compound called complex sentences , in which simple sentences equal in meaning and linked by coordinating conjunctions. The parts of a compound sentence do not depend on each other and form one semantic whole.
Depending on the type of coordinative union that connects the parts of the sentence, all compound sentences (CSP) are divided into three main categories:
1) BSC with connecting unions(and; yes in the meaning of and; neither ... nor; also; also; not only ..., but also; both ..., and);
2) BSC with dividing unions (then ... then; not that ..., not that; or; or; whether... or);
3) SSP with opposing alliances (but, but, yes in the meaning of but, however, but, but, only, the same).
The semantic connection of simple sentences combined into a complex one is different. They can send:
Phenomena happening at the same time.
For example: And far to the south there was a battle, and in the north the earth trembled from bombing attacks, clearly approaching at night (in such sentences, changing the sequence of parts of the sentence does not change the meaning);
Phenomena that occur sequentially.
For example: Dunya got into the wagon next to the hussar, the servant jumped on the pole, the driver whistled, and the horses galloped(in this case, the permutation of sentences is not possible).
1. BSC with connecting unions (and, yes /=and/, neither - nor, how - so and, not only - but also, also, also, yes and).
In compound sentences with connecting unions, the following can be expressed:
- temporary relationship.
For example: Morning came, and our ship approached Astrakhan(compare: When morning came, our ship approached Astrakhan);
Unions and yes can be either single or repetitive:
For example: The transparent forest alone turns black, and the spruce turns green through the hoarfrost, and the river glistens under the ice.(A.S. Pushkin) - the described phenomena occur simultaneously, which is emphasized by the use of repeating unions in each part.
I shouted and echo answered me- the second phenomenon follows the first.
- action and its result.
For example: Pugachev gave a sign, and they immediately released me and left me.
- causal relationships.
For example:
Several dugouts, which were blocked especially powerfully, remained completely intact, and the people, who had become chilled, exhausted by the battle, fell down from fatigue and the desire to sleep, rushed there with all their might to warm themselves;
I was unwell, so I didn't wait for dinner- the second phenomenon is a consequence of the first, caused by it, as indicated by the concretizer - adverb because.
Neither the sun I can see the light, nor for my roots there is no space(I. A. Krylov).
The narrator froze in mid-sentence, I also heard a strange sound- unions too and also have the peculiarity that they are not at the beginning of the part.
Unions too and also introduce the meaning of assimilation into the sentence. For example: And now I lived with my grandmother, she also told me stories before going to bed. Unions too and also always stand inside the second part of a compound sentence. Union too usually used in colloquial speech, union also- in the bookstore.
The union also has a colloquial character. Yes in meaning and .
For example: It was useless to hide the truth, and Serpilin did not consider himself entitled to do so.
2. SSP with opposing alliances (but, yes /=but/, however, but, but, but).
AT compound sentences with opposing conjunctions, one phenomenon is opposed to another.
For example: The storm was there, behind them, above the forest, and here the sun was shining.
With the help of the union, however, a reservation is transmitted to what was said earlier. For example: She could hardly force herself to smile and hide her triumph, but she soon managed to assume a completely indifferent and even stern air.
The sentences of this group always consist of two parts and, having a common adversative meaning, can express the following meanings:
She was about thirty, but she seemed like a very young girl.- the second phenomenon is opposed to the first.
Some helped in the kitchen, while others set the tables.- the second phenomenon is not opposed to the first, a matched with it (replacement union a on the but impossible).
Unions but , but indicate the reimbursement of what was said in the first sentence.
For example: The moose was gone, but nearby there was a sound made by some living and, probably, weak creature; He has a lot of work to do, but in the winter he will rest.
Particles are used in the meaning of adversative conjunctions same , only .
For example: The head still hurt, but the consciousness was clear, distinct; The war did not cancel anything, only all feelings became sharper in the war.
Union same like the unions too and also, always stands not at the beginning of the second part of the sentence, but directly after the word that is opposed to the word of the first part.
For example: All the trees have put out sticky leaves, but the oak is still without leaves.
3. BSC with dividing unions (or / il /, either, not that - not that, either - either, that - that).
In compound sentences with disjunctive conjunctions, phenomena are indicated that cannot occur simultaneously: they either alternate, or one excludes the other.
For example: In the sweltering air now there was a sound of pickaxes hitting stone, now the wheels of wheelbarrows sang mournfully; Now it was drizzling, then large flakes of snow fell- union then- then indicates an alternation of phenomena.
On Peresyp, something was burning, or the moon was rising- union not that -not that indicates mutual exclusion of phenomena.
Only sometimes a birch will flash or a spruce will stand in front of you like a gloomy shadow.- union or indicates mutual exclusion of phenomena.
Either the gate creaks, or the floorboards crackle- union either - either indicates mutual exclusion of phenomena.
Divisive unions or and or can be single or repetitive.
With more detailed description SSP types There are three more types of SSP: SSP with connecting, explanatory and gradational unions.
Unions are affiliated yes and, also, also, placed in our classification in the group of connecting unions.
Unions are explanatory. that is, namely :
For example: He was expelled from the gymnasium, that is, the most unpleasant thing happened to him.
gradation unions - not only ... but also, not that ... but .
For example: It wasn't that he didn't trust his partner, but he did have some doubts about him.
Compound sentence should be distinguished from a simple sentence with homogeneous members connected by coordinating conjunctions.
| Compound sentences | Simple sentences with homogeneous members suggestions |
| With a whistling whisper, centennial pines exchanged among themselves, and dry frost with a soft rustle poured from the disturbed branches. | And suddenly another beetle fell away from the swarm dancing in the air and, leaving behind a large, magnificent tail, swept straight to the clearing.
|
| The stars were still shining sharply and coldly, but the sky in the east was already beginning to lighten. | Obeying this powerful feeling, he jumped to his feet, but immediately, groaning, sat down on the bear carcass.
|
| The forest is noisy, the face is hot, and a prickly cold creeps from the back. | In good weather, the forest swirled with caps of pine peaks, and in bad weather, shrouded in gray fog, it resembled a darkened water surface. |
For a change, a white cobblestone flashes in the weeds, or a gray stone woman grows for a moment, or a gopher crosses the road, and again weeds, hills, rooks run past the eyes. | I had to stand with my eyes closed, leaning back against a tree trunk, or sit down on a snowdrift and rest, feeling the pulse in my veins. |
What is a Compound Sentence?
Compound sentence- This difficult sentence, parts of which are interconnected by coordinating conjunctions. The old prince was still in the city, and they were waiting for him every minute (L.. Tolstoa). The old man was clearly indignant, and Grigory frowned (Sholokhov). The connection between the parts of a compound sentence is also carried out by other grammatical and lexical means (See complex sentence). The Germans will leave, and the entire territory occupied by them will pass into the hands of the Red Army (N. Ostrovsky) (incomplete intonation of the first part)
correlation of verb forms perfect look, which conveys the following relation; the order of the parts corresponding to the order of the steps in question). Lisa was frightened by the strangely aged look of Vera Nikandrovna, and she did not dare to object (Fedin) (the interconnection of the parts and the semantic lack of independence of the second part are emphasized by the use of the pronoun she in it). The hallway smelled fresh apples and hung wolf and fox skins (L. Tolstoy) (parts of a complex sentence are combined by a common minor member e canopy). It was already quite dawn and the people began to rise when I returned to my room (L. Tolstoy) (both parts are united by a common subordinate clause). The older boy's name was Petya, and the younger one was Pavlik (Kataev) (incompleteness of the second part). The snow is still whitening in the fields, and the waters are already rustling in the spring (Tyutchev) (the interdependence of the parts is expressed using the words more ... and already). There can be relations between the parts of a compound sentence:
1) connecting (with the meaning of simultaneity, sequence, cause and effect, etc.). Dark rainy clouds were moving in from the east, and moisture was sipping from there (Chekhov). Pierre went in to the children, and the laughter and screams intensified even more (L. Tolstoi). That day I was a little unwell, and therefore I did not wait for supper and went to bed (Arseniev);
2) separating (with the meaning of incompatibility, alternation, mutual exclusion). That dim sun shines, then a black cloud hangs (Ne-krasov). Either you get dressed now, or I will leave alone (Pismsky);
3) adversative (with the meaning of opposition, inconsistency). Everyone looked after him, but no one smiled (Turgenev). He is a clumsy, disheveled, ragged man, and his face is almost beautiful (Gorky);
4) comparative. The rooms were stuffy, and the streets were swirling with dust (Chekhov). Cannons rust in arsenals, but shakos shine (Simonov);
5) connecting e. Both listened and spoke too animatedly and naturally, and Anna Pavlovna (L. Tolstoy) did not like this. Lisa's decision removed a stone from his heart, and the whole house immediately came to life, as if from the world sent down (Fedin).
A compound sentence is a grammatical, semantic and intonation unity, consisting of two or more predicative parts, interconnected by intonation and a coordinative connection, which is formed by coordinating conjunctions.
Unlike subordination, a coordinative connection connects grammatically equal sentences that remain relatively independent of each other, and not one of them can be a component of the other.
Coordinating conjunctions act as the main means of connecting the predicative parts of a compound sentence and are divided into several groups according to their meaning: connecting unions, adversative unions, separating unions, connecting unions, explanatory and gradational unions.
Compound sentences are divided into similar groups according to which union is used in them. Each group of sentences differs in the meanings that it can convey.
The main groups of compound sentences
1. Compound sentences with connecting relations(connecting unions).
This group includes unions AND (single and repeating), YES (= and), NI (repeating), HOW ... SO AND.
Connecting conjunctions indicate in the sentence that each of the described events is possible.
The general meaning of sentences with connecting unions - simultaneity or subsequence ( an indication of phenomena that either occur simultaneously or follow one after another). For example:
The transparent forest alone turns black, and the spruce turns green through the hoarfrost, and the river shines under the ice.(A. Pushkin) or We said goodbye once more and the horses galloped(A.S. Pushkin).
Sentences expressing a sequence of events can also convey causal relationship, for example:
Anton hit the horses, and they drove out of the yard(A.S. Pushkin).
2. Compound sentences with adversarial relationship(using adversarial conjunctions).
The unions of this group include unions BUT, YES (= but), ZATO, HOWEVER, SAME, A, AT THE TIME AS, THEN AS, BETWEEN AS, IF ... THEN. Opposite conjunctions are associated with meaning comparisons situations or with a mismatch value - opposition, when one event is opposed to another. For example:
3. Compound sentences with separation relations(with separating unions).
This group includes unions OR and OR (single and repeated), THEN ... THEN, NOT THAT ... NOT THAT and THAT ... OR (repeating).
The main meaning of these sentences is mutual exclusion and alternation. Proposals with divisive unions indicate that only one of the above phenomena is possible, or an alternation of events. For example:
Will I fall pierced by an arrow, or will it fly by(A.S. Pushkin), Either he envied Natalia, or he regretted her(I.S. Turgenev) or Either in excess of happiness tears in three streams, then the soul is in the power of sleep and oblivion(B. Pasternak), Either eat the fish or run aground(proverb).
4. Compound sentences with connecting relations (with connecting unions). Unions of this group: YES AND, AND, AND, AND, ALSO, TOO, Namely, THAT IS.
The first two of the unions listed indicate additional information, for example.
Every day, the school curriculum gradually leaves our minds and many simple things can be misleading. The rules of the Russian language cause such difficulties most often. And even such a thing as a compound sentence can lead an adult to a dead end. This article will help you study or update your mind on this topic.
Compound sentence
A compound sentence (CSP) is one in which the parts are connected writing connection, which is expressed by coordinating conjunctions. All elements are equal and independent.
Division by the meaning of conjunctions of a compound sentence
- Connective: and, yes (=and: bread and salt), yes and, and..and.., not only..but also, like..so;
- Dividing: or, or .. or, either, then .. that, or .. whether, not that .. not that;
- Opposite: ah, but, yes (= but: handsome, yes stupid), but, however.
When children are only introduced to the types of sentences at school, only the three groups of coordinating conjunctions described above stand out. However, in high school Students are divided into three groups:
- Gradational: not only, not so much .. how much, not that .. but, not that .. but also;
- Explanatory: namely, that is;
- Connecting: moreover, moreover, and, too, also.
Thus, a compound sentence is distinguished with connecting unions, dividing and adversative, as well as additionally with gradational unions, explanatory and connecting.
Compound sentences: examples and schemes
After the weekend, he felt better, and he recovered completely.
Scheme: (), and (). Compound sentence with conjunction and shows the sequence of actions.
Every day he had to do his homework or help his mother with the housework.
Scheme: () or (). Dividing andwhether mutually exclusive events.
You now shoot something, and I'll make a fire.
Scheme: (), and (). Union a- adversative, which means that there is an opposition in the sentence.
Not only relatives admired her mind, but also complete strangers.
Schema: not only (), but also (). This compound sentence structure separates events by significance and importance.
His leg was broken, meaning he could no longer continue on his own.
Scheme: (), that is (). There is an explanatory union i.e.
We have to do it, and we have very little time.
Scheme: (), moreover (). Union besidesgives additional facts and information.
Punctuation in compound sentences
In SSP, elements are separated by commas, semicolons, or dashes.
The most common punctuation mark is comma. It is placed before both single and repeating coordinating conjunctions:
Let it be as God pleases, but the law must be obeyed.
Scheme: (), and ().
Either I'll come tomorrow, or you come.
Scheme: either (), or ().
Semicolon used when SSP elements are very common and commas are already in use:
The boy rejoiced at the new kite, ran after it and was the most happy man; and the elements are already preparing to pour rain, disperse the wind and break tree branches.
Scheme: (); a ().
A semicolon can also be used when a sentence has multiple parts:
I have an opinion, and you – other; and each of us is right in our own way.
Scheme: (), and (); and ().
Dash is put in the event that parts of a compound sentence have a sharp opposition or a sharp change of events:
Hall froze for a second – and then there was wild applause.
Scheme: () - and ().
When there are no punctuation marks
The parts of the MTP are:
- Interrogative: When will you be in town again and do I dare to ask for a meeting?
- Incentives: Do everything well and let you cope with everything.
- Exclamation points: You are so good and I love it so much!
- Denominations: Cold and wind. Dullness and heat.
- impersonal sentences:Cold and windy. Dull and sultry.
Compound sentence - this is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are connected by coordinating unions and, as a rule, are equal grammatically and in meaning.
Coordinating conjunctions connecting simple sentences are between simple sentences and are not included in any of them.
By alliances and by meaning compound sentences are divided into six groups.
1. Compound sentences with connecting unions: and yes(= i), neither- neither. They talk about a) the simultaneity of events and phenomena, or b) their succession one after another, or c) the conditionality of one event by another. For example: a) Neither [ viburnum does not grow between them], nor [ grass not turns green] (I. Turgenev)- No no ; AND [ the wind rushed about quick on weeds], and [sheaves sparks raced through the fogs]... (A. Blok)- And , and ; [Only willow gi shout], Yes[cuckoo vying with each other count down unlived years for someone] (M. Sholokhov)- , Yes ;
b) [Two or three fell large drops rain], and [suddenly lightning flashed]. (I. Goncharov) - [], and ; [Door across the street in a brightly lit shop slammed], and [from it showed Xia citizen]. (M. Bulgakov)- , and .
in) [life is given once], and [ want to live her cheerfully, meaningfully, beautifully] (A. Chekhov)(the second sentence expresses the result, consequence, conclusion from the content of the first) -, and; [Tell you two words to her], and [ she is saved] (A. Chekhov)(in the first sentence, the condition of the action (state) in the second is indicated) - , and ; [It was getting hot], and I hastened home] (M. Lermontov)(in the first sentence, the reason for the action is indicated in the second) -, and; [Free places did not have], and [im had to stand] (V. Rasputin)- , and .
2. Compound sentences with separating unions: or (il), either, whether- or, then- that, not that- not that, or- either. They indicate alternation phenomena, on the possibility (choice) one phenomena of two or several. For example: [barking dog Brownie], or [ the breeze will rustle in darkening sheets fly by] (N. Yazykov [], il , il ; That [ sun dim glitters], then [ cloud black hanging(N. Nekrasov)
That, that; Not that [ it was getting light], not that [ it was getting dark] (Yu. German)- Not that, not that (in sentences with conjunctions either- whether or not- not that mutual exclusion is complicated by the value of conjecture or by an indication of the difficulty in choosing the exact designation of the situation).
3. Compound sentences with adversarial unions: ah but yes(= but), however, but, but, only. In them, one phenomenon is opposed to another or something different from it. For example: [ranks people are given], a [people can be deceived] (A. Griboyedov)- , a ; [Beliefs are inculcated theory], [ behavior same formed example] (A. Herzen)(union same combines two meanings: an opposing union and an intensifying particle; therefore, it does not stand between simple sentences, but after the first word of the second sentence, emphasizing this word) -, [same]; [They are, certainly, don't know me], yes \ I something them I know] (F. Dostoevsky)- , Yes ; [Fedya never didn't cry], but [ found on him at times wild stubbornness] (I. Turgenev)- , but ; [She didn't move], just a little bit eyebrows moved] (V. Rasputin)- , only ; [Was already spring month March], however [at night the trees cracked from the cold, as in December] (A. Chekhov)- , but . (The opposite union “however” is always at the beginning of a simple sentence, it can be replaced by the union “but”, a comma is not placed after it. Homonymous to the union introductory word“However” is not at the beginning (i.e., in the middle or at the end) of the sentence and is separated by commas in writing. Wed: We were all waiting for him, but (but) he did not come.- We were all waiting for him, but he did not come.)
4. Compound sentences with gradation-comparative unions: not only ... but also, not that ... but (but), if not ... then, not that ... but (a), not so much ... how much. In such sentences, phenomena are compared or contrasted according to the degree
significance: what is reported in the second sentence is presented as in one way or another more significant, effective or convincing than what is said in the first (what is said in the second sentence has a greater degree of significance for the speaker). For example: [
cmnot that cruel, but [he is too de yat spruce character] (L. Tolstoy)- not that, but; Not only [ Sonya without paint couldn't stand this look], but also [the old the countess and Natasha blushed noticing this look] (L. Tolstoy)- Not only but .
5. Compound sentences with connecting unions: yes, and, too, also, moreover, moreover. The second sentence in them has the character of an additional or incidental remark, often unexpected, as if it had just come to mind. [He felt in front of her child], and [ she thought him for the child] (F. Dostoevsky)- , yes and ; [Poor Nadya has nowhere else to go hear those words], and [no one pronounce them] (A, Chekhov)- , yes and ; [Face her it was pale], [slightly open lips too turned pale] (I. Turgenev)- ., [too] (conjunctions too and same way close in value to the union and, but they do not stand between simple sentences, but within the second).
6. Compound sentences with explanatory unions: that is, namely, They indicate the identity, equivalence of situations, while the second sentence explains, concretizes the idea expressed in the first. For example: [Also here lived in native Lozishchi and to some Osip Lozinsky], i.e. [ lived, to tell the truth, it doesn’t matter] (V. Korolenko)- , i.e ; [Men's room servants were brought we have to a minimum], namely: [for the whole house no more than two lackeys were supposed to suffice] (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin)- , namely .
Syntactic analysis of a compound sentence
Scheme for parsing a compound sentence
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2 Describe the proposal for emotional coloring(exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine the number of simple sentences in the complex and find their boundaries, highlight the grammatical foundations of each simple sentence that is part of the complex.
4. Indicate which coordinating union connects simple sentences into a complex one, and determine the semantic relationships between them.
5 Compose graphic diagram compound sentence.
6. Explain the placement of punctuation marks.
Example of parsing a compound sentence
[You are many years late], but [still I glad) (A. Akhmatova).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, compound, consists of two simple sentences connected by a composing opposing union “but”, an opposition relationship (with a touch of concession); simple sentences in the composition of a compound in writing are separated by a comma.
That \ fell as if fog], then [suddenly allowed oblique, large rain] (L. Tolstoy).
That , that .
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, compound, consists of two simple sentences connected by a repeating coordinating divisive union “this - that”, an alternation relationship; simple sentences in the composition of a compound in writing are separated by a comma.
[Women flicker in tents], and [ yapping mutts sha-lye], and [samovars roses scarlet are burning in taverns and houses] (O. Mandelstam).
And , and .
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, compound, consists of three simple sentences connected by a repeating coordinating conjunction “and”, simultaneous phenomena are listed; simple sentences in a compound sentence are separated by commas in writing.
