Gravity [From crystal spheres to wormholes] Petrov Alexander Nikolaevich

Wormholes

Wormholes

The mole had recently dug a new long gallery under the ground from his habitation to the doors of the field mouse, and allowed the mouse and the girl to walk in this gallery as long as they liked.

Hans Christian Andersen "Thumbelina"

The idea of ​​wormholes belongs to Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen (1909-1995). In 1935, they showed that GR allows so-called "bridges" - passages in space through which one can, it would seem, get from one part of space to another, or from one universe to another, much faster than in the usual way. But the "bridge" of Einstein - Rosen is a dynamic object, after the observer penetrates into it, the outputs are compressed.

Is it possible to reverse the compression? It turns out you can. To do this, it is necessary to fill the “bridge” space with a special substance that prevents compression. Such "bridges" are called wormholes, in the English version - wormholes(wormholes).

special wormhole material and usual differ in that they “push through” space-time in different ways. In the case of ordinary matter, its curvature (positive) resembles part of the surface of a sphere, and in the case of special matter, the curvature (negative) corresponds to the shape of the surface of the saddle. On fig. 8.6 schematically represents 2-dimensional spaces of negative, zero (flat) and positive curvature. Therefore, for the deformation of space-time, which will not allow the wormhole to shrink, exotic matter is needed, which creates repulsion. Classical (non-quantum) laws of physics exclude such states of matter, but quantum laws, which are more flexible, allow. Exotic matter prevents the formation of an event horizon. And the lack of a horizon means that you can not only fall into a wormhole, but also return. The absence of an event horizon also leads to the fact that the traveler, a fan of wormholes, is always available to telescopes of external observers, and radio contact can be maintained with him.

Rice. 8.6. Two-dimensional surfaces of different curvature

If we imagine how black holes are formed, then how "wormholes" are created in modern era and whether they are created at all is completely unclear. On the other hand, it is now almost generally accepted that early stage The development of the universe of wormholes was very much. It is assumed that before the start of the Big Bang (which we will talk about in the next chapter), before the expansion, the Universe was a space-time foam with very large curvature fluctuations, mixed with a scalar field. The foam cells were interconnected. And after the Big Bang, these cells could remain connected, which may be wormholes in our era. This type of model was discussed in Wheeler's publications in the mid-1950s.

Rice. 8.7, Wormhole in a closed universe

So, there is a fundamental possibility to enter a wormhole and go outside at another point in the universe or in another universe (Fig. 8.7). If you use a powerful enough telescope to look through the neck into the wormhole, you can see the light of the distant past and learn about events that happened several billion years ago. Indeed, the signal from the place of observation could wander around the Universe for a long time in order to enter the wormhole from the opposite side and exit at the place of observation. And if wormholes actually arose simultaneously with the birth of the Universe, then in such a tunnel you can see the most distant past.

It is from the position of time travel that two well-known scientists, recognized experts in the study of black holes, Kip Thorne from the California Institute of Technology and Igor Novikov from the Astrospace Center of the Lebedev Physical Institute, published a series of papers in the early 1980s defending the fundamental possibility of creating a time machine.

However, if one thinks of fantasy novels on this subject, each states that time travel is likely to be destructive. In a serious theory, it turns out that no destructive actions with the help of the time machine of Thorn and Novikov are impossible. Cause-and-effect relationships are not violated, all events occur in such a way that they cannot be changed - there will certainly be a hindrance that will prevent the time traveler from killing the "Bradbury Butterfly".

The entrance to a wormhole can be the most different sizes, there are no restrictions - from cosmic scales to the size, literally, of grains of sand. Since a wormhole is a kind of relative of a black hole, you should not look for additional dimensions in its structure. If this is a move somewhere, then in the language of geometry it is a complex topology. Let's ask a question. How to find a wormhole? Again, remember that this is a relative of a black hole, then near the space-time should be strongly curved. Manifestations (observable and unobservable) of such a curvature were discussed above. However, models of wormholes are possible for which there is no local curvature. Approaching such a "hole", the observer will not experience anything, but if he stumbles upon it, he will fall as if from a cliff. But such models are the least preferred, various contradictions and exaggerations arise.

Recently, a group of our scientists - Nikolai Kardashev, Igor Novikov and Alexander Shatsky - came to the conclusion that the properties of the exotic matter that supports the wormhole are very similar to the properties of magnetic or electric fields. As a result of research, it turned out that the entrance to the tunnel will be very similar to a magnetic monopole, that is, a magnet with one pole. In the case of wormholes, there is no real monopole: one neck of a wormhole has a magnetic field of one sign, and the other has a different one, only the second neck can be in another universe. One way or another, but magnetic monopoles in space have not been discovered so far, although their search is ongoing. But they are actually looking for elementary particles with such a property. In the case of wormholes, it is necessary to look for large magnetic monopoles.

One of the tasks of the recently launched international observatory "RadioAstron" is precisely the search for such monopoles. Here is what the project manager Nikolai Kardashev says in one of his interviews:

“With these observatories, we will look inside black holes and see if they are wormholes. If it turns out that we see only clouds of gas passing by and observe various effects associated with the gravity of a black hole, for example, the curvature of the trajectory of light, then this will be a black hole. If we see radio waves coming from inside, it will be clear that this is not a black hole, but a wormhole. Let's build a picture of the magnetic field using the Faraday effect. So far, the resolution of ground-based telescopes has not been enough for this. And if it turns out that the magnetic field corresponds to a monopole, then this is almost certainly a "wormhole." But first you need to see.

…First, we propose to investigate supermassive black holes in the centers of our and nearby galaxies. For ours, this is a very compact object with a mass of 3 million solar masses. We think it's a black hole, but it could also be a wormhole. There are objects even more grandiose. In particular, in the center of the closest massive galaxy to us, M 87 in the constellation Virgo, there is a black hole with a mass of 3 billion suns. These objects are among the most important for RadioAstronom research. But not only them. There are, for example, some pulsars that may be two entrances to the same "wormhole". And the third type of objects - bursts of gamma radiation, in their place there is also a short-term optical and radio emission. We observe them from time to time even at very large distances - as for the most distant visible galaxies. They are very powerful, and we do not yet fully understand what they are. In general, a catalog of a thousand objects for observation has now been prepared.”

For publication work with the basic equations of general relativity (GR). Later it became clear that the new theory of gravity, which turns 100 years old in 2015, predicts the existence of black holes and space-time tunnels. Lenta.ru will tell about them.

What is OTO

General relativity is based on the principles of equivalence and general covariance. First ( weak principle) means the proportionality of the inertial (associated with motion) and gravitational (associated with gravitation) masses and allows (strong principle) in a limited region of space not to distinguish between the gravitational field and motion with acceleration. A classic example is the elevator. With its uniformly accelerated upward movement relative to the Earth, the observer located in it is not able to determine whether he is in a stronger gravitational field or moves in a man-made object.

The second principle (general covariance) assumes that the GR equations preserve their form under transformations special theory relativity created by Einstein and other physicists by 1905. The ideas of equivalence and covariance led to the need to consider a single space-time, which is curved in the presence of massive objects. This distinguishes general relativity from Newton's classical theory of gravity, where space is always flat.

General relativity in four dimensions includes six independent partial differential equations. To solve them (finding an explicit form of the metric tensor describing the curvature of space-time), it is necessary to set the boundary and coordinate conditions, as well as the energy-momentum tensor. The latter describes the distribution of matter in space and, as a rule, is associated with the equation of state used in the theory. In addition, the GR equations allow the introduction of a cosmological constant (lambda term), which is often associated with dark energy and, probably, the scalar field corresponding to it.

Black holes

In 1916, the German mathematical physicist Karl Schwarzschild found the first solution to the GR equations. It describes the gravitational field created by a centrally symmetric mass distribution with zero electric charge. This solution contained the so-called gravitational radius of the body, which determines the dimensions of an object with a spherically symmetric distribution of matter, which photons (quanta moving at the speed of light electromagnetic field).

The Schwarzschild sphere defined in this way is identical to the concept of the event horizon, and the massive object limited by it is identical to the concept of a black hole. The perception of a body approaching it within the framework of general relativity differs depending on the position of the observer. For an observer connected with the body, reaching the Schwarzschild sphere will occur in a finite proper time. For an external observer, the approach of the body to the event horizon will take infinite time and will look like its unlimited fall onto the Schwarzschild sphere.

Soviet theoretical physicists also contributed to the theory of neutron stars. In the 1932 article "On the Theory of Stars", Lev Landau predicted the existence of neutron stars, and in the work "On the Sources of Stellar Energy", published in 1938 in the journal Nature, he suggested the existence of stars with a neutron core.

How do massive objects turn into black holes? The conservative and currently most recognized answer to this question was given in 1939 by theoretical physicists Robert Oppenheimer (in 1943 he became the scientific director of the Manhattan Project, under which the world's first atomic bomb was created in the United States) and his graduate student Hartland Snyder.

In the 1930s, astronomers became interested in the question of the future of a star if its interior ran out of nuclear fuel. For small stars like the Sun, evolution will lead to the transformation into white dwarfs, in which the gravitational contraction force is balanced by the electromagnetic repulsion of the electron-nuclear plasma. In heavier stars, gravity is stronger than electromagnetism, and neutron stars are formed. The core of such objects is made of a neutron liquid, and it is covered by a thin plasma layer of electrons and heavy nuclei.

Image: East News

The limit value of the mass of a white dwarf, which prevents it from turning into a neutron star, was first estimated in 1932 by the Indian astrophysicist Subramanyan Chandrasekhar. This parameter is calculated from the equilibrium condition for the degenerate electron gas and gravitational forces. The modern value of the Chandrasekhar limit is estimated at 1.4 solar mass.

The upper limit on the mass of a neutron star, at which it does not turn into a black hole, is called the Oppenheimer-Volkov limit. It is determined from the equilibrium condition for the degenerate neutron gas pressure and gravitational forces. In 1939, a value of 0.7 solar masses was obtained, modern estimates vary from 1.5 to 3.0.

Mole Hole

Physically, a wormhole (wormhole) is a tunnel connecting two distant regions of space-time. These areas can be in the same universe or link different points of different universes (within the framework of the multiverse concept). Depending on the ability to return through the hole, they are divided into passable and impassable. Impassable holes quickly close and do not allow a potential traveler to make the return trip.

From a mathematical point of view, a wormhole is a hypothetical object obtained as a special non-singular (finite and having a physical meaning) solution of the GR equations. Wormholes are usually depicted as a bent two-dimensional surface. You can get from one side of it to the other both in the usual way and through the tunnel connecting them. In the visual case of a two-dimensional space, it can be seen that this can significantly reduce the distance.

In 2D, wormhole throats - the openings from which the tunnel begins and ends - have the shape of a circle. In three dimensions, the mouth of a wormhole looks like a sphere. Such objects are formed from two singularities in different regions of space-time, which in hyperspace (higher-dimensional space) are drawn together to form a hole. Since the hole is a space-time tunnel, you can travel through it not only in space, but also in time.

For the first time solutions of GR equations of the wormhole type were given in 1916 by Ludwig Flamm. His work, which described a wormhole with a spherical neck without gravitating matter, did not attract the attention of scientists. In 1935, Einstein and the American-Israeli theoretical physicist Nathan Rosen, unfamiliar with Flamm's work, found a similar solution to the GR equations. They were driven in this work by the desire to combine gravity with electromagnetism and get rid of the singularities of the Schwarzschild solution.

In 1962, American physicists John Wheeler and Robert Fuller showed that the Flamm wormhole and the Einstein-Rosen bridge collapse rapidly and are therefore impassable. The first solution to the GR equations with a traversable wormhole was proposed in 1986 by the American physicist Kip Thorne. Its wormhole is filled with matter with a negative average mass density that prevents the tunnel from closing. Elementary particles with such properties are still unknown to science. Probably, they can be part of dark matter.

Gravity today

The Schwarzschild solution is the simplest for black holes. Rotating and charged black holes have already been described. consistent mathematical theory black holes and their associated singularities was developed in the work of the British mathematician and physicist Roger Penrose. As early as 1965, he published an article in the journal Physical Review Letters titled "Gravity Collapse and Space-Time Singularities".

It describes the formation of the so-called trap surface, leading to the evolution of a star into a black hole and the emergence of a singularity - a feature of space-time, where the GR equations give solutions that are incorrect from a physical point of view. Penrose's conclusions are considered the first major mathematically rigorous result of general relativity.

Shortly thereafter, the scientist, together with Briton Stephen Hawking, showed that in the distant past the universe was in a state of infinite mass density. The singularities that arise in general relativity and are described in the works of Penrose and Hawking defy explanation in modern physics. In particular, this leads to the impossibility of describing nature before the Big Bang without involving additional hypotheses and theories, for example, quantum mechanics and string theory. The development of the theory of wormholes is also currently impossible without quantum mechanics.

Stills from the movie "Interstellar" with " wormhole» (2014)

The space epic film Interstellar (we are talking about a science fiction film that was released in October 2014) tells about astronauts who, in search of options for saving humanity, discover the “road of life”, represented by a mysterious tunnel.

This passage inexplicably appears near Saturn and in space-time leads a person to a distant galaxy, thereby providing a chance to find planets inhabited by living beings. Planets that can become a second home for people.

The hypothesis of the existence of a cinematic tunnel, called by scientists a "wormhole" or "wormhole", was preceded by a real physical theory, which was proposed by one of the first astrophysicists and a former professor at the California Institute of Technology, Kip Thorne.

Kip Thorne also helped the astronomer, astrophysicist, popularizer of science and one of those who initiated the project to search for extraterrestrial intelligence - Carl Sagan - create a model of a wormhole for his novel "Contact". The convincingness of the visual images in the film is so obvious to space scientists that astrophysicists admit that these are perhaps the most accurate images of wormholes and black holes that exist in world cinema.

There is only one “small” detail in this film that haunts an attentive viewer: flying in a similar one on a space express is, of course, great, but only now, will the pilots manage to keep the oak in the process of this very interstellar movement?

The creators of the space blockbuster chose not to mention that the original theory of wormholes belonged to other leading theorists of astrophysics - Albert Einstein, together with his assistant Nathan Rosen, began to develop it. These scientists tried to solve Einstein's equations for general relativity in such a way that the result was a mathematical model of the entire universe, along with the forces of attraction and elementary particles that make up matter. In the process of all this, an attempt was made to imagine space as two geometric planes connected to each other by “bridges”.

In parallel, but independently of Einstein, similar work was carried out by another physicist - Ludwig Flamm, who in 1916, also when solving Einstein's equations, made his discovery of such "bridges".

All three "bridge builders" suffered a general disappointment, since the "theory of everything that exists" turned out to be unviable: in theory, such "bridges" did not act at all like real elementary particles.

Nevertheless, in 1935, Einstein and Rosen published a paper where they presented their own theory of tunnels in the space-time continuum. This work, as conceived by the authors, obviously was to encourage other generations of scientists to reflect on the possibility of applying such a theory.

physicist from Princeton University John Wheeler at one time introduced the designation "wormhole" into the vocabulary, which was used in the past years to study the construction of models of "bridges" according to the Einstein-Rosen theory. Wheeler noticed: such a “bridge” painfully resembles a passage gnawed by a worm in a fruit. Imagine an ant crawling from one side of a pear to the other - it can either crawl along the entire curved surface, or, having shortened the path, cross the fruit through a wormhole tunnel.

And what if we imagine that our three-dimensional space-time continuum is the skin of a pear, that, like a curved surface, it encloses a "mass" with much larger dimensions? Perhaps the "bridge" of Einstein-Rosen is the very tunnel that cuts through this "mass", it allows starship pilots to reduce the distance in space between two points. Probably, in this case we are talking about a real mathematical solution of the general theory of relativity.

According to Wheeler, the mouths of the Einstein-Rosen "bridges" are very reminiscent of the so-called Schwarzschild black hole - a simple matter that has a spherical shape and such a high density that its force of attraction cannot be overcome even by light. Astronomers have a strong opinion about the existence of "black holes". They believe that these formations are born when very massive stars "collapse" or die out.

How well-reasoned is the hypothesis that a "black hole" is the same as a "wormhole" or a tunnel that allows long-distance space travel? Maybe, from the point of view of mathematics, this statement is true. But only in theory: in such an expedition there will be no survivors.

The Schwarzschild model represents the dark center of a "black hole" as a singular point or central neutral motionless ball with infinite density. Wheeler's calculations show the consequences of what happened in the event of the formation of such a "wormhole" when two singular points ("black holes" of Schwarzschild) in two distant parts of the Universe converge in its "mass" and create a tunnel between them.

The researcher found out that such a “wormhole” has an unstable nature: the tunnel first forms and then collapses, after which only two singular points (“black holes”) remain again. The procedure for the appearance and slamming of the tunnel is so lightning-fast that even a ray of light cannot penetrate through it, not to mention an astronaut trying to slip through - he will be completely swallowed up by a “black hole”. No joke - we are talking about instant death, because the gravitational forces of crazy power will tear a person to pieces.

"Black holes" and "white spots"

Thorne released the book "The Science of the Movie Interstellar" at the same time as the film. He confirms in this work: "Any body - living or inanimate - at the moment of the collapse of the tunnel will be crushed and torn to pieces!"

For another, alternative version - a rotating Kerr "black hole" - researchers of "white spots" in interplanetary travel have found a different solution to the general theory of relativity. The singularity inside the Kerr "black hole" has a different, not spherical, but ring-shaped shape.

Her certain models can give a person a chance to survive in interstellar flight, but only if the ship passes this hole exclusively through the center of the ring. Something like space basketball, only the price of hitting here is not extra points: at stake is the existence of a starship along with its crew.

The author of The Science of Interstellar, Kip Thorne, doubts the state of the theory. Back in 1987, he wrote an article about flying through a "wormhole", where he points out an important detail: the neck of the Kerr tunnel has a very unreliable section, which is called the "Cauchy horizon".

As the corresponding calculations show, as soon as the body tries to pass a given point, the tunnel collapses. Moreover, even under the condition of some stabilization of the "wormhole", it, as quantum theory says, will immediately be filled with fast particles of high energy.

Therefore, as soon as you stick yourself into Kerr's "black hole", the dry fried crust will remain from you.

The reason - "terrible long-range action"?

The fact is that physicists have not yet adapted the classical laws of gravity to quantum theory - this section of mathematics is too difficult to understand, and many scientists have not given it an exact definition.

At the same time, Princeton scientist Juan Malzadena and his Stanford colleague Leonard Susskind suggested that "wormholes" are obviously nothing more than the material embodiment of entanglement at the time when quantum objects connect - regardless of whether they are removed from each other. friend.

Albert Einstein had his own name for such entanglement - "terrible long-range action", a great physicist and did not think to agree with the generally accepted point of view. Despite this, many experiments have proven the existence of quantum entanglement. Moreover, it is already used for commercial purposes - with its help, online data transfers, such as banking transactions, are protected.

According to Malsadena and Susskind, in large volumes, quantum entanglement is able to influence the change in the geometry of the space-time continuum and contribute to the emergence of "wormholes" in the form of linked "black holes". But the hypothesis of these scientists does not allow the emergence of traversable interstellar tunnels.

According to Malsadena, these tunnels, on the one hand, do not make it possible to fly faster than the speed of light, and on the other hand, they can help astronauts still meet there, inside, with someone “other”. True, there is no pleasure from such a meeting, since the meeting will be followed by inevitable death from a gravitational impact in the center of the "black hole".

In a word, "black holes" are a real obstacle to human space exploration. In this case, what could be "wormholes"? According to Avi Loeb, a scientist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, people have many options on this score: since there is no theory that combines general relativity with quantum mechanics, we are not aware of the entire set of possible space-time structures where “wormholes” can appear. ".

They collapse

But here, too, not everything is so simple. The same Kip Thorne in 1987 established a singularity for any "wormhole" that corresponds to the general theory of relativity, to collapse if you do not try to keep it open due to the so-called exotic matter that has negative energy or antigravity. Thorne assures that the fact of the existence of exomatter can be established experimentally.

Experiments will show that quantum fluctuations in vacuum are obviously capable of creating a negative pressure between two mirrors that are placed very close.

In turn, according to Avi Loeb, if you observe the so-called dark energy, then these studies will give even more reason to believe in the existence of exotic matter.

A scientist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics says that “... we see how over the recent space history galaxies are moving away from us at a speed increasing in time, as if antigravity is acting on them - such an accelerating expansion of the Universe can be explained if the Universe is filled with a substance with negative pressure, exactly the material that is needed for the emergence of a wormhole ... ".

At the same time, both Loeb and Thorne believe that even if a "wormhole" is able to appear naturally, then this would require a lot of exotic matter. Only a highly developed civilization will be capable of accumulating such an energy reserve and subsequent stabilization of such a tunnel.

In the views on this theory also "there is no agreement among the comrades." Here is what, for example, their colleague Malsadena thinks about the findings of Loeb and Thorn:

“... I believe that the idea of ​​a stable traversable wormhole is not intelligible enough and, apparently, does not correspond to the known laws of physics ...” Sabina Hossenfelder from the Scandinavian Institute for Theoretical Physics in Sweden completely breaks Loeb-Thorn’s conclusions to smithereens: “... We have there is absolutely no evidence for the existence of exotic matter. Moreover, there is a widely held belief that it cannot exist, because if it did, the vacuum would be unstable…”

Even in the case of the existence of such exotic matter, Hossen-felder develops his idea, moving inside it would be an extremely unpleasant thing: each time the sensations would be in direct proportion to the degree of curvature of the space-time structure around the tunnel and the energy density inside it. Sabine Hossenfelder concludes:

“... This is very similar to“ black holes ”: the tide-forming forces are too great - and a person will be torn to pieces ...”

Paradoxically, despite his contribution to the film Interstellar, Thorne also does not particularly believe that such a walkable tunnel can ever appear. And in the possibility of passing through it (without any harm!) - astronauts - and even more so. He himself admits this in his book:

“... If they [tunnels] can exist, then I very much doubt that they can arise in the astrophysical Universe in a natural way ...”

... So believe after that science fiction films!

A wormhole or wormhole is a hypothetical topological feature of space-time, which is a “tunnel” in space at every moment of time (a space-time tunnel). Thus, the wormhole allows you to move in space and time. The regions that a wormhole connects can be regions of a single space or be completely disconnected. In the second case, the wormhole is the only link between the two regions. The first kind of wormholes is often called “intraworld”, and the second kind is “interworld”.

As you know, the General Theory of Relativity prohibits movement in the Universe at a speed exceeding the speed of light. On the other hand, general relativity allows the existence of space-time tunnels, but it is necessary that the tunnel be filled with exotic matter with a negative energy density, which creates a strong gravitational repulsion and prevents the tunnel from collapsing.

Tachyons are most often referred to as such particles of exotic matter. Tachyons are hypothetical particles that travel faster than the speed of light. In order for such particles not to violate general relativity, it is assumed that the mass of tachyons is negative.

Currently, there is no reliable experimental confirmation of the existence of tachyons in laboratory experiments or astronomical observations. Physicists can only boast of a “pseudo-negative” mass of electrons and atoms, which are obtained with high density electric fields, special polarization of laser beams or ultra-low temperatures. In the latter case, the experiments were carried out with a Bose-Einstein condensate, an aggregate state of matter based on bosons cooled to temperatures close to absolute zero (less than a millionth of a kelvin). In such a strongly cooled state, a sufficiently large number of atoms find themselves in their minimum possible quantum states, and quantum effects begin to manifest themselves at the macroscopic level. The Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 2001 for the production of the Bose-Einstein condensate.

However, a number of experts suggest that they can be tachyons. These elementary particles have a non-zero mass, which was proved by the detection of neutrino oscillations. The last discovery was even awarded Nobel Prize in physics for 2015. On the other hand, the exact value of the neutrino mass has not yet been determined. A number of experiments to measure the speed of neutrinos have shown that their speed can slightly exceed the speed of light. These data are constantly questioned, but in 2014 a new job on this occasion.

String theory

In parallel, some theorists suggest that special formations (cosmic strings) with negative mass could have formed in the early Universe. The length of relic cosmic strings can reach at least several tens of parsecs with a thickness less than the diameter of an atom at an average density of 10 22 grams per cm 3 . There are several works that such formations were observed in the events of gravitational lensing of light from distant quasars. In general, it is currently the most likely candidate for a “theory of everything” or a unified field theory that combines the theory of relativity and quantum field theory. According to it, all elementary particles are oscillating threads of energy with a length of about 10 -33 meters, which is comparable to (minimum possible size object in the universe).

The unified field theory suggests that there are cells in the space-time dimensions with a minimum length and time. The minimum length should be equal to the Planck length (approximately 1.6 x 10 −35 meters).

At the same time, observations of distant gamma-ray bursts indicate that if space graininess exists, then the size of these grains is no more than 10 −48 meters. In addition, he could not confirm some of the consequences of string theory, which became a serious argument for the fallacy of this fundamental theory of modern physics.

Potentially great value on the way to creating a unified field theory and space-time tunnels is the discovery in 2014 of a theoretical connection between quantum entanglement and wormholes. In a new theoretical work, it was shown that the creation of a space-time tunnel is possible not only between two massive black holes, but also between two quantum entangled quarks.

Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon in quantum mechanics in which the quantum states of two or more objects become interdependent. This interdependence persists even if these objects are separated in space beyond any known interactions. Measurement of the parameter of one particle leads to an instantaneous (above the speed of light) termination of the entangled state of the other, which is in logical contradiction with the principle of locality (in this case, the theory of relativity is not violated and information is not transmitted).

Kristan Jensen from the University of Victoria (Canada) and Andreas Karch from the University of Washington (USA), described a quantum entangled pair consisting of a quark and an antiquark that rush away from each other at near-light speeds, making it impossible to transmit signals from one to the other. Researchers believe that the three-dimensional space in which quarks move is a hypothetical facet of the four-dimensional world. In 3D space, quantum entangled particles are connected by a kind of "string". And in 4D space, this "string" becomes a wormhole.

Julian Sonner of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (USA) has presented a quantum-entangled quark-antiquark pair, born in a strong electric field, which separates oppositely charged particles, causing them to move rapidly in different directions. Sonner also concluded that particles quantumly entangled in three-dimensional space, will be connected by a wormhole in four-dimensional space. In the calculations, physicists used the so-called holographic principle - the concept according to which the entire physics of the n-dimensional world is fully reflected on its "facets" with the number of dimensions (n-1). With such a “projection”, a quantum theory that takes into account the effects of gravity in four-dimensional space is equivalent to a quantum theory “without gravity” in three-dimensional space. In other words, black holes in 4D space and a wormhole between them are mathematically equivalent to their 3D holographic projection.

Prospects for gravitational wave and neutrino astronomy

The greatest prospects in studying the properties of matter at the most microscopic and high-energy level for a better understanding of quantum gravity are gravitational-wave and neutrino astronomy due to the fact that it studies waves and particles with the highest penetrating power. So if the microwave background radiation of the Universe was formed 380 thousand years after, then the relict neutrinos in the first few seconds, and the relict gravitational waves in just 10 -32 seconds! In addition, registration of such radiation and particles from black holes or from catastrophic events (mergers and collapses of massive stars) has great prospects.

On the other hand, traditional astrometric observatories are actively developing, which now cover the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Such observatories can detect unexpected objects or phenomena in the early universe (the first interstellar clouds,