energy of these waves with the help of various technologies is translated into an electrical potential, which is recorded on the monitor.

When carrying out measurements and hygienic assessment of non-ionizing electromagnetic and electrostatic fields, it is necessary to be guided by the research methodology, which includes the methods and techniques used as components (definition of concepts in Appendix 1).

Figure 6 shows a diagram of the relationship of the above concepts in the application to instrumental hygienic research.

Methodology

(method +

technique +

their conditions

correct

implementation,

including legal)

Method

[principle

work

appliances +

technique

(device)]

Methodology

(device, function)

Rice. 6. Schematic relationship of methodology, method, technique in

application to instrumental hygienic research

Appendix 4 contains photos of instruments for measuring the parameters of non-ionizing electromagnetic and electrostatic fields, which are most in demand in control systems, including industrial ones. For each of the devices, their main features are given. Moreover, the order of work is not included in the explanations, since experience shows that it is necessary to master the procedure for working with devices or get acquainted with it during direct manipulations with devices. That is, the task of getting acquainted with the devices is solved more effectively when the teacher demonstrates the order of work.

It should be noted that according to their characteristics, these devices are among the most modern modifications and meet most of the above characteristics, which determine the main directions for the creation of new devices.

It should be noted that mastering the methodology for measuring any factor of the human environment with the help of an appropriate device and using the necessary equipment, as a rule, with appropriate motivation, is not difficult. Suffice it to point out that elementary school students can easily cope with this task. That is, the main task in obtaining the skills of instrumental hygienic research is the development of methodology. An analysis of errors in the conduct of these studies indicates that they are mainly due to a violation of the requirements of the methodology. For example, it is possible to quite correctly and professionally carry out any measurement using the device, fully complying with the requirements of the procedure for working with it. However, if the measurement point, measurement time, etc., is incorrectly selected. (components of the methodology), then the final result will not reliably reflect the state of the measured factor. Or if, when measuring a factor, the range of its hygienic regulations (standards) was not taken into account, which is also included in the concept of methodology, then in this case the use of instrumental hygienic studies seems meaningless.

Legal aspects of measurement and evaluation of technogenic non-ionizing and electrostatic fields.

When measuring the levels and characteristics of any factors in the human environment, including EMF and electrostatic fields, an important aspect of the methodology is to ensure the legal consistency of the research results (decoding of the concept is in Appendix 1).

Mandatory conditions for the implementation of instrumental hygienic studies, ensuring their legal viability:

1) Availability of state registration and inclusion in the State Register of measuring instruments with the corresponding number.

2) When using the device in the practice of state sanitary and epidemiological supervision, approval of the intended purpose of the device by Rospotrebnadzor is required.

3) Compliance with the scope of the device specified in the imprint (passport).

4) Compliance of the purpose of the device with passport data.

5) Availability of timely state metrological verification in the State Standard system in accordance with the requirements of the relevant GOSTs.

6) Strictly and as accurately as possible follow the instructions that determine the procedure and conditions for working with the device.

7) Scrupulous completion of protocols of instrumental studies according to the relevant approved forms.

8. The opinion of the ILC managers on the results of measurements of any factors should be based solely on the regulatory legal acts of the system of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Rationing of the Russian Federation.

9. Mandatory availability of ILC accreditation in the Rospotrebnadzor system (presence and number of the accreditation certificate, registration in the system register, registration in the unified register).

10. Careful study of the content of accreditation in order to clarify the question of the legitimacy of the study of a particular indicator.

Requirements for drawing up a protocol for measuring environmental factors and conditions (an example of the recommended form of the protocol is in Appendix 5):

1. The form of the protocol must be approved by the order of the Chief Physician of the FBUZ "Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology".

2. The registration of the protocol must be made on a special form, made by printing or electronic copying.

3. Mandatory indication of the nature of measurements (according to the contract, the management plan of Rospotrebnadzor, drawing up a sanitary and hygienic characteristic, etc.).

4. Mandatory indication of the normative and methodological documents on the basis of which the measurements were carried out and an opinion was formed on the results of the measurement (if various documents are initially given on the form, then it is necessary to select from them those that were actually used in the measurements and underline their names).

5. An opinion on the results of measurements is formed only on the basis of their comparison with the relevant standards; any additional reasoning about the results of measurements is not allowed.

The main legal basis for the implementation of instrumental hygienic research:

1) Normative and methodological documents of the system of the State sanitary and epidemiological regulation of the Russian Federation.

2) Normative documents of the State Standard of the Russian Federation.

3) State register of measuring instruments.

Some problems and typical errors in the implementation of instrumental hygienic studies, which cause the legal inconsistency of the measurement results:

1) Use of devices without taking into account the normalized parameters.

2) Wrong choice of normative and methodological documents.

3) Incorrect selection of measuring points.

4) Selection of instruments with low sensitivity and measurement accuracy.

5) Ignoring the details of the procedure for working with devices.

6) Ignoring the background values of the measured factors.

7) Erroneous decisions in the centralized procurement of instruments and devices (consciously or as a result of a low professional level).

The main methodological aspects of measuring and evaluating the parameters of non-ionizing electromagnetic and electrostatic fields.

Anticipating the material of this paragraph, it should be noted that these methodological aspects are covered mainly in the application to production conditions. This circumstance is due to the greatest relevance of the impact of non-ionizing fields under these conditions.

This paragraph also includes the provision that the essence of the hygienic assessment of the parameters of non-ionizing electromagnetic and electrostatic fields lies in a comparative analysis of the results of measurements of the parameters of these factors and regulatory characteristics.

It is important to point out that all the regulations for the measurement and evaluation of non-ionizing electromagnetic and electrostatic fields outlined below are taken from the current regulatory and methodological documents of the Rospotrebnadzor and Gosstandart systems.

When measuring EMF parameters, it is necessary to take into account the zone in which measurements are made: either in the induction zone (near zone), or in the intermediate zone (interference zone), or in the wave zone (radiation zone). The essence of these zones around EMF sources is given in Appendix 1.

Depending on the zone, when monitoring EMF parameters, one or another of their characteristics is measured.

Measurement and evaluation of EMF radio frequency band (EMF RF).

The control method is the instrumental measurement of EMF levels with the devices listed in Appendix 4.

The main regulatory document used: SanPiN 2.2.4.1191-03 "Electromagnetic fields in production conditions" (extracts are presented in Appendix 6).

In the ranges of LF, MF, HF and VHF (5-8 ranges), the operator's workplace, as a rule, is located in the induction zone, therefore, the intensity of the electrical and magnetic components is measured separately.

When servicing installations with a range of generated frequencies of UHF, SHF, EHF (ranges 9-11), the workplace is located in the wave zone. In this regard, the EMF is evaluated by measuring the value of the energy flux density (PEF).

Before carrying out EMF instrumental control, first of all, it is necessary to correctly determine the measurement points. At the same time, it should be taken into account that measurements must be carried out at permanent workplaces (or in working areas in the absence of permanent workplaces) of personnel directly involved in servicing EMF sources, as well as in places of non-permanent (possible) stay of personnel and persons not related to servicing installations , generating EMF.

When conducting EMF measurements in the environment, the choice of measurement points takes into account the characteristics of the local situation and the antenna radiation patterns (main, side and back lobes).

At each point selected for EMF control, measurements are carried out 3 times at different heights: in production and other premises at a height of 0.5; 1.0 and 1.7 m (for the standing position) and 0.5; 0.8 and 1.4 m (with the working posture "sitting") from the supporting surface. The resulting EMF values should not differ from each other by more than 15-20%.

During measurements, the EMF installations must be switched on for operating modes. To prevent distortion of the field picture, there should be no persons in the measurement area who are not involved in their implementation, and the distance from the antenna (sensor of measuring instruments) to metal objects should not be less than indicated in the technical passports of these instruments.

From the three EMF values obtained at each height, the arithmetic mean value is calculated, which is entered into the measurement protocol.

In practice, there are situations when radiation of different frequency ranges, for which different hygienic standards are established, simultaneously enters the examined room or environment. In this case, measurements are carried out separately for each source with the others turned off. In this case, the total intensity of the field from all sources at the point under study must satisfy the following condition:

Е 1,2…, n is the field strength of each EMF source;

PDU 1,2…, n is the maximum allowable level of EMF strength, taking into account its frequency (range).

In the case when EMF enters the surveyed space not from one, but from several sources, for the range of received frequencies of which the same standard is established, the resulting magnitude of the intensity is determined by the formula:

E sums. is the total estimated field strength;

E 1,2…, n is the strength of the field created by each source.

Similar conditions must be observed when determining the magnetic intensity and energy flux density.

When measuring EMF in the UHF, EHF, SHF ranges, it is necessary to use goggles and clothing.

Repeated EMF measurements must be carried out strictly at the same points as during the initial examination. The frequency of control of EMF levels is determined by the electromagnetic situation of the object, but at least once every 3 years.

The impact of RF EMR is assessed by energy exposure, which is determined by the intensity of RF EMR and the time of its exposure to a person. In the frequency range of 30 kHz - 300 MHz, the intensity of RF EMR is determined by the voltage of the electric (E, V / m) and magnetic (N, A / m) fields - the induction zone. In the range of 300 MHz - 300 GHz, the intensity of RF EMR is estimated by the energy flux density (PES, W / m 2, μW / cm 2) - the wave zone.

Energy exposure (EE) of RF EMR in the frequency range of 30 kHz - 300 MHz, created by an electric field, is determined by the formula:

(3)

EE E - energy exposure of EMR RF in the frequency range of 30 kHz - 300 MHz, created by an electric field, V / m 2;

The energy exposure of RF EMR in the frequency range of 30 kHz - 300, created by a magnetic field, is determined by the formula:

(4)

EEE N - energy exposure of EMR RF in the frequency range of 30 kHz - 300 MHz, created by a magnetic field, (A / m 2)  h;

T is the time of exposure to EMR RF in the frequency range 30 kHz - 300 MHz per person, h.

In the case of pulse-modulated oscillations, the evaluation is carried out according to the average (over the pulse repetition period) power of the RF EMI source and, accordingly, the average intensity of the RF EMI.

For cases of local irradiation of the hands when working with microstrip devices, the maximum permissible exposure levels are determined by the formula:

, where (5)

PES PDU - the maximum allowable level of energy flux density of RF EMR, μW/cm 2 ;

K 1 – biological efficiency attenuation coefficient equal to 12.5 (10.00 with a moving radiation pattern);

T is the exposure time, h.

In this case, the PES on the hands should not exceed 5000 μW/cm 2 .

The maximum allowable levels of RF EMR should be determined based on the assumption that the exposure occurs during the entire working day (shift).

Measurement and evaluation of electrostatic electric fields (ESF).

The main regulatory documents for assessing the ESP under production conditions: GOST SSBT 12.1.045-84 “Electrostatic fields. Permissible levels at workplaces and requirements for control” and SanPiN 2.2.4.1191-03 “Electromagnetic fields in production conditions”. Extracts from SanPiN 2.2.4.1191-03 on the regulation of ESP are given in Appendix 6.

ESP remote control under exposure conditions at workplaces are installed for personnel:

Service equipment for electrostatic separation of ores and materials, electrogas cleaning, electrostatic application of paint and varnish and polymeric materials, etc.;

Ensuring the production, processing and transportation of dielectric materials in the textile, woodworking, pulp and paper, chemical industries and other industries;

Operating high voltage direct current power systems;

In some specific cases (for example, when exposed to an electrostatic field created by a PC).

ESP is characterized by intensity (E), which is a vector quantity determined by the ratio of the force acting in the field on a point electric charge to the value of this charge. The unit of measurement of the intensity of the ESP is V/m.

When hygienically assessing the level of ESP tension, measurements are carried out at the level of the head and chest of workers at least 3 times. The determining factor is the highest value of the field strength.

ESP intensity control is carried out at permanent workplaces of personnel or, in the absence of a permanent workplace, at several points of the working area located at different distances from the source, in the absence of a worker.

Measurements are carried out at a height of 0.5; 1.0 and 1.7 m (working posture "standing") and 0.5; 0.8 and 1.4 m (working posture "sitting") from the supporting surface.

Measurement and evaluation of permanent magnetic fields (PMF).

The power characteristics of the PMF are magnetic induction and intensity. Magnetic induction (V) is measured in T (derivative quantities - mT, μT), intensity (N) - in A / m.

In production premises, the PMF parameters are determined at the permanent workplaces of the personnel, as well as in the places of their non-permanent stay and the possible location of persons whose work is not related to the impact of the PMF.

Evaluation of the results of measurement of PMF - according to SanPiN 2.2.4.1191-03 "Electromagnetic fields in production conditions" (extract - in Appendix 6).

Measurement and evaluation of electric fields (EF) of industrial frequency (50 Hz).

The intensity of the industrial frequency electric field is estimated by the intensity of the electrical and magnetic components.

The electric field strength (EF) created by the power transmission line depends on the voltage on the line, the height of the suspension of the current-carrying wires and the distance from them. The degree of impact of EP on the human body depends both on the field strength and on the time spent in it.

Measurements of the strength of electric and magnetic fields with a frequency of 50 Hz should be carried out at a height of 0.5; 1.5 and 1.8 m from the ground surface, floor or equipment maintenance platform and at a distance of 0.5 m from equipment and structures, walls of buildings and structures.

At workplaces located at ground level and outside the zone of shielding devices, the electric field strength with a frequency of 50 Hz can only be measured at a height of 1.8 m.

Main regulatory documents: GOST SSBT 12.1.045-84 “Electrostatic fields. Permissible levels at workplaces and requirements for control” and SanPiN 2.2.4.1191-03 “Electromagnetic fields in production conditions”. Extracts from SanPiN 2.2.4.1191-03 are given in Appendix 6.

Measurement and evaluation of magnetic fields (MF) of industrial frequency (50 Hz).

MPs are formed in electrical installations operating on current of any voltage. Its intensity is higher near the terminals of generators, current conductors, power transformers, electric welding equipment, etc.

The intensity of the impact of the magnetic field is determined by the intensity (N) or magnetic induction (B). The magnetic field strength is expressed in A/m (a multiple of kA/m), magnetic induction - in T (multiple units mTl, μTl, nTl). The induction and intensity of the MF are related by the following relation:

B \u003d  about  H, where (6)

B – magnetic induction, T (mT, µT, nT);

 о = 4  10 -7 H/m – magnetic constant;

H is the MF intensity, A/m (kA/m).

If V is measured in µT, then 1 A/m corresponds to approximately  1.25 µT.

When evaluating the MF of industrial frequency, SanPiN 2.2.4.1191-03 "Electromagnetic fields in production conditions" is used (extract in Appendix 6). According to this normative document, MP control limits are set depending on the duration of the personnel's stay in conditions of general (on the whole body) and local (on the limbs) impact.

If it is necessary for personnel to stay in zones with different intensity of the MF, the total time for performing work in these zones should not exceed the maximum control limit for the zone with maximum intensity.

The intensity (induction) of the magnetic field at workplaces is measured when new electrical installations are commissioned, when existing installations are expanded, when a room is equipped for temporary or permanent stay of personnel located near an electrical installation (laboratories, offices, workshops, communication centers, etc.), certification of workers places.

The voltage (induction) of the magnetic field is measured at all workplaces of the operating personnel, in places of passage, as well as in industrial premises located at a distance of less than 20 m from the current-carrying parts of electrical installations (including those separated from them by a wall) in which workers are constantly located.

The length of stay of personnel is determined by technological maps (regulations) or by the results of timing. Measurements are carried out at workplaces at a height of 0.5; 1.5 and 1.8 m from the ground (floor), and when the MF source is under the workplace - at the level of the floor, ground, cable channel or tray. The measurement results are recorded in the protocol with a sketch of the room attached and indicating the measurement points on it.

Measurement and evaluation of laser radiation (LI).

The main regulatory and methodological basis for measuring and evaluating LI are:

Sanitary norms and rules for the design and operation of lasers: SanPiN 5804-91;

Laser safety. General provisions: GOST 12.1040-83;

Methods for dosimetric control of laser radiation: GOST 12.1.031-81;

Guidelines for the bodies and institutions of the sanitary and epidemiological services on conducting dosimetric control and hygienic assessment of laser radiation: No. 5309-90.

Dosimetric control can be carried out behind lasers, both with known and unknown technical parameters of laser radiation.

In the first case, the following parameters are defined:

Power density (energy illumination) of continuous radiation;

Energy density (energy exposure) during laser operation in pulsed (radiation duration no more than 0.1 s, intervals between pulses more than 1 s) and pulse-modulated (pulse duration no more than 0.1 s, intervals between pulses more than 1 s) modes .

In the second case, the following LI parameters are subject to dosimetric control:

Power density of continuous radiation;

Energy density of pulsed and pulse-modulated radiation;

Pulse repetition rate;

Duration of exposure to continuous and pulse-modulated radiation;

The angular size of the source (for scattered radiation in the wavelength range of 0.4-1.4 µm).

Two forms of dosimetric control should be distinguished:

Preventive (operational) dosimetric control;

Individual dosimetric control.

Dosimetric control consists in determining the maximum levels of LR energy parameters at points located on the border of the working area (as a rule, at least once a year).

Individual dosimetric control consists in determining the levels of energy parameters of radiation affecting the eyes and skin of a particular worker during a shift. The specified control is carried out when working on open laser installations (experimental stands), as well as in cases where accidental exposure to LR on the eyes and skin is not excluded.

To implement dosimetric control, various modifications of laser dosimeters have been developed. Each of the laser dosimeters has its own measurement frequency ranges and is designed to measure the parameters of various types of laser radiation (direct, scattered, pulsed, pulse-modulated, etc.). In this regard, the laboratory unit of the FBUZ "Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Regions" should be equipped with a full set of laser dosimeters, without which it is impossible to control LI.

There are general requirements that must be observed during LI dosimetry. In particular, after the dosimeter is installed at a given control point and the opening of the inlet diaphragm of its receiving device is directed to a possible radiation source, the maximum reading of the device is recorded.

During dosimetry, the laser installation must operate in the mode of maximum power (energy) output, determined by the operating conditions.

In the case of monitoring continuous LI, the dosimeter readings are taken in the power (or power density) measurement mode for 10 minutes with an interval of 1 minute.

When measuring the parameters of a pulse-modulated LI, the dosimeter readings are taken in the energy (or energy density) measurement mode for 10 minutes with an interval of 1 minute. When controlling the pulse study, the readings of the device for 10 radiation pulses are recorded (the total measurement time should not exceed 15 minutes). If within 15 minutes the dosimeter receives less than 10 pulses, then the maximum reading value is selected from the total number of measurements taken.

When conducting dosimetric monitoring of lasers (installations), safety requirements must be observed. The stand with the dosimeter receiver must have an opaque screen to protect the operator during dosimetry. It is forbidden to look in the direction of the expected radiation without protective glasses. Persons who have received special certificates issued by the Qualification Commission and giving the right to work at electrical installations with a voltage of over 1000 V are allowed to conduct dosimetric control.

LI remote control panels are set for two exposure conditions - single and chronic in three wavelength ranges:

I range: 180<380 нм;

II range: 380<1400 нм;

III range: 1400<105 нм.

The normalized LI parameters are:

Energy exposure (N), J / m -2;

Irradiance (E), Wm -2.

Measurement and evaluation of EMF in the conditions of medical organizations.

Measurement and evaluation of EMF parameters in the conditions of medical organizations are carried out in strict accordance with the regulations set forth in the previous paragraphs.

It should be noted that Appendix 8 to SanPiN 2.1.3.2630-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for organizations engaged in medical activities" contains a well-constructed table that reflects the main normalized EMF indicators in medical organizations. An extract from the specified regulatory document is in Appendix 12 to this training manual, which provides the values of other normalized indicators.

Measurement and evaluation of EMF caused by PC.

Based on the high relevance of this paragraph, appendices 7 and 8 provide a methodology for instrumental control and hygienic assessment of the levels of electromagnetic fields at workplaces from SanPiN 2.2.2 /

2.4.1340-03 "Hygienic requirements for personal electronic computers for the organization of work", as well as normalized levels of EMF parameters.

The general characteristics of devices for measuring EMF parameters created by a PC are given in Appendix 4 of this tutorial.

Features of measurement and hygienic assessment of EMF associated with the use of cellular communications.

Measurement and evaluation of the EMF of this genesis is carried out according to the regulations, depending on the frequency ranges and waves of the EMF RF used by specific telecom operators, presented in the previous sections and paragraphs. The main feature is the choice of the appropriate control point corresponding to the EMF impact zone.

To develop students' skills in assessing EMF, in particular, for solving situational problems, extracts from some regulatory documents are included as applications in the textbook.

SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for living conditions in residential buildings and premises" (Appendix 9).

SanPiN 2.5.2/2.2.4.1989-06 “Electromagnetic fields on floating facilities and offshore structures. Hygienic safety requirements:

(Appendix 10).

SanPiN 2.1.3.2630-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for organizations engaged in medical activities" (Appendix 11).

Tasks for self-control

test questions

1) Explain the essence of the concepts of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (EMF) as natural and man-made factors of the human environment.

2) Explain the essence of the difference between the concepts of electromagnetic field (EMF) and electromagnetic radiation (EMR).

3) Explain the essence of the concept of electrostatic fields (ESF), name their main sources and give their general hygienic characteristics.

4) Explain the essence of geomagnetic fields as one of the most important and ubiquitous geophysical factors of the human environment.

5) Name the main possibilities for preventing the harmful effects of the geomagnetic field on public health.

6) Name the main man-made sources of electric, magnetic fields, EMF and give a brief description of them.

7) Name the units of measurement of the parameters of non-ionizing electromagnetic and electrostatic fields and explain their essence.

8) Give the essence of the modern classification of technogenic EMF according to physical characteristics.

9) What are the main features of the impact on the body of non-ionizing electromagnetic and electrostatic fields of different frequency range and intensity.

10) Name and describe the sources and main criteria for assessing the danger of laser radiation (LI).

11) Give a general description of the system of hygienic regulation of non-ionizing electromagnetic and electrostatic fields.

12) Give a general description of the instrumental base for measuring the parameters of non-ionizing electromagnetic and electrostatic fields.

13) Note the fundamental principles of the methodology for measuring and hygienically assessing non-ionizing electromagnetic and electrostatic fields.

14) What are the main conditions for ensuring the legal consistency of the results of measurement and hygienic assessment of EMF parameters of various nature.

15) Name the main hygiene problems associated with the use of cellular communications.

16) Name and analyze the adverse effects of EMF exposure from various sources on human health.

17) Name and describe the main directions and methods for preventing the harmful effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic and electrostatic fields of various frequency ranges and from various sources.

Test tasks

When working with test tasks when monitoring self-preparation, it is recommended:

1. It is necessary, first of all, to get acquainted with the content of test tasks, to understand their essence, to determine the necessary fragments of the textbook for working with them.

2. The best option for working with tests is a preliminary in-depth study of the educational material for each section, followed by the solution of the corresponding test tasks.

3. Before determining the correct or correct solutions, it is necessary to carefully read and analyze each answer option without exception.

4. After solving the test tasks, it is necessary to conduct a self-assessment of your work with test tasks, comparing the results with the standard answers.

5. Further, it is recommended to conduct an analysis of errors, which can fully reflect the gaps in training on certain issues of mastering the materials of the training manual; based on this analysis, it is necessary to conduct an additional in-depth study of those issues on which errors were made.

6. In order to realize the confidence in mastering the relevant educational material after working on the mistakes, it is possible to recommend re-solving test tasks with their subsequent self-assessment.

7. The most common mistake when working with test tasks is when a student, having met among the answer options the first of the available, in his opinion, correct answer, without having read the other answer options, fixes the number of the answer. Meanwhile, the answer option marked as correct may contain inaccuracies that are eliminated in another or other answer options.

Choose one or more correct answers.

1. ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD (EMF)

1) an electric field that gives the medium magnetic properties

2) a combination of both an alternating electric field and an inseparably connected magnetic field

3) a magnetic field that causes the medium to impart electrical properties

4) electrical energy due to the geomagnetic field

2. ELECTROSTATIC FIELD (ESF) IS AN ELECTRIC FIELD

1) with constant voltage parameters

2) with parameters constant in time

3) stationary electric charges

4) with the properties of negative charges

3. MAGNETIC FIELD (MP)

1) one of the forms of the electromagnetic field, created by moving electric charges and spin magnetic moments of atomic carriers of magnetism (electrons, protons, etc.)

2) an electromagnetic field with a predominant magnetic component

3) an electromagnetic field with the properties of a magnet

4) electromagnetic field arising under the action of a magnet

4. ELECTRIC FIELD (EF)

1) electromagnetic field with a predominant electrical component

2) an electromagnetic field formed in a neutral medium under the influence of electric charges

3) an electromagnetic field with the properties of a dielectric

4) a particular form of manifestation of the electromagnetic field; created by electric charges or an alternating magnetic field and is characterized by intensity

1) determined by the ratio of the force acting at a given point of the field on an electric charge to the magnitude of this charge

2) determined by the level of magnetic induction

3) determined by the voltage of the electric current in the network

4) determining the energy flux density of the electric (magnetic) field

6. RADIO WAVES

1) one of the ranges of electromagnetic waves, characterized by a wavelength from 1 to 0.1 km 1 mm (frequency from 0.3 to 3 MHz)

2) electromagnetic waves with a length of 1 mm to 30 km (frequency from 30 MHz to 10 kHz)

3) 8th range of electromagnetic waves, characterized by a wavelength from 10 to 1 m and a frequency of 30-300 MHz

4) electromagnetic waves, including all ranges in wavelength and frequency

7. ELECTRIZABILITY IS THE ABILITY OF A MATERIAL

1) transmit electric current

2) to the formation of magnetic induction

3) accumulate an electrostatic charge

4) to the conservation of the electric field strength

8. COLLIMINATION

1) the property of the medium to accumulate air ions

2) the process of concentrating energy of any type of radiation

3) the process of formation of a wave zone around an EMF source

4) the process of formation of an induction zone around an EMF source

9. LASER RADIATION (LI)

1) EMP with high energy properties

3) EMP, transmitted in space without wires

4) EMR of the optical range based on the use of stimulated (stimulated) radiation

10. LOCAL (LOCAL) EXPOSURE BY ELECTRIC, MAGNETIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS - THIS IS EXPOSURE

1) due to the influence of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields on a specific person

2) due to the generation of a local source of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields

3) in which individual parts of the body are exposed to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields

4) electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields generated by a point source

11. ENERGY FLUX DENSITY (PEF) IS MEASURED IN

2) W / m 2 (μW / cm 2)

4) (μW / cm 2)h

12. ENERGY EXPOSURE (EE PES) IS MEASURED IN

2) W / m 2 (μW / cm 2)

4) (μW / cm 2) h

14. MAGNETIC INDUCTION (V) IS MEASURED IN

17. WITH THE HELP OF THE INSTRUMENT BE-METR-AT-002 IT IS POSSIBLE TO MEASURE

1) magnetic induction

4) energy exposure

18. WITH THE HELP OF INSTRUMENT ST-01 IT IS POSSIBLE TO MEASUREMENT

1) magnetic induction

2) parameters of electric and magnetic fields

4) energy exposure

19. WITH THE HELP OF THE NFM-1 DEVICE IT IS POSSIBLE TO MEASURE

1) magnetic induction

2) parameters of electric and magnetic fields

4) energy exposure

20. MEASURING THE LEVELS OF VARIABLE ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS, STATIC ELECTRIC FIELDS AT THE WORKPLACE EQUIPPED WITH A PC IS MADE AT A DISTANCE FROM THE SCREEN (cm)

21. MEASURING THE LEVELS OF VARIABLE ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS, STATIC ELECTRIC FIELDS AT THE WORKPLACE EQUIPPED WITH A PC IS CARRIED OUT AT LEVELS BY HEIGHT (m)

1) 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5

3) 0.4; 1.2 and 1.7

22. THE FIRST RANGE OF REGULATED LASER RADIATION ON THE WAVE LENGTH IS (nm)

1) 1400<105

2) 380<1400

3) 400<1000

4) 180<380

23. EXPOSURE (E) WHEN DETERMINING THE PARAMETERS OF LASER RADIATION IS MEASURED IN

24. TARGET ORGANS WHEN EXPOSED TO THE ORGANISM OF LASER RADIATION ARE

2) eyes and skin

3) hands

4) brain

25. MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION OF MAGNETIC FIELDS (MF) OF INDUSTRIAL FREQUENCY (50 Hz) AT WORKPLACES ARE CARRIED OUT AT A HEIGHT (m) FROM THE FLOOR

1) 0.5; 1.5 and 1.8

2) 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5

4) 0.4; 1.2 and 1.7

26. FORCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CONSTANT MAGNETIC FIELD (CMF) ARE

1) energy exposure

2) energy flux density

3) current strength

4) magnetic induction and tension

27. WHEN SERVICING INSTALLATIONS WITH A RANGE OF GENERATED RADIO FREQUENCIES UHF, SHF, EHF (9-11 BANDS), EMF IS EVALUATED BY MEASUREMENT

1) energy flux density (PEF)

2) magnetic induction

28. IN THE 300 MHz - 300 GHz RANGE, THE INTENSITY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC EMISSIONS OF RADIO FREQUENCIES (RF EMP) IS ESTIMATED

3) energy flux density

4) magnetic induction

29. IN MEDICAL ORGANIZATIONS OF PARAMETERS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS IN COMPARISON WITH MANAGEMENT SET FOR INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES

2) do not differ

4) differ in individual parameters

30. AT EACH POINT SELECTED FOR EMI RADIO FREQUENCY (EMF RF) MONITORING, THE MULTIPLICITY OF MEASUREMENTS IS

31. MEASUREMENTS OF THE PARAMETERS OF THE ELECTROSTATIC FIELD GENERATED BY THE VIDEO DISPLAY TERMINAL (MONITOR) OF THE PC SHOULD BE CARRIED OUT NO EARLIER AFTER THE

1) 2 minutes

3) 10 minutes

4) 20 minutes

32. THE BACKGROUND LEVEL OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD (EMF) GENERATED BY A PC IS DETERMINED IN THE CASE

1) insufficient sensitivity of the device

2) high measurement error

3) exceeding the normalized EMF parameters

4) unknown EMF frequency range

33. THE LABORATORY UNIT FBUZ "CENTER FOR HYGIENE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY IN THE REGIONS" SHOULD BE EQUIPPED WITH A COMPLETE SET OF LASER DOSIMETER IN CONNECTION

1) with the need to control the measurement results with each dosimeter

2) with the need to select a device with the smallest error in the measurement results

3) with different ranges of laser radiation parameters, measured by separate laser dosimeters

4) with the need for insurance in case of dosimeter breakdown

1) 10-15 minutes

2) 4-5 minutes

3) 20-30 minutes

4) 40-60 minutes

35. BIOHAZARDOUS AREA OF BASE STATIONS OR CELLULAR COMMUNICATION SUBSTATIONS IS A ZONE

1) corresponding to the size of the induction zone (near zone) around the EMF source

2) corresponding to the size of the wave zone (radiation zone) around the EMF source

3) corresponding to the size of the intermediate zone (interference zone) around the EMF source

4) with elevated levels of EMF parameters

36. THERMAL THRESHOLD OF EMF

1) the action of the EMF, limited only by the thermal effect

2) the minimum energy of the EMF, leading to a thermal effect in biological media

3) EMF energy leading to burns

4) EMF energy leading to an increase in ambient temperature

37. EMI SHIELDING MUST CONTAIN

1) uviol glass elements

2) metal inclusions

3) inclusions from ion exchange resins

4) light filters

38. ORGANIZATIONAL MEASURES FOR PROTECTION AGAINST RF EMP INCLUDED

1) shielding

2) rational placement of equipment

3) the choice of rational modes of operation of installations - sources of EMF

4) EMF power absorption

39. SANITARY AND HYGIENE METHODS OF PROTECTION AGAINST LASER RADIATION ARE

1) limiting the time of exposure to radiation

2) rational placement of laser technological installations

3) using the minimum level to achieve the goal

4) organization of the workplace

40. OVERHEAD POWER LINES WITH VOLTAGE 750-1150 kV SHOULD BE BUILT AT A DISTANCE FROM SETTLEMENTS NOT LESS THAN (m)

41. INSTRUMENTAL CONTROL OF EMF LEVELS FROM PC SHOULD BE CARRIED OUT BY DEVICES WITH PERMISSIBLE BASIC RELATIVE MEASUREMENT ERRORS (%)

42. CHANGES ARE OBSERVED AT 10 mW/cm2 EMP

1) inhibition of redox processes in the tissue

2) asthenia after 15 minutes of exposure, changes in the bioelectrical activity of the brain

3) a feeling of warmth, vasodilation

4) stimulation of redox processes in the tissue

43. WHEN WORKING WITH A PC, THE DISTANCE OF THE EYES FROM THE MONITOR SHOULD BE AT LEAST (cm)

Situational tasks

Task #1

When conducting instrumental control of EMF levels created by PCs at workplaces, it was found that the strength of the electrostatic field was 25 kV/m.

Task #2

Measurement of RF EMI levels in a residential area showed that at a frequency of 3-30 MHz, the level was 3.0 V/m.

1) Determine the normative document and its fragment, according to which the assessment of the obtained measurement result should be carried out.

2) Give a hygienic assessment of the result.

Task #3

Determination of the energy exposure (EE) of EMF in the frequency range of 40 MHz in the production room showed that the EE in terms of the electrical component (EE E) was 1000 (V/m) 2 h.

1) Determine the normative document and its fragment, according to which the assessment of the obtained measurement result should be carried out.

2) Give a hygienic assessment of the result.

Task #4

When monitoring compliance with the allowable residence time of workers under conditions of local exposure to a periodic magnetic field (MF) with a frequency of 50 Hz, it was found that the values of the MF strength were 3400 A/m, and the values of magnetic induction were 4400 μT. During the shift, workers were in these conditions for an average of 4 hours.

1) Determine the normative document and its fragment, according to which the assessment of compliance with the allowable time spent by workers under the conditions of local impact of periodic MF should be carried out.

Task number 5

When measuring EMF parameters on one of the ships, it was found that at a frequency of 40 MHz, the electric field strength was 9.8 V/m, and the magnetic field strength was 0.33 A/m.

Task number 6

When measuring EMF parameters in the frequency range of 10-30 kHz at the workplace of a physiotherapist, it was found that the electric field strength was 650 V / m during the working day, the magnetic field strength was 62 A / m during the working day.

1) Determine the regulatory document and its fragment, according to which the evaluation of the obtained measurement results should be carried out.

2) Give a hygienic assessment of the results obtained.

Task number 7

During the control of the medical device at the manufacturing plant, it was found that the measured levels of EMF with a frequency of 50 Hz, created by this device, were: electric field strength - 0.7 kV / m, magnetic field strength (induction) 6 A / m (8 μT) .

1) Determine the regulatory document and its fragment, according to which the evaluation of the obtained measurement results should be carried out.

2) Give a hygienic assessment of the results obtained.

Task number 8

When measuring the strength of a pulsed magnetic field (MF) with a frequency of 50 Hz from a source operating in the I generation mode, it was found that the strength of the MF was 5000 A/m. The time spent by workers in these conditions was 2.5 hours per shift.

2) Give a hygienic assessment of the time spent by workers in the specified conditions.

Task number 9

The levels of electrostatic field intensity were measured during the operation of a medical equipment product using electrified materials. Measurement results: electrostatic field strength (ESF) - 20 kV/m, electrostatic potential - 570 V, electrification of materials (in terms of electrostatic field strength) - 9 kV/m.

1) Determine the regulatory document and its fragment, according to which the evaluation of the obtained measurement results should be carried out.

2) Give a hygienic assessment of the results obtained.

Task number 10

When measuring the levels of a constant magnetic field (CMF) with the general and local use of a medical equipment device, the following results were obtained: magnetic induction with a general effect was 2.0 mT, with a local effect - 3.0 mT.

1) Determine the regulatory document and its fragment, according to which the evaluation of the obtained measurement results should be carried out.

2) Give a hygienic assessment of the results obtained.

Task number 11

Measurement of EMI RF levels in a residential area showed that in the frequency range of 30-300 kHz, the level was 35 V/m.

1) Determine the normative document and its fragment, according to which the assessment of the obtained measurement result should be carried out.

2) Give a hygienic assessment of the result.

Task number 12

The level of EMF parameters created by the PC was measured. Measurement results: electrostatic potential of the video monitor screen - 600 V, electric field strength in the frequency range 5 Hz - 2 kHz - 30 V/m, magnetic flux density at the same frequency 300 nT.

1) Determine the regulatory document and its fragment, according to which the evaluation of the obtained measurement results should be carried out.

2) Give a hygienic assessment of the results obtained.

Task number 13

The level of EMF parameters created by PCs at workplaces has been measured. Measurement results: electrostatic field strength - 25 kV / m, electric field strength in the frequency range 5 Hz - 2 kHz - 35 V / m, magnetic flux density at the same frequency 350 nT.

1) Determine the regulatory document and its fragment, according to which the evaluation of the obtained measurement results should be carried out.

2) Give a hygienic assessment of the results obtained.

Task number 14

When measuring the strength of a pulsed magnetic field (MF) with a frequency of 50 Hz from a source operating in the III generation mode, it was found that the strength of the MF was 7200 A/m. The time spent by workers in these conditions was 3.0 hours per shift.

1) Determine the regulatory document and its fragment, according to which an assessment should be made of compliance with the allowable time spent by workers in conditions of exposure to pulsed magnetic fields with a frequency of 50 Hz.

2) Give a hygienic assessment of the time spent by workers in the specified conditions.

Task number 15

At the workplace, measurements were made of the parameters of a constant magnetic field (CMF) under the general impact. Exposure time per working day 30 minutes. Measurement results: PMF intensity - 20 kA/m, magnetic induction - 25 mT.

1) Determine the regulatory document and its fragment, according to which the evaluation of the obtained measurement results should be carried out.

2) Give a hygienic assessment of the results obtained.

Task number 16

In the physiotherapy department of a medical organization, the induction of a pulsed magnetic field was measured with a pulse repetition rate of 40 Hz. The measurement result is 0.315 mT.

1) Determine the normative document and its fragment, according to which the assessment of the obtained measurement result should be carried out.

2) Give a hygienic assessment of the result.

Task number 17

EMF parameters were measured at the workplace of the PC operator in the frequency range of 2-400 kHz. Measurement results: electric field strength - 3.5 V/m, magnetic flux density - 35 nT, electrostatic field strength - 25 kV/m.

1) Determine the regulatory document and its fragment, according to which the evaluation of the obtained measurement results should be carried out.

2) Give a hygienic assessment of the results obtained.

Task number 18

At an industrial enterprise, the energy exposure of the energy flux density in the frequency range of 300.0-300000.0 MHz was measured. Measurement result: 300 (μW/cm2)h.

1) Determine the normative document and its fragment, according to which the assessment of the obtained measurement result should be carried out.

2) Give a hygienic assessment of the result.

Task number 19

In one of the workshops of an industrial enterprise, measurements were made of the energy flux density in the frequency range  30.0-50.0 MHz. Results: electric field strength (E) - 90 V/m, magnetic field strength (H) - 4.0 A/m, energy flux density - not measured.

1) Determine the regulatory document and its fragment, according to which the evaluation of the obtained measurement results should be carried out.

2) Why was the energy flux density not measured?

3) Give a hygienic assessment of the results obtained.

Task number 20

Measurement of RF EMI levels in a residential area showed that at a frequency of 0.3-3 MHz, the level was 20.0 V/m.

1) Determine the normative document and its fragment, according to which the assessment of the obtained measurement result should be carried out.

2) Give a hygienic assessment of the result.

Answers to test tasks

1 – 2; 2 – 3; 3 – 1; 4 – 4; 5 – 1; 6 – 2; 7 – 3; 8 – 2; 9 – 4; 10 – 3; 11 – 2; 12 – 4;

13 – 2; 14 – 1; 15 – 3; 16 – 4; 17 – 2; 18 – 3; 19 – 2; 20 – 4; 21 – 1; 22 – 4;

23 – 3; 24 – 2; 25 – 1; 26 – 4; 27 – 1; 28 – 3; 29 – 2; 30 – 3; 31 – 2; 32 – 3;

33 – 3; 34 – 1; 35 – 4; 36 – 2; 37 – 2; 38 – 3; 39 – 1; 40 – 4; 41 – 3; 42 – 2;

Answers to situational tasks

Task #1

1) To solve the problem, we use SanPiN 2.2.2 / 2.4.1340-03 “Hygienic requirements for personal electronic computers and organization of work”, table “Temporary permissible levels of EMF created by PCs at workplaces” (Appendix 7 of the training manual).

2) The intensity of the electrostatic field according to the specified table is 15 kV / m, in the condition of the problem - 25 kV / m. That is, the intensity of the electrostatic field generated by the PC significantly exceeds the permissible level and can have a harmful specific effect on operators.

Task #2

1) To solve the problem, we use SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for living conditions in residential buildings and premises", the table "Permissible levels of electromagnetic radiation of the radio frequency range (EMR RF) in residential premises (including balconies and loggias)" ( Appendix 9 of the tutorial).

2) The permissible level of RF EMI according to the specified table at a frequency of 3-30 MHz is 10 V / m, in the condition of the task - 3.0 V / m. The hygienic standard is not exceeded, the harmful effect of RF EMR on residents is excluded.

Task #3

1) To solve the problem, we use SanPiN 2.2.4.1191-03 "Electromagnetic fields in production conditions", the table "PDU of energy exposures of EMF in the frequency range 30 kHz-300 GHz" (Appendix 6 of the training manual).

2) According to the specified table, with the EMF frequency of 40 MHz specified in the task, the EE E remote control is 800 (V / m) 2  h, in our case - 1000 (V / m) 2  h. That is, the hygienic standard is exceeded by 1.25 times, which may lead to the possibility of harmful effects of EMF on workers.

Task #4

1) To solve the problem, we use SanPiN 2.2.4.1191-03 "Electromagnetic fields in production conditions", the table "MPC exposure to a periodic magnetic field with a frequency of 50 Hz" (Appendix 6 of the training manual).

2) According to the specified table, with a 4-hour exposure, the permissible value of the magnetic field strength under local impact is 1600 A/m, and the value of magnetic induction is 2000 µT, in our case, the values of these characteristics of the MF are 3400 A/m and 4400 µT, respectively. That is, the hygienic standard is exceeded by more than 2 times, which may lead to the possibility of a harmful effect of MF on workers.

Task number 5

1) To solve the problem, we use SanPiN 2.5.2 / 2.2.4.1989-06 “Electromagnetic fields on floating facilities and offshore structures. Hygienic safety requirements”, table “PDU of electric and magnetic fields”, table “PDU of electric and magnetic fields” (Appendix 10 of the training manual).

2) At a frequency of 40 MHz, the electric field strength is 8.5 V / m, the magnetic field strength is 0.25 A / m, in our case, the values of these EMF characteristics are 9.8 V / m and 0.33 A / m, respectively µT. That is, hygienic requirements are not met, which may lead to the possibility of harmful effects of EMF on crew members of a sea vessel.

Task number 6

1) To solve the problem, we use SanPiN 2.1.3.2630-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for organizations engaged in medical activities", the table "Maximum permissible levels (MPL) of electromagnetic radiation at the workplaces of medical personnel" (Appendix 11 of the training manual).

2) In the frequency range of 10-30 kHz (point 5 of the table), the electric field strength during exposure during the working day should not exceed 500 V / m, and the magnetic field strength - 50 A / m, in our case, the indicated EMR parameters are 650, respectively V / m and 62 A / m. That is, the EMR limit for both components is exceeded, which can lead to the harmful effects of EMR on the physiotherapist and patients.

Task number 7

1) To solve the problem, we use SanPiN 2.1.3.2630-10 “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for organizations engaged in medical activities”, table “Permissible levels of electric and magnetic field of industrial frequency (50 Hz) created by medical equipment products” (Appendix 11 of the training manual ).

2) According to the specified table, the allowable level of electric field strength is 0.55 kV / m, and the magnetic field induction is 4 A / m (5 μT), in our case, the values \u200b\u200bof the indicated EMF parameters are 0.7 kV / m and 6 A / m (8 μT). That is, the maximum EMF limit for both components is exceeded, which is the basis for rejecting the device, preventing it from being sold.

Task number 8

1) To solve the problem, we use SanPiN 2.2.4.1191-03 "Electromagnetic fields in production conditions", the table "MPC exposure to pulsed magnetic fields with a frequency of 50 Hz, depending on the generation mode" (Appendix 6 of the tutorial).

2) When operating in mode I of pulsed MF generation, the allowable operating time at a MF intensity of 5000 A/m. is 2 hours, in our case - 2.5 hours. That is, it is necessary either to reduce the operating time with the MF source by 0.5 hours, if there is no possibility of reducing the MF level from the source.

Task number 9

1) To solve the problem, we use SanPiN 2.1.3.2630-10 “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for organizations engaged in medical activities”, table “Permissible levels of electrostatic field strength during the operation of medical equipment products and the electrification of the materials used” (Appendix 11 of the training manual).

2) According to the specified table, the MPC of the electrostatic field strength is 15 kV / m, the electrostatic potential is 500 V, the electrification of materials is 7 kV / m, in our case, the MPC is exceeded in all respects (respectively 20 kV / m, 570 V and 9 kV / m ), which may cause harmful effects of medical equipment on personnel and patients.

Task number 10

1) To solve the problem, we use SanPiN 2.1.3.2630-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for organizations engaged in medical activities", the table "Temporary permissible levels of a constant magnetic field" (Appendix 11 of the training manual).

2) According to the specified table, the permissible level of magnetic induction for a general effect is 1 mT, for a local effect - 1.5 mT, in our case the level of magnetic induction was 2.0 mT and 3.0 mT, respectively. That is, there is a 2-fold excess of the hygienic standard, which can cause a harmful effect of a constant magnetic field on staff and patients.

Task number 11

1) To solve the problem, we use SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-10 “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for living conditions in residential buildings and premises”, table “Permissible levels of electromagnetic radiation of the radio frequency range in residential premises (including balconies and loggias)” (Appendix 9 of the training manual ).

2) According to the specified table, the maximum permissible level of EMR in the radio frequency range of 30-300 kHz is 25.0 V / m, in our case - 35 V / m. That is, there is a significant excess of the hygienic standard, which can lead to the harmful effects of RF EMR on those living in a residential area.

Task number 12

2) In the frequency range of 5 Hz-2 kHz, the permissible level of electric field strength is 25 V / m according to the table, the magnetic flux density is 250 nT. The electrostatic potential of the video monitor screen should not exceed 500 V. In our case, these parameters are 30 V/m, 300 nT, and 600 V, respectively. room with a PC.

Task number 13

2) In the frequency range of 5 Hz-2 kHz, the permissible level of electric field strength is 25 V/m according to the table, magnetic flux density is 250 nT, and electrostatic field strength is 15 kV/m. In our case, these parameters are 35 V/m, 350 nT, and 25 kV/m, respectively. That is, there is an excess of permissible levels of EMF, which can cause the harmful effect of this factor on PC operators.

Task number 14

1) To solve the problem, we use SanPiN 2.2.4.1191-03 "Electromagnetic fields in production conditions", the table "Remote control for exposure to pulsed magnetic fields with a frequency of 50 Hz, depending on the generation mode" (Appendix 6 of the training manual).

2) When operating in mode III of pulsed MF generation, the allowable operating time at a MF intensity of 7200 A / m is 4 hours, in our case - 3 hours. That is, the hygienic requirements in terms of the operating time with this MF source are fully met, any harmful effect of pulsed MF is excluded.

Task number 15

1) To solve the problem, we use SanPiN 2.2.4.1191-03 "Electromagnetic fields in production conditions", the table "PDU of a constant magnetic field" (Appendix 6 of the training manual).

2) With a total 30-minute exposure per working day, according to the table, the MPC for the strength of the constant magnetic field (CMF) is 16 kA/m, and the magnetic induction is 20 mT. In our case, these PMF parameters are 20 kA/m and 25 mT, respectively. That is, there is an excess of the hygienic standard, which can lead to the harmful effects of PMF on workers.

Task number 16

1) To solve the problem, we use SanPiN 2.1.3.2630-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for organizations engaged in medical activities", table "Temporary permissible level of induction of a pulsed magnetic field with a pulse repetition rate over 0 Hz to 100 Hz" (Appendix 11 of the training manual ).

2) According to the table above, the permissible level of induction of the pulsed magnetic field at the frequency specified by the task is 0.175 mT. In our case, this parameter was 0.315 mT. That is, there is an excess of the normalized level of induction of a pulsed magnetic field, which can cause a harmful effect of this factor on specialists and patients.

Task number 17

2) According to the above table, the permissible level of the parameters indicated in the task in the frequency range of 2-400 kHz is: electric field strength 2.5 V / m, magnetic flux density - 25 nT, electrostatic field strength - 15 kV / m. In our case, these characteristics are 3.5 V/m, 35 nT, and 25 kV/m, respectively. That is, there are higher than the permissible levels of EMF created by PCs at workplaces, which can cause harmful effects of EMF on operators.

Task number 18

1) To solve the problem, we use SanPiN 2.2.4.1191-03 "Electromagnetic fields in production conditions", the table "PDU of energy exposures of EMF in the frequency range  30 kHz-300 GHz" (Appendix 6 of the training manual).

2) According to the table above, the permissible level of energy exposure of the energy flux density (EEpe) in the frequency range  300.0-300000.0 MHz is 200 (μW/cm2)h. In our case, this level was 300 (μW/cm2)h. That is, there is a 1.5-fold excess of the EEPPE MPD, which can lead to the harmful effect of EMF on workers at an industrial enterprise.

Task number 19

1) To solve the problem, we use SanPiN 2.2.4.1191-03 "Electromagnetic fields in production conditions", the table "Maximum remote control of the intensity and energy flux density of the EMF frequency range  30 kHz-300 GHz" (Appendix 6 of the training manual).

2) The energy flux density was not measured due to the fact that this indicator is normalized only for conditions of local irradiation of the hands.

3) According to the table above, the EMF characteristics in the frequency range of 30.0-50.0 MHz should be no more than: electric field strength (E) - 80 V / m, magnetic field strength (H) - 3.0 A / m. In our case, these characteristics are respectively 90 V/m and 4.0 A/m. That is, there is some excess of the maximum permissible level according to these indicators, which can cause the harmful effect of EMF on workers.

Task number 20

2) From the above table it follows that in the EMR frequency range of 0.3-3 MHz, the permissible EMF level is 15 V/m. In our case, this figure was 20.0 V/m. That is, there is an excess of the hygienic standard in a residential area, which can lead to the harmful effect of EMR on those living in this apartment.

a) Main

1) Hygiene with the basics of human ecology: textbook / P.I. Melnichenko [and others] / Ed. P.I. Melnichenko. - M.: GEOTAR-media, 2012. - 752 p.

2) Arkhangelsky V.I. Hygiene. Compendium: textbook / V.I. Arkhangelsky, P.I. Melnichenko. - M.: GEOTAR-media, 2012. - 392 p.

b) Additional

1) Pivovarov Yu.P. Hygiene and fundamentals of human ecology: textbook / Yu.P. Pivovarov, V.V. Korolik, L.S. Zinevich. – 2nd edition, stereotypical. – M.: Academia, 2006. – 528 p.

2) Pivovarov Yu.P. Guide to laboratory studies on hygiene and fundamentals of human ecology: textbook / Yu.P. Pivovarov, V.V. Korolik. - 2nd ed., corrected. and additional - M.: Academia, 2006. - 512 p.

c) Administrative and regulatory legal acts

1) Electromagnetic fields in production conditions: SanPiN 2.2.4.1191-03.

2) Hygienic requirements for personal electronic computers and organization of work: SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03.

3) Hygienic requirements for personal electronic computers and organization of work. Amendments No. 2 to SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03: SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.2620-10.

4) Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for living conditions in residential buildings and premises: SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-10.

5) Sanitary norms and rules for the design and operation of lasers: SanPiN 5804-91.

6) Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for organizations engaged in medical activities: SanPiN 2.1.3.2630-10.

7) Electromagnetic fields on floating facilities and offshore structures. Hygienic safety requirements: SanPiN 2.5.2/2.2.4.1989-06.

8) Hygienic assessment of physical factors of production and environment: Р 2.2.4/2.1.8.000-95.

ATTACHMENT 1

Glossary of concepts and terms in the field of hygiene assessment

non-ionizing fields and radiation

Aperture– a hole in the protective housing of the laser through which laser radiation is emitted.

Limiting aperture- a circular diaphragm that limits the surface over which the irradiance or energy exposure is averaged.

Blocking and signaling– systems that inform about the operation of the laser product, its mode of operation and prevent personnel from accessing the laser-hazardous zone to high-voltage electrical circuits.

Influence of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields isolated– exposure to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields from one source.

The impact of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields combined– exposure to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields with simultaneous exposure to other adverse factors.

Exposure to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields non-professional- exposure to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields, not related to the professional activity of a person.

Exposure to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields professional- the impact of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields associated with the professional activities of a person.

The impact of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields is mixed– exposure to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields from two or more sources of different frequency ranges.

Combined exposure to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields- the impact of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields from two or more sources of the same frequency range.

Overhead power line (VL)- a device for transmitting electricity through wires located in the open air and attached with insulators and fittings to supports or brackets and racks.

Geomagnetic field (GMF)- permanent natural magnetic field of the Earth.

Hypogeomagnetic field (HGMF) is the magnetic field inside the shielded object, which is a superposition of magnetic fields generated by:

Geomagnetic field, weakened by the screen of the object;

The field of residual magnetization of the ferromagnetic parts of the structure of the object;

The field of direct current flowing through the tires and parts of the structure of the object (workplace).

Laser beam diameter is the diameter of the cross section of the laser beam, inside which a given fraction of energy or power passes.

Display (video module, video monitor, video display terminal)- an output electronic device designed to visually display information used by a person in individual interaction with the technical means of the system.

Diffusely reflected laser radiation is the radiation reflected from the surface in all possible directions within the hemisphere.

Duration of exposure to radiation- the duration of the pulse, a series of pulses or continuous radiation falling on the human body.

Dosimetry of laser radiation– a set of methods and means for determining the values of laser radiation parameters at a given point in space in order to identify the degree of danger and harmfulness to the human body.

environmental pollutionelectromagnetic environment- change in the electromagnetic properties of the environment (from power lines, radio and television, the operation of some industrial installations, etc.); leads to global and local geographic anomalies and changes in subtle biological structures.

Closed laser systems- installations, during the operation of which the impact on a person of laser radiation of any level is concluded.

Protective housing (casing)- a part of a laser product designed to prevent human access to laser radiation and high electrical voltage.

Specularly reflected laser radiation is radiation reflected at an angle equal to the angle of incidence.

Wave zone (radiation zone) around the source of electromagnetic fields- the zone in which the electromagnetic wave is fully formed, the strength of the electric (E) and magnetic (H) components coincide in phase and are in a certain relationship.

Induction zone (near zone) around the source of electromagnetic fields- a zone in which an electromagnetic wave has not yet been formed, there is no definite relationship between its electrical (E) and magnetic (H) components.

Intermediate zone (interference zone) around the source of electromagnetic fields- the zone in which the process of formation of an electromagnetic wave takes place.

Pulsed laser radiation- radiation that exists in a limited time interval, less than the observation time.

Collimination- the process of concentrating energy of any type of radiation.

Collimated laser radiation– laser radiation enclosed in a limited solid angle.

Reference point when measuring EMF parameters– space or place with given coordinates, in which the EMF parameters are measured.

Geomagnetic field weakening coefficient (K r ) is the ratio of the strength of the modulus of the geomagnetic field vector (GMF) of open space to the strength of the modulus of the hypogeomagnetic field vector (HMF), measured inside a shielded object or at a workplace.

Transmittance is the ratio of the radiation flux that has passed through the body to the radiation flux that has fallen on it.

Laser, laser radiation (optical quantum generator)- an abbreviation of the words of the English phrase: "Light Amplificationby Stimulated Emission of Radiation" (LAZER), which means "amplification of light as a result of stimulated emission", a source of optical coherent radiation, characterized by high directivity and high energy density.

Laser safety– a set of technical, sanitary, preventive and organizational measures that ensure safe and harmless working conditions for personnel when using laser products.

Laser danger zone (LOZ)– part of the space within which the level of laser radiation exceeds the maximum allowable.

laser product- a laser and a device that includes a laser and other technical components that ensure its intended purpose.

Laser eye safety distance– the smallest distance at which the energy exposure (energy) does not exceed the maximum limit for the eye.

Laser radiation (LI)– electromagnetic radiation of the optical range based on the use of stimulated (stimulated) radiation.

Linear Power Transfer (LET)– the ratio of the energy dE transferred to the medium by a moving charged particle due to collisions when moving it at a distance d1, to this distance: L=dE/d1.

Magnetic field (MP)– one of the forms of the electromagnetic field; is created by moving electric charges and spin magnetic moments of atomic carriers of magnetism (electrons, protons, etc.).

Local (local) exposure to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields- exposure, in which individual parts of the body are exposed to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields.

Method[gr. mé thodos - the path of research, theory, teaching] - a way to achieve a goal, solve a specific problem; a set of techniques or operations of practical or theoretical development (cognition) of reality.

Methodology– a method of measuring, determining, evaluating any particular factor, phenomenon, condition.

Methodology– the doctrine of the structure, logical organization, methods and principles of construction, forms and methods of scientific knowledge and practical activities.

Electric (magnetic) field strength- a physical quantity determined by the ratio of the force acting at a given point of the field on an electric charge to the magnitude of this charge.

Continuous laser radiation is the radiation that exists at any time of observation.

Exposure is the ratio of the radiation flux incident on a small area of the surface containing the considered point to the area of this area.

General exposure to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields- an endowment in which the entire body is exposed to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields.

Single exposure to laser radiation– random exposure to radiation with a duration not exceeding 310 4 s.

Optical density of laser radiation is the decimal logarithm of the reciprocal of the transmittance.

Open laser systems- installations, the design of which allows radiation to escape into the working area.

Staff (working)– persons professionally associated with maintenance or work in the conditions of exposure to electromagnetic fields.

Permanent magnetic field (PMF)- field generated by direct current (permanent magnets, electromagnets, high-current direct current systems, thermonuclear fusion reactors, magnetohydrodynamic generators, superconducting magnetic systems and generators, production of aluminum, magnets and magnetic materials, installations of nuclear magnetic resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance, physiotherapy devices) .

Legal consistency of the results of measuring the levels and characteristics of human environmental factors– ensuring the possibility of considering the results from legal (legal) positions.

Maximum permissible levels of laser radiation under repeated exposure- radiation levels, under the influence of which, when working for a specified duration during the entire length of service, does not lead to injury (damage), illness or deviation in the state of health of the worker in the process of work or long-term life of the present and subsequent generations; the same for the limiting daily dose of radiation in the range I.

Maximum allowable levels of laser radiation at a single exposure- levels of radiation, under the influence of which there is an insignificant probability of the occurrence of reversible deviations in the body of the worker; the same for the limiting single daily dose of radiation in the range from 180 to 380 nm (I).

Maximum permissible levels of electromagnetic fields (PDU EMF)- levels of EMF, the impact of which, when working for a specified duration during the working day, does not cause diseases or deviations in the state of health of workers in the process of work or in the long-term life of the present and subsequent generation.

Maximum permissible range of parameter values (in the appendix to the hygiene of working with the display)– the range of values of the visual ergonomic parameter, within which an error-free reading of information is ensured when the reaction time of a human operator exceeds the global minimum of the latent period by no more than 1.5 times, established experimentally for this type of display.

Limit angle is the angle corresponding to the angular size of the source, at which the latter can be considered as a point source.

Extended laser radiation source is a source of laser radiation, the angular size of which is greater than the limiting angle.

Work zone- a space limited by a height of 2 m above the floor or platform, on which there are places of permanent or non-permanent (temporary) stay of workers.

Workplace- the place of permanent or temporary stay of the employee in the process of labor activity.

radio waves– electromagnetic waves from 1 mm to 30 km long (frequency from 30 MHz to 10 kHz). Depending on the length (frequency), radiographs are divided into long, medium, short, and ultrashort (meter, decimeter, centimeter, and millimeter).

Scattered laser radiation- radiation scattered from a substance that is part of the medium through which the radiation passes.

Divergence of laser radiation is a flat or solid angle characterizing the width of the laser radiation pattern in the far zone according to a given level of angular distribution of laser radiation energy or power, determined with respect to its maximum value.

Sanitary protection zone (SPZ) of overhead power lines (VL)- the territory along the route of the high-voltage line, in which the electric field strength exceeds 1 kV/m.

Thermal threshold for electromagnetic fields- the minimum energy of electromagnetic fields, leading to a thermal effect in biological media.

Display Emission Characteristics– characteristics of X-ray radiation, electrostatic and electromagnetic fields created by the display.

Chronic exposure to laser radiation- systematically repeated exposure to which people professionally associated with laser radiation are exposed.

Laser pulse repetition rate is the ratio of the number of laser pulses to a single observation time interval.

Shielded room (an object)- production premises, the design of which leads to the isolation of the internal electromagnetic environment from the external one (including a room made according to a special project and underground structures).

Shielding properties of EMI kits- the ability of shielding kits to provide passive protection of a person by isolating the internal electromagnetic environment from the external one, using special materials (absorbing and shielding).

electrified- the ability of the material to accumulate an electrostatic charge.

Electrical network- a set of substations, switchgears and transmission lines connecting them: designed for the transmission and distribution of electrical energy.

Electric field (EP)- a particular form of manifestation of the electromagnetic field; created by electric charges or an alternating magnetic field and is characterized by intensity.

Atmospheric electricity- a set of electrical phenomena in the atmosphere: an electric field, electric currents in the air, electric charges of clouds and precipitation, lightning discharges, auroras, etc.

Power frequency electromagnetic field (EMI IF) (50 Hz)- EMF, the sources of which are: AC electrical installations (power lines, switchgears, their components), electric welding equipment, physiotherapy devices, high-voltage electrical equipment for industrial, scientific and medical purposes.

Electromagnetic fieldradio frequency range 10 kHz-300 GHz (EMF RF)- EMF, the sources of which are: unshielded blocks of generating installations, antenna-feeder systems of radar stations, radio and television radio stations, incl. mobile radio communication systems, physiotherapy devices, etc.

Electromagnetic field (EMF)- a set of both an alternating electric field and an inseparably connected magnetic field. A special form of matter. Through the EMF, the interaction between charged particles is carried out.

electrostatic field (ESP)– electric field of stationary electric charges (electrogas cleaning, electrostatic separation of ores and materials, electric torsion, DC power plants, manufacturing and operation of semiconductor devices and microcircuits, processing of polymeric materials, manufacturing of products from them, operation of computers and copying equipment, etc.).

electrical installation- a set of machines, devices, lines and auxiliary equipment (together with the structures and premises in which they are installed) intended for the production, conversion, transformation, transmission, distribution of electrical energy and its conversion into another type of energy.

energy exposure is a physical quantity determined by the integral of irradiance over time.

Laser alignment– a set of operations for adjusting the optical elements of laser radiation to obtain the required spatial and energy characteristics of laser radiation.

APPENDIX 2

Index of study guide tables

Table 1. International classification of non-ionizing fields according to ranges of frequencies and waves……………………………………………………….
Table 2. Normalized and controlled factors, parameters non-ionizing electromagnetic and electrostatic fields and units of their measurement………………………………………………………..
Table 3. Application of non-ionizing fields with different frequency-wave characteristics……………………………………..
Table 4. Changes in the body depending on the intensity EMF……………………………………………………………………………....

APPENDIX 3

Index of Tutorial Drawings

Figure 1. Some man-made sources of electromagnetic and electrostatic fields………………………………………………………
Figure 2. "Petal", which characterizes the size of biologically hazardous area of a cellular base station……………………………….
Figure 3. Examples of irrational and dangerous placement base stations and substations of cellular communication…………………………………
Figure 4. Examples of the use of EMF sources by children…………….
Figure 5. False protection against EMF………………………………
Figure 6. Schematic relationship of methodology, method, methods in application to instrumental hygienic Research……………………………………………………………………

APPENDIX 4

Some instruments for measuring parameters

non-ionizing electromagnetic and electrostatic fields

Universal Tension Meter

and the potential of the electrostatic field ST-01.

Designed to measure the strength of the electrostatic field while providing control over biologically hazardous levels of electrostatic fields in accordance with the requirements of SanPiN 2.2.2.542-96.

Measurement range of electrostatic field strength from 0.3 to 180 kV/m.

Limits of permissible basic relative error in measuring the strength of the electrostatic field ±15%.

The time of establishing the operating mode is not more than one minute.

The duration of continuous operation of the meter without recharging the battery is at least 6 hours.

Laser radiation power meter Sanwa LP1.

Designed to facilitate the assessment of the power level of laser radiation when checking and maintaining equipment using this radiation.

The device is calibrated for 633 nm helium-neon laser radiation and allows you to directly read the indication of the power of optical radiation in a visual spot, for example, the optical system of DVD players, etc.

Allows you to also make a measurement for radiation with a different wavelength by recalculating the reading using tables of spectral sensitivity correction factors.

Instrument for measuring spatial and energy characteristics of pulsed laser radiation SIPH-1.

The intensity distribution of laser radiation, formed on a special screen, is recorded by a black-and-white television camera and, using the RIC822 signal recorder, is converted into digital form and entered into a computer. The computer (a laptop included in the SIPH-1) provides, according to the standard software, the processing and display of information in various options selected by the operator. For pulses with a duration of 100 ms or more, all parameters can be measured with a frequency of up to 50 Hz.

APPENDIX 5

Power frequency electromagnetic field measurement protocol (form)

C. 0-39-02-2010

FEDERAL SERVICE FOR SUPERVISION IN THE FIELD OF PROTECTION

CONSUMER RIGHTS AND HUMAN WELL-BEING

Federal budgetary healthcare institution

"Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in Primorsky Krai"

ACCREDITED TESTING LABORATORY CENTER

Amendments, full or partial reprints and

replication of the protocol without the permission of the FBUZ

"Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in Primorsky Krai" are prohibited.

PROTOCOL

measurements of the electromagnetic field of industrial frequency

(according to the contract, the plan of the Office of Rospotrebnadzor, drawing up the SGH)

No. ___ dated "___" ____________ 2013

Applicant:

Object name:

Legal address of the object:
The actual address of the object:
Representative of the object in whose presence the measurements were taken:

Basis for measurements:
Measuring instrument(s):
Name, type, serial number
Information about the state verification:
ND, in accordance with which the measurements were carried out and the opinion was formed:


Measurement conditions:
Additional information (enter if necessary):

Measurement results:

Place of measurement	Measurement height above floor/ground level, m	tension electric field, kV/m	Magnetic field induction, μT
Place of measurement	Measurement height above floor/ground level, m

* 0.01 kV/m; 0.1 μT - the lower threshold of sensitivity of the measuring instrument

Responsible for conducting measurements and registration of the protocol:
							Full name, position






Laboratory manager

Head of ILC

APPENDIX 6

Electromagnetic fields in industrial conditions:

SanPiN 2.2.4.1191-03

(extract)

Remote control of constant magnetic field

impact for working day,	Exposure conditions
				local
	tension,	magnetic induction,	tension,		magnetic induction,

Remote control for exposure to a periodic magnetic field with a frequency of 50 Hz

Remote control of energy exposures EMF frequency range  30 kHz-300 GHz

Parameter	EE remote control in frequency bands (MHz)
Parameter		 300.0-300000.0
EE E, (V/m) 2 h
EEn, (A/m) 2 h
Eeppe, (μW / cm 2)  h

Maximum remote control of intensity and energy flux density

EMI frequency range  30 kHz-300 GHz

Parameter	Maximum allowable levels in frequency bands (MHz)
Parameter		 300.0-300000.0



* for conditions of local irradiation of the hands.

State system of sanitary and epidemiological
regulation of the Russian Federation

Guidelines

MUK 4.3.045-96

Goskomsanepidnadzor of Russia

Moscow

1996

1. Developed by employees of the Samara Branch Research Institute of Radio of the Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation (Buzov A.L., Romanov V.A., Kazansky L.S., Kolchugin Yu.I., Yudin V.V.).

2. Approved and put into effect by the Chairman of the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia - the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation on February 2, 1996.

3. Submitted by the Ministry of Communications of Russia (No. 5591 dated 10/24/95).

4. Introduced instead of the "Methodological guidelines for determining the levels of the electromagnetic field and the boundaries of the sanitary protection zone and zones of restriction of development in places where television and FM radio broadcasting facilities are located", approved. Ministry of Health of the USSR No. 3860-85.

4.3. CONTROL METHODS. PHYSICAL FACTORS

Determination of electromagnetic field levels
in places where television and FM radio broadcasting facilities are located

Guidelines

1 area of use

The guidelines have been drawn up to help engineers of bodies and institutions of the sanitary and epidemiological service, engineering and technical workers, design organizations of communications equipment in order to ensure preventive sanitary supervision of radiation sources in the VHF and UHF bands of technical means of television and FM broadcasting, to determine the boundaries of sanitary protection zones and zones of development restriction, as well as for predicting the levels of the electromagnetic field (EMF) when choosing the location of these facilities.

2. The essence of the method

The guidelines contain a methodology for calculating the intensity of the electric component (E) of the electromagnetic field of radiating technical equipment in the VHF and UHF range, a methodology for determining the boundaries of sanitary zones and a methodology for measuring them. The forecasting technique is based on the use of the method proposed by B. A. Vvedensky.

The initial data for the calculation are the parameters of the technical means included in the sanitary passport of the operating or projected radio engineering facility. The results of the forecast and control measurements are applied to the situational plan indicating the boundaries of the sanitary protection zone and zones of development restrictions for various heights of the planned construction.

Methodological guidelines take into account the individuality of objects, which manifests itself (from the point of view of the electromagnetic environment) in the difference in the set of technical means, placement and orientation of antennas, radiated power, frequency, etc.

As transmitting antennas for the VHF and UHF bands, the instructions suggest the use of directional and non-directional (in the horizontal plane) antennas placed on supports of various cross sections.

3. Basic provisions of the method of computational forecasting of the levels of the electromagnetic field and the boundaries of sanitary zones

3.1. B.A. Vvedensky:

(3.1)

where P is the power at the input of the antenna-feeder path, W;

G - antenna gain relative to an isotropic radiator, determined in the direction of maximum radiation;

Paft = P * Pt - loss factor in the antenna-feeder path;

Po - reflection losses due to insufficient level of antenna matching with the main feeder(usually by > 0,9);

Fri - feeder efficiency, determined by heat losses (characteristics of feeders for the supplied length are given in reference books issued by GSPI RTV);

R - distance from the geometric center of the antenna to the observation point (slant range), m;

F in ( a) - normalized radiation pattern (DN) in the vertical plane;

a- the angle formed by the direction to the observation point and the horizon plane, degrees:

F g( j) - normalized RP in the horizontal plane;

j-azimuth, degrees;

Kf = 1.15 ... 1.3 - attenuation multiplier.

where M is the total number of emitters in the array;

Emitter DN:

A i - complex excitation amplitude i -th emitter (can be normalized, i.e. dimensionless value);

wave number;- wavelength, m;

The scalar product of the unit vector of the radiation direction by the radius vector i -th emitter (travel difference relative to the origin of the introduced cylindrical and spherical systems).

The scalar product is calculated in the Cartesian system (the origin of coordinates coincides with the origin of the cylindrical and spherical systems, axis 0 Z - with polar axis):

(3.3)

where E t - tangential component of the external electric field. V / m;

L ¢ - a contour (not necessarily smooth and continuous) coinciding with the axes of the conductors;

L - a similar contour on the surfaces of the conductors;

1, 1 ¢ - unit vectors at points I and I ¢ , tangential to the contours L and L ¢ directed in accordance with the positive directions of curvilinear systems L and L ¢ , respectively;

I (I ") - the desired current function;

1r - unit vector at the point of observation (point I ), co-directed with the potential component of the electric field created by the elementary charge at the point I";

r - auxiliary coordinate, m, counted along the straight line passing through the points I and I";

positive direction corresponds to the direction of vector 1 r (because r is used only for differentiation, the origin of this coordinate system does not need to be determined).

The current function is found from the condition that the tangential component of the total (taking into account the external field) electric field on the surfaces of conductors is equal to zero (boundary conditions for metal). In accordance with this method, the boundary conditions must be satisfied at separate points (crosslinking points).

The desired current function I (I ") with a piecewise sinusoidal expansion basis is defined as the sum of ku c linear functions - mod:

(3.5)

where N - number of current modes;

k is the mode number;

I k - weighting factor for the basis function k-th mode, A;

In k(I ¢ ) - piecewise linear basis function k th fashion. Since the current and its derivative are sums, the integral in () is replaced by the sum of the integrals (the number of integrals is equal to the number of current modes, i.e. N ), and each integral is calculated over the length of the corresponding segment, and each weight coefficient (as independent of the integration variable I ¢ ) is taken out of the sign of the corresponding integral. The integrands no longer contain unknowns, so the integrals can be calculated. Equations of the form written for N matching points form a system of linear equations with respect to I 1 , I 2 , ¼ I N , which in matrix notation has the form:

[ Z ] [ I ] = [ E ] (3.6)

where [Z ] - square matrix of complex coefficients of the system;

[ I ] - column vector of the desired weight coefficients;

[E] - column vector,

It is expedient to find the emitter DN in the transmission mode.

In this case, it is necessary to set equal to zero all elements[ E ] , except for the element (elements) corresponding to the segment located in the gap of the vibrator, to which the excitation voltage is applied.

When calculating EMF levels, it is allowed to use the known values of RP given in the "Collections of reference materials on antennas and feeders of transmitting television and VHF FM broadcast radio stations", which are issued by GSPI RTV, and in the passport data of the corresponding antennas at the operating frequency.

3.3. Antenna gain relative to an isotropic radiator G is defined in the direction of maximum radiation as the power flux density in this direction, referred to the value of the power flux density averaged over all directions. The latter is found by numerical integration. Calculation formula for G has the form:

(3.8)

where non-normalized RP found from ,

Its maximum value;

M and N - respectively the number of values and taken in numerical integration.

3.4. The transmitter power at the input of the antenna-feeder path is determined by:

For VHF FM broadcasting - P - rated power;

For television broadcasting - Р = Рnom - at the frequency of sound broadcasting, Р = 0.327 P nom - at the frequency of the image channel.

3.5. The distribution of electromagnetic field strength (EMF) is calculated depending on the horizontal range r - for several values of the elevation of the design point above ground level, one of which must be 2 m.

3.6. The factor Kf - 1.15 - 1.3 takes into account the influence of reflective surfaces in urban areas.

3.7. Calculations of the distributions of field strength levels (power flux density (PFL)) from each technical means and the total intensity of exposure (SIV) of the electromagnetic field in order to identify environmentally critical distances are carried out for various heights of observation points and are used in the future to determine the boundaries of the sanitary protection zone and building restriction zones. At the same time, at the beginning of each calculation, the SIV is determined for the hypothetically worst case: when the values of the radiation patterns in the horizontal plane are equal to one and coincide in one of the radial directions. This assumption makes it possible to determine the most environmentally critical distances from the RTPC tower, within which careful calculations should be made, taking into account the mismatch of the maxima of the real horizontal antenna patterns.

3.8. The calculation of the boundaries of sanitary zones is carried out according to SIV

(3.9)

where: E 1, E 2, ¼ E n - calculated values of the field strength at the operating frequencies of technical means for observation point heights of 2 m ( C 33) and more than 2 m (303);

E PDU - maximum permissible levels of field strength for the corresponding frequencies;

PES - calculated values of power flux density;

PPE PDU - the maximum permissible level of exposure of the population to UHF EMF.

4. Method for measuring the levels of the electromagnetic field

Instrumental control of EMF levels is carried out in order to determine the actual state of the electromagnetic environment in the areas where radiating means are located and serves as a means of assessing the reliability of the calculation results.

Measurements are taken:

At the stage of preventive sanitary supervision - upon acceptance of a radio engineering facility (RTO) into operation;

At the stage of current sanitary supervision - when changing technical characteristics or operating modes (radiation power of the antenna-feeder path, radiation directions, etc.);

When situational conditions for the placement of stations change (change in the location of antennas, their installation heights, azimuth or elevation angle of maximum radiation, development of adjacent territories);

After carrying out protective measures aimed at reducing the levels of EMF;

In the order of planned control measurements (at least once a year).

4.1. Preparing to take measurements

In preparation for the measurements, the following work is carried out:

Coordination with interested enterprises and organizations of the purpose, time and conditions of measurements;

Reconnaissance of the measurement area;

The choice of tracks (routes) and measurement sites, while the number of tracks is determined by the terrain adjacent to the object, and the purpose of the measurements;

Organization of communication to ensure interaction between the station personnel and the measurement group;

Ensuring distance measurements to the measurement point;

Determining the need to use indie fundsvisual protection;

Preparation of the necessary measuring equipment.

4. 2. Selection of traces (routes) of measurements

The number of traces is determined by the relief of the surrounding area and the purpose of the measurements. When establishing the boundaries of the C33, several routes are selected, determined by the configuration of the theoretical boundaries of the C33 and the adjacent residential area. Under the current sanitary supervision, when the characteristics of the station and the conditions of its operation remain unchanged, measurements can be carried out along one characteristic path or along the C33 boundary.

When choosing routes, the nature of the surrounding area (relief, vegetation, buildings, etc.) is taken into account, in accordance with which the area adjacent to the station is divided into sectors. In each sector, a radial, relative to the station, track is selected. The requirements for the track are:

The path must be open, and the sites on which the behavior of the measurements is planned must have a direct line of sight to the antenna of the radiating means;

Along the route, within the main lobe of the radiation pattern, there should be no re-emitters (metal structures and structures, power lines, etc.) and other obscuring local objects;

The slope of the path should be minimal compared to the slope of all possible paths in the given sector;

The route must be accessible to pedestrians or vehicles;

The length of the route is determined on the basis of the estimated distance of the C33 boundaries and the depth of the development restriction zone (1.5 - 2 times more);

Points (sites) for measurements should be selected with an interval of no more than 25 m - at a distance of up to 200-300 m from the emitting antenna; 50-100 m - at a distance from 200-300 m to 500-1000 m; 100 m and more - at a distance of more than 1000 m.

When choosing sites for measurements, it should be taken into account that there are no local objects within a radius of up to 10 m and that direct visibility to the radiating antenna is provided from any of its points.

4.3. Taking measurements

The equipment used to measure EMF levels must be in good working order and have a valid certificate of state verification.

Preparation of equipment for measurements and the measurement process itself is carried out in accordance with the operating instructions for the device used.

At the stage of current sanitary supervision, when the technical characteristics of the RTO, the conditions and mode of its operation remain unchanged, measurements can be carried out along one characteristic route or along the border of the sanitary protection zone.

The measuring antenna of the device is oriented in space in accordance with the polarization of the measured signal.

Measurements are made in the center of the site at a height of 0.5 to 2 m. Within these limits, the height is found at which the deviation of the instrument readings is greatest, at this height, smoothly turning the measuring antenna in the horizontal, and if necessary, in the vertical plane, again consistently achieve the maximum reading of the instrument . The maximum value of the measured value is taken as reference.

At each site, at least three independent measurements should be carried out. The result is the arithmetic mean of these measurements.

Measurements of the zero intensity of each technical means are carried out using a kit FS M-8, included in the mode of measuring the effective values at the carrier frequencies of the video and audio channels.

The resulting value of these measurements is found according to .

Measurements can be made with other devices with similar parameters.

To measure the distance from the base of the support to the measurement point, a theodolite, a measuring tape, a plan (map) of the area and other available methods that provide sufficient accuracy can be used.

According to the measurement results, a protocol is drawn up. resultMeasurement data must be entered in the sanitary passport of the RTO and brought to the attention of its administration.