On this page, a description and a schematic diagram of a simple device for energy savings, so-called reactive power inverter. The device is useful when using, for example, such commonly used household appliances as a boiler, electric oven, electric kettle and others, including non-heating electronic devices, TV, computer, etc. The device can be used with any meters, including electronic ones, even having a shunt or an air transformer as a sensor. The device is simply plugged into a 220 V 50 Hz socket and the load is powered from it, while all electrical wiring remains intact. Grounding is not required. The counter will take into account approximately a quarter of the electricity consumed.
You can get a working diagram of this device with an indication of the ratings of the elements and detailed instructions for assembly and configuration.
A bit of theory. When powering a resistive load, the voltage and current phases are the same. The power function, which is the product of the instantaneous values of voltage and current, has the form of a sinusoid located only in the region of positive values. The electric energy meter calculates the integral of the power function and registers it on its indicator. If a capacitance is connected to the electrical network instead of a load, then the phase current will lead the voltage by 90 degrees. This will cause the power function to be located symmetrically about positive and negative values. Therefore, the integral from it will have a zero value, and the counter will not count anything. In other words, try to include any non-polar capacitor after the counter. You will see that the counter does not react to it in any way. Moreover, regardless of capacity. The principle of operation of the inverter is as simple as a door and consists in using 2 capacitors, the first of which is charged from the network during the first half-cycle of the mains voltage, and during the second it is discharged through the load of the consumer. While the load is powered by the first capacitor, the second one is also charged from the mains without connecting the load. After that, the cycle repeats.
Thus, the load receives power, in the form of sawtooth pulses, and the current consumed from the network is almost sinusoidal, only its approximating function is ahead of the voltage in phase. Therefore, the meter does not take into account all the consumed electricity. It is not possible to achieve a phase shift of 90 degrees, since the charge of each capacitor is completed in a quarter of the period of the mains voltage, but the approximating function of the current through the electric brush, with properly selected capacitor and load parameters, can lead the voltage up to 70 degrees, which allows the meter to take into account only a quarter of the actual consumed electricity. To power a load that is sensitive to the voltage waveform, a filter can be installed at the output of the device to bring the supply voltage waveform closer to the correct sinusoid.
Simply put, an inverter is a simple electronic device that converts reactive power into active (useful) power. The device is plugged into any outlet, and a powerful consumer (or group of consumers) is powered from it. It is made in such a way that the current it consumes in phase leads the voltage by 45..70 degrees. Therefore, the meter perceives the device as a capacitive load and does not take into account most of the energy actually consumed. The device, in turn, inverting the received unaccounted energy, feeds consumers with alternating current. The inverter is designed for a rated voltage of 220 V and consumer power up to 5 kW. If desired, the power can be increased. The main advantage of the device is that it works equally well with any meters, including electronic, electro-mechanical, and even the latest ones that have a shunt or an air transformer as a current sensor. All electrical wiring remains intact. Grounding is not required. The circuit is a bridge based on four thyristors with a simple control circuit. You can assemble and configure the device yourself, even with a little amateur radio experience.
Everyone has a resonant transformer, but we are so used to them that we do not notice how they work. By turning on the radio, we tune it to the radio station we want to receive. With the proper setting of the tuning knob, the receiver will receive and amplify only the frequencies that this radio transmits, it will not accept vibrations of other frequencies. We say that the receiver is configured.
Receiver tuning is based on the important physical phenomenon of resonance. By turning the tuning knob, we change the capacitance of the capacitor, and therefore the natural frequency of the oscillatory circuit. When the natural frequency of the radio circuit coincides with the frequency of the transmitting station, resonance occurs. The current strength in the radio circuit reaches a maximum and the volume of the reception of this radio station is the highest
The phenomenon of electrical resonance allows transmitters and receivers to be tuned to given frequencies and ensure their operation without mutual interference. In this case, the electrical power of the input signal is multiplied several times
The same thing happens in electrical engineering.
We connect the capacitor to the secondary winding of a conventional mains transformer, while the current and voltage of this oscillatory circuit will be out of phase by 90 °. The great thing is that the transformer will not notice this connection and the current consumption will decrease.
Quote from Hector: "No scientist could imagine that the secret of ZPE could be expressed with only three letters - RLC!"
A resonant system consisting of a transformer, a load R (in the form of an incandescent bulb), a capacitor bank C (for tuning into resonance), a 2-channel oscilloscope, a variable inductor L (for precise setting of the CURRENT antinode in the light bulb and the voltage antinode in the capacitor). At resonance, radiant energy begins to flow in the RLC circuit. In order to direct it to the load R, it is necessary to CREATE A STANDING WAVE and exactly match the antinode of the current in the resonant circuit with the load R.
Procedure: Connect the transformer primary to 220V or whatever voltage source you have. By adjusting the oscillatory circuit, due to the capacitance C, the variable inductor L, the load resistance R, you must CREATE A STANDING WAVE, in which the current antinode appears on R. Grounding plays the role of a kind of fulcrum! Those. in that place of the conductor or coil where the ground is connected, the antinode of the current will necessarily be established (the voltage will become equal to zero, and the current will reach a maximum
Counter waves https://energy4all.ru/index.html
Short circuit coil in Add. tr-re not only heats up to 400 ° C, but introduces its core into saturation and the core also heats up to 90 ° C, which can be used
Incredible picture: the machine gives a current equal to zero, but splits into two branches, 80 amperes each. Isn't it a good example for a first acquaintance with alternating currents?
The maximum effect from the use of resonance in an oscillatory circuit can be obtained when it is designed in order to increase the quality factor. The word "quality factor" has the meaning of not only a "well-made" oscillatory circuit. The quality factor of the circuit is the ratio of the current flowing through the reactive element to the current flowing through the active element of the circuit. In a resonant oscillatory circuit, you can get a quality factor from 30 to 200. At the same time, currents flow through the reactive elements: inductance and capacitance, much more than the current from the source. These large "reactive" currents do not leave the limits of the circuit, because they are out of phase, and compensate themselves, but they really create a powerful magnetic field, and can “work”, for example, the efficiency of which depends on the resonant mode of operation
Let's analyze the operation of the resonant circuit in the simulator http://www.falstad.com/circuit/circuitjs.html(free program)
Correctly constructed resonant circuit ( resonance needs to be built, and not collected from what was at hand) consumes only a few watts from the network, while in the oscillatory circuit we have kilowatts of reactive energy, which can be removed for heating a house or greenhouse using an induction boiler or using a one-way transformer
For example, we have a home network of 220 volts, 50 Hz. Task: to obtain a current of 70 amperes on the inductance in a parallel resonant oscillatory circuit
Ohm's law for alternating current for a circuit with inductance
I \u003d U / X L, where X L is the inductive reactance of the coil
We know that
X L \u003d 2πfL, where f is the frequency of 50 Hz, L is the inductance of the coil (in Henry)
whence we find the inductance L
L = U / 2πfI = 220 volts / 2 3.14 * 50 Hz 70 Amps = 0.010 henry (10 miles henry or 10mH).
Answer: in order to obtain a current of 70 amperes in a parallel oscillating circuit, it is necessary to design a coil with an inductance of 10 miles Henry.
According to Thomson's formula
fres \u003d 1 / (2π √ (L C)) we find the value of the capacitance of the capacitor for a given oscillatory circuit
C \u003d 1 / 4p 2 Lf 2 \u003d 1 / (4 (3.14 3.14) * 0.01 Henry (50 Hz 50 Hz)) \u003d 0.001014 Farad (or 1014 micro Farad, or 1.014 miles Farad or 1mF )
The consumption from the network of this parallel resonant self-oscillating circuit will be only 6.27 watts (see figure below)
24000 VA reactive power at 1300 W consumption Diode before resonant circuit
Conclusion: the diode in front of the resonant circuit reduces the consumption from the network by 2 times, the diodes inside the resonant circuit reduce the consumption by another 2 times. The total reduction in power consumption by 4 times!
Finally:
Parallel resonant circuit increases reactive power by 10 times!
The diode in front of the resonant circuit reduces the consumption from the network by 2 times,
Diodes inside the resonant circuit further reduce the consumption by 2 times.
The asymmetric transformer has two coils L2 and Ls.
For example, the transformer shown below is a 220/220 isolating transformer made according to the asymmetric principle.
If we apply 220 volts to Ls, then we will remove 110 volts to L2.
If 220 volts is applied to L2, then we will remove 6 volts to Ls.
There is asymmetry in voltage transmission.
This effect can be used in the Gromov / Andreev Resonant Power Amplifier circuit by replacing the magnetic shield with an asymmetric transformer
The secret of current amplification in an asymmetric transformer is as follows:
If an electromagnetic flux is passed through a set of asymmetric transformers, then all of them will not affect this flux, because any of the asymmetrical transformers do not affect the flow. The implementation of this approach is a set of chokes on W-shaped cores and installed along the axis of the external acting field received from the coil Ls.
If the secondary coils L2 of the transformers are then connected in parallel, we obtain an amplification of the current.
As a result: we get a set of asymmetric transformers organized in a stack:
To equalize the field at the edges of Ls, additional turns can be arranged at its ends.
The coils are made of 5 sections, on SH-type ferrite cores with a permeability of 2500, using a wire in plastic insulation.
The central transformer sections L2 have 25 turns each, and the outermost transformers have 36 turns (to equalize the voltage induced in them).
All sections are connected in parallel.
The outer coil Ls has additional turns to equalize the magnetic field at its ends), when winding LS, a single-layer winding was used, the number of turns depended on the diameter of the wire. The current amplification for these particular coils is 4x.
The change in inductance Ls is 3% (if L2 is shorted to simulate current in the secondary (i.e., as if a load is connected to it)
To avoid losing half of the flux of the primary winding in an open magnetic circuit of an asymmetric transformer, consisting of n-number of W-shaped or U-shaped chokes, it can be closed as shown below
0. Resonant generator of free energy. The excess power of 95 W on the pickup winding is achieved by using 1) voltage resonance in the excitation winding and 2) current resonance in the resonant circuit. Frequency 7.5 kHz. Primary consumption 200 mA, 9 Volt video1 and video2
1. Devices for obtaining free energy. Patrick J. Kelly link
Clicker according to Romanov https://youtu.be/oUl1cxVl4X0
Setting the frequency of the Clatter according to Romanov https://youtu.be/SC7cRArqOAg
Modulation of the low-frequency signal by the high-frequency signal on the push-pull link
electrical resonance
In the oscillatory circuit in the figure, the capacitance C, the inductance L and the resistance R are connected in series with the EMF source.
Resonance in such a circuit is called series voltage resonance. Its characteristic feature is that the voltages on the capacitance and inductance at resonance are much greater than the external EMF. A series resonant circuit, as it were, amplifies the voltage.
Free electrical oscillations in the circuit are always damped. To obtain undamped oscillations, it is necessary to replenish the energy of the circuit with the help of an external EMF.
The source of EMF in the circuit is the coil L, inductively coupled to the output circuit of the generator of electrical oscillations.
An electrical network with a constant frequency f = 50 Hz can serve as such a generator.
The generator creates some EMF in the coil L of the oscillatory circuit.
Each value of the capacitance of the capacitor C corresponds to its own frequency of the oscillatory circuit
Which changes with a change in the capacitance of the capacitor C. In this case, the frequency of the generator remains constant.
So that resonance is possible, according to the frequency, the inductance L and capacitance C are selected.
If three elements are included in the oscillatory circuit 1: capacitance C, inductance L and resistance R, then how do they affect the amplitude of the current in the circuit all together?
The electrical properties of a circuit are determined by its resonance curve.
Knowing the resonance curve, we will be able to say in advance what amplitude the oscillations will reach with the most accurate setting (point P) and how the change in capacitance C, inductance L and active resistance R will affect the current in the circuit. Therefore, the task is to build according to the circuit data (capacitance, inductance and resistance ) its resonance curve. Having learned, we will be able to imagine in advance how the circuit will behave with any values of C, L and R.
Our experience is as follows: we change the capacitance of the capacitor C and notice the current in the circuit by the ammeter for each capacitance value.
Based on the data obtained, we build a resonance curve for the current in the circuit. On the horizontal axis, we will plot for each value of C the ratio of the generator frequency to the natural frequency of the circuit. On the vertical we plot the ratio of the current at a given capacitance to the current at resonance.
When the natural frequency of the circuit fo approaches the frequency f of the external EMF, the current in the circuit reaches its maximum value.
At electrical resonance, not only the current reaches its maximum value, but also the charge, and hence the voltage across the capacitor.
We will analyze the role of capacitance, inductance and resistance separately, and then all together.
Zaev N.E., Direct conversion of thermal energy into electrical energy. RF patent 2236723. The invention relates to devices for converting one type of energy into another and can be used to generate electricity without fuel consumption due to the thermal energy of the environment. Unlike nonlinear capacitors - variconds, the change (percentage) of the capacitance of which due to a change in the dielectric constant is insignificant, which does not allow the use of variconds (and devices based on them) on an industrial scale, aluminum oxide ones are used here, i.e. conventional electrolytic capacitors. The capacitor is charged by unipolar voltage pulses, the leading edge of which has a slope of less than 90°, and the trailing edge is more than 90°, while the ratio of the duration of the voltage pulses to the duration of the charging process is from 2 to 5, and after the end of the charging process, a pause is formed, determined by the relation T=1/RC 10-3 (sec), where T is the pause time, R is the load resistance (Ohm), C is the capacitance of the capacitor (farad), after which the capacitor is discharged to the load, the time of which is equal to the duration of a unipolar voltage pulse. The peculiarity of the method is that after the end of the discharge of the capacitor, an additional pause is formed.
Unipolar voltage pulses for charging an electrolytic capacitor can have not only a triangular shape, the main thing is that the leading and trailing edges are not 90 °, i.e. pulses should not be rectangular. During the experiment, pulses obtained as a result of a full-wave rectification of a 50 Hz network signal were used. (see link)
Http:="">The need to change the internal energy of the capacitor dielectric (ferrite in inductance) for the "Charge-Discharge" cycle ("magnetization - demagnetization") is shown, if ∂ε/∂E ≠ 0, (∂µ/∂H ≠ 0 ),
Capacitance 1/2πfC depends on frequency.
The figure shows a graph of this relationship.
The frequency f is plotted along the horizontal axis, and the capacitance Xc = 1/2πfC is plotted along the vertical axis.
We see that the capacitor passes high frequencies (Xc is small), and delays low frequencies (Xc is large).
Effect of inductance on a resonant circuit
Capacitance and inductance have opposite effects on the current in the circuit. Let the external emf charge the capacitor first. As the charge increases, the voltage U across the capacitor increases. It is directed against the external EMF and reduces the charge current of the capacitor. Inductance, on the contrary, tends to maintain it with a decrease in current. In the next quarter of the period, when the capacitor is discharged, the voltage across it tends to increase the charge current, while the inductance, on the contrary, prevents this increase. The greater the inductance of the coil, the smaller the discharge current will have time to reach in a quarter of the period.
The current in a circuit with inductance is I = U/2πfL. The larger the inductance and frequency, the smaller the current.
Inductive reactance is called resistance because it limits the current in the circuit. In the inductor, an EMF of self-induction is created, which prevents the current from growing, and the current has time to grow only up to a certain certain value i=U/2πfL. In this case, the electrical energy of the generator is converted into the magnetic energy of the current (the magnetic field of the coil). This continues for a quarter of the period until the current reaches its maximum value.
The voltages on the inductance and capacitance in the resonance mode are equal in magnitude and, being in antiphase, compensate each other. Thus, all the voltage applied to the circuit falls on its active resistance
Therefore, the total resistance Z of a series-connected capacitor and coil is equal to the difference between the capacitive and inductive reactance:
If we also take into account the active resistance of the oscillatory circuit, then the impedance formula will take the form:
When the capacitive reactance of a capacitor in an oscillatory circuit is equal to the inductive reactance of the coil
then the total resistance of the circuit Z to alternating current will be the smallest:
those. when the impedance of the resonant circuit is only equal to the active resistance of the circuit, then the amplitude of the current I reaches its maximum value: AND RESONANCE COMES.
Resonance occurs when the frequency of the external EMF is equal to the natural frequency of the system f = fo.
If we change the frequency of the external EMF or the natural frequency fo (detuning), then in order to calculate the current in the oscillatory circuit for any detuning, we just need to substitute the values of R, L, C, w and E into the formula.
At frequencies below the resonant part of the energy of the external EMF is spent on overcoming the restoring forces, on overcoming the capacitance. In the next quarter of the period, the direction of movement coincides with the direction of the restoring force, and this force returns to the source the energy received during the first quarter of the period. The reaction from the restoring force limits the amplitude of the oscillations.
At frequencies greater than the resonant one, inertia (self-induction) plays the main role: the external force does not have time to accelerate the body in a quarter of the period, does not have time to introduce sufficient energy into the circuit.
At the resonant frequency, it is easy for an external force to rock the body, because the frequency of its free oscillations and the external force only overcome friction (active resistance). In this case, the impedance of the oscillatory circuit is only equal to its active resistance Z = R, and the capacitance Rc and inductive resistance RL of the circuit are equal to 0. Therefore, the current in the circuit is maximum I = U / R
Resonance is a phenomenon of a sharp increase in the amplitude of forced oscillations, which occurs when the frequency of an external action approaches certain values (resonant frequencies) determined by the properties of the system. An increase in amplitude is only a consequence of resonance, and the reason is the coincidence of the external (exciting) frequency with the internal (natural) frequency of the oscillatory system. With the help of the resonance phenomenon, even very weak periodic oscillations can be isolated and/or enhanced. Resonance is a phenomenon when, at a certain frequency of a driving force, an oscillatory system is especially responsive to the action of this force. The degree of responsiveness in oscillation theory is described by a quantity called the quality factor.
The quality factor is a characteristic of an oscillatory system that determines the resonance band and shows how many times the energy reserves in the system are greater than the energy loss in one period of oscillation.
The quality factor is inversely proportional to the decay rate of natural oscillations in the system - the higher the quality factor of the oscillatory system, the less energy loss for each period and the slower the oscillations decay
Tesla wrote in his diaries that the current inside a parallel oscillatory circuit is times greater in the quality factor than outside it.
Series resonance. Resonance and transformer. Movie 3
Diode oscillatory circuit A new circuit of an oscillatory circuit with the use of two inductors connected through diodes is considered. The quality factor of the circuit has approximately doubled, although the characteristic impedance of the circuit has decreased. The inductance has halved, and the capacitance has increased
Series-parallel resonant oscillatory circuit
Studies of resonance and quality factor of the RLC circuit
We investigated the computer model of the RLC circuit in the Open Physics program, found the resonant frequency of the circuit, studied the dependence of the quality factor of the circuit on resistance at the resonant frequency, and built graphs.
In the practical part of the work, a real RLC circuit was investigated using the computer program "Audiotester". We found the resonant frequency of the circuit, studied the dependence of the quality factor of the circuit on resistance at the resonant frequency, and built graphs.
conclusions made by us in the theoretical and practical parts of the work coincided completely.
Resonance in a circuit with an oscillatory circuit occurs when the frequency of the generator f coincides with the frequency of the oscillatory circuit fo;
With increasing resistance, the quality factor of the circuit decreases. The highest quality factor at low values of the circuit resistance;
The highest quality factor of the circuit is at the resonant frequency;
The total resistance of the circuit is minimal at the resonant frequency.
An attempt to directly remove excess energy from the oscillatory circuit will lead to damping of the oscillations.
The electrical circuit of the resonant power amplifier of industrial frequency current. According to Gromov.
The power frequency resonant current amplifier uses the phenomenon of ferro resonance of the transformer core, as well as the phenomenon of electrical resonance in the series oscillating circuit LC resonance. The effect of amplifying power in a series resonant circuit is achieved due to the fact that the input resistance of the oscillatory circuit at series resonance is purely active, and the voltage on the reactive elements of the oscillatory circuit exceeds the input voltage by an amount equal to the quality factor of the circuit Q. To maintain undamped oscillations of the series circuit in resonance, it is required compensate only for thermal losses on the active resistances of the loop inductance and the internal resistance of the input voltage source.
Structural diagram and composition of the resonant power amplifier, described by Gromov N.N. in 2006, attached below
The input step-down transformer reduces the voltage but increases the current in the secondary winding
Series resonant circuit increases link voltage
As you know, with resonance in the secondary of the Input step-down transformer, its current consumption from the network is reduced. link
As a result, we will get a large current and a high voltage in the resonant circuit, but at the same time very low consumption from the network.
In a resonant power frequency current amplifier, a loaded power transformer introduces detuning into the series oscillatory circuit and reduces its quality factor.
Resonance detuning compensation in the oscillatory circuit is carried out by introducing feedback with the help of controlled magnetic reactors. In the feedback circuit, the analysis and geometric summation of the components of the currents of the secondary winding and the load, the formation and regulation of the control current are carried out.
The feedback circuit consists of: part of the secondary winding of the power transformer, current transformer, rectifier and operating point setting rheostat, magnetic reactors.
To work on a constant (constant) load, simplified circuits of resonant power amplifiers can be used.
The block diagram of a simplified resonant power frequency current amplifier is presented below.
The simplest resonant power amplifier consists of only four elements.
The purpose of the elements is the same as in the previously considered amplifier. The difference is that in the simplest resonant amplifier, manual tuning to resonance for a specific load is performed.
1. Connect power transformer 2 to the network and measure the current consumed by it at a given load.
2. Measure the active resistance of the primary winding of power transformer 2.
5. Select the value of the inductive resistance for the adjustable magnetic reactor equal to approximately 20% of the inductive resistance of the power transformer 2
6. Make an adjustable magnetic reactor, with taps starting from the middle of the winding to its end (the more taps are made, the more accurate the resonance tuning will be).
7. According to the condition of equality of inductive and capacitive resistances XL=Xc at resonance, calculate the value of capacitance C, which must be connected in series with a power transformer and an adjustable magnetic reactor to obtain a series resonant circuit.
8. From the resonance condition, multiply the measured current consumed by the power transformer by the sum of the active resistances of the primary winding and the magnetic reactor, and obtain an approximate value of the voltage that must be applied to the series resonant circuit.
9. Take a transformer that provides at the output the voltage found according to paragraph 8 and the current consumption measured according to paragraph 1 (it is more convenient to use LATR for the period of setting the Amplifier).
10. Power from the network through the transformer according to clause 9 the resonant circuit - (series-connected capacitor, the primary winding of the loaded power transformer and the magnetic reactor).
11. By changing the inductance of the magnetic reactor by switching taps, tune the circuit into resonance at a reduced input voltage (for fine tuning, you can change the capacitance of the capacitor within small limits by connecting small capacitors in parallel to the main one).
12. By changing the input voltage, set the voltage value on the primary winding of the 220 V power transformer.
13. Turn off LATR and connect a stationary step-down transformer with the same voltage and current
The scope of resonant power amplifiers is stationary electrical installations. For mobile objects, it is advisable to use transgenerators at higher frequencies with subsequent conversion of alternating current into direct current.
The method has its own subtleties, which are easier to understand by the method of mechanical analogy. Imagine the process of charging an ordinary capacitor, without a dielectric, with two plates and a gap between them. When such a capacitor is charged, its plates are attracted to each other the stronger, the greater the charge on them. If the capacitor plates have the ability to move, the distance between them will decrease. This corresponds to an increase in the capacitance of the capacitor, because. capacitance depends on the distance between the plates. Thus, by "expending" the same number of electrons, you can get more stored energy if the capacitance has increased.
Imagine that water is poured into a bucket with a capacity of 10 liters. Let's assume that the bucket is rubber, and in the process of filling it, its volume increases, for example, by 20%. As a result, by draining the water, we will get 12 liters of water, although the bucket will decrease and, when empty, will have a volume of 10 liters. An additional 2 liters, somehow, in the process of "pouring water" were "attracted from the environment", so to speak, "joined" the flow.
For a capacitor, this means that if, as the charge increases, the capacitance increases, then the energy is absorbed from the medium and converted into excess stored potential electrical energy. The situation for a simple plane capacitor with an air dielectric is natural (the plates attract by themselves), which means that we can design simple mechanical analogues of varicondas in which excess energy is stored in the form of potential energy of elastic compression of a spring placed between the capacitor plates. This cycle cannot be as fast as in electronic devices with variconds, but the charge, on the plates of a large capacitor, can be considerable, and the device can generate a lot of power, even with low frequency oscillations. When discharging, the plates again diverge to their original distance, reducing the initial capacitance of the capacitor (the spring is released). In this case, the effect of cooling the medium should be observed. The shape of the dependence of the dielectric constant of a ferroelectric on the strength of the applied field is shown in the graph in Fig. 222.
In the initial section of the curve, the dielectric constant, and hence the capacitance of the capacitor, increases with increasing voltage, and then it falls. It is necessary to charge the capacitance only up to the maximum value (top on the graph), otherwise the effect is lost. The working section of the curve is marked on the graph in Fig. 210 in gray, voltage changes in the charge-discharge cycle should occur within this section of the curve. A simple "charge-discharge" without taking into account the maximum operating point of the curve of dependence of the permeability on the field strength will not give the expected effect. Experiments with "nonlinear" capacitors seem promising for research, because. in some materials, the dependence of the dielectric constant of a ferroelectric on the applied voltage makes it possible to obtain not 20%, but 50-fold changes in capacitance
The use of ferrite materials, according to a similar concept, also requires the presence of appropriate properties, namely, a characteristic hysteresis loop during magnetization and demagnetization, Fig. 2.
Almost all ferromagnets have these properties; therefore, medium thermal energy converters using this technology can be experimentally studied in detail. Explanation: "hysteresis", (from the Greek hysteresis - delay) is a different reaction of the physical body to external influences, depending on whether this body was previously subjected to the same influences, or is exposed to them for the first time. On the chart, Fig. 223, it is shown that the magnetization starts at zero, reaches a maximum, and then begins to decline (upper curve). With zero external influence, there is a "residual magnetization", so when the cycle repeats, the energy consumption is less (lower curve). In the absence of hysteresis, the lower and upper curves go together. The excess energy of such a process is the greater, the larger the area of the hysteresis loop. N.E. Zaev experimentally showed that the specific energy density for such converters is approximately 3 kW per 1 kg of ferrite material, at the maximum allowable frequencies of magnetization and demagnetization cycles.
https://youtu.be/ydEZ_GeFV6Y
Priorities: N.E. Zaev's applications for the opening of "Cooling of some condensed dielectrics by a changing electric field with energy generation" No. 32-OT-10159; November 14, 1979 http://torsion.3bb.ru /viewtopic.php?id=64, application for an invention "Method of converting the thermal energy of dielectrics into electrical energy", No. 3601725/07(084905), June 4, 1983, and " A method for converting the thermal energy of ferrites into electrical energy, No. 3601726/25 (084904). The method was patented, patent RU2227947, September 11, 2002.
It is necessary to ensure that the transformer iron begins to growl well, that is, ferro-resonance arises. Not an inductive effect between the capacitance and the coil, but to make the iron between them work well. Iron must work and pump energy, electrical resonance does not pump energy by itself, and iron is a strategic device in this device.
The combined resonance is due to the interaction between the spin magnetic moment of the electron and the field E (see Spin-orbit interaction). The combined resonance was first predicted for band charge carriers in crystals, for which it can exceed the EPR intensity by 7 - 8 orders of magnitude link
The electrical connection diagram is shown below.
The operation of this transformer is connected to a conventional electrical network. While I am not going to do self-feeding, but it is possible to do it, you need to make the same power transformer around it, one current transformer and one magnetic reactor. Tie all this up and it will be self-feeding .. Another self-feeding option is to wind a 12-volt removable secondary coil Tr2 on the second transformer, then use a computer UPS, which will be transferred to 220 volts already at the input
The most important thing now is that there is simply a network that is fed to the circuit, and I simply increase the energy due to resonance and feed the heating boiler in the house. This is an inductive boiler called VIN. Boiler power 5 kW. For a whole year this boiler worked with my smart transformer. I pay for the network as for 200 watts.
The transformer can be any (on a toroid or U-shaped core). You just need to insulate the transformer plates well, paint them so that there are as few Foucault currents in it as possible, i.e. so that the core does not heat up at all during operation.
It's just that resonance gives reactive energy, and by transferring reactive energy to any element of consumption, it becomes active. At the same time, the counter to the transformer almost does not spin.
To search for resonance, I use the E7-15 device, still of the Soviet design. With it, I can easily achieve resonance in any transformer.
So, for the harsh winter month, I paid 450 rubles.
From the 1st transformer with a 1 kW toroidal core, I have 28 amperes and 150 volts in the secondary. But you need feedback through a current transformer. We wind the coils: Make a frame. When the primary was wound around the entire perimeter in two layers (with a wire with a diameter of 2.2 mm, taking into account 0.9 turns per 1 volt, i.e. at 220 Volts in the primary winding, 0.9 turns / V x 220 V = 200 turns ), then I put the magnetic screen (made of copper or brass), when I wound the secondary one (with a wire with a diameter of 3 mm, taking into account 0.9 turns per 1 Volt), then I put the magnetic screen again. On the secondary winding of the 1st trance, starting from the middle, i.e. with 75 volts, I made a lot of loop conclusions (about 60-80 pieces, as much as possible, about 2 volts per output). On the entire secondary winding of the 1st transformer, you need to get 150 - 170 Volts. For 1 kW, I chose a capacitor capacitance of 285 uF (the type of starting capacitors used for an electric motor in the figure below), i.e. two capacitors. If I use a 5 kW transformer, then I will use 3 of these capacitors (non-polar for AC 100 uF 450 Volts). The manifestation of non-polarity in such a conder is insignificant, the smaller the diameter and the shorter the jar, the better the non-polarity. It is better to choose shorter capacitors, more quantity, but less capacity. I found a resonance in the middle of the terminals of the secondary winding T1. Ideally, for resonance, you measure the inductive reactance and capacitance of the circuit, they should be equal. You will hear the sound as the transformer starts to hum strongly. The resonance sine wave on the oscilloscope must be perfect. There are different frequency harmonics of the resonance, but at 50 Hz the transformer hums twice as loud as at 150 Hz. From an electrical tool, I used a current clamp that measures the frequency. Resonance in the secondary T1 causes a sharp decrease in current in its primary winding, which amounted to only 120-130 mA. In order to avoid claims from the grid company, we install a capacitor in parallel with the primary winding of the first transformer and adjust cos Ф = 1 (according to current clamps). I checked the voltage already on the primary winding of the Second transformer. So, in this circuit (secondary winding of the 1st transformer -> primary winding of the 2nd transformer), I have a current of 28 amperes. 28A x 200V = 5.6 kW. I take this energy from the secondary winding of the 2nd transformer (wire with a cross section of 2.2 mm) and transfer it to the load, i.e. in an induction electric boiler. At 3 kW, the diameter of the wire of the secondary winding of the 2nd transformer is 3 mm
If you want to get an output power of not 1.5 kW, but 2 kW at the load, then the core of the 1st and 2nd transformer (see the overall calculation of the core power) should be 5 kW
At the 2nd transformer (the core of which must also be sorted out, painted with balloon paint on each plate, removed burrs, sprinkled with talc so that the plates do not stick to each other), you must first put the screen, then wind the primary, then put the screen again on the primary of the 2nd transformer. There should still be a magnetic shield between the secondary and primary. If we got a voltage in the resonant circuit of 220 or 300 volts, then the primary of the 2nd transformer must be calculated and wound also on the same 220 or 300 volts. If the calculation is 0.9 turns per volt, then the number of turns will be 220 or 300 volts, respectively. Near the electric boiler (in my case, this is a VIM 1.5 kW induction boiler), I put a capacitor, put this consumption circuit into resonance, then I look at the current or COS Ф so that COS Ф is equal to 1. Thus, the power consumption decreases and I am unloading the circuit where I have a power of 5.6 kW. I wound the coils as in a conventional transformer - one above the other. Capacitor 278uF. I take starter or shift capacitors so that they work well on alternating current. Resonant transformer from Alexander Andreev gives an increase of 1 to 20
The primary winding is calculated as a conventional transformer. When assembled, if the current appears there within 1 - 2 Amperes, then it is better to disassemble the core of the transformer, see where the Foucault currents form and reassemble the core (maybe something has not been painted somewhere or the burr sticks out. Leave the transformer for 1 hour in in working condition, then feel with your fingers where it is heated or measure with a pyrometer in which corner it is heated) The primary winding must be wound so that it consumes 150 - 200 mA at idle.
The feedback circuit from the secondary winding of transformer T2 to the primary winding of transformer T1 is necessary to automatically adjust the load so that the resonance does not break. To do this, I placed a current transformer in the load circuit (primary 20 turns, secondary 60 turns and made several taps there, then through a resistor, through a diode bridge and onto the transformer in the line supplying voltage to the 1st transformer (200 turns / 60-70 turns)
This scheme is in all ancient textbooks on electrical engineering. It works in plasma torches, in power amplifiers, it works in a V din receiver. The temperature of both transformers in operation is about 80°C. A variable resistor is a ceramic resistor of 120 ohms and 150 W, you can put a school nichrome rheostat with a slider there. It also heats up to 60-80 ° C, since the current through it is good \u003d\u003e 4 Amperes
Estimate for the manufacture of a resonant transformer for heating a house or cottage
Transformers Tr1 and Tr2 \u003d 5000 rubles each, and Tr1 and Tr2 transformers can be bought at the store. It's called a medical transformer. His primary winding is already insulated with a magnetic shield from the secondary. http://omdk.ru/skachat_prays As a last resort, you can buy a Chinese welding transformer
Current transformer Tr3 and trimmer Tr4 = 500 rubles each
Diode bridge D - 50 rubles
Trimmer resistor R 150 W - 150 rubles
Capacitors C - 500 rubles
Resonance in resonance by Romanov https://youtu.be/fsGsfcP7Ags
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snqgHaTaXVw
Tsykin G.S. - Low frequency transformers Link
Andreev's resonant choke on a W-shaped core from a transformer. How to turn a throttle into a generator of electricity.
Alexander Andreev says: This is the principle of a choke and a transformer rolled into one, but it is so simple that no one has yet guessed to use it. If we take the W-shaped core of a 3-phase transformer, then the functional diagram of the generator for obtaining additional energy will be as in the figure
To get more reactive current in the resonant circuit, you must turn the transformer into a choke, that is, break the transformer core completely (make an air gap).
All you need to do is wind not the input winding, as they usually wind, but the output winding, i.e. where the energy is taken.
We wind the second resonant. In this case, the diameter of the wire should be 3 times thicker than the power
In the third layer we wind the input winding, i.e. network.
This is a condition for the resonance between the windings to walk.
So that there is no current in the primary winding, we turn the transformer into a choke. Those. On the one hand we collect Sh-patterns, and we collect lamellas (plates) on the other side. And there we expose the gap. The gap should be according to the power of the transformer. If 1 kW, then it has 5 A in the primary winding. We make the gap so that in the primary winding there is 5A of idling without load. This must be achieved by a gap that changes the inductance of the windings. Then, when we make the resonance, the current drops to "0" and then you will gradually connect the load, and watch the difference between the power input and the power output, and then the freebie will turn out. I achieved a ratio of 1:6 with a 1-phase 30 kW transformer (in terms of power 5A - at the input and 30A - at the output)
It is necessary to gradually gain power so as not to jump over the barrier of halavshchina. Those. as in the first case (with two transformers), resonance exists up to a certain load power (less is possible, but no more). This barrier must be selected manually. You can connect any load (active, inductive, pump, vacuum cleaner, TV, computer ...) When there is too much power, then the resonance goes away, then the resonance stops working in the energy pumping mode.
By design
I took an E-core from a 1978 French inverter. But you need to look for a core with a minimum content of manganese and nickel, and silicon should be within 3%. Then there will be a lot of freebies. Autoresonance will work. The transformer can work independently. Previously, there were such W-shaped plates on which, as if, crystals were drawn. And now soft plates have appeared, they are not fragile, unlike old iron, but soft and do not break. This is the best old iron for a transformer.
If you do it on a torus, then you need to saw the torus in two places in order to make a screed later. You need to grind the sawn gap very well
On a W-shaped 30kW transformer, I got a gap of 6 mm, if 1 kW, then the gap will be somewhere around 0.8-1.2 mm. Cardboard is not suitable as a lining. Magnetostriction will gouge him. It is better to take fiberglass
The winding that goes to the load is wound first, it and all the others are wound on the central rod of the W-shaped transformer. All windings are wound in one direction
The selection of capacitors for the resonant winding is best done by a capacitor store. Nothing complicated. It is necessary to ensure that the iron growls well, that is, ferro-resonance arises. Not an induction effect between the capacitance and the coil, but so that the iron between them works well. Iron must work and pump energy, resonance itself does not pump, and iron is a strategic device in this device.
The voltage in my resonant winding was 400 V. But the more, the better. Regarding resonance, it is necessary to observe reactances between inductance and capacitance so that they are equal. This is the point where and when resonance occurs. You can also add resistance in series.
From the network comes 50 Hz, which excite the resonance. There is an increase in reactive power, then with the help of a gap on the lining in a removable coil, we turn reactive power into active power.
In this case, I was just going to simplify the circuit and go from a 2x or 3x feedback transformer circuit to a choke circuit. So I simplified it to an option that still works. 30 kW works, but I can only remove the load of 20 kW, because everything else is for pumping. If I take more energy from the network, then it will give more, but the freebie will decrease.
Another unpleasant phenomenon associated with chokes should be mentioned - all chokes, when operating at a frequency of 50 Hz, create a buzzing sound of varying intensity. According to the level of noise produced, chokes are divided into four classes: with normal, low, very low and especially low noise levels (in accordance with GOST 19680 they are marked with the letters N, P, C and A).
Noise from the inductor core is created by the magnetostriction (changing shape) of the core plates as the magnetic field passes through them. This noise is also known as idle noise. it is independent of the load applied to the inductor or transformer. Load noise only occurs at transformers to which the load is connected and is added to idle noise (core noise). This noise is caused by the electromagnetic forces associated with the scattering of the magnetic field. The source of this noise is the housing walls, magnetic shields, and vibration of the windings. The noise caused by the core and windings is mainly in the 100-600 Hz frequency band.
Magnetostriction has a frequency twice the frequency of the applied load: at a frequency of 50 Hz, the laminations of the core vibrate at a rate of 100 times per second. Moreover, the higher the magnetic flux density, the higher the frequency of odd harmonics. When the resonant frequency of the core coincides with the frequency of excitation, then the noise level increases even more
It is known that if a large current flows through the coil, then the core material is saturated. Saturation of the inductor core can lead to increased losses in the core material. When the core is saturated, its magnetic permeability decreases, which leads to a decrease in the inductance of the coil.
In our case, the core of the inductor is made with an air dielectric gap in the path of the magnetic flux. The air gap core allows:
Choice of choke and Characteristics of the core. The magnetic core materials consist of small magnetic domains (on the order of a few molecules in size). When there is no external magnetic field, these domains are randomly oriented. When an external field appears, the domains tend to align along its lines of force. In this case, a part of the field energy is absorbed. The stronger the external field, the more domains are completely aligned with it. When all domains are oriented along the field lines, a further increase in magnetic induction will not affect the characteristics of the material, i.e. saturation of the inductor magnetic circuit will be reached. As the strength of the external magnetic field begins to decrease, the domains tend to return to their original (chaotic) position. However, some domains remain ordered, and part of the absorbed energy, instead of returning to the external field, is converted into heat. This property is called hysteresis. Hysteresis losses are the magnetic equivalent of dielectric losses. Both types of losses occur due to the interaction of the electrons of the material with the external field. http:// issh.ru/ content/ impulsnye-istochniki-pitanija/ vybor-drosselja/ kharakteristiki-serdechnika/ 217/
The calculation of the air gap in the throttle is not very accurate, because manufacturers' data on steel magnetic cores is inaccurate (typically +/- 10% error). The Micro-cap circuit simulation program allows you to fairly accurately calculate all the parameters of the inductors and the magnetic parameters of the core http://www.kit-e.ru/ articles/ powerel/ 2009_05_82.php
Influence of the air gap on the quality factor Q of a choke with a steel core. If the frequency of the voltage applied to the inductor does not change, and with the introduction of an air gap into the core, the voltage amplitude increases so that the magnetic induction is maintained unchanged, then the losses in the core will remain the same. The introduction of an air gap into the core causes an increase in the magnetic resistance of the core in inverse proportion to m∆ (see formula 14-8). Therefore, to obtain the same magnetic induction of the magnetization, the current must increase accordingly. The quality factor Q of the inductor can be determined by the equation
To obtain a higher quality factor, an air gap is usually introduced into the inductor core, thereby increasing the current Im so much that the equality 14-12 is fulfilled. The introduction of an air gap reduces the inductance of the inductor, then a high Q value is usually achieved by reducing the inductance (link)
Heating from Andreev on a resonant choke with a W-shaped core from a transformer and DRL lamps
If you use a DRL lamp, then the heat generated by it can be taken away. The wiring diagram for DRL lamps is simple.
A transformer with a power of 3 kW has: three primary windings, three secondary windings and one resonant, as well as a gap.
I connected each DRL lamp in the primary windings in series. Then I tuned each lamp into resonance with the help of capacitors.
At the output of the transformer, I have three output windings. I also connected the lamps to them in series and also tuned them into resonance using blocks of capacitors.
Then I connected capacitors to the resonant winding and in series with these capacitors I managed to connect three more lamps. Each lamp is 400 watts.
I have worked with DRL mercury lamps, and NaD sodium lamps are difficult to light. A mercury lamp has an ignition start of about 100 volts.
From the claim gap in the DRL lamp, a higher frequency is generated, which simulates a mains frequency of 50 Hz. We get high-frequency modulation using the claim gap of the DRL lamp for a low-frequency signal of 50 Hz from the network.
That. three DRL lamps, consuming energy, give out energy for another 6 lamps
But picking up the resonance of the circuit is one thing, and picking up the resonance of the core metal is another. So far, few have come. Therefore, when Tesla demonstrated his resonant destructive installation, when he selected the frequency for it, an earthquake began to unfold on the entire avenue. And then Tesla smashed his device with a hammer. This is an example of how a small device can destroy a large building. In our case, we need to make the metal of the core vibrate at the resonance frequency, for example, as from blows to a bell.
Basis for ferromagnetic resonance from Utkin's book "Fundamentals of Teslatechnics"
When a ferromagnetic material is placed in a constant magnetic field (for example, biasing the core of a transformer with a permanent magnet), the core can absorb external alternating electromagnetic radiation in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the constant magnetic field at the domain precession frequency, resulting in ferromagnetic resonance at that frequency. The above formulation is the most general and does not reflect all the features of the behavior of domains. For hard ferromagnets, there is a phenomenon of magnetic susceptibility, when the ability of a material to be magnetized or demagnetized depends on external influencing factors (for example, ultrasound or electromagnetic high-frequency vibrations). This phenomenon is widely used when recording in analog tape recorders on magnetic tape and is called "high-frequency bias". In this case, the magnetic susceptibility sharply increases. That is, it is easier to magnetize the material under conditions of high-frequency bias. This phenomenon can also be considered as a kind of resonance and group behavior of domains.
This is the basis for the Tesla amplifying transformer.
Question: what is the use of a ferromagnetic rod in free energy devices?
Answer: a ferromagnetic rod can change the magnetization of its material along the direction of the magnetic field without the need for powerful external forces.
Question: is it true that resonant frequencies for ferromagnets are in the range of tens of gigahertz?
Answer: yes, ferromagnetic resonance frequency depends on the external magnetic field (high field = high frequency). But in ferromagnets it is possible to obtain resonance without applying any external magnetic field, this is the so-called "natural ferromagnetic resonance". In this case, the magnetic field is determined by the internal magnetization of the sample. Here the absorption frequency is in a wide band, due to the large variation in the possible magnetizing conditions inside, and therefore you must use a wide band of frequencies to get ferromagnetic resonance for all conditions. A SPARK on the spark gap DOES GOOD here.
Ordinary transformer. No tricky windings (bifilar, oncoming ...) Ordinary windings, except for one - the lack of influence of the secondary circuit on the primary. This is a ready-made generator of free energy. The current that went to saturate the core was also received in the secondary circuit, i.e. with an increase of 5 times. The principle of operation of the transformer as a generator of free energy: to give current to the primary to saturate the core in its non-linear mode and to give current to the load in the second quarter of the period without affecting it on the primary circuit of the transformer. In an ordinary transformer, this is a linear process, i.e. we get the current in the primary circuit by changing the inductance in the secondary by connecting the load. This transformer does not have this, that is, without a load, we get current to saturate the core. If we gave a current of 1 A, then we will get it at the output, but only with the transformation ratio as we need it. It all depends on the size of the transformer window. It winds the secondary at 300 V or 1000 V. At the output, get a voltage with the current that you applied to saturate the core. In the first quarter of the period, the core receives saturation current, in the second quarter of the period, this current is taken by the load through the secondary winding of the transformer.
The frequency in the region of 5000 Hz at this frequency, the core is close to its resonance and the primary ceases to see the secondary. On the video I show how I close the secondary, and no changes occur on the primary power supply. This experiment is best done with a sine, and not a meander. The secondary can be wound at least 1000 volts, the current in the secondary will be the maximum current flowing in the primary. Those. if there is 1 A in the primary, then in the secondary you can also squeeze out 1 A of current with a transformation ratio, for example 5. Next, I try to make a resonance in the series oscillatory circuit and drive it to the core frequency. You will get resonance in resonance, as shown by Shark0083
Switching method for excitation of parametric resonance of electrical oscillations and a device for its implementation.
The device in the diagram refers to autonomous power supplies, and can be used in industry, household appliances and transport. EFFECT: technical result is simplification and reduction of manufacturing cost.
All power sources are inherently converters of various types of energy (mechanical, chemical, electromagnetic, nuclear, thermal, light) into electrical energy and implement only these costly methods of generating electrical energy.
This electrical circuit makes it possible to create, on the basis of parametric resonance of electrical oscillations, an autonomous power supply source (generator), which is not complex in design and not expensive in cost. Autonomy in means the complete independence of this source from the influence of external forces or the attraction of other types of energy. Parametric resonance is understood as the phenomenon of a continuous increase in the amplitudes of electrical oscillations in an oscillatory circuit with periodic changes in one of its parameters (inductance or capacitance). These oscillations occur without the participation of an external electromotive force.
Resonant transformer Stepanova A.A. is a kind of resonant power amplifier. The operation of a resonant amplifier consists of:
1) amplification in a high-quality oscillatory circuit (resonator) using the Q parameter (quality factor of the oscillatory circuit), energy received from an external source (220 V network or pump generator);
2) removal of amplified power from the pumped oscillatory circuit to the load so that the current in the load does not affect (ideally) or weakly influences (in real life) the current in the oscillatory circuit (The Demon Tesla Effect).
Failure to comply with one of these points will not allow "extracting CE from the resonant circuit". If the implementation of paragraph 1 does not cause any particular problems, then the implementation of paragraph 2 is a technically difficult task.
There are techniques to reduce the influence of the load on the current in the resonant oscillatory circuit:
1) the use of a ferromagnetic shield between the primary and secondary of the transformer, as in Tesla's patent No. US433702;
2) the use of winding with Cooper's bifilar. Tesla's inductive bifilars are often confused with Cooper's non-inductive bifilars, where the current in 2 adjacent turns flows in different directions (and which, in fact, are static power amplifiers and give rise to a number of anomalies, including antigravitational effects) induction, connecting the load to the secondary coil does not affect the current consumption of the primary coil.
The transformer, modified to solve this problem, is shown in figure 1 with different types of magnetic circuits: a - rod, b - armored, c - on ferrite cups. All conductors of the primary winding 1 are located only on the outer side of the magnetic circuit 2. Its section inside the secondary winding 3 is always closed by an envelope magnetic circuit.
In normal mode, when an alternating voltage is applied to the primary winding 1, the entire magnetic circuit 2 is magnetized along its axis. Approximately half of the flux of magnetic induction passes through the secondary winding 3, causing an output voltage on it. When switched on again, an alternating voltage is applied to the winding 3. A magnetic field arises inside it, which is closed by the envelope branch of the magnetic circuit 2. As a result, the change in the total flux of magnetic induction through the winding 1, encircling the entire magnetic circuit, is determined only by weak scattering beyond its limits.
5) the use of "ferroconcentrators" - magnetic circuits with a variable cross section, in which the magnetic flux created by the primary, when passing through the magnetic circuit, narrows (concentrates) before passing inside the secondary;
6) many other technical solutions, for example, the patent of Stepanov A.A. (N° 2418333) or the techniques described by Utkin in the Fundamentals of Teslatechnics. You can also see the description of the transformer by E.M. html), article by A.Yu. Dalechina "Reactive Energy Transformer" or "Resonant Current Power Amplifier of Industrial Frequency" Gromova N.N.
7) Unidirectional video transformer
These inventions come down to solving one problem - "to make sure that energy is transferred from the primary to the secondary completely, and not transferred back at all" - to ensure the mode of one-way energy flow.
The solution of this problem is the key to the construction of resonant over unity CE transformers.
Apparently Stepanov came up with another way to remove energy from the resonant oscillatory circuit - this time with the help of that very strange circuit consisting of a current transformer and diodes. .
The oscillatory circuit in the current resonance mode is a power amplifier.
Large currents circulating in the circuit arise due to a powerful current pulse from the generator at the moment of switching on, when the capacitor is charging. With a significant power take-off from the circuit, these currents are “consumed”, and the generator again has to give a significant recharging current
An oscillatory circuit with a low quality factor and a small inductance coil is too poorly "pumped" with energy (storing little energy), which reduces the efficiency of the system. Also, a coil with a small inductance and at low frequencies has a small inductive resistance, which can lead to a "short circuit" of the generator in the coil, and disable the generator.
The quality factor of an oscillating circuit is proportional to L/C, an oscillating circuit with a low quality factor does not “store” energy well. To increase the quality factor of the oscillatory circuit, several ways are used:
Operating frequency increase: it can be seen from the formulas that the output power is directly proportional to the frequency of oscillations in the circuit (number of pulses per second) If the pulse frequency is doubled, then the output power is doubled
If possible, increase L and decrease C. If it is impossible to increase L by increasing the turns of the coil or increasing the length of the wire, use ferromagnetic cores or ferromagnetic inserts in the coil; the coil is glued with plates of ferromagnetic material, etc.
Consider the timing of a series LC circuit. At resonance, the current lags the voltage by 90°. With the current transformer, I use the current component, so I do not make changes to the circuit, even with the current transformer fully loaded. When the load changes, the inductances are compensated (I didn’t pick up another word), the circuit adjusts itself, preventing it from leaving the resonant frequency.
For example, a coil in air with 6 turns of a copper tube 6 mm2, a frame diameter of 100 mm, and a capacitance of 3 microfarads has a resonant frequency of approximately 60 kHz. On this circuit, you can accelerate up to 20 kW of the reagent. Accordingly, the current transformer must have an overall power of at least 20 kW. Anything can be applied. The ring is good, but at such powers, the core is more likely to go into saturation, therefore it is necessary to introduce a gap into the core, and this is easiest with ferrites from TVS. At this frequency, one core is capable of dissipating about 500 W, which means that 20,000 \ 500 at least 40 cores are needed.
An important condition is to create resonance in the series LC circuit. The processes at such a resonance are well described. An important element is the current transformer. Its inductance should be no more than 1/10 of the loop inductance. If more, the resonance will break. It should also take into account the transformation ratios, matching and current transformers. The first is calculated based on the impedances (impedances) of the generator and the oscillatory circuit. The second depends on the voltage developed in the circuit. In the previous example, a voltage of 300 volts developed in a 6-turn circuit. It turns out 50 volts per turn. The current trans uses 0.5 turns, which means there will be 25 volts in its primary, therefore the secondary must contain 10 turns to achieve a voltage of 250 volts at the output.
Everything is calculated according to the classical schemes. How you excite the resonant circuit is not important. An important part is a matching transformer, an oscillating circuit, and a current transformer for removing reactive energy.
If you want to implement this effect on a Tesla transformer (hereinafter referred to as TT). You need to know and have experience in building RF circuits. In a CT at 1/4 wave resonance, there is also a separation of current from voltage by 90 °. Top voltage, bottom current. If you draw an analogy with the presented circuit and the CT, you will see the similarity, both pumping and removal occur on the side of the current component. The Smith device works the same way. Therefore, I do not recommend starting with TT or Smith being inexperienced. And this device can literally be assembled on the knee, while having only one tester. As correctly noted in one of the posts lazj "Kapanadze saw the oscilloscope from around the corner."
This is how the carrier is modulated. And such a solution - transistors can work with a unipolar current. If they are not rectified, then only one half-wave will pass.
modulation is needed in order not to suffer later with the conversion to the 50 Hz standard.
To obtain a sine output of 50 Hz. Without it, then it will be possible to feed only the active load (incandescent bulbs, heaters ...). A motor or transformer at 50 Hz will not work without such modulation.
I marked the master generator with a rectangle. It stably outputs the frequency at which the LC circuit resonates. A pulsating voltage change (sine) is applied only to the output switches. The resonance of the oscillatory circuit does not break down from this, it’s just that at each moment of time more or less energy is spinning in the circuit, to the beat of the sine. It's like if you push the swing, with more or less force, the resonance of the swing does not change, only the energy changes.
Resonance can only be disrupted by loading it directly, since the parameters of the circuit change. In this scheme, the load does not affect the parameters of the circuit; auto-tuning occurs in it. Loading the current transformer, on the one hand, the circuit parameters change, and on the other hand, the magnetic permeability of the transformer core changes, reducing its inductance. Thus, for a resonant circuit, the load is "invisible". And the resonant circuit both performed free oscillations and continues to perform. By changing the supply voltage of the keys (modulation), only the amplitude of free oscillations changes and that's it. If you have an oscilloscope and a generator, conduct an experiment, apply the resonance frequency of the circuit from the generator to the circuit, then change the amplitude of the input signal. And you will see that there is no breakdown.
Yes, the matching transformer and current transformer are built on ferrites, the resonant circuit is air. The more turns in it, the higher the quality factor, on the one hand. On the other hand, the resistance is higher, which reduces the final power, because the main power is spent on heating the circuit. Therefore, a compromise must be sought. About kindness. Even with a quality factor of 10, at 100 watts of input power, 1000 watts will be reactive. Of these, 900 watts can be removed. This is under ideal conditions. In real life, 0.6-0.7 of the reagent.
But these are all trifles, compared with the fact that you do not need to bury a heating radiator in the ground and bathe with grounding! And then Kapanadze even had to go broke on the island on a grounding device! And it turns out not to be true at all! Reactive energy pret and without working grounding. This is undeniable. But with a removable current transformer - you have to tinker ... It's not so simple. There is a reverse effect. Stepanov somehow decided this, in his patent he has diodes for this purpose drawn there. Although the presence of diodes in Stepanov, everyone interprets in his own way.
Stepanov in St. Petersburg powered the machines according to the following scheme. His scheme was simple, but little understood
A short-circuited coil transformer generates a powerful alternating magnetic field. We take a ferromagnetic rod with as much permeability as possible, better transformer iron, permalloy, etc. For a more vivid manifestation of the effect, we wind the primary on it with the selected active maximum resistance so that it does not heat up much when powered from the generator in the full SHORT CIRCUIT mode. After winding the primary, we make the secondary as usual, over the entire surface of the primary, only tightly closed.
You can make a closed coil in the form of a tube with a length of the primary. When the transformer is turned on, such a short-circuited transformer generates a powerful alternating magnetic field. At the same time, no matter how much we attach additional cores with closed windings to the ends, the consumption of the transformer does not increase. But from each attached core with a winding, we have a good EMF. It is better to use the secondary of the main transformer at maximum load, the greater the load, the greater the field, the greater the field, the greater the EMF on the additional core.
HIDDEN DETAILS OF THE OPERATION OF A TRANSFORMER WITH A SHORT WIND.
The secondary winding does not induce a magnetic field at all. In it, the current seems to be secondary and plays the role of \LUBRICANT\ for the current in the primary. The better the lubricant, the greater the current in the primary, but the maximum current rests on the active resistance of the primary. From this it turns out that the magnetic field of the MF can be taken from a short-circuited short-circuit transformer for its further amplification of the MF multiplication of the MF duplication of the MF by feromagnets.
When a side additional core is brought to the main core with a measured winding, the inductance increases, when an additional core with a short-circuit winding is brought, the inductance drops. Further, if the inductance on the main core has nowhere to fall (close to active resistance), then bringing an additional core with a short-circuited short-circuit winding does not affect the current in the primary, but there is a field!
Transformer with a short-circuited short-circuit coil. Experience
Hence there is a current in the additional winding. This is how magnetic energy is pulled out, and part of it is converted into current. This is all very approximate, i.e. we first stumble upon K.Z.'s losses. in the transformer and we stop there, not paying attention to the increased magnetic field according to the current in the primary, and the field is what we need.
Explanation. We take an ordinary rod electromagnet, feed it with the voltage set to it, we see a smooth increase in current and magnetic field, in the end, the current is constant and the magnetic field too. Now we surround the primary with a continuous conductive screen, connect it again, we see an increase in current and magnetic field to the same values, only 10-100 times faster. You can imagine how many times you can increase the frequency of control of such a magnet. You can also compare the steepness of the magnetic field front in these options, and at the same time calculate the expended energy of the source to achieve the limiting value of the magnetic field. So I think it's worth forgetting about the magnetic field during short circuit. secondary screen, it actually does not exist. The current in the secondary is purely a compensator, a passive process. The key point in the trans-generator is the transformation of the current into a magnetic field, amplified many times by the properties of the core.
A transformer with a short-circuited coil is also for heating. Everyone knows about the reverse induction pulse: if we disconnect a good inductance from the source, we will get a surge of voltage and, accordingly, current. What does the core say to this - but nothing! The magnetic field is still rapidly decreasing and it would be necessary to introduce the concept of active and passive current. Passive current does not form its own magnetic field, unless, of course, the current lines are drawn relative to the magnetic field of the core. Otherwise, we would have an \eternal electromagnet\,. Let's take a construct, \as described by the witness of the construction MELNICHENKO\. A rod, and on the rod at the ends there are two primary, on top of them there are aluminum rings (completely closed or even with a margin closing the winding) - so to speak, compensators. Removable winding in the middle. It remains to be checked: was the rod solid or made up of three parts, under the primary and under the removable winding? The side primary with closed screens will be the generators of the magnetic field, and the central part of the core, or a separate core, generates its own magnetic field, which is converted into current by a removable coil. Two coils at the ends - apparently to create a more uniform field in the central part. You can do it this way: Two coils at the ends - removable, and in the middle shielded, generator, which of these designs is better, experience will show. No high-resistance shields, no capacitors. The current in the screen is a reverse for the current in the primary, and at the same time a compensator against changes in the field in the generating rods (from the load in the removable ones). Yes, the removable winding is the usual inductive one. TRANS_GENERATOR is not a perpetual motion machine, it distributes the energy of the environment, but collects it very efficiently with the help of a field, and gives it out in the form of a current - the current transfers everything back into space, as a result, we never disturb the balance of energies in a closed volume, and the space is specially designed so to smooth and evenly distribute everything. The simplest design: rod-primary-screen-secondary _ as much as you want. The currents in the screen are passive, I don’t want to shoot. Typical transformers will work in the same way, we remove the secondary, put the screen, again the secondary, but more, until the magnetic circuit window is filled. We get the KULDOSHINA transformer. But if the window is small, it may not even be possible to justify all the costs. FREQUENCY must also be selected experimentally for maximum efficiency. Efficiency is highly dependent on frequency. Let's increase the frequency - we will keep a beautiful ratio of volts per turn. You can increase the bias. If the generator sags, why does it sag - there is no power. It is necessary to calculate the power of the generator.
Plug it into a power outlet so you don't sweat it. There tension is good. Losses by themselves, calculate the current strength of the primary, so that energy is not wasted in vain. That is, so that the core is saturated at maximum current. And you can wind the secondary, as much as you want out of greed. The current does not increase in the primary. A current pulse passes through the primary. At the same time, it is not inductive, that is, the field is created quickly. And there is a field - there is an EMF. And since there is no inductance, we boldly increase the frequency by 10 times.
The SHIELD makes the transformer almost completely non-inductive, that's the GREAT thing.
The effect was found on a rod electromagnet. It was powered by various sources. Even impulses from conders. The magnetic field builds up instantly. Those. from the secondary winding it is necessary to collect as much energy as possible.
In a transformer with a short-circuit screen, there is practically no inductive winding. The field from the core freely penetrates through any thickness of the secondary removable winding.
Virtually remove the primary and screen from the transformer design....
This can be done, since no manipulations with the secondary in terms of load affect the screen and the primary. You will receive a rod from which an alternating magnetic field is generated, which cannot be stopped in any way. You can wind a bunch of secondary thick wire and there will be current in the entire mass of the conductor. Part of it will go to restore the energy of the source, and the rest is yours. Only experience will show you that the field created by the primary and the rod cannot be stopped by any screen, and even put everything into a conducting cylinder along with a source and a generator - the field calmly leaves, and it will induce currents in the windings from above the cylinders.
THE SCREEN GIVES A BENEFIT IN THAT REDUCES THE INDUCTANCE OF ALL WINDINGS TO NO, GIVES THE POSSIBILITY TO WORK AT A HIGH FREQUENCY WITH THE SAME FIELD AMPLITUDE. And the EMF DEPENDS ON THE RATE OF CHANGE AND THE STRENGTH OF THE VARIABLE MAGNETIC FIELD.
As long as there is no screen, no transformer will ever force a ferromagnet to give up its energy for a simple reason: the energy is given off by the primary, but when the primary can no longer give more than its norm, only then will the pumping out of the internal energy of the ferromagnet begin.
Screen - zero point. There is no screen - this point will never be crossed. In the secondary of any volume, all the electrons simply float, as it were, along the flow of the magnetic field. They swim passively, do not overtake fields, there is no inductance anywhere. This current is called cold current. The core will cool if more energy is taken from the secondary than the primary gives, the energy of everything that is closer to the core will also be taken: wires, air.
The secondary can be of any size. EVERYWHERE WILL BE CURRENT!
Sokolovsky ME-8_2 transformer Using back EMF in a transformer with a short circuit https://youtu.be/HH8VvFeu2lQ Back EMF of an inductor from Sergey Dein https://youtu.be/i4wfoZMWcLw
Electricity is getting more expensive every day. And many owners sooner or later begin to think about alternative energy sources. We offer as samples fuel-free generators of Tesla, Hendershot, Romanov, Tariel Kanapadze, Smith, Bedini, the principle of operation of the units, their scheme and how to make a device with your own hands.How to make a fuel-free generator with your own hands
Many owners sooner or later begin to think about alternative energy sources. We propose to consider what an autonomous fuel-free generator of Tesla, Hendershot, Romanov, Tariel Kanapadze, Smith, Bedini is, the principle of operation of the unit, its scheme and how to make a device with your own hands.
Overview of generators
When using a fuelless generator, an internal combustion engine is not required because the device does not have to convert the chemical energy of the fuel into mechanical energy to generate electricity. This electromagnetic device works in such a way that the electricity generated by the generator is recirculated back to the system through the coil.
Photo - Generator Kapanadze
Conventional electric generators work on the basis of:
1. Internal combustion engine, with piston and rings, connecting rod, spark plugs, fuel tank, carburetor, ... and
2. Using amateur motors, coils, diodes, AVRs, capacitors, etc.
The internal combustion engine in fuel-free generators has been replaced by an electromechanical device that receives power from the generator and, using the same, converts it into mechanical energy with an efficiency of more than 98%. The cycle repeats over and over. So the concept here is to replace an internal combustion engine that depends on fuel with an electromechanical device.
Photo - Generator diagram
The mechanical energy will be used to drive the generator and receive the current generated by the generator to power the electromechanical instrument. A fuelless generator that is used to replace an internal combustion engine is designed to use less energy in the generator output.
Video: homemade fuel-free generator:
Download video
Tesla generator
The Tesla linear electric generator is the main prototype of the working device. A patent for it was registered in the 19th century. The main advantage of the device is that it can be built even at home using solar energy. An iron or steel plate is insulated with external conductors, after which it is placed as high in the air as possible. We place the second plate in sand, earth or other grounded surface. The wire starts from a metal plate, the connection is made with the capacitor on one side of the plate and the second cable goes from the base of the plate to the other side of the capacitor.
Photo - Tesla fuelless generator
Such a self-made fuel-free mechanical generator of free energy of electricity is fully functional in theory, but for the actual implementation of the plan it is better to use more common models, for example, inventors Adams, Sobolev, Alekseenko, Gromov, Donald, Kondrashov, Motovilov, Melnichenko and others. It is possible to assemble a working device even when redevelopment of any of the listed devices, it will come out cheaper than connecting everything yourself.
In addition to solar energy, you can use turbine generators that operate without fuel on water energy. Magnets completely cover the rotating metal discs, and a flange and a self-powered wire are added to the device, which significantly reduces losses, thanks to which this heat generator works more efficiently than solar. Due to the high asynchronous oscillations, this wadded fuelless generator suffers from eddy electricity, so it cannot be used in a car or to power a house, because. motors can burn out on impulse.
Photo - Adams Fuelless Generator
But Faraday's hydrodynamic law also suggests using a simple perpetual generator. Its magnetic disk is divided into spiral curves that radiate energy from the center to the outer edge, reducing resonance.
In a given high voltage electrical system, if there are two turns side by side, as current travels through the wire, the current through the loop will create a magnetic field that will radiate against the current through the second loop, creating resistance.
How to make a generator
Exists two options work execution:
- dry way;
- Wet or oily;
wet method uses a battery, while the dry method does without a battery.
Step-by-step instruction how to assemble an electric fuelless generator. To make a fuel-free type wet generator, you will need several components:
- battery,
- charger of a suitable caliber,
- AC transformer
- Amplifier.
Connect the ac to dc transformer to your battery and power amp, and then connect the charger and expansion sensor to the circuit, then connect it back to the battery. Why are these components needed:
- The battery is used to store and store energy;
- A transformer is used to create constant current signals;
- The amplifier will help increase the current supply because the power from the battery is only 12V or 24V, depending on the battery.
- The charger is necessary for the smooth operation of the generator.
Photo - Alternative generator
dry generator works on capacitors. To assemble such a device you need to prepare:
- generator prototype
- Transformer.
This production is the most perfect way to make a generator, because it can last for years, at least 3 years without recharging. These two components must be combined using undamped special conductors. We recommend using welding to create the strongest connection. To control the work, a dynatron is used, watch the video on how to connect the conductors correctly.
Transformer-based devices are more expensive, but are much more efficient than battery-powered ones. As a prototype, you can take the model free energy, kapanadze, torrent, brand Khmilnik. Such devices can be used as a motor for an electric vehicle.
Price overview
On the domestic market, generators manufactured by Odessa inventors, BTGi BTGR, are considered the most affordable. You can buy such fuel-free generators in a specialized electrical engineering store, online stores, from the manufacturer (the price depends on the brand of the device and the point where the sale is made).
Fuel-free new generators on the Vega magnet for 10 kW will cost an average of 30,000 rubles.
Odessa plant - 20,000 rubles.
Very popular Andrus will cost the owners at least 25,000 rubles.
Imported devices of the Ferrite brand (an analogue of the Stephen Mark device) are the most expensive in the domestic market and cost from 35,000 rubles, depending on the power.
Method - Reactive power generator 1 kW
The device is designed to rewind the readings of induction electricity meters without changing their switching circuits. Applied to
electronic and electronic-mechanical counters, the design of which is based on the inability to countdown readings,
the device allows you to completely stop accounting to the level of reactive power of the generator. With the elements indicated in the diagram, the device
designed for a rated mains voltage of 220 V and a winding power of 1 kW. The use of other elements allows, respectively,
increase power.
The device, assembled according to the proposed scheme, is simply inserted into the socket and the counter starts counting in the opposite direction. All
wiring remains intact. Grounding is not required.
Theoretical basis
The operation of the device is based on the fact that the current sensors of electric meters, including electronic ones, contain an input induction
a converter having low sensitivity to high frequency currents. This fact makes it possible to introduce a significant negative
accounting error if consumption is carried out by high frequency pulses. Another feature - the counter is a direction relay
power, i.e. if using any source (for example, a diesel generator) to feed the electrical network itself, then the meter
rotates in the opposite direction.
These factors allow you to create a generator simulator. The main element of such a device is a capacitor.
appropriate capacity. The capacitor is charged from the network with high-frequency pulses for a quarter of the period of the mains voltage. At
a certain frequency value (depending on the characteristics of the counter input converter), the counter takes into account only a quarter of
actually consumed energy. In the second quarter of the period, the capacitor is discharged directly back into the network, without high-frequency
switching. The meter takes into account all the energy supplying the network. In fact, the energy of the charge and discharge of the capacitor is the same, but completely
only the second is taken into account, creating an imitation of a generator that feeds the network. At the same time, the counter counts in the opposite direction at a speed,
proportional difference per unit time of the discharge energy and the accounted charge energy. The electronic counter will be completely
stopped and will allow unaccounted for energy consumption, no more than the value of the discharge energy. If the power of the consumer is greater, then
the meter will subtract the power of the device from it.
In fact, the device leads to the circulation of reactive power in two directions through the meter, in one of which
full accounting is carried out, and in the other - partial.
Schematic diagram of the device
Fig.1. Reactive power generator 1 kW. Schematic diagram
The schematic diagram is shown in Fig.1. The main elements of the device are an integrator, which is a resistive bridge R1-R4 and a capacitor C1, a pulse shaper (zener diodes D1, D2 and resistors R5, R6), a logic node (elements DD1.1, DD2.1, DD2.2), a clock generator (DD2.3, DD2.4), amplifier (T1, T2), output stage (C2, T3, Br1) and power supply on transformer Tr1.
The integrator is designed to isolate signals from the mains voltage that synchronize the operation of the logical node. These are rectangular TTL level pulses at inputs 1 and 2 of the DD1.1 element.
The edge of the signal at input 1 DD1.1 coincides with the beginning of the positive half-wave of the mains voltage, and the decline - with the beginning of the negative half-wave. The edge of the signal at input 2 DD1.1 coincides with the beginning of the positive half-wave of the integral of the mains voltage, and the decline - with the beginning of the negative half-wave. Thus, these signals are rectangular pulses synchronized by the network and shifted in phase relative to each other by an angle?/2.
The signal corresponding to the mains voltage is taken from the resistive divider R1, R3, limited to a level of 5 V using a resistor R5 and a zener diode D2, then it is fed to the logical node through the galvanic isolation on the optocoupler OS1. Similarly, a signal is formed corresponding to the integral of the mains voltage. The integration process is provided by the processes of charge and discharge of the capacitor C1.
To ensure the pulse process of charging the storage capacitor C2, a master oscillator is used on the logic elements DD2.3 and DD2.4. It generates pulses with a frequency of 2 kHz with an amplitude of 5 V. The frequency of the signal at the output of the generator and the duty cycle of the pulses are determined by the parameters of the timing circuits C3-R20 and C4-R21. These parameters can be selected during setup to ensure the greatest error in accounting for the electricity consumed by the device.
The output stage control signal through the galvanic isolation on the OS3 optocoupler is fed to the input of a two-stage amplifier based on transistors T1 and T2. The main purpose of this amplifier is the complete opening of the output stage transistor T3 into saturation mode and its reliable locking at the times determined by the logic node. Only entering saturation and complete shutdown will allow the T3 transistor to function in the harsh conditions of the output stage. If you do not provide reliable full opening and closing of T3, and in the shortest possible time, then it fails from overheating within a few seconds.
The power supply is built according to the classical scheme. The need to use two power channels is dictated by the peculiarity of the output stage mode. It is possible to ensure reliable opening of T3 only with a supply voltage of at least 12V, and a stabilized voltage of 5V is required to power the microcircuits. In this case, the negative pole of the 5-volt output can only be conditionally considered a common wire. It must not be grounded or connected to the network wires. The main requirement for the power supply is the ability to provide a current of up to 2 A at the 36 V output. This is necessary to enter the powerful key transistor of the output stage into saturation mode in the open state. Otherwise, a lot of power will be dissipated on it, and it will fail.
Details and design Any microcircuit can be used: 155, 133, 156 and other series. The use of microcircuits based on MOS structures is not recommended, since they are more susceptible to interference from the operation of a powerful key stage.
The key transistor T3 must be installed on a radiator with an area of at least 200 cm2. For transistor T2, a radiator with an area of at least 50 cm2 is used. For safety reasons, the metal case of the device should not be used as heatsinks.
Storage capacitor C2 can only be non-polar. The use of an electrolytic capacitor is not allowed. The capacitor must be designed for a voltage of at least 400V.
Resistors: R1 - R4, R15 type MLT-2; R18, R19 - wire with a power of at least 10 W; the remaining resistors are of the MLT-0.25 type.
Transformer Tr1 - any power of about 100 W with two separate secondary windings. The voltage of winding 2 must be 24 - 26 V, the voltage of winding 3 must be 4 - 5 V. The main requirement is that winding 2 must be designed for a current of 2 - 3 A. Winding 3 is low-power, the current consumption from it will be no more than 50 mA.
The device as a whole is assembled in a housing. It is very convenient (especially for the purpose of conspiracy) to use for this purpose a housing from a household voltage stabilizer, which in the recent past was widely used to power tube TVs.
Adjustment When adjusting the circuit, be careful! Remember that not all the low-voltage part of the circuit is galvanically isolated from the mains! It is not recommended to use the metal case of the device as a heatsink for the output transistor. The use of fuses is a must! The storage capacitor operates in the limiting mode, therefore, before turning on the device, it must be placed in a durable metal case. The use of an electrolytic (oxide) capacitor is not allowed!
The low-voltage power supply is tested separately from other modules. It must provide at least 2 A at the 36 V output, as well as 5 V to power the control system.
The integrator is checked with a two-beam oscilloscope. To do this, the common wire of the oscilloscope is connected to the neutral wire of the mains (N), the wire of the first channel is connected to the connection point of the resistors R1 and R3, and the wire of the second channel is connected to the connection point of R2 and R4. Two sinusoids with a frequency of 50 Hz and an amplitude of about 150 V each should be visible on the screen, offset from each other along the time axis by an angle? / 2. Next, the presence of signals at the outputs of the limiters is checked by connecting the oscilloscope in parallel with the zener diodes D1 and D2. To do this, the common wire of the oscilloscope is connected to the N point of the network. The signals must have a regular rectangular shape, a frequency of 50 Hz, an amplitude of about 5 V, and must also be shifted from each other by an angle?/2 along the time axis. The rise and fall of pulses is allowed for no more than 1 ms. If the phase shift of the signals differs from? /2, then it is corrected by selecting the capacitor C1. The steepness of the front and decay of the pulses can be changed by selecting the resistance of the resistors R5 and R6. These resistances must be at least 8 kΩ, otherwise the signal level limiters will affect the quality of the integration process, which will eventually lead to an overload of the output stage transistor.
Then the generator is adjusted by disconnecting the power part of the circuit from the mains. The generator should generate pulses with an amplitude of 5 V and a frequency of about 2 kHz. The duty cycle of the pulses is approximately 1/1. If necessary, capacitors C3, C4 or resistors R20, R21 are selected for this.
The logical node, provided that it is correctly installed, does not require adjustment. It is only desirable to make sure with the help of an oscilloscope that at the inputs 1 and 2 of the DD1.1 element there are periodic rectangular signals shifted relative to each other along the time axis by an angle p / 2. At output 4 DD2.2, bursts of pulses with a frequency of 2 kHz should be generated periodically every 10 ms, the duration of each burst is 5 ms.
Setting the output stage consists in setting the base current of the transistor T3 at a level of at least 1.5 -2 A. This is necessary to saturate this transistor in the open state. For tuning, it is recommended to disconnect the output stage with the amplifier from the logic node (disconnect the resistor R22 from the output of the DD2.2 element), and control the stage by applying +5 V to the disconnected contact of the resistor R22 directly from the power supply. Instead of capacitor C1, a load is temporarily switched on in the form of a 100 W incandescent lamp. The base current T3 is set by selecting the resistance of the resistor R18. This may require another selection of R13 and R15 amplifiers. After the ignition of the optocoupler OS3, the base current of the transistor T3 should decrease to almost zero (a few μA). This setting provides the most favorable thermal mode of operation of the powerful key transistor of the output stage.
After setting up all the elements, all connections in the circuit are restored and the operation of the circuit assembly is checked. The first switch-on is recommended to be performed with a reduced value of the capacitance of the capacitor C2 to approximately 1 μF. After turning on the device, let it work for several minutes, paying special attention to the temperature regime of the key transistor. If everything is in order, you can increase the capacitance of capacitor C2. It is recommended to increase the capacity to the nominal value in several stages, each time checking the temperature regime.
The winding power primarily depends on the capacitance of the capacitor C2. To increase the power, a larger capacitor is needed. The limiting value of the capacitance is determined by the magnitude of the pulse current of the charge. Its value can be judged by connecting the oscilloscope in parallel with the resistor R19. For KT848A transistors, it should not exceed 20 A. If you want to increase the winding power, you will have to use more powerful transistors, as well as Br1 diodes. But it is better to use another circuit for this with an output stage on four transistors.
It is not recommended to use too much winding power. As a rule, 1 kW is enough. If the device works in conjunction with other consumers, the meter will subtract the power of the device from their power, but the wiring will be loaded with reactive power. This must be taken into account so as not to damage the wiring.
P.S. Do not forget to turn off the device in time. It is better to always remain in a small debt to the state. If suddenly your counter shows that the state owes you, it will never forgive this.
Method Tricky rectifier
The rectifier is designed to power household consumers that can operate on both AC and DC. These are, for example, electric stoves, fireplaces, water heaters, lighting, etc. The main thing is that these devices do not have electric motors, transformers and other elements designed for alternating current. The device, assembled according to the proposed scheme, is simply inserted into the socket and the load is powered from it. All electrical wiring remains intact. Grounding is not required. The meter takes into account about a quarter of the consumed electricity. Theoretical foundations The operation of the device is based on the fact that the load is not powered directly from the AC network, but from a capacitor that is constantly charged. Naturally, the load will be powered by direct current. The energy given by the capacitor to the load is replenished through the rectifier, but the capacitor is charged not with direct current, but with intermittent current at a high frequency. Electricity meters, including electronic ones, contain an input induction converter, which has low sensitivity to high frequency currents. Therefore, energy consumption in the form of pulses is taken into account by the meter with a large negative error.
The main elements are the power rectifier Br1, the capacitor C1 and the transistor switch T1. The capacitor C1 is charged from the rectifier Br1 through the key T1 with pulses with a frequency of 2 kHz. The voltage on C1, as well as on the load connected in parallel to it, is close to constant. To limit the pulsed current through the transistor T1, a resistor R6 is connected in series with the rectifier. On the logical elements DD1, DD2 assembled master oscillator. It generates pulses with a frequency of 2 kHz with an amplitude of 5V. The frequency of the signal at the output of the generator and the duty cycle of the pulses are determined by the parameters of the timing circuits C2-R7 and C3-R8. These parameters can be selected during setup to ensure the greatest error in electricity metering. A pulse shaper is built on transistors T2 and T3, designed to control a powerful key transistor T1. The shaper is designed in such a way that T1 in the open state enters saturation mode and due to this, less power is dissipated on it. Naturally, T1 must also be completely closed. Transformer Tr1, rectifier Br2 and the elements following them are the power source of the low-voltage part of the circuit. This source supplies 36V to the pulse shaper and 5V to power the oscillator chip. Device details Chip: DD1, DD2 - K155LA3. Diodes: Br1 - D232A; Br2 - D242B; D1 - D226B. Zener diode: D2 - KS156A. Transistors: T1 - KT848A, T2 - KT815V, T3 - KT315. T1 and T2 are installed on a radiator with an area of at least 150 cm2. The transistors are mounted on insulating pads. Electrolytic capacitors: C1- 10 uF Ch 400V; C4 - 1000 uF H 50V; C5 - 1000 uF H 16V; High-frequency capacitors: C2, C3 - 0.1 uF. Resistors: R1, R2 - 27 kOhm; R3 - 56 Ohm; R4 - 3 kOhm; R5 -22 kOhm; R6 - 10 Ohm; R7, R8 - 1.5 kOhm; R9 - 560 Ohm. Resistors R3, R6 - wire with a power of at least 10 W, R9 - type MLT-2, the rest of the resistors - MLT-0.25. Transformer Tr1 - any low-power 220/36 V. Adjustment When adjusting the circuit, be careful! Remember that the low-voltage part of the circuit is not galvanically isolated from the mains! It is not recommended to use the metal case of the device as a radiator for transistors. The use of fuses is a must! First, the low-voltage power supply is checked separately from the circuit. It must provide at least 2A of 36V output, as well as 5V to power a low power generator. Then the generator is adjusted by disconnecting the power part of the circuit from the mains (for this, you can temporarily disconnect the resistor R6). The generator should generate pulses with an amplitude of 5 V and a frequency of about 2 kHz. The duty cycle of the pulses is approximately 1/1. If necessary, capacitors C2, C3 or resistors R7, R8 are selected for this.
The pulse shaper on transistors T2 and T3, if properly assembled, usually does not require adjustment. But it is desirable to make sure that it is able to provide a pulse current of the base of the transistor T1 at a level of 1.5 - 2 A. If this current value is not provided, the transistor T1 will not enter saturation mode in the open state and will burn out in a few seconds. To check this mode, with the power section of the circuit turned off and the base of the transistor T1 turned off, instead of the resistor R1, turn on a shunt with a resistance of several ohms. The pulse voltage on the shunt with the generator turned on is recorded by an oscilloscope and recalculated to the current value. If necessary, select the resistance of resistors R2, R3 and R4. The next step is to check the power section. To do this, restore all connections in the circuit. Capacitor C1 is temporarily disconnected, and a low power consumer is used as a load, for example, an incandescent lamp with a power of up to 100 W. When the device is connected to the electrical network, the effective value of the voltage at the load should be at the level of 100 - 130 V. Oscillograms of the voltage at the load and at the resistor R6 should show that it is powered by pulses with a frequency set by the generator.
If everything is in order, the capacitor C1 is connected, only at the beginning its capacitance is taken several times less than the nominal one (for example, 0.1 μF). The operating voltage on the load increases markedly and, with a subsequent increase in capacitance C1, reaches 310 V. In this case, it is very important to carefully monitor the temperature of the transistor T1. If excessive heating occurs when using a low power load, this indicates that the T1 is either not saturating when open or not fully closing. In this case, you should return to the setting of the pulse shaper. Experiments show that when a load with a power of 100 W is supplied without capacitor C1, the transistor T1 does not heat up for a long time even without a radiator.
In conclusion, the rated load is connected and the capacitance C1 is selected so as to supply the load with a constant voltage of 220 V. The capacitance C1 should be selected carefully, starting from small values, since an increase in capacitance leads to an increase in the output voltage (up to 310 V, which can lead to failure of the load), and also sharply increases the pulse current through the transistor T1. The amplitude of the current pulses through T1 can be judged by connecting the oscilloscope in parallel with the resistor R6. The pulse current must be no more than allowed for the selected transistor (20 A for KT848A). If necessary, it is limited by increasing the resistance R6, but it is better to stop at a lower value of capacitance C1. With the specified details, the device is designed for a load of 1 kW. Using other elements of the power rectifier and a transistor switch of the appropriate power, it is possible to power more powerful consumers. Please note that when the load changes, the voltage on it will also change significantly. Therefore, it is advisable to set up the device and use it constantly with the same consumer. This disadvantage can be an advantage in certain cases. For example, by changing the capacitance C1, it is possible to regulate the power of heating devices over a wide range. The scheme of the device is shown in Fig.1. Method Electronic.
Brief description: The method is intended for rewinding or braking electric meters. The device is an electronic circuit of medium complexity. To use it, it is enough to plug the device into a regular, any socket, while the disk of old meters (CO2, SO-I446 ...) will rotate backwards, and modern ones, incl. the electronics will stop. It is possible to use the device simultaneously with other current collectors. Unwinding speed 1.5 - 2.0 kWh. The circuit does not contain expensive and rare parts (no programmable controller required). Grounding is not required.
Principle: In the first half of the half-wave of the mains voltage, energy is consumed from the network, that is, the capacitor is charged, but it is charged through a transistor switch that is controlled by high-frequency pulses, that is, the energy for charging is consumed by pulses of increased frequency. It is known that counters, incl. electronic, because they contain an induction current sensor (current transformers) with a magnetic circuit having a limited conductivity in frequency, and induction, because. contain, in addition to the magnetic part, the mechanical part of the measuring system, they have a very large negative error when the RF current flows. It remains in the second half-cycle, through the other shoulder of the keys, to discharge the capacitor into the network without any impulses. And so, for example: we consumed 2 kW, the meter took into account 0.5 W, ideally gave 2 kW, the meter took into account -2 kW. The result of the period - the induction meter spins back at a speed of -1.5 kW, and the electronic one costs up to 1.5 kW. At the same time, a slight buzzing of the counter is heard (at a distance of less than 1 meter).
Pros: No need to "disturb" the meter, no need to carry out additional wiring around the house. No changes in accounting schemes. The method is suitable for both the private sector and high-rise buildings. It can be used for 3-f accounting, similarly as one device or three (one per phase). At the same time, the rewind (braking) power will triple. The device works simultaneously with other devices (subtracts 1.5 - 2 kW from them).
Cons: You can not "rewind" meters with a stopper (gear icon with a dog on the meter panel) and electronic meters, both of them will just stop, which, in principle, also allows you to use electricity without accounting. The need to assemble the device. The circuit is not very complicated, but concepts in electronics are desirable.
Note: We are not the authors of this method. There is a diagram with a specification, a functioning device itself, a description of its operation and the principle of operation. Plus, another similar but more complex scheme is attached. As well as an electronic circuit that works according to the following principle:
Short description 2: Using this scheme, you can plug the electric heater into the socket completely imperceptibly for the meter. You can connect any electrical device that is not demanding on the form of the supply voltage (stove, boiler, electric heater ...). How does this scheme work? After the power is turned on, the mains voltage is supplied simultaneously to the diodes VD1 and the primary winding of the transformer T1. If at the moment the regulator is turned on, the network has a negative polarity voltage, the load current flows through the emitter-collector circuit VT1. If the polarity of the mains voltage is positive, the current flows through the collector-emitter circuit VT1. Well, and so on. Thus, our electric heater turned into a high-frequency (from the point of view of the counter) load, and oh, how he doesn’t like it. After all, it is known that both electronic meters (they contain an induction current sensor with a magnetic circuit having a limited conductivity in frequency) and induction meters (in addition to the magnetic part, they also contain the mechanical part of the measuring system) have a very large negative error when high-frequency current flows. The device is inserted into a regular socket through it and the electrical heating is powered (fireplace, boiler, etc.), there is no need to access the meter or input, everything remains unchanged.
Details and design Any microcircuit can be used: 155, 133, 156 and other series. The use of microcircuits based on MOS structures is not recommended, since they are more susceptible to interference from the operation of powerful key stages.
The key transistors of the heat exchanger must be installed on the radiators. It is better to use a separate radiator for each transistor with an area of at least 100 cm2. For safety reasons, the metal case of the device should not be used as a heatsink for transistors.
For all high-voltage capacitors, their nominal voltage is indicated on the diagram. Capacitors for lower voltages cannot be used. Capacitor C1.1 can only be non-polar. In this node, the use of an electrolytic capacitor is not allowed. The recuperator circuit is specially designed for use as C3.1 and C3.2 cheap electrolytic capacitors, but the use of non-polar capacitors is still more reliable and durable.
Resistors: R1.1 - R1.4 type MLT-2; R3.17 - R3.22 wire with a power of at least 10 W; the remaining resistors are of the MLT-0.25 type.
Transformer Tr1 - any low-power transformer with two separate secondary windings for 12 V and one for 5 V. The main requirement is to ensure that at a nominal voltage of 12 V, the current of each secondary winding is at least 3 A.
All device modules should be mounted on separate boards to facilitate subsequent configuration. The device as a whole is assembled in a housing. It is very convenient (especially for the purpose of conspiracy) to use for this purpose a housing from a household voltage stabilizer, which in the recent past was widely used to power tube TVs.
Adjustment When adjusting the circuit, be careful! Remember that not all the low-voltage part of the circuit is galvanically isolated from the mains! It is not recommended to use the metal case of the device as a radiator for transistors. The use of fuses is a must! Storage capacitors operate in the limiting mode, so before turning on the device they must be placed in a durable metal case.
The low-voltage power supply is tested separately from other modules. It must provide at least 3A on the 16V outputs as well as 5V to power the control system.
Then the generator is adjusted by disconnecting the power part of the circuit from the mains. The generator should generate pulses with an amplitude of 5 V and a frequency of about 2 kHz. The duty cycle of the pulses is approximately 1/1. If necessary, capacitors C2.1, C2.2 or resistors R2.1, R2.2 are selected for this. The logical unit of the control system does not require adjustment, provided that it is correctly installed. It is only desirable to make sure with the help of an oscilloscope that there are rectangular signals at the outputs U1-U4.
The integrator is checked with a two-beam oscilloscope. To do this, the common wire of the oscilloscope is connected to the neutral wire of the mains (N), the wire of the first channel is connected to the connection point of resistors R1.1 and R1.3, and the wire of the second channel is connected to the connection point of R1.2 and R1.4. Two sinusoids with a frequency of 50 Hz and an amplitude of about 150 V each should be visible on the screen, offset from each other along the time axis by an angle? / 2. Next, check the presence of signals at the outputs C1 and C2. To do this, the common wire of the oscilloscope is connected to the GND point of the device. The signals must have a regular rectangular shape, the frequency is also 50 Hz, the amplitude is about 5 V, and they must also be offset from each other by an angle? /2 along the time axis. If the phase shift of the signals differs from? /2, then it is corrected by selecting the capacitor C1.1.
Setting the key elements of the recuperator consists in setting the base current of transistors T3.2, T3.4, T3.6, T3.8 at a level of at least 1.5 - 2 A. This is necessary to saturate these transistors in the open state. For adjustment, it is recommended to disconnect the heat exchanger from the control system (outputs U1-U4), and when setting up each stage, apply +5 V voltage to the corresponding input of the heat exchanger U1-U4 directly from the power supply. The base current is set in turn for each stage, selecting the resistance of resistors R3.19 - R3.22, respectively. This may require another selection of R3.4, R3.8, R3.12, R3.16 for the corresponding stage. After switching off the voltage at the input, the base current of the key transistor should decrease almost to zero (several μA). This setting provides the most favorable thermal regime for the operation of powerful key transistors.
After setting up all the modules, restore all connections in the circuit and check the operation of the circuit assembly. The first inclusion is recommended to be performed with reduced capacitance values of capacitors C3.1, C3.2 to approximately 1 μF. Capacitors are best used non-polar. After turning on the device, let it run for several minutes, paying special attention to the temperature regime of the key transistors. If everything is in order, you can install electrolytic capacitors. It is recommended to increase the capacitance of capacitors to the nominal value in several stages, each time checking the temperature regime.
The rewind power directly depends on the capacitance of capacitors C3.1 and C3.2. To increase power, larger capacitors are needed. The limiting value of the capacitance is determined by the magnitude of the pulse current of the charge. Its value can be judged by connecting an oscilloscope in parallel with resistors R3.17 and R3.18. For KT848A transistors, it should not exceed 20 A. If you need even more winding power, you will have to use more powerful transistors, as well as diodes D3.1-D3.4.
It is not recommended to use too much winding power. As a rule, 1-2 kW is enough. If the device works in conjunction with other consumers, the meter will subtract the power of the device from their power, but the wiring will be loaded with reactive power. This must be taken into account so as not to damage the wiring.
Method Heating
With the help of such a scheme, you can plug the fireplace into a socket completely imperceptibly for the counter :). Frankly, you can connect any electrical device that is not demanding on the form of the supply voltage.
How does this scheme work? After the power is turned on, the mains voltage is supplied simultaneously to the diodes VD1 and the primary winding of the transformer T1. If at the moment the regulator is turned on, the network has a negative polarity voltage, the load current flows through the emitter-collector circuit VT1. If the polarity of the mains voltage is positive, the current flows through the collector-emitter circuit VT1. The value of the load current depends on the magnitude of the control voltage based on VT1. The control voltage is generated by a logic element generator (K155LA3 microcircuit). Generator frequency - 2kHz, duty cycle - 50%. In this way, our fireplace turned into a high-frequency (from the point of view of the meter) load, and oh, how he doesn’t like it ... All that remains is to open the transistor at the right time and the meter will start spinning where necessary. In parallel with the load, you can turn on the capacitor (shown as C1 in the diagram) - this will improve the shape of the voltage supplied to the load. The capacity will have to be selected experimentally, I recommend using paper capacitors. You can use a more powerful transistor.
circuit diagram 1
Method number 39 Electronic limiter
The device is designed to supply household consumers with alternating current. Rated voltage 220 V, power consumption 1 kW. The use of other elements allows the device to be used to power more powerful consumers. The device, assembled according to the proposed scheme, is simply inserted into the socket and the load is powered from it. All electrical wiring remains intact. Grounding is not required. The meter takes into account about a quarter of the consumed electricity.
Theoretical foundations The operation of the device is based on the fact that the load is not powered directly from the AC network, but from a capacitor, the charge of which corresponds to the sinusoid of the mains voltage, but the charging process itself occurs with high-frequency pulses. The current consumed by the device from the electrical network is a high-frequency pulse. Electricity meters, including electronic ones, contain an input induction converter, which has low sensitivity to high frequency currents. Therefore, energy consumption in the form of pulses is taken into account by the meter with a large negative error.
The main elements are the power rectifier Br1, the capacitor C1 and the transistor switch T1. Capacitor C1 is connected in series to the power supply circuit of the rectifier Br1, therefore, at times when Br1 is loaded on the open transistor T1, it is charged to the instantaneous value of the mains voltage corresponding to this moment in time. The charge is produced by pulses with a frequency of 2 kHz. The voltage on C1, as well as on the load connected in parallel to it, is close to sinusoidal in shape with an effective value of 220 V. To limit the pulsed current through the transistor T1 during the charging of the capacitor, a resistor R6 is connected in series with the key stage. On the logical elements DD1, DD2 assembled master oscillator. It generates pulses with a frequency of 2 kHz with an amplitude of 5V. The frequency of the signal at the output of the generator and the duty cycle of the pulses are determined by the parameters of the timing circuits C2-R7 and C3-R8. These parameters can be selected during setup to ensure the greatest error in electricity metering. A pulse shaper is built on transistors T2 and T3, designed to control a powerful key transistor T1. The shaper is designed in such a way that T1 in the open state enters saturation mode and due to this, less power is dissipated on it. Naturally, T1 must also be completely closed. Transformer Tr1, rectifier Br2 and the elements following them are the power source of the low-voltage part of the circuit. This source supplies 36V to the pulse shaper and 5V to power the oscillator chip.
Device details Chip: DD1, DD2 - K155LA3. Diodes: Br1 - D232A; Br2 - D242B; D1 - D226B. Zener diode: D2 - KS156A. Transistors: T1 - KT848A, T2 - KT815V, T3 - KT315. T1 and T2 are installed on a radiator with an area of at least 150 cm2. The transistors are mounted on insulating pads. Electrolytic capacitors: C4 - 1000 uF Ch 50V; C5 - 1000 uF H 16V; High-frequency capacitors: C1- 1mkF Ch 400V; C2, C3 - 0.1 uF (low voltage). Resistors: R1, R2 - 27 kOhm; R3 - 56 Ohm; R4 - 3 kOhm; R5 -22 kOhm; R6 - 10 Ohm; R7, R8 - 1.5 kOhm; R9 - 560 Ohm. Resistors R3, R6 - wire with a power of at least 10 W, R9 - type MLT-2, the rest of the resistors - MLT-0.25. Transformer Tr1 - any low-power 220/36 V.
Adjustment When adjusting the circuit, be careful! Remember that the low-voltage part of the circuit is not galvanically isolated from the mains! It is not recommended to use the metal case of the device as a radiator for transistors. The use of fuses is a must! First, the low-voltage power supply is checked separately from the circuit. It must provide at least 2A of 36V output, as well as 5V to power a low power generator. Then the generator is adjusted by disconnecting the power part of the circuit from the mains. The generator should generate pulses with an amplitude of 5 V and a frequency of about 2 kHz. The duty cycle of the pulses is approximately 1/1. If necessary, capacitors C2, C3 or resistors R7, R8 are selected for this. The pulse shaper on transistors T2 and T3, if properly assembled, usually does not require adjustment. But it is desirable to make sure that it is able to provide a pulse current of the base of the transistor T1 at a level of 1.5 - 2 A. If this current value is not provided, the transistor T1 will not enter saturation mode in the open state and will burn out in a few seconds. To check this mode, with the power section of the circuit turned off and the base of the transistor T1 turned off, instead of the resistor R1, turn on a shunt with a resistance of several ohms. The pulse voltage on the shunt with the generator turned on is recorded by an oscilloscope and recalculated to the current value. If necessary, select the resistance of resistors R2, R3 and R4. The next step is to check the power section. To do this, restore all connections in the circuit. Capacitor C1 is temporarily disconnected, and a low power consumer is used as a load, for example, an incandescent lamp with a power of up to 100 W. When the device is connected to the electrical network, the effective value of the voltage at the load should be at the level of 100 - 130 V. Oscillograms of the voltage at the load and at the resistor R6 should show that it is powered by pulses with a frequency set by the generator. On the load, a series of pulses will be modulated by a sinusoid of the mains voltage, and on the resistor R6 - by a pulsating rectified voltage. If everything is in order, the capacitor C1 is connected, only at the beginning its capacitance is taken several times less than the nominal one (for example, 0.1 μF). The operating voltage at the load increases markedly and, with a subsequent increase in capacitance C1, reaches 220 V. In this case, it is very important to carefully monitor the temperature of the transistor T1. If excessive heating occurs when using a low power load, this is an indication that the T1 is either not saturating when open or not fully closing. In this case, you should return to the setting of the pulse shaper. Experiments show that when a load with a power of 100 W is supplied without capacitor C1, transistor T1 does not heat up for a long time even without a radiator. In conclusion, the nominal load is connected and the capacitance C1 is selected so as to provide the load with a voltage of 220 V. The capacitance C1 should be selected carefully, starting from small values, since an increase in capacitance sharply increases the pulse current through the transistor T1. The amplitude of the current pulses through T1 can be judged by connecting the oscilloscope in parallel with the resistor R6. The pulse current must be no more than allowed for the selected transistor (20 A for KT848A). If necessary, it is limited by increasing the resistance R6, but it is better to stop at a lower value of capacitance C1. With the specified details, the device is designed for a load of 1 kW. Using other elements of the power rectifier and a transistor switch of the appropriate power, it is possible to power more powerful consumers. Please note that when the load is off, the device consumes quite a lot of power from the network, which is taken into account by the meter. Therefore, it is recommended to always load the device with a rated load, and also turn it off when the load is removed.
The scheme of the device is shown in Fig.1.
