Compound sentences with explanatory conjunctions examples. What is a compound sentence: examples

Traditionally (and in school grammar) a complex sentence was understood as a combination of simple sentences, achieved with the help of certain syntactic means and characterized by semantic, constructive and intonational integrity. But its parts are not simple sentences, because: 1) they often cannot be independent communicative units, but exist only as part of a complex one; 2) do not have intonation completeness; 3) the entire sentence fully answers one information question, i.e. is one communication unit. It is more correct to consider them not as simple sentences, but as predicative units.

Classification of complex sentences

Let us analyze compound and complex sentences, examples and their classification. Let's start with the fact that both are complex. Compound sentences differ in the nature of the connection, the nature of the predicative units, the order of the parts. They are allied and non-union. Allied, which we will focus on in this article, in turn, are divided into compound and complex sentences (see examples below).

Compound sentence (CSP)

SSPs are such complex sentences, parts of which are connected by coordinating conjunctions and are grammatically independent of each other, i.e. are in relation to equality, equivalence.

The specificity of coordinating unions lies primarily in the fact that they are in a fixed position - always between the connected predicative units (except for repeating unions). They are not included in any of the parts of compound sentences. When the order of predicative units is changed, the place of the conjunction does not change. Analysis of a compound sentence, examples of its various types are given in this article.

Related videos

Classification of compound unions

The classification of the SSP in "Russian Grammar-80" is based on the division of conjunctions on the basis of unambiguity / ambiguity. Unions of a non-differentiating type include: and, but, yes, same, or, or their synonyms. They tend to express a certain type of relationship, but their meaning is always to some extent determined by the context or specified by the concretizer. Conjunctions of a differentiating type (mostly allied counterparts) unambiguously qualify certain relations: that is, namely, therefore, also, on the contrary, or rather, etc., which a compound sentence has.

Examples of BSC with non-differentiating type unions

• Her heart was beating strongly, and her thoughts could not stop on anything (actually connecting).
• I called, and the door was immediately opened for me (an improper connection with a positive connection qualification).
• He never kept his word, and this is very bad (not really connecting, connecting-commenting).
• He joked, and I was spiteful (comparative).
• Life passes quickly, and you haven’t managed to do anything yet (inconsistency, compound sentence).

Examples with conjunction "but":

• There is no rain, but the air is quite humid (oppositely concessive).
• He is not very diligent, but he enjoys music (adversative-compensatory).
• Pretty dark, but the lights haven't been turned on yet (oppositely restrictive).
• It smells of hay, but the smell is thick and gentle (attachment-distributive compound sentence).

Examples with unions "or", "or":

• Let him move here, to the wing, or I will move from here (modally complicated).
• Either I'm wrong, or she's telling a lie (modally uncomplicated compound sentence).

Examples of BSC with differentiating type unions

• I do not know how to recite poetry, that is, I do not like to read them with some special expression (explanatory).
• It was already snowing, but it was quite warm ( severe frosts not yet) (opposite).
• I never teased her, on the contrary, I treated her very carefully (optional-commenting).
• He spoke for a long time and in a monotone, so everyone was very tired (causal).
• Not only did my friends treat his weaknesses condescendingly, but also envious people did not dare to object to him (gradational).

Complex sentence (CSP)

NGN is such a complex sentence in which there is a dependence of parts connected by subordinating means of communication: unions and allied words.

The structural-semantic classification of NGN is based on an important formal feature - the nature of the syntactic, formal dependence of the subordinate clause on the main one. This feature unites the scientific classifications of V.A. Beloshapkova and "Russian Grammar-80". All NGNs are divided into sentences of undivided and dismembered types. These are their distinguishing features.

Undivided type

1. adnexa is in a conditional position (refers to one word in the main), conditional or correlative connection (refers to a demonstrative pronoun).

2. One of the parts is synsemantic, i.e. cannot be a semantically sufficient communicative unit outside of a complex sentence.

3. Means of communication - syntactic (multi-valued) unions and allied words.

Dismembered type

1. The subordinate clause refers to the entire main sentence: a determinative connection.

2. Both parts are autosemantic, i.e. potentially able to exist independently.

3. Means of communication - semantic (unambiguous) unions.

The most important feature is the first, structural feature.

Further classification of the dissected type of NGN is carried out taking into account the content, semantic aspects (such as time, condition, concession, cause, purpose, effect, comparative, comparative aspect that a complex sentence may have).

Examples from fiction and other suggestions:

• It's been a few hours since I left the city (temporary).
• If you can, come by two o'clock (condition).
• Although it was already late, the lights were on in the house (concession).
• I have almost no free time, because music requires full dedication (reason).
• To study well, one must work hard (goal).
• His eyes shone as they shine on dark sky stars (comparative).
• If he owns the thought, then he owns the form all the more (comparative).

The classification of the non-partitioned type of NGN is primarily based on a structural feature - the nature of the means of communication, and only at the second stage - on semantic differences.

Types of non-partitioned NGN

1. With union connection: explanatory, definitive (quantitative, qualitative, qualification) and comparative.

2. With a pronominal connection: a pronominal-interrogative and a pronominal-relative complex sentence.

Examples from fiction and other allied sentences:

• It's stupid that you won't come (explanatory).
• The air is so pure, as if it does not exist (definitive, quantitative).
• He spoke quickly, as if he was being urged on (definitive, qualitative).
• All this happened as if there was no one in the room (definitive complex sentence).

Examples from the literature and other pronominal sentences:

• It was necessary to hear how he spoke (pronoun-interrogative).
• The house we live in is new (pronoun-relative, oriented).
• Whoever applied, there was no refusal (pronoun-relative, non-oriented complex sentence).

Examples of sentences (grade 5, a Russian textbook will help you continue this list), as you can see, there are a variety of examples.

A more detailed theoretical part can be found in many manuals (for example, V.A. Beloshapkov "Modern Russian Language", "Russian Grammar-80", etc.).

compound (Ukrainian foldable) are called such sentences, the predicative parts of which are connected into one semantic and structural whole with the help of coordinating conjunctions and intonation. The order of the predicative parts in the SSP (compound sentences) is relatively free in some types of sentences and fixed in others. Let's look at examples:

1. Not that it was early morning, not that evening was already coming (A. Fadeev).

2. There was no frost for three days, and the fog worked invisibly over the snow (M. Prishvin).

There is no doubt that in the first example, the predicative parts can be interchanged almost without prejudice to the meaning and structure of the entire SP: Either it was already evening, or it was early morning. In the second example, it is impossible to do this without violating the structure of the entire SP, since the meaning of the second predicative part is explained by the content of the first - The fog worked invisibly over the snow because there was no frost for three days.. As you can see, when rearranging the predicative parts in the second example, the structure of the entire SP changes, that is, the SSP is transformed into a SP ( complex sentence) with a subordinate part of the cause.

Types of compound sentences. Depending on the structural properties, the nature of the union and the lexical content among the SSP, one can distinguish different kinds offers. We consider it appropriate to use the classification proposed in the Modern Russian Language, ed. D. E. Rosenthal (M., 1984):

1. Connecting enumerations. 5. Repugnant.

2. Dividing. 6. Connecting.

3. Suggestions of consequence-inference. 7. Explanatory.

4. Comparative.

Of course, there is no clear boundary between these types of compound sentences, and this division is to some extent conditional.

Connective-enumerative SSP. These are sentences, the predicative parts of which are connected by enumerative relations. They tend to have an open structure and often consist of more than two parts. The following unions are characteristic of such proposals: and yes(single and repeated), no no. Examples : 1. Meanwhile, the words of the koshevoi were not in vain, and there was a shortage of food in the city (N. Gogol). 2. Young leaves babbled, Yes finches sang somewhere, Yes turtledoves cooed all on the same tree , Yes one cuckoo cuckooed, moving each time (I. Turgenev);

Separating SSP. The essence of these proposals is that the phenomena named in them turn out to be either incompatible or mutually exclusive. The predicative parts of these sentences are combined with conjunctions or, or (single and repeated), then ... then, not that ... not that, either ... either, or ... whether etc. Examples: In the stuffy air then there were blows of pickaxes on stone, then the wheels of wheelbarrows sang mournfully (M. Gorky); Or I'll make it all the same or I will challenge him to a duel (I. Turgenev).

SSP investigation-inference. These are proposals of a closed structure. They usually consist of two parts, which are arranged in a strictly defined order. There are two types of BSC investigation-inference: 1. Cause and effect. The first part in such sentences indicates the cause, and the second - the consequence or conclusion: It became cool in the garden, and the guests returned to the house; The performance ended, and the audience began to leave the foyer. 2. Conditional investigation. The first part of such sentences contains a condition under which what is discussed in the second is possible. Feature conditional-investigative sentences: the verb-predicate (the main member of the sentence) is used in them in the subjunctive or imperative mood. Such sentences are usually synonymous with complex sentences with a conditional conjunction. if. Examples: Would you have done the task on time, and this would not have happened unpleasant conversation; Prepare abstracts, and you can count on a higher grade.

Comparative BSCs. The peculiarity of comparative sentences is that, on the one hand, they compare the content of the predicative parts, and on the other, they establish a difference. Such proposals are characterized by unions but, but, yes, however, but, but, otherwise, not that. Examples: The cannonade got weaker but the rattle of guns behind and on the right was heard more and more often (L. Tolstoy); For a long time, neither the ringing of a bell, nor the sound of wheels on a flinty road, was heard, a the poor old man was still standing in the same place in deep thought (M. Lermontov).

Opposite SSP. Opposite sentences indicate the opposition of events, their difference or inconsistency. Unions characteristic of such proposals: but, but, yes, but, but, but, only etc. As a rule, these are proposals of a closed structure. Examples: The bottom of the tower was stone, a wooden top (A. Chekhov); The song over the house fell silent, but over the pond, the nightingale started his own (V. Korolenko);

Connecting SSP are characterized by the fact that in the second predicative part they contain information that supplements those already known from the first part. In such sentences, conjunctions are usually used yes and, and moreover, besides, besides, moreover, at the same time, also, too etc. For example: Natasha spoke in a whisper yes and the grandfather and the forester also spoke in an undertone (K. Paustovsky); The water was warm but not spoiled, and besides there was a lot of it (V. Garshin).

AT explanatory SSP one part with unions that is, namely explains the content of the other. For example: June 12 strength Western Europe crossed the borders of Russia and the war began, i.e an event contrary to human reason and all human nature took place (L. Tolstoy); In addition to plants, the garden has rooms for various animals, namely: many turrets with lattice towers for pigeons were built, and a huge wire cage was placed between the bushes for pheasants and other birds (I. Goncharov).

Questions and tasks

I. Can some complex sentences have a complex sentence as syntactic synonyms? Give examples if possible.

II. Depending on the semantic relations between the predicative parts, select the types of compound sentences. Fill in the missing punctuation marks.

1. ... Either a long bough will suddenly hook her by the neck, then she will tear golden earrings out of her ears by force, then a wet shoe will get stuck in the fragile snow from her sweet leg, then she will drop a scarf (A. Pushkin). 2. Advise them to meet me with childish love and obedience, otherwise they will not escape a cruel execution (A. Pushkin). 3. ... Yes, look, don’t talk, otherwise I’ll beat you (A. Pushkin). 4. She became famous everywhere as a modest and reasonable girl, but Ukraine and Russia send enviable suitors to her (A. Pushkin). 5. Only occasionally a shy deer will run through the desert or a herd of horses will anger the playful silence of the valley (M. Lermontov). 6. Ranks are given by people, but people can be deceived (A. Griboyedov). 7. The insult is severe and the society of officers decides the duel (A. Kuprin). 8. Lisa was frightened by the strangely aged look of Vera Nikandrovna, and she decided to object (A. Fadeev). 9. Andrey would be good only he got very fat ... (A. Chekhov). 10. The builders still wanted to do a lot that day, but the day was short in winter (V. Azhaev).

III. Select compound sentences of open and closed structure. Find sentences with a common minor member. Fill in the missing punctuation marks and explain their placement.

1. A battle will begin, difficult and long, maybe for the whole day until evening, and for some of them this day will be the last day of life (V. Bykov). 2. The last shadows merged, but the darkness looked, blind, immense, and a dead glow dimmed behind the mound (A. Serafimovich). 3. The caravan either made its way among the wreckage, or made its way through the dense thickets of elfin ... (G. Fedoseev). 4. In the clearing of the clouds, the moon flashed and the road lay in a clean, steep arc on the rise (G. Nikolaeva). 5. On the shore, in the fishery, two fires were burning, but there was no one in the sea (M. Gorky). 6. It seemed to fall as if the fog suddenly allowed oblique, and heavy rain (L. Tolstoy). 7. Either the proud horse beats hard with his hoof, then the wolf will jerk with his tooth, then the ox will butt with a sharp horn (I. Krylov). 8. In early April, starlings were already making noise and yellow butterflies were flying in the garden (A. Chekhov). 9. We are glad to listen to your songs, but only you sing away from us (I. Krylov). 10. Every day a terrible wind blew, and during the night a hard, icy layer of crust formed on the snow (A. Kuprin). 11. Funny dragonflies chase each other over the meadow and colorful butterflies flutter (I. S. Mikitov). 12. There was no month, but the stars shone brightly in the black sky (L. Tolstoy). 13. It’s like I’m on sails, above me is a wide blue sky and big white birds rush about (A. Chekhov). 14. Along the streets, in the place of houses, piles of coals lay and smoky walls without roofs and windows stuck out (A. Pushkin). 15. The night passed under great clear moon and by morning the first frost lay down (M. Prishvin).

compound called complex sentences , in which simple sentences are equal in meaning and connected by coordinating conjunctions. The parts of a compound sentence do not depend on each other and form one semantic whole.

Depending on the type of coordinative union that connects the parts of the sentence, all compound sentences (CSP) are divided into three main categories:

1) BSC with connecting unions(and; yes in the meaning of and; neither ... nor; also; also; not only ..., but also; both ..., and);

2) BSC with dividing unions (then ... then; not that ..., not that; or; or; whether... or);

3) SSP with opposing alliances (but, but, yes in the meaning of but, however, but, but, only, the same).

The semantic connection of simple sentences combined into a complex one is different. They can send:

Phenomena happening at the same time.

For example: And far to the south there was a battle, and in the north the earth trembled from bombing attacks, clearly approaching at night (in such sentences, changing the sequence of parts of the sentence does not change the meaning);

Phenomena that occur sequentially.

For example: Dunya got into the wagon next to the hussar, the servant jumped on the pole, the driver whistled, and the horses galloped(in this case, the permutation of sentences is not possible).

1. BSC with connecting unions (and, yes /=and/, neither - nor, how - so and, not only - but also, also, also, yes and).

In compound sentences with connecting unions, the following can be expressed:

- temporary relationship.

For example: Morning came, and our ship approached Astrakhan(compare: When morning came, our ship approached Astrakhan);

Unions and yes can be either single or repetitive:

For example: The transparent forest alone turns black, and the spruce turns green through the hoarfrost, and the river glistens under the ice.(A.S. Pushkin) - the described phenomena occur simultaneously, which is emphasized by the use of repeating unions in each part.

I shouted and echo answered me- the second phenomenon follows the first.

- action and its result.

For example: Pugachev gave a sign, and they immediately released me and left me.

- causal relationships.

For example: Several dugouts, which were especially heavily covered, remained completely intact, and the people, who had become chilled and exhausted by the battle, falling down from fatigue and the desire to sleep, rushed there with all their might to warm themselves;
I was unwell, so I didn't wait for dinner- the second phenomenon is a consequence of the first, caused by it, as indicated by the concretizer - adverb because.

Neither the sun I can see the light, nor for my roots there is no space(I. A. Krylov).

The narrator froze in mid-sentence, I also heard a strange sound- unions too and also have the peculiarity that they are not at the beginning of the part.

Unions too and also introduce the meaning of assimilation into the sentence. For example: And now I lived with my grandmother, she also told me stories before going to bed. Unions too and also always stand inside the second part of a compound sentence. Union too usually used in colloquial speech, union also- in the bookstore.

The union also has a colloquial character. Yes in meaning and .

For example: It was useless to hide the truth, and Serpilin did not consider himself entitled to do so.

2. SSP with opposing alliances (but, yes /=but/, however, but, but, but).

AT compound sentences with opposing conjunctions, one phenomenon is opposed to another.

For example: The storm was there, behind them, above the forest, and here the sun was shining.

With the help of the union, however, a reservation is transmitted to what was said earlier. For example: She could hardly force herself to smile and hide her triumph, but she soon managed to assume a completely indifferent and even stern air.

The sentences of this group always consist of two parts and, having a common adversative meaning, can express the following meanings:

She was about thirty, but she seemed like a very young girl.- the second phenomenon is opposed to the first.

Some helped in the kitchen, while others set the tables.- the second phenomenon is not opposed to the first, a matched with it (replacement union a on the but impossible).

Unions but , but indicate the reimbursement of what was said in the first sentence.

For example: The moose was gone, but nearby there was a sound made by some living and, probably, weak creature; He has a lot of work to do, but in the winter he will rest.

Particles are used in the meaning of adversative conjunctions same , only .

For example: The head still hurt, but the consciousness was clear, distinct; The war did not cancel anything, only all feelings became sharper in the war.

Union same like the unions too and also, always stands not at the beginning of the second part of the sentence, but directly after the word that is opposed to the word of the first part.

For example: All the trees have put out sticky leaves, but the oak is still without leaves.

3. BSC with dividing unions (or / il /, either, not that - not that, either - either, that - that).

In compound sentences with disjunctive conjunctions, phenomena are indicated that cannot occur simultaneously: they either alternate, or one excludes the other.

For example: In the sweltering air now there was a sound of pickaxes hitting stone, now the wheels of wheelbarrows sang mournfully; Now it was drizzling, then large flakes of snow fell- union then- then indicates an alternation of phenomena.

On Peresyp, something was burning, or the moon was rising- union not that -not that indicates mutual exclusion of phenomena.

Only sometimes a birch will flash or a spruce will stand in front of you like a gloomy shadow.- union or indicates mutual exclusion of phenomena.

Either the gate creaks, or the floorboards crackle- union either - either indicates mutual exclusion of phenomena.

Divisive unions or and or can be single or repetitive.

With more detailed description SSP types There are three more types of SSP: SSP with connecting, explanatory and gradational unions.

Unions are affiliated yes and, also, also, placed in our classification in the group of connecting unions.

Unions are explanatory. that is, namely :

For example: He was expelled from the gymnasium, that is, the most unpleasant thing happened to him.

gradation unions - not only ... but also, not that ... but .

For example: It wasn't that he didn't trust his partner, but he did have some doubts about him.

Compound sentence should be distinguished from a simple sentence with homogeneous members connected by coordinating unions.

Syntactic analysis of the sentence (generalization).

In the task of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language, as a rule, a complex sentence is offered for analysis, which, of course, does not exclude the possibility of parsing a simple complicated sentence. Visualize brief information about the differences between simple and complex sentences, the knowledge of which you will need to successfully complete the task.

Rule.

Action algorithm.

1. Try to act by eliminating the wrong options! Most often, two variants of the exam are obviously wrong, and the rest are very similar.

2. Select grammatical foundations, determine their number. One basis - the sentence is simple, if two or more - complex.

3. Pay attention to the ways of connecting grammatical bases and punctuation marks between them.

Remember! Coordinating conjunctions connect not only grammatical foundations, but also homogeneous members sentences, and subordinating - only grammatical foundations!

4. If the sentence is complex (SPP), then determine the main and subordinate (ask a question from one base to another).

Parsing the task.

1.

It can be seen that we think little in private that we still do not know this.

1) difficult with writing and subordination

1) complex

2) complex with an allied and subordinating relationship

3) compound (CSP)

We highlight the grammatical foundations and conjunctions:

It can be seen that we think a little in private, what we still don't know this.

Thus, in sentence 2, the grammatical bases ( it is seen is an introductory word, so it only complicates the first basis). Options 1 and 3 excluded, as they require at least three basics. Since the sentence contains a subordinating conjunction what, then this proposal complex (option 2).

1. Which characteristic corresponds to the proposal:

True, when the famous storyteller Hans Christian Andersen settled in a hotel, there was still some ink left in a tin inkwell that could be diluted with water.

1. complex with a coordinating and subordinating connection

2. complex with an allied and subordinating relationship

3. complex

4. complex with non-union and allied (composing and subordinating) connection

We determine the number of grammatical bases and the relationship between them:

Truth, when famous storyteller Hans Christian Andersen settled in a hotel, there was still some ink left in the tin inkwell, which could dilute l water.

Three Foundations ( truth - introductory word) are connected only by a subordinating relationship (union when and union word which).

Answer option - 3.

2. Which characteristic corresponds to the proposal:

Interestingly, a year before the experimental discovery of the positron, its existence was theoretically predicted by the English physicist Paul Dirac (the existence of just such a particle followed from the equation he derived).

Every day the school curriculum gradually leaves our minds and many simple things can be misleading. The rules of the Russian language cause such difficulties most often. And even such a thing as a compound sentence can lead an adult to a dead end. This article will help you study or update your mind on this topic.

Compound sentence

A compound sentence (CSP) is one in which the parts are connected writing connection, which is expressed by coordinating conjunctions. All elements are equal and independent.

Division by the meaning of conjunctions of a compound sentence

1. Connective: and, yes (=and: bread and salt), yes and, and..and.., not only..but also, like..so;
2. Dividing: or, or .. or, either, then .. that, or .. whether, not that .. not that;
3. Opposite: ah, but, yes (= but: handsome, yes stupid), but, however.

When children are only introduced to the types of sentences at school, only the three groups of coordinating conjunctions described above stand out. However, in high school Students are divided into three groups:

1. Gradational: not only, not so much .. how much, not that .. but, not that .. but also;
2. Explanatory: namely, that is;
3. Connecting: moreover, moreover, and, too, also.

Thus, a compound sentence is distinguished with connecting unions, dividing and adversative, as well as additionally with gradational unions, explanatory and connecting.

Compound sentences: examples and schemes

After the weekend, he felt better, and he recovered completely.

Scheme: (), and (). Compound sentence with conjunction and shows the sequence of actions.

Every day he had to do his homework or help his mother with the housework.

Scheme: () or (). Dividing andwhether mutually exclusive events.

You now shoot something, and I'll make a fire.

Scheme: (), and (). Union a- adversative, which means that there is an opposition in the sentence.

Not only relatives admired her mind, but also complete strangers.

Schema: not only (), but also (). This structure compound sentence separates events by significance and importance.

His leg was broken, meaning he could no longer continue on his own.

Scheme: (), that is (). There is an explanatory union i.e.

We have to do it, and we have very little time.

Scheme: (), moreover (). Union besidesgives additional facts and information.

Punctuation in compound sentences

In SSP, elements are separated by commas, semicolons, or dashes.

The most common punctuation mark is comma. It is placed before both single and repeating coordinating conjunctions:

Let it be as God pleases, but the law must be obeyed.

Scheme: (), and ().

Either I'll come tomorrow, or you come.

Scheme: either (), or ().

Semicolon used when SSP elements are very common and commas are already in use:

The boy rejoiced at the new kite, ran after it and was the most happy man; and the elements are already preparing to pour rain, disperse the wind and break tree branches.

Scheme: (); a ().

A semicolon can also be used when a sentence has multiple parts:

I have an opinion, and you – other; and each of us is right in our own way.

Scheme: (), and (); and ().

Dash is put in the event that parts of a compound sentence have a sharp opposition or a sharp change of events:

Hall froze for a second – and then there was wild applause.

Scheme: () - and ().

When there are no punctuation marks

The parts of the MTP are:

1. Interrogative: When will you be in town again and do I dare to ask for a meeting?
2. Incentives: Do everything well and let you cope with everything.
3. Exclamation points: You are so good and I love it so much!
4. Denominations: Cold and wind. Dullness and heat.
5. impersonal sentences:Cold and windy. Dull and sultry.