Travel through space and time is possible not only in science fiction films and science fiction books, a little more and it can become a reality. Many well-known and respected specialists are working on the study of such a phenomenon as a wormhole and a space-time tunnel.
A wormhole, in the definition of physicist Eric Davis, is a kind of cosmic tunnel, also called a neck, connecting two distant regions in the Universe or two different Universes, if other Universes exist, or two different time periods, or different spatial dimensions. Despite the fact that the existence is not proven, scientists are seriously considering all sorts of ways to use traversable wormholes, provided they exist, to overcome distance at the speed of light, and even time travel.
Before using wormholes, scientists need to find them. Today, unfortunately, no evidence of the existence of wormholes has been found. But if they do exist, their location may not be as difficult as it seems at first glance.
What are wormholes?
To date, there are several theories of the origin of wormholes. The mathematician Ludwig Flamm, who applied Albert Einstein's equations of relativity, first coined the term "wormhole", describing the process when gravity can bend the time space related to the fabric of physical reality, as a result of which a space-time tunnel is formed.
Ali Evgün, of the Eastern Mediterranean University in Cyprus, suggests that wormholes occur in places where dark matter is dense. According to this theory, wormholes could exist in the outer regions of the Milky Way, where there is dark matter, and within other galaxies. Mathematically, he was able to prove that there is everything the necessary conditions to confirm this theory.
“In the future, it will be possible to indirectly observe such experiments, as shown in the movie Interstellar,” said Ali Evgun.
Thorne and a number of scientists came to the conclusion that even if due to the necessary factors some kind of wormhole was formed, it would most likely collapse before any object or person passed through it. It would take a long time to keep the wormhole open long enough. a large number of so-called "exotic matter". One of the forms of natural "exotic matter" is dark energy, Davis explains its action as follows: "pressure, the value of which is below atmospheric pressure, creates a gravitational-repulsive force, which in turn pushes inner space our universe outward, which produces an inflationary expansion of the universe.”
Such an exotic material as dark matter is five times more common in the Universe than ordinary substances. Until now, scientists have not been able to detect accumulations of dark matter or dark energy, so many of their properties are unknown. The study of their properties occurs through the study of the space around them.
Through a wormhole through time - reality?
The idea of time travel is quite popular not only among researchers. Alice's journey through the Looking Glass in the novel of the same name by Lewis Carroll is based on the theory of wormholes. What is a space-time tunnel? The region of space at the far end of the tunnel should stand out from the area around the entrance due to distortions, similar to reflections in curved mirrors. Another sign could be a concentrated movement of light directed through the wormhole tunnel by air currents. Davis calls the phenomenon at the front end of the wormhole the "rainbow caustic effect." Such effects may be visible from a distance. "Astronomers plan to use telescopes to hunt for these rainbow phenomena, looking for a natural, or even unnaturally created, traversable wormhole," Davis said. - "I never heard that the project still got off the ground."
As part of his research on wormholes, Thorne proposed the theory that a wormhole could be used as a time machine. Thought experiments related to time travel often run into paradoxes. Perhaps the most famous of these is the grandfather paradox: If an explorer travels back in time and kills his grandfather, that person will not be able to be born, and therefore would never go back in time. It can be assumed that there is no way back in time travel, according to Davis, Thorne's work has opened up new avenues for scientists to study.
Ghost Link: Wormholes and the Quantum Realm
"The entire cottage industry of theoretical physics grew out of theories that led to the development of other spatiotemporal methods producing the described causes of the paradoxes associated with the time machine," Davis said. Despite everything, the possibility of using a wormhole for time travel attracts both fans of science fiction and those who want to change their past. Davis believes, based on modern theories that in order to make a time machine out of a wormhole, the flows at one or both ends of the tunnel will need to be accelerated to speeds approaching the speed of light.
"Based on this, it would be extremely difficult to build a time machine based on a wormhole," Davis said. "Regarding this, it would be much easier to use wormholes for interstellar travel in space."
Other physicists have suggested that wormhole time travel could trigger a massive build-up of energy that would destroy the tunnel before it could be used as a time machine, a process known as a quantum backlash. However, it's still fun to dream about the potential of wormholes: "Think of all the possibilities that people would get if they found a way, what could they do if they could time travel?" Davis said. "Their adventures would be very interesting, to say the least."
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Mankind is exploring the world around itself at an unprecedented speed, technology does not stand still, and scientists with might and main plow the world around with sharp minds. Undoubtedly, space can be considered the most mysterious and little-studied area. This is a world full of mysteries that cannot be understood without resorting to theories and fantasy. A world of secrets that go far beyond our understanding.
Space is mysterious. He keeps his secrets carefully, hiding them under a veil of knowledge inaccessible to the human mind. Humanity is still too helpless to conquer the Cosmos, like the already conquered world of Biology or Chemistry. All that is still available to man is theories, of which there are countless.
One of the greatest mysteries Universe - Wormholes.
Wormholes in space
So, the Wormhole ("Bridge", "Wormhole") is a feature of the interaction of two fundamental components of the universe - space and time, and in particular - their curvature.
[For the first time the concept of "Wormhole" in physics was introduced by John Wheeler, the author of the theory of "charge without charge"]
The peculiar curvature of these two components allows you to overcome enormous distances without spending a huge amount of time. To better understand the principle of operation of such a phenomenon, it is worth remembering Alice from Through the Looking Glass. The girl's mirror played the role of the so-called Wormhole: Alice could, only by touching the mirror, instantly find herself in another place (and if we take into account the scale of space, in another universe).
The idea of the existence of Wormholes is not just a whimsical invention of science fiction writers. Back in 1935, Albert Einstein became a co-author of works proving the so-called "bridges" possible. Although the Theory of Relativity allows this, astronomers have not yet been able to detect a single Wormhole (another name for a Wormhole).
The main detection problem is that, by its nature, the Wormhole sucks absolutely everything into itself, including radiation. And it doesn't let anything out. The only thing that can tell the location of the "bridge" is the gas, which, when it enters the Wormhole, continues to emit X-rays, unlike when it enters the Black Hole. A similar behavior of the gas was recently discovered at a certain object Sagittarius A, which leads scientists to the idea of the existence of a Wormhole in its vicinity.
So is it possible to travel through wormholes? In fact, there is more fantasy than reality. Even if it is theoretically possible that the Wormhole will soon be discovered, modern science faced with a lot of problems that she still can not afford.
The first stone on the way to the development of the Wormhole will be its size. According to theorists, the first burrows were less than a meter. And only, relying on the theory of the expanding universe, it can be assumed that the Wormholes increased along with the universe. Which means they are still growing.
The second problem on the path of science will be the instability of wormholes. The ability of the "bridge" to collapse, that is, "slam" nullifies the possibility of using or even studying it. In fact, the lifespan of a Wormhole can be tenths of a second.
So what will happen if we discard all the "stones" and imagine that a person nevertheless made a passage through the Wormhole. Despite the fiction that talks about a possible return to the past, this is still impossible. Time is irreversible. It moves in only one direction and cannot go back. That is, “seeing yourself young” (as, for example, the hero of the film “Interstellar” did) will not work. Guarding this scenario is the theory of causality, unshakable and fundamental. The transfer of "oneself" into the past implies the possibility for the hero of the journey to change it (the past). For example, to kill yourself, thus preventing yourself from traveling into the past. This means that it is not possible to be in the future, where the hero came from.
Mole Hole. What is a "Wormhole"?
The hypothetical "Wormhole", which is also called a "molehole" or "wormhole" (literal translation of Wormhole) is a kind of space-time tunnel that allows an object to move from point a to point b in the universe not in a straight line, but around space. In the event that it is easier, then take any piece of paper, fold it in half and pierce it, the resulting hole will be the same wormhole
. So there is a theory that the space in the universe can be conditionally the same sheet of paper, attention, only adjusted for the third dimension. Various scientists deduce hypotheses that thanks to wormholes travel in space - time is possible. But at the same time, no one knows exactly what dangers wormholes can pose and what can actually be on the other side of them.
Theory of wormholes.
In 1935, physicists Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen, using the general theory of relativity, suggested that there are special "bridges" across space-time in the universe. These paths, which are called Einstein-Rosen bridges (or wormholes), connect two completely different points in space-time by theoretically creating a curvature in space that shortens travel from one point to another.
Again, hypothetically, any wormhole consists of two entrances and a neck (that is, the same tunnel. In this case, most likely, the entrances at the wormhole are spheroidal in shape, and the neck can represent both a straight segment of space and a spiral one.
Traveling through a wormhole.
The first problem that will stand in the way of the possibility of such travel is the size of wormholes. It is believed that the very first wormholes were very small size, about 10-33 centimeters, but due to the expansion of the universe, it became possible that the wormholes themselves expanded and increased along with it. Another problem with wormholes is their stability. Or rather, instability.
Explained by the Einstein-Rosen theory, wormholes will be useless for space-time travel because they collapse (close) very quickly. But more recent research on these issues implies the presence of "Exotic Matter", which allows holes to maintain their structure for a longer period of time.
And yet, theoretical science believes that if wormholes contain enough of this exotic energy, which either appeared naturally or will appear artificially, then it will be possible to transfer information or even objects through space-time.
The same hypotheses suggest that wormholes can connect not only two points within one universe, but also be the entrance to others. Some scientists believe that if one wormhole entrance is moved in a certain way, then time travel will be possible. But, for example, the famous British cosmologist Stephen Hawking believes that such use of wormholes is impossible.
Nevertheless, some scientific minds insist that if stabilization of wormholes by exotic matter is indeed possible, then it will be possible for people to safely travel through such wormholes. And due to the "Ordinary" matter, if desired and necessary, such portals can be destabilized back.
According to the theory of relativity, nothing can travel faster than light. This means that nothing can get out of this gravitational field by getting into it. The region of space from which there is no way out is called a black hole. Its boundary is determined by the trajectory of light rays, which were the first to lose the opportunity to break out. It is called the event horizon of a black hole. Example: looking out of the window, we do not see what is beyond the horizon, and the conditional observer cannot understand what is happening inside the boundaries of an invisible dead star.
Physicists have found signs of the existence of another universe
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There are five types of black holes, but it is the stellar-mass black hole that interests us. Such objects are formed at the final stage of the life of a celestial body. In general, the death of a star can result in the following things:
1. It will turn into a very dense extinct star, consisting of a series chemical elements, is a white dwarf;
2. Into a neutron star - has an approximate mass of the Sun and a radius of about 10-20 kilometers, inside it consists of neutrons and other particles, and outside it is enclosed in a thin but solid shell;
3. Into a black hole, the gravitational attraction of which is so strong that it can suck in objects flying at the speed of light.
When a supernova occurs, that is, the "rebirth" of a star, a black hole is formed, which can only be detected due to the emitted radiation. It is she who is able to generate a wormhole.
If we imagine a black hole as a funnel, then the object, having fallen into it, loses the event horizon and falls inward. So where is the wormhole? It is located in exactly the same funnel, attached to the tunnel of a black hole, where the exits face outward. Scientists believe that the other end of the wormhole is connected to a white hole (the antipode of a black one, into which nothing can fall).
Mole Hole. Schwarzschild and Reisner-Nordström black holes
The Schwarzschild black hole can be considered an impenetrable wormhole. As for the Reisner-Nordström black hole, it is somewhat more complicated, but also impassable. Still, it's not that hard to come up with and describe four-dimensional wormholes in space that could be traversed. It's just a matter of picking required view metrics. The metric tensor, or metric, is a set of values that can be used to calculate the four-dimensional intervals that exist between event points. This set of quantities fully characterizes both the gravitational field and the space-time geometry. Geometrically traversable wormholes in space are even simpler than black holes. They do not have horizons that lead to cataclysms with the passage of time. At different points, time can go at a different pace, but it should not stop or speed up indefinitely.
Pulsars: The Beacon Factor
In essence, a pulsar is a rapidly rotating neutron star. A neutron star is the highly compacted core of a dead star left over from a supernova explosion. This neutron star has a powerful magnetic field. This magnetic field is about one trillion times stronger. magnetic field Earth. The magnetic field causes a neutron star to emit strong radio waves and radioactive particles from its north and south poles. These particles can include various radiations, including visible light.
Pulsars that emit powerful gamma rays are known as gamma ray pulsars. If a neutron star is located with its pole towards the Earth, then we can see radio waves every time as soon as one of the poles falls into our foreshortening. This effect is very similar to the lighthouse effect. To a stationary observer, it seems that the light of a rotating beacon is constantly blinking, then disappearing, then appearing again. In the same way, a pulsar appears to blink as it rotates its poles relative to the Earth. Different pulsars emit pulses at different speeds, depending on their size and mass. neutron star. Sometimes a pulsar can have a companion. In some cases, he can attract his companion, which makes him rotate even faster. The fastest pulsars can emit more than a hundred pulses per second.
A hypothetical "wormhole", which is also called a "wormhole" or "wormhole" (literal translation of wormhole) is a kind of space-time tunnel that allows an object to move from point A to point B in the Universe not in a straight line, but around space. If it's easier, then take any piece of paper, fold it in half and pierce it, the resulting hole will be the same wormhole. So there is a theory that the space in the Universe can be conditionally the same sheet of paper, only adjusted for the third dimension. Various scientists deduce hypotheses that thanks to wormholes travel in space-time is possible. But at the same time, no one knows exactly what dangers wormholes can pose and what can actually be on the other side of them.
Wormhole theory
In 1935, physicists Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen, using the theory of general relativity, suggested that there are special "bridges" across space-time in the universe. These paths, called Einstein-Rosen bridges (or wormholes), connect two completely different points in spacetime by theoretically creating a warp in space that shortens travel from one point to another.
Again, hypothetically, any wormhole consists of two entrances and a neck (that is, the same tunnel). In this case, most likely, the entrances at the wormhole are spheroidal in shape, and the neck can represent both a straight segment of space and a spiral one.
The general theory of relativity mathematically proves the probability of the existence of wormholes, but so far none of them have been discovered by man. The difficulty in detecting it lies in the fact that the alleged huge mass of wormholes and gravitational effects simply absorb light and prevent it from being reflected.
Several hypotheses based on general theory relativity, suggest the existence of wormholes, where the roles of entry and exit are played by black holes. But it is worth considering that the appearance of the black holes themselves, formed from the explosion of dying stars, in no way creates a wormhole.
Journey through a wormhole
In science fiction, it's not uncommon for protagonists to travel through wormholes. But in reality, such a journey is far from being as simple as it is shown in films and told in fantasy literature.
The first problem that will stand in the way of the possibility of such travel is the size of wormholes. It is believed that the very first wormholes were very small in size, on the order of 10-33 centimeters, but due to the expansion of the Universe, it became possible that the wormholes themselves expanded and increased along with it. Another problem with wormholes is their stability. Or rather, instability.
Wormholes explained by the Einstein-Rosen theory will be useless for space-time travel because they collapse (close) very quickly. But more recent studies of these issues imply the presence of "exotic matter" that allows burrows to maintain their structure for a longer period of time.
Not to be confused with black matter and antimatter, this exotic matter is composed of negative density energy and colossal negative pressure. The mention of such matter is present only in some theories of vacuum within the framework of quantum field theory.
Yet theoretical science believes that if wormholes contain enough of this exotic energy, either naturally occurring or artificially generated, then it will be possible to transmit information or even objects through space-time.
The same hypotheses suggest that wormholes can connect not only two points within one universe, but also be the entrance to others. Some scientists believe that if one wormhole entrance is moved in a certain way, then time travel will be possible. But, for example, the famous British cosmologist Stephen Hawking believes that such use of wormholes is impossible.
Nevertheless, some scientific minds insist that if stabilization of wormholes by exotic matter is indeed possible, then it will be possible for people to safely travel through such wormholes. And due to the "ordinary" matter, if desired and necessary, such portals can be destabilized back.
Unfortunately, today's technologies of mankind are not enough for wormholes to be artificially enlarged and stabilized, in case they are nevertheless discovered. But scientists continue to explore the concepts and methods for fast space travel, and maybe one day science will come up with the right solution.
Video Wormhole: door through the looking glass
Sci-fi fans hope that humanity will one day be able to travel to the far reaches of the universe through a wormhole.
A wormhole is a theoretical tunnel through space-time that will potentially allow faster travel between distant points in space - from one galaxy to another, for example, as was shown in Christopher Nolan's film "Interstellar", which was released in theaters around the world at the beginning of this month.
While wormholes are possible according to Einstein's theory of general relativity, such exotic travels are likely to remain in the realm of science fiction, said renowned astrophysicist Kip Thorne of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, who served as an advisor and executive producer on Interstellar. .
"The point is, we just don't know anything about them," said Thorne, who is one of the world's leading experts on relativity, black holes and wormholes. "But there are very strong indications that a person, according to the laws of physics, will not be able to travel through them."
"The main reason has to do with the instability of wormholes," he added. "The walls of the wormholes are collapsing so fast that nothing can get through them."
Keeping the wormholes open will require the use of something anti-gravity, namely negative energy. Negative energy was created in the laboratory using quantum effects: one region of space receives the energy of another region, in which a deficiency forms.
"So it's theoretically possible," he said. "But we can never get enough negative energy, which will be able to keep the walls of the wormhole open."
Also, wormholes (if they exist at all) almost certainly cannot form naturally. That is, they must be created with the help of an advanced civilization.
That's exactly what happened in "Interstellar": Mysterious creatures built a wormhole near Saturn, allowing a small group of pioneers, led by former farmer Cooper (played by Matthew McConaughey), to set out in search of a new home for humanity to exist on Earth. threatened by a global crop failure.
Those interested in learning more about the science in Interstellar, which deals with gravitational slowdown and depicts several alien planets orbiting a closely spaced one, should read Thorne's new book, which is unequivocally titled The Science of Interstellar.
Where is the wormhole. Wormholes in general relativity
(GR) allows the existence of such tunnels, although for the existence of a traversable wormhole it is necessary that it be filled with a negative one, which creates a strong gravitational repulsion and prevents the hole from collapsing. Wormhole-type solutions arise in various options, although up to full study question is still very far away.
The area near the narrowest section of the molehill is called the "throat". Wormholes are divided into "intra-universe" and "inter-universe", depending on whether it is possible to connect its inputs with a curve that does not cross the neck.
There are also passable (traversable) and impassable molehills. The latter include those tunnels that are too fast for an observer or a signal (having a speed of no more than light speed) to get from one entrance to another. Classic example impassable molehill - in, and passable -.
A traversable intraworld wormhole provides a hypothetical possibility if, for example, one of its entrances is moving relative to the other, or if it is in a strong one where the passage of time slows down. Also, wormholes can hypothetically create an opportunity for interstellar travel, and as such, wormholes are often found in.
Space wormholes. Through the "molehills" - to the stars?
Unfortunately, about practical use"wormholes" to reach remote space objects are not yet discussed. Their properties, varieties, places of possible location are still known only theoretically - although, you see, this is already quite a lot. After all, we have many examples of how the theoretical constructions that seemed purely speculative led to the emergence of new technologies that radically changed the life of mankind. Nuclear power, computers, mobile connection, genetic engineering ... but you never know what else?
In the meantime, the following is known about "wormholes", or "wormholes". In 1935, Albert Einstein and the American-Israeli physicist Nathan Rosen suggested the existence of a kind of tunnels connecting various remote regions of space. At that time, they were not yet called "wormholes", or "mole holes", but simply - "Einstein-Rosen bridges". Since such bridges required a very strong curvature of space for the emergence of such bridges, the time of their existence was very short. No one and nothing would have time to "run" over such a bridge - under the influence of gravity, it almost immediately "collapsed".
And therefore, it remained completely useless in a practical sense, although an amusing consequence of the general theory of relativity.
However, later ideas appeared that some interdimensional tunnels could exist for quite a long time - provided that they are filled with some exotic matter with a negative energy density. Such matter will create gravitational repulsion instead of attraction and thus prevent the channel from “collapsing”. Then the name "wormhole" appeared. By the way, our scientists prefer the name "molehill" or "wormhole": the meaning is the same, but it sounds much nicer ...
American physicist John Archibald Wheeler (1911-2008), developing the theory of "wormholes", suggested that they are penetrated electric field; moreover, the electric charges themselves are, in fact, the mouths of microscopic "wormholes". Russian astrophysicist Academician Nikolai Semyonovich Kardashev believes that "wormholes" can reach giant size and that in the center of our Galaxy there are not massive black holes at all, but the mouths of such "burrows".
Of practical interest to future space travelers will be "wormholes", which are kept in a stable state for quite a long time and, moreover, are suitable for spacecraft to pass through them.
Americans Kip Thorne and Michael Morris created a theoretical model of such channels. However, their stability is ensured by “exotic matter”, about which nothing is really known and which, perhaps, it is better for earthly technology not to even meddle.
But Russian theorists Sergei Krasnikov from the Pulkovo Observatory and Sergei Sushkov from the Kazan federal university put forward the idea that the stability of a wormhole can be achieved without any negative energy density, but simply due to the polarization of the vacuum in the "hole" (the so-called Sushkov mechanism).
In general, now there is a whole set of theories of "wormholes" (or, if you like, "wormholes"). A very general and speculative classification divides them into "passable" - stable, Morris - Thorn wormholes, and impassable - Einstein - Rosen bridges. In addition, wormholes vary in scale - from microscopic to gigantic, comparable in size to galactic "black holes". And finally, according to their purpose: "intra-universe", connecting different places of the same curved Universe, and "inter-universe" (inter-universe), allowing you to get into another space-time continuum.
Astrophysicists are sure that there are tunnels in space through which you can move to other Universes and even to another time. Presumably, they were formed when the Universe was just emerging. When, as scientists say, space "boiled" and curved.
These space "time machines" were given the name "wormholes". The “burrow” differs from a black hole in that you can not only get there, but also return back. The time machine exists. And this is no longer a statement of science fiction - four mathematical formulas, which so far in theory prove that you can move both to the future and to the past.
And computer model. Something like this should look like a "time machine" in space: two holes in space and time, connected by a corridor.
“In this case, we are talking about very unusual objects that were discovered in Einstein's theory. According to this theory, very strong field there is a curvature of space, and time either twists or slows down, these are such fantastic properties,” explains Igor Novikov, deputy director of the Astrospace Center of the Lebedev Physical Institute.
Such unusual objects scientists called "wormholes". This is not a human invention at all, so far only nature is capable of creating a time machine. Today, astrophysicists have only hypothetically proven the existence of "wormholes" in the universe. It's a matter of practice.
The search for "wormholes" is one of the main tasks of modern astronomy. “They started talking about black holes somewhere in the late 60s, and when they made these reports, it seemed fantastic. It seemed to everyone that this was an absolute fantasy - now it is on everyone's lips, - says Anatoly Cherepashchuk, director of the Astronomical Institute of Moscow State University named after Sternberg. - So even now, "wormholes" are also fiction, nevertheless, theory predicts that "wormholes" exist. I am an optimist and I think that the "wormholes" will also someday be opened.
"Wormholes" belong to such a mysterious phenomenon as "dark energy", which makes up 70 percent of the universe. “Now dark energy has been discovered – it is a vacuum that has negative pressure. And in principle, "wormholes" could be formed from a state of vacuum," Anatoly Cherepashchuk suggests. One of the habitats of "wormholes" is the centers of galaxies. But here the main thing is not to confuse them with black holes, huge objects that are also located in the center of galaxies.
Their mass is billions of our Suns. At the same time, black holes have a powerful force of attraction. It is so large that even light cannot escape from there, so it is impossible to see them with an ordinary telescope. The gravitational force of wormholes is also enormous, but if you look inside the wormhole, you can see the light of the past.
“In the center of galaxies, in their cores, there are very compact objects, these are black holes, but it is assumed that some of these black holes are not black holes at all, but entrances to these “wormholes,” says Igor Novikov. More than 300 black holes have been discovered today.
From Earth to the center of our galaxy Milky Way 25 thousand light years. If it turns out that this black hole is a “wormhole”, a corridor for time travel, humanity will fly and fly before it.
A wormhole is a theoretical passage through space-time that can greatly reduce long-distance travel across the universe by creating shortest paths between destinations. The existence of wormholes is predicted by the theory of relativity. But along with convenience, they can also carry extreme dangers: the danger of a sudden collapse, high radiation and dangerous contacts with exotic matter.
The theory of wormholes, or "wormholes"
In 1935, physicists Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen proposed the existence of "bridges" in space-time using the theory of relativity. These paths, called Einstein-Rosen bridges or wormholes ("wormholes"), connect two different points in space-time, theoretically creating the shortest corridors that reduce distance and travel time.
Wormholes have, as it were, two mouths connected by a common neck. The mouths most likely have a spherical shape. The throat may be a straight section, but it may also twist, becoming longer the longer the normal route.
Einstein's general theory of relativity mathematically predicts the existence of "wormholes" (wormholes), but none have been discovered to date. A wormhole with negative mass can be tracked down due to the effect of its gravity on light passing by.
Some solutions of the general theory of relativity allow the existence of "wormholes", each entrance (mouth) of which is a black hole. However, natural black holes formed as a result of the collapse dying star, by themselves do not create a wormhole.
Through a wormhole
Science fiction is replete with stories of travel through wormholes. But in reality, such journeys are much more difficult, and not only because we must first find such a wormhole.
The first problem is size. Relic wormholes are believed to exist on a microscopic level, about 10 -33 centimeters in diameter. However, as the Universe expands, it is possible that some of them have grown to large sizes.
Another problem arises from stability. More precisely, because of its absence. The wormholes predicted by Einstein-Rosen would be useless for travel because they collapse too quickly. But more recent research has shown that wormholes containing "exotic matter" can remain open and unchanged for longer periods of time.
Exotic matter, not to be confused with dark matter or antimatter, has a negative density and a huge negative pressure. Such matter can only be found in the behavior of certain vacuum states within the framework of quantum field theory.
If wormholes contain enough exotic matter, whether naturally occurring or artificially added, then in theory they could be used as a means of transmitting information or a corridor through space.
Not only can wormholes connect two different ends of the same universe, they could also connect two different universes. Also, some scientists have suggested that if one wormhole entrance moves in a certain way, it could be useful for time travel . However, their opponents, such as the British cosmologist Stephen Hawking, argue that such a use is not possible.
While adding exotic matter to a wormhole could stabilize it to the point where humans could safely travel through it, there is still the possibility that adding "regular" matter would be enough to destabilize the portal.
Current technology is not enough to enlarge or stabilize wormholes, even if they are found soon. However, scientists continue to explore this notion as a method of space travel, with the hope that the technology will eventually emerge and they will eventually be able to use wormholes.
Sourced from Space.com
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