How is the heater different? Materials for insulation of walls outside. From inorganic materials

High-quality insulation for the house will not only make the building more comfortable for living and reduce heating costs, but will also help extend the life of other building materials, preventing their premature damage due to freezing. At the same time, it is important to choose the right insulation: only if this condition is met, the thermal insulation of the house will be reliable and effective.

How to choose a heater

Choosing a heater for the house, consider the following basic factors:

• type of heat-insulated structure: walls (external or internal), roof, ceiling, plinth, facade, balcony, etc.;
• features of the insulated structure: for walls - the material of manufacture, thickness, for the roof - its variety, for floors and facades - the type of finishing materials that will be laid on the insulation;
• technical requirements: insulation for the house must be environmentally friendly. In some cases, conditions are also put forward in terms of fire safety, vapor permeability, low weight, etc.

The budget allocated for thermal insulation works is also important. It is natural that every buyer seeks to save. But when choosing a heater, you should still not give preference to cheap materials of dubious quality and without profile certificates. Their use can lead to inefficiency and / or fragility of the thermal insulation of the house, and, consequently, to additional costs associated with the replacement of insulation in the near future.

Pay attention to the thermal conductivity of the material. The lower this value, the greater the thermal insulation performance of the insulation for the house. The thickness of the material laying also affects the level of thermal insulation.

Another important factor in choosing a heater is the method of its installation. Depending on the type of material and the form of its release, this can be:

• laying with fixing, gluing - for mats, plates;
• spraying - for sprayed polyurethane foam and other similar materials;
• application with painting tools - for liquid formulations;
• pouring - for expanded clay and other similar materials.

The choice of application method often depends on the type of structure. For example, it is convenient to fill the attic with expanded clay, and paste over the walls with mats.

Popular heaters for the home

Mineral wool (basalt). The material is produced from the melt of rocks, blast-furnace slags and consists of many microfibers. The advantages of such a heater are its durability, which is due to mechanical strength, resistance to mold and moisture, as well as incombustibility. Mineral wool is often used for external insulation (ventilated, plaster facades), thermal insulation of flat roofs, walls and pipelines. When choosing such a heater for your home, pay attention to the composition. Materials with phenol-formaldehyde resins as a binder are not desirable for use in residential areas.

Fiberglass. This is a type of mineral wool, consisting of glass fibers. The advantage of the material is increased chemical resistance, strength and elasticity. The main disadvantage of this insulation is the significant fragility of the fibers. Broken glass wool microfragments cause skin irritation, are dangerous if they get into the eyes, and are difficult to remove from clothing.

Expanded polystyrene (styrofoam). This is a synthetic insulation for the home, which combines an extremely affordable cost with good thermal insulation performance, which makes it popular. At 98%, such a material consists of air in closed cells, and its effectiveness in terms of insulation is related to this. Among the advantages, one can also note hygroscopicity, light weight, preservation of its thermal insulation performance in any climatic zone. Disadvantages: low strength, the ability to oxidize in air, the release of harmful substances when heated.

Sprayed polyurethane foam. This is one of the modern heaters that appeared on the market relatively recently. The material is a plastic with a foamy cellular structure. It is characterized by elasticity, breathability, good noise-absorbing properties, chemical resistance, low moisture absorption. Application by spraying makes it possible to create a high-quality thermal insulation layer even on structures with a complex configuration. The disadvantages are the high price, sensitivity to ultraviolet light and the ability to break down due to exposure to high temperatures.

Ecowool. Such a home insulation is made from recycled cellulose (more than 80%) and additional additives (antiseptics and flame retardants, usually boric acid and sodium tetraborate are used for this purpose, respectively). The material is considered environmentally friendly. If ventilation is possible, ecowool can be used in damp rooms (for a house, these are basements, plinths, bathrooms), including those in which condensation can form on surfaces. The disadvantages of the material are a decrease in volume during operation (usually by 20%) and the fragility of properties (thermal insulation characteristics decrease over time).

Penoizol. This material is a liquid foam produced in cylinders. The foamy substance well fills the cracks and gaps in the structure, which provides reliable thermal insulation. No surface preparation required, no seams. Penoizol is produced on the basis of a polymer resin, into which diverse additives are introduced. On sale there are foam insulation insulation for residential and non-residential premises. The former are distinguished by a more environmentally friendly composition (usually they are made on the basis of urea-formaldehyde resins), the latter often have better performance, although they are not environmentally friendly. After hardening, the foam insulation layer has good vapor permeability, which ensures a normal microclimate in the room. But such a heater can temporarily emit an unpleasant odor, has a high hygroscopicity and gives a linear shrinkage.

polyester fibre. Environmentally friendly insulation for the home. Does not contain glue and does not smell. The fibers do not break during installation and do not generate dust. The advantages of the material also include biological stability and minimal water absorption. It is not recommended to lay polyester fiber in areas that are under constant pressure.

Floor insulation

Up to 20% of heat loss is carried out through the floor (for comparison: up to 30% goes through windows and doors). Insulation laid under a decorative coating will help reduce heat loss. The most commonly used materials for floors are:

• foamed materials (polystyrene, expanded polystyrene, etc.) with one foil side;
• wood materials (plywood, fiberboard, sawdust, cork insulation);
• mineral wool.

When choosing, consider:

• floor load. The insulation should not be deformed under its influence;
• requirements for vapor permeability, hygroscopicity, sound insulation and fire safety.

The latter requirements are usually determined by the type of flooring material and the conditions of use. For example, moisture-proof foam is suitable for concrete, but not for wood floors. Glass wool dampens noise well, but due to its high moisture absorption, it does not fit in wet rooms.

Types of wall insulation

First of all, it matters where exactly the insulation will be used.

• Outside the building. It is important that the material is resistant to atmospheric factors, including high humidity, temperature fluctuations. For outdoor work, foam plastic, basalt insulation, and heat-insulating plaster are often used.
• Inside the building. The environmental friendliness of the material is of paramount importance. In some cases, a small thickness requirement is also put forward so that the insulation layer does not greatly reduce the interior space of the premises. You can use mineral wool, expanded polystyrene (polystyrene), polyester fiber.

It is also necessary to analyze the compatibility of thermal insulation materials with wall and finishing materials: the insulation must be well attached to them.

Ceiling heaters

Ceiling insulation can be:

• top - the insulation is laid, poured or glued in the attic;
• lower (internal) - the material is glued to the ceiling from inside the room.

Most often, mineral wool, polystyrene foam, and foil polyethylene foam are used to insulate the ceiling. The choice depends on the installation method, technical requirements for thermal insulation.

Conclusion

Due to the wide range of thermal insulation materials, many homeowners find it difficult to choose the right means for insulation, especially since each option has both advantages and disadvantages. In such cases, it is advisable to contact a company that sells thermal insulation materials. Specialists will consult in detail on the characteristics of each of the heaters, help you choose the best option, taking into account operating conditions, type of construction, technical requirements for thermal insulation.

From year to year, prices for energy resources are inexorably growing, and the level of income of the population remains practically the same. Looking at the unbearable bills for heating a house or apartment, it comes to understanding that the problem needs to be solved on its own - by warming the living quarters.

For this purpose, various types of insulation can be used for the walls of the house from the inside and outside.

Let's take a closer look at the possible options for insulation materials, their advantages and disadvantages.

Insulation work is best done in the summer, when air humidity is minimal.

Walls for insulation in the room must be perfectly dry. You can dry them after additional plastering, finishing work on leveling surfaces using building hair dryers and heat guns.

Stages of surface insulation:

1. Surface cleaning from decorative elements - wallpaper, paint.
2. Treatment of walls with antiseptic solutions, priming the surface with deep penetration into the layers of plaster.
3. In some cases, when installing polystyrene foam and electric heating elements, the walls are pre-leveled with waterproof plaster for bathrooms.
4. should be carried out according to the instructions prescribed by the manufacturer for this type of material.
5. Mounting a protective partition for applying the final finish, or covering the surface with a construction mesh, its plastering.
6. Creation of a single composition with the overall design of the room.

Wall insulation inside the house is one of the most effective ways to protect your home from the penetration of cold and the negative effects of condensate, the main thing is to follow the technological sequence of stages. You can read more about the technology of home insulation from the inside in

Conclusions and useful video on the topic

Modern types of insulation for walls, properties and characteristics:

Tips for insulating walls in an apartment - an analysis of common mistakes:

Warming a house, made with the help of even not the most expensive materials, is not a cheap pleasure. Now there are many types of insulation for interior work, which are presented in a wide price range. Therefore, choosing an inexpensive and high-quality material is not difficult.

A warm house in the winter and comfortable coolness in the hot season, as well as a reduction in utility bills, will show that the thermal insulation of the room is done well and efficiently.

What material did you use to insulate the walls of the house? What guided the choice and are you satisfied with the result? Please tell us about it in the comment block. There you can also ask a question on the topic of the article, and we will try to answer it promptly.

In any temperature regime, thermal insulation will not hurt. If it is carried out correctly, then in winter the rooms will become noticeably warmer, and in summer - cooler. Wall insulation allows you to create a comfortable microclimate, which applies not only to residential apartments and houses, but also to work premises. Having visited the store, you can be sure that modern manufacturers offer a wide range of thermal insulation for sale. It has the form of bundles, rolls, granules, powders, as well as perlite sand. In addition, thermal insulation can be represented by slabs, blocks, bricks and cylinders.

If you understand the characteristics, then you can choose the option of insulation that is needed. The main property of thermal insulation is its thermal conductivity, it indicates how much heat passes through this material. To date, two types of thermal insulation are known:

• reflective;
• preventing.

The first type allows you to reduce heat consumption, which is ensured by a decrease in infrared radiation. Preventive thermal insulation is used in most cases and involves the use of insulation with low thermal conductivity. The following materials can be used in this capacity:

• mixed;
• organic;
• inorganic.

Organic based preventive thermal insulation

Considering the types of insulation, you should pay attention to those that are made on an organic basis. They are widely represented on the modern market, and natural raw materials are used for their manufacture, such as waste from woodworking and the agricultural industry. The composition of such heaters includes cement and plastic.

The material is highly resistant to fire, it does not react to biological influences and does not get wet. Use it where the surface does not heat up above 150 °C. Organic insulation is used as an inner layer in the construction of multilayer structures. This includes plastered facades or triple panels.

Characteristics of wood concrete insulation

Thermal insulation on an organic basis is just wood concrete insulation, which is a new building material from:

• shavings;
• sawdust;
• chopped straw;
• reeds.

It is based on chemical elements and cement. The additives are:

• soluble glass;
• sulfate alumina;
• calcium chloride.

At the final stage of manufacturing arbolite thermal insulation, the material is processed with a mineralizer. This type of insulation has a density ranging from 500 to 700 kg / m 3. The compressive strength reaches 3.5 MPa. The thermal conductivity coefficient is 0.12 W/(m·K) maximum. It is also important to know the ultimate bending strength, it reaches 1 MPa.

Appointment and use of wood concrete

Considering the type of insulation described above, you should become more familiar with its purpose. It is used for the construction of partitions and walls in private low-rise construction. Products can be presented:

• floor slabs;
• panels;
• blocks.

The former are used for floor and roof insulation. As for floor slabs, they are reinforced with reinforced concrete structures. For monolithic construction, an arbolite solution is used. To date, another type of this insulation is known - hemp concrete, the filler of which is hemp fire.

Arbolite blocks for thermal insulation are laid after applying a layer of mixture for installation. Next, a block is installed, which must first be moistened with water. The product is pressed against the previous one, its position can be adjusted relative to the main masonry using a hammer with a rubber nozzle. Excess mixture will need to be removed with a trowel. Work can only be carried out at an air temperature of at least +6 °C. The solution should be quite thick, because if its consistency is liquid, then the material will shrink.

Characteristics of insulation from chipboard

Considering the types of insulation, you should pay attention to the thermal insulation of chipboard, which is based on small chips. It is 9/10 of the volume of the material, but the rest is an antiseptic, synthetic resins, water repellent and antiprene. The density of this material is 1000 kg/m 3 maximum. The minimum value is 500.

You may also be interested in humidity, it varies from 5 to 12% for this thermal insulation. The tensile strength reaches 0.5 MPa. Absorption of the material reaches 30% of the volume. The minimum value is 5%. You may also be interested in tensile strength, it reaches 0.5 MPa.

Characteristics of polyurethane foam

Before choosing one or another solution, you should consider the types and characteristics of heaters. Among other options, polyurethane foam thermal insulation, which is based on polyester, should be highlighted. The ingredients are added:

• diisocyanate;
• emulsifiers;
• water.

The components under the influence of the catalyst enter into a chemical reaction, and a new substance appears. It has a high level of noise absorption, is not afraid of moisture and is chemically inert. Polyurethane foam insulation is an excellent insulation, because it is applied by spraying, so the master has the opportunity to process the ceiling and walls with a complex configuration. Cold bridges are excluded.

This sprayed insulation has a density that reaches 80 kg / m 3. When this figure reaches 50 kg / m 3, polyurethane foam becomes moisture resistant. You may also be interested in the coefficient of thermal conductivity, it reaches 0.028 W / (m K). This parameter is the best among modern thermal insulation materials.

Appointment of polyurethane foam

Polyurethane foam has unique properties due to which it is widely used in various fields of human activity. This thermal insulation is used for insulating internal and external walls, window openings, etc. This material can be found on construction sites of capital residential buildings, cottages, individual houses, warehouse hangars, potato stores and vegetable stores.

This sprayed insulation has quite important advantages, which are expressed in the bearing and heat-insulating abilities. Efficiency is enhanced when polyurethane foam forms the basis of sandwich panels used in the construction of prefabricated civil facilities. The latter may also have an industrial purpose. The cold resistance of the material is quite high, as is the waterproofing ability.

Fiberboard characteristics

When choosing insulation for your home, you should pay attention to fiberboard, which is thin and narrow wood shavings called wood wool. Cement or a magnesite component is added to them, which ultimately makes it possible to obtain fibrolite. It is offered for sale in the form of plates.

The material is not afraid of biological and chemical influences, perfectly protects against noise and can be used in humid conditions, such as in swimming pools. This insulation for the house has a density reaching 500 kg / m 3. The fire resistance of thermal insulation is quite high. The thermal conductivity coefficient is 0.1 W/(m K).

Appointment and use of fiberboard

Fiberboard is used for thermal insulation of coatings and walls, and structural - for frame walls, partitions and ceilings, but only in dry conditions. Today, the main use of fiberboard is expressed in the installation of fixed formwork during construction.

The slabs are not removed, according to the principle of some other types of formwork, they perform a constructive function and become part of the wall or ceiling. As for the features of use, the plates are installed in parallel at a certain distance, which will determine the thickness of the wall. After fastening, pouring with a solution, most often with concrete, is carried out. Then the system of liquid mixture and formwork is left until it hardens.

Characteristics of ecowool

Ecowool is made from waste paper and cardboard production. If you use waste paper for this, then the material will not be of such high quality. It will become contaminated faster, in addition, it will be heterogeneous. Among other important characteristics, sound insulation should be highlighted, which in this case is very high. A layer with a thickness of 1.5 cm will absorb 9 dB of extraneous noise.

The ability for thermal insulation is also impressive, but the minus is its decrease during operation. Over time, ecowool loses up to 1/5 of its volume. It absorbs moisture well, this parameter can reach 15% of the volume. When laying according to the continuous spraying method, there are no seams, which is an undoubted advantage.

Appointment and application of ecowool

The coating is widely used for sound and thermal insulation of various premises, which may have industrial, residential and public purposes. And you can use the material for thermal insulation of the facade, insulation of walls, roofs and attics. Mostly the work is carried out by dry blowing, but the material can be applied over existing insulation.

This roof insulation allows you to get a seamless coating that solves the problem of icicles. Blowing involves the use of a special installation, in the bunker of which cotton wool is loosened, and then fed through a hose with a nozzle. This application method allows the material to penetrate into hard-to-reach areas, closing all cracks and gaps.

Cellulose insulation for the roof can be used in the repair of operated facilities and in the construction of new ones. Open blowing is used to isolate horizontal and inclined surfaces, among them are:

• floors;
• attics;
• interfloor ceilings;
• ground floor.

Inorganic heat insulators: mineral wool

Mineral wool can be stone or slag. For the production of the latter, slags formed during the casting of non-ferrous and ferrous metals are used. Stone wool is based on rocks, and a component based on phenol or urea is used to bind them. The first is the most suitable, because the mineral wool in this case is less afraid of water than the one that contains urea. Flammability of this material is zero.

It is able to counteract the spread of fire, so it can be used as a fire protection agent. Chemical passivity is high, but hygroscopicity is low. The material is characterized by excellent sound absorption, therefore mineral wool is used very often as a sound insulator.

Some characteristics and purpose of insulation from the manufacturer "Rockwool"

When choosing Rockwool insulation, you will need to understand its varieties. Among others, LIGHT BATTS SCANDIC should be highlighted. This material represents the best product in its class. It has a new level of quality and is used for private housing construction.

The price per square meter ranges from 81.59 to 244.72 rubles. The cost varies depending on the size of the plates. In the first case, the parameters of the product are 800 x 600 x 50 mm, while in the second they are 1200 x 600 x 150 mm. Basalt insulation is light hydrophobized stone wool slabs based on basalt rocks.

The product is unique, and its compression reaches 70%. Rockwool insulation has excellent recoverability. It retains its original characteristics in all respects. Another advantage of basalt insulation is the use of a unique technology that provides for the ability of the plates to be compressed from one side, providing springiness. Thanks to this, the material on a metal or wooden frame is much easier to install.

Thermal insulation with foil coating: purpose and application

Foil insulation can be based on different materials. The use of this insulation depends on the properties of the place where the work will be carried out; the characteristics of the material itself also matter. When laying such a layer on the floor, it is possible to increase the heat transfer from radiators, to isolate air ducts and pipelines. An excellent effect can be achieved by installing foil insulation on entrance doors, balconies, verandas and in the hallway. Before installing such material, small nails, a nail puller, a hammer and a construction stapler should be prepared. Among other things, you will also need foil construction tape. The foil should be on the inside. It is a reflector and will return heat radiation to the inside. Sometimes thermal insulation is laid on the other side, but this effect can no longer be achieved.

The purpose of the insulation brand "Izover"

Insulation "Izover" is a material made of mineral wool. It is sold in slabs and rolls, and is also made on the basis of high quality stone fiber. Thermal insulation is made from natural materials, including:

• soda;
• sand;
• rocks;
• limestone.

With the help of insulation "Izover" you can achieve excellent heat and sound insulation of buildings. This solution is used to insulate the facades of houses, roofs and walls, and also acts as an excellent thermal insulation for the floor. Insulation with roll insulation allows you to get a low coefficient of thermal conductivity of the surface. The material has a special fiber structure that provides excellent acoustic properties and reduces noise levels.

Thermal insulation for pipes

Today, many materials are used for pipes, among which polyethylene foam should be distinguished. This solution is characterized by high resistance to aggressive environments and impressive strength. Such a heater for pipes is produced in the form of tubes of different diameters. The pores have a closed structure, which guarantees no absorption of moisture from the external environment.

Some brands of such heaters are foil-coated and are used to minimize heat loss. Insulation for pipes can also be represented by foamed polyurethane foam. This insulation is one of the most common today and is installed by spraying onto the surface, which ensures a snug fit to the surface. Polyurethane foam withstands extremely high and low temperatures, while the properties do not decrease, and each cell remains sealed.

Thermal insulation from the manufacturer "TechnoNIKOL"

Insulation "TechnoNIKOL" is represented by a material based on rocks of the gabbro-basalt group. By purchasing this thermal insulation, you are buying stone wool, which is a non-combustible material, and the melting of the fibers occurs only at a temperature of 1000 ° C and above. This thermal insulation provides sound-absorbing and acoustic properties of surfaces. Mineral thermal insulation includes:

• glass wool;
• stone wool;
• slag.

This TechnoNIKOL insulation in different forms is distinguished by raw materials that are used in the production process.

The use of siding with thermal insulation

Siding with a layer of thermal insulation is installed in several stages. On the first, it is necessary to strengthen the corner and side type strips to the surface. Before starting these works, it is necessary to markup, draw lines that you will be guided by during the workflow. After that, you can proceed with the installation of siding with insulation.

For this, it is necessary to use self-tapping screws, which will be located around the entire perimeter of window and door openings. As for the latter, they are framed with planks so that the installation of the cladding is not accompanied by difficulties. After that, you can proceed to fixing the panels. You need to start from the bottom corner of the load-bearing wall.

Thermal insulation under plaster

Under plaster, you can use many different materials for thermal insulation of walls. Mineral wool, which has been popular for many years, is suitable for this. Styrofoam also acts as a heater for walls under plaster. However, it has a number of restrictions on its use. This is expressed in low resistance to high temperatures. This applies even to the most modern types of foam, which contain special flame retardants.

Conclusion

On the modern market of building materials for thermal insulation of various surfaces, a huge variety of solutions are presented. Before making a choice, you must evaluate several factors, among others and the most important, it is necessary to highlight the technical characteristics. The purpose and features of the operation of thermal insulation depend on them. If you do not comply with the requirements that apply to the external environment when installing insulation, then you may encounter its low efficiency and the need to replace the heat-insulating layer.

Among the variety of materials for home insulation, choosing the right option can be quite difficult. Each of them is often divided into several species with unique characteristics inherent in it. A comparative analysis can take a long time, so an idea of ​​​​the general properties of a particular insulation will help, if not finally make a choice, then at least tell you in which direction to move. The article will focus on building thermal insulation materials.

Thermal insulation materials types and properties

Styrofoam

One of the most popular thermal insulation materials for walls is foam. It belongs to the category of inexpensive heaters and firmly occupies a leading position in it. I must say that this is completely justified. Its effectiveness is confirmed by a sufficient number of buildings, both residential and industrial.

So, among its positive characteristics, it stands out:

• price. Production costs are minimal. Material consumption (in comparison with the popular mineral wool) is one and a half times less;
• ease of installation. Styrofoam will not require the construction of crates and guides. It is mounted on the wall by gluing;
• versatility. Properly selected type of insulation will create a reliable heat-shielding barrier of the floor, facade, walls, ceilings between floors, roofs, ceilings.

It effectively copes with the protection from the cold of the inhabitants of frame houses, it is laid inside hollow brick walls.

It is most convenient to consider indicators depending on the classification in the table. The division is based on such an indicator as density.

All types described can be used at temperatures from -60 to +80°C.

PS class material is produced using pressing, which gives it an increased density (from 100 to 600 kg / m³). It is successfully used as a cement floor insulation and where significant loads are expected on the base. The remaining technical characteristics generally coincide with the above data for other types of foam.

Of course, in some numbers and coefficients, the foam has discrepancies, for example, with more modern expanded polystyrene or penofol, but the difference is so insignificant that it will be absolutely not noticeable to the residents of the house.

Therefore, the strengths of polystyrene are rightfully considered:

• a small coefficient of thermal conductivity, which allows you to save heat in buildings made of any type of material from brick to gas silicate blocks;

• the structure of the cells of the foam is closed, so it absorbs liquid extremely poorly. For a heater, this is an extremely important indicator, because when water is collected, it loses its heat-saving properties. Basements, basements that have direct contact (or the threat of such) with groundwater are successfully insulated with foam;
• soundproofing comes as a nice addition to the function of reducing heat loss. The air hidden in the sealed cells of the material successfully dampens even the most intense sound waves transmitted in space. In order to create a barrier to impact noise, foam alone cannot be dispensed with;
• resistance to alcohols, alkaline and saline solutions, water-based paints in this material is “developed” at a high level. In addition, it is not chosen as a worthy habitat for fungi and mold. It is worth noting that rodents, on the contrary, are very fond of polystyrene and often prefer to settle in it. Fighting them by any available means will not allow uninvited neighbors to spoil the insulation;
• environmental Safety. Styrofoam does not emit any harmful substances from itself. The modern standard of this heater is full compliance with sanitary standards;
• as an additional protection against combustion, flame retardants are added to the main ingredients at the production stage, designed to increase the fire resistance of the foam. And if there is no direct contact with the fire, then it will die out in a short period of time. But, in fairness, it is worth noting that it is still considered a combustible material;
• the loss of the above properties will not happen, even if there is a short-term contact with a heat source up to 110 ° C, but a long-term exposure to more than 80 ° C will cause deformation and loss of performance.

The described temperature regimes belong to the category of anomalies, and do not occur with a regular frequency, so it is impractical to make them the main motive for refusing to use foam.

Plates penoplex

Expanded polystyrene, expanded polystyrene, extruded polystyrene - all this is the name of the same material sold in hardware stores as foam insulation. It is a “relative” of the foam plastic that is familiar to everyone, while being considered a material that is one step higher.

The main difference begins already at the production stage, where extrusion plants are used. As a result, the fine-mesh structure of the material has greater strength than its "brother" foam. It is also distinguished by excellent hydrophobic properties. In the scarlet cells, air is securely sealed, which does not allow warm air to leave the room, and cold air, on the contrary, to penetrate inside.

The main properties of heat-insulating material:

• strength. It is achieved through a unique homogeneous structure. Under heavy loads, the plate does not deform, distributing the weight qualitatively, but at the same time it is easily cut with a construction knife into pieces of the desired size;
• environmental friendliness The material has been proven by multiple studies, it is resistant to the formation of fungus and mold, rodents do not like it. Some types of organic solvents can soften the foam and disrupt the shape and structure of the plate. Therefore, when working with this insulation, it is recommended to avoid contact with such liquids;
• low vapor permeability involves strict adherence to the installation technology and recommendations for use, so as not to create a greenhouse effect in the room;

• lifetime foam boards are at least 50 years old. This is a guaranteed period of time during which the material will have its original characteristics;
• coefficient of thermal conductivity- the main indicator by which expanded polystyrene is considered a good insulation. Low values ​​​​of this indicator indicate that the house will be reliably protected from heat loss.
• The types of heat-insulating material penoplex and the directions of their use are quite diverse (in brackets are the previously used and modern names of the material).
• Facade insulation (PENOPLEX 31 or "Wall"). It is made with the addition of flame retardants. It is well applicable for plinths, internal and external walls, partitions, facades. Its density is 25-32 kg/m³, compressive strength is 0.20 MPa.
• Foundation ( PENOPLEX 35 without additives for fire resistance or "foundation"). In addition to the application that follows from the name, this type is widely used in the arrangement of basements, blind areas and plinths. The density is expressed in terms of 29-33 kg / m³, and the compressive strength is 0.27 MPa.
• Roofs. ( PENOPLEX 35 or "Roof"). Pitched or flat roofs of any type can be insulated with this type of Styrofoam. It is dense enough (28 - 33 kg/m³) to create a usable roof.
• Country cottages, saunas, houses. ( PENOPLEX 31 C or "Comfort"). Universal heater. Houses, roofing, walls and plinths in small private buildings - this is the scope of its application. Density indicators - 25-35 kg / m³, strength - 0.20 MPa.

Expanded polystyrene occupies a worthy position in popularity due to good performance.

glass wool insulation material

Known to more than one generation of builders, the insulation has undergone some modifications today. But, in fact, it remained the same material from molten glass mass. Sand and recycled materials of glass origin at temperatures above 1400 ° C are drawn into thin fibers, which are formed into small bundles (with the participation of binders), and then heated and pressed into a product resembling felt. Glass wool comes to the consumer in mats or rolls and is intended for warming both horizontal and vertical surfaces.

It belongs to the category of mineral materials and is still produced in large volumes, and this indicates the demand and the presence of a significant number of positive characteristics that are worth getting to know a little closer.

• Fragility refers rather to significant shortcomings. So that glass wool does not scatter into its component parts during operation, mats and canvases are stitched. But no reinforcement will save from small particles flying in all directions. Therefore, the equipment of a person working with glass wool should be serious: clothing that covers the body well, a respirator mask, glasses and gloves.
• The thermal conductivity of the material is low, but compared to other materials of a similar purpose, it is considered high.
• The cost of glass wool keeps it competitive. Due to its availability, it is in demand, especially since it really reduces heat loss.
• Ease of transportation and use. Rolls and mats with material weigh little and the packages are compact enough to bring the entire volume for home insulation at one time. It's easy to lay it on too. The only caveat is that when insulating vertical bases, it can fall out of the frame, because it is quite flexible and low-elasticity. The problem is solved by the construction of guides with a smaller distance than the width of the mat. Cutting to size is easy.
• Security. Glass wool can cause certain inconveniences and harm to health only at the installation stage. But with the right organization of work, troubles will not happen. And after the material is laid in the base and covered with drywall, chipboard sheets or other finishing materials, it will not bring any harm to a person.
• The absence of rodents. Due to the specifics of the material, mice and rats will not choose this insulation to create cozy holes in it.
• Glass wool refers to non-combustible materials.
• Soundproofing during its use is also provided.

Thus, it is most convenient to use glass wool for floor and ceiling insulation. You can show skill and when finishing the walls. The main disadvantage is harmful dust, which is inevitable during cutting and rolling, but for some consumers, the low cost more than covers this minus.

slag wool

Continuing the conversation about mineral heaters, it is worth mentioning slag wool. It is made from blast furnace slag. Since this is a kind of production waste (when smelting iron in blast furnaces, a vitreous mass remains), the cost of its manufacture is low, and therefore the price of the finished insulation is quite affordable.

Slag wool is able to block heat well in rooms, but it has enough shortcomings and restrictions on its use to negate the low cost and good thermal insulation.

• So, slag wool is afraid of moisture. It is unreasonable to use it in bathrooms or on facades. At the same time, it is able to oxidize various metal parts and structures with which it comes into direct and prolonged contact.
• On top of all this, it is prickly and requires the use of special protection during operation. Against its background, glass wool looks much more attractive, so slag wool is rarely used in modern construction.

Mineral thermal insulation material

Basalt, stone, mineral wool, rockwool - these names most often hide the same material.

• Its fibers are not inferior in size to slag, but they do not cause discomfort during installation. Safety in use is one of the first distinguishing properties of this mineral insulation.

• The thermal conductivity coefficient of this material is calculated from 0.077 to 0.12 W / meter-kelvin. Basalt wool is called the best in all respects. It does not contain additional impurities harmful to health, can withstand prolonged exposure to extremely high and low temperatures, and is convenient to use.
• And ordinary stone and basalt wool are not amenable to combustion. The fibers will only melt, sinter together, but will not allow the further spread of fire.
• Any buildings can be insulated with stone wool, both when built from scratch, and have been in operation for quite a long time. Basalt insulation does not interfere with air microcirculation, which means that it can be used in buildings where supply ventilation does not function properly.
• Certain inconveniences for some builders may arise with the need to build a false wall. Without it, the installation of insulation will not work. But in fact, the construction technology is very simple, not so much space is “eaten up”.
• The material is environmentally friendly, well suited for the insulation of wooden houses. It is strictly forbidden to get wet, so the waterproofing layer must be made in accordance with all requirements.
• The recommended thickness of the heat-insulating material for the middle strip is 15-20 cm, in the southern regions a 10 cm layer is sufficient.

• Stone wool absorbs sound well. This is achieved due to the fact that its fibers are arranged randomly, and air accumulates in large quantities between them. This structure perfectly dampens sounds.
• The described insulation is chemically passive. Even if it is in close contact with the metal surface, no traces of corrosion will appear on it. Rotting and infection with fungi or mold is also not characteristic of stone wool. The material does not attract rodents and other pests.
• The only really negative point of its use is the rather high cost.

Characteristics of thermal insulation materials

Ecowool

Ecowool is an insulation made from waste paper and various residues from the manufacture of paper and cardboard. In addition to these components, a rather powerful fire retardant is also added to the antiseptic composition. It is extremely necessary, because judging by the fact that 80% of the material is flammable cellulose, the level of combustibility of such a thermal insulation product is quite high.

Ecowool is not without flaws.

• One of them is her natural decrease in volume. It is able to settle, losing up to 20% of the original bookmark level. To prevent this, ecowool is used in excess. The creation of a "reserve" will make up for the volume that decreases during operation.
• The insulation absorbs moisture quite well.. This directly affects the ability to retain heat. The material needs the ability to give off moisture to the external environment, so the heat-insulating layer must be ventilated.
• In order to carry out the installation, you will need special equipment. It is a device that pumps insulation with a uniform density, excluding its further shrinkage. In this regard, the help of hired specialists with experience in working with this particular type of insulation will be required. The wet application method, which involves such difficulties, also opens up the prospect of a break in construction work while the ecowool dries (from two to three days).

There is, of course, a dry insulation technique, but the above-described installation option still has a better result. If horizontal surfaces can be insulated without the use of special equipment, then creating a layer of thermal insulation on the walls will be difficult to do without. There is a risk of uneven shrinkage of the material and the creation of non-insulated cavities.

• Features of the material itself do not imply its independent (frameless) use when the insulation is carried out using a screed. Unlike expanded polystyrene boards, ecowool does not have sufficient strength for this.
• Great care must be taken during installation:
  • carry out work away from open fire;
  • avoid contact of the material with any source of heat that can lead to smoldering. That is, when insulating the surface next to the chimney or chimney, they will need to be separated from the insulation with basalt mats coated with foil or asbestos-cement barriers.

It would seem that against the background of such difficulties, one can immediately abandon the use of ecowool, but its positive aspects for someone can become a powerful incentive to use it.

• The material (even taking into account the allowance for shrinkage) is quite economical.
• Such a heater is environmentally friendly and safe for health. An exception may be the material where boric acid or ammonium sulfates were used as a fire retardant. In this case, ecowool will be distinguished by a sharp and unpleasant odor.
• It is a seamless insulation that does not have cold bridges. This means that heat loss in winter will be reduced to a minimum.
• The material is inexpensive, while allowing you to get good thermal insulation.

As a soundproofing material, ecowool can compete with many of the materials described above.

Polyurethane foam (PPU)

Polyester with the addition of water, emulsifiers and active reagents, when exposed to a catalyst, forms a substance with all the features and indicators of a good heat-insulating material.

Polyurethane foam has the following characteristics:

• low coefficient of thermal conductivity: 0.019 - 0.028 W / meter-kelvin;
• applied by spraying, creating a continuous coating without cold bridges;
• the light weight of the hardened foam does not put pressure on the structure;
• ease of use without any fasteners makes it possible to insulate the surface with any configuration;
• long service life, including resistance to frost and heat, any precipitation, decay;
• safety for humans and the environment;
• does not destroy metal structural elements, but on the contrary, creates anti-corrosion protection for them.

Walls, floors and ceilings - its application is available everywhere. PPU will adhere to glass, wood, concrete, brick, metal and even painted surfaces. The only thing worth protecting polyurethane foam from is exposure to direct rays of light.

Types of thermal insulation materials

Reflective thermal insulation materials

There is a group of heat-saving materials that work on the principle of reflectors. They function quite simply: first they absorb and then give back the received heat.

• The surface of such heaters is able to reflect more than 97% of the heat that has reached their surface. This is available with one or two layers of polished aluminium.
• It does not contain impurities, but is applied to a layer of polyethylene foam for ease of use.

• Thin-looking material is able to surprise with its capabilities. A one or two centimeter layer of reflective insulation creates an effect comparable to using a fibrous heat insulator from 10 to 27 cm thick. Among the most popular materials in this category are Ecofol, Penofol, Poriplex, Armofol.
• In addition to heat and sound insulation, such heaters create vapor barrier protection (and are often used as such).

The conclusion is quite simple: the ideal insulation does not exist. Depending on the means, the goals pursued and personal preferences (including ease of use), everyone will be able to choose the best material for themselves to create a warm and truly cozy home. But we must remember that when using each of the above insulation on the roof, mandatory waterproofing of the heat-insulating material is required.

Nowadays, the issue of insulation of residential buildings is becoming more and more relevant. Building code requirements are increasing in this regard, and the developers themselves want to reduce heat loss and heating costs. To create effective insulation that is safe for the health of residents, you should study the various types of insulation for the house and then apply them for their intended purpose.

• reduce the cooling of buildings in winter and their heating in summer;
• protect load-bearing structures from aggressive weather conditions;
• to minimize temperature deformations of power elements and extend their service life.

Properties of heaters of different types

High-quality material is selected after a comprehensive assessment of various parameters:

1. Low coefficient of thermal conductivity - the smaller it is, the thinner the insulation layer will be. For example, the following views provide the same level of isolation:

• mineral wool - 14;
• basalt wool, ecowool - 8.7;
• expanded polystyrene foam (polystyrene) - 8.3;
• extruded polystyrene foam (Penoplex) - 6.5 cm.

2. Moisture resistance. If the insulation does not absorb water, it is not prone to shrinkage and retains its insulating characteristics longer. The most moisture resistant is Penoplex, and the most hygroscopic is mineral wool. To make mineral wool insulation more water resistant, manufacturers impregnate them with special compounds.

3. Fire resistance. Absolutely non-combustible are inorganic fibrous heaters. Expanded polystyrenes, polyurethane foam ignite easily, releasing toxic substances. Low-flammable penoizol (carbamide foam) at a temperature of 200 ° C only chars, while it is non-toxic. To prevent foam and ecowool from supporting fire, flame retardants are added to them, changing the combustibility group from G4 to G1 (from high to low).

4. Vapor permeability. With internal roof insulation, the material must remove wet vapors from rooms and building structures. Mineral, basalt and ecowool, penoizol (have a capillary structure) pass steam well. They are applicable for installation on all types of surfaces, do not allow them to rot. Expanded polystyrene plates do not differ in such qualities and are recommended for outdoor work.

Thermal insulation overview

According to the type of raw materials, three types of heaters are distinguished:

1. Inorganic (natural). This includes materials made from melted glass or quartz sand (glass wool); rocks (basalt). The first variety is light yellow, weighs somewhat less and is elastic. Stone wool is more fire resistant. The best brands of insulation have a thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.032 W / m ° C (maximum - 0.045 W / m ° C). The price of mineral wool, depending on the thickness and density, ranges from 1,000 to 5,000 rubles / m3.

2. Organic (synthetic).

• Polyfoam and Penoplex. They are made of polystyrene and have low thermal conductivity (0.035-0.045 W/m°C). The average price of expanded polystyrene foam is from 1,000, extruded - from 3,500 rubles / m3.
• Polyurethane foam properties are better than expanded polystyrene and mineral wool. Spraying 1 m2 of a five-centimeter layer of foam costs 500 rubles.
• Penoizol is a liquid foam produced directly at the construction site and pumped into the space between the structural elements of buildings. This type of thermal insulation outperforms traditional insulation in many ways: it is resistant to moisture and at the same time “breathes”, it is low-flammable and does not emit toxic smoke. Its thermal conductivity is 1.5 times lower than that of expanded polystyrenes. The average cost of a cubic meter of insulation is 1,500 rubles / m3.

3. Mixed.

• Ecowool. It consists of 80% waste paper, the remaining 20% ​​are flame retardants. The material is presented in the form of a loose fiber blown into insulated cavities. Thermal conductivity indicators are the same as those of expanded polystyrenes. The price of insulation together with work is from 1,500 (dry method) to 4,500 rubles / m3 (wet blowing).
• Foam glass is characterized by high hardness, incombustibility. It sticks well and cuts well. Its disadvantages are poor vapor permeability and cost - from 14,000 rubles / m3.

Sometimes exotic “ecological heaters” based on clay, straw, and reeds are offered for insulation. They, like inorganic backfills (expanded perlite, vermiculite and expanded clay), are characterized by high thermal conductivity and are ineffective.

Types of heaters depending on the purpose

For proper selection of insulation, its comprehensive assessment is needed. Applicability depends not only on the properties of insulating materials, but also on structural elements, the expected location of cold bridges (this is determined, among other things, by architectural features).

Different nodes of the same building are insulated in different ways.

• Cellars, ground floors, balconies and loggias. For external insulation use Penoplex. It is stronger than polystyrene, withstands loads up to 0.5 MPa, and is not afraid of water. When in the ground, the probability of its ignition is small.
• External wall insulation. For a wooden house, blowing with penoizol is acceptable. The properties and characteristics of the insulation make it possible to fill all the cavities between the bars, and also enable the wood to "breathe". For insulation of brick, foam and gas-block houses, glass wool, Penoplex is used.
• Roof. If there are enough funds, polyurethane foam is sprayed on it. The traditional roof insulation is mineral wool, protected by a layer of waterproofing. Manufacturers produce it, varying not only the size, but also the density. Roll options are good - they do not burden the structure.
• Walls, ceiling and floor. When choosing insulation for walls, they often prefer more environmentally friendly and low-combustible inorganic materials. Mineral wool insulation is placed in a frame on which drywall is attached. They do the same with the ceiling: the plates are covered with a vapor barrier - this protects them from moisture, and the residents of the house - from the penetration of fibers into the respiratory system. If there are lags, you can blow out the overlap with ecowool. The floor in the house is insulated by filling expanded clay (at least 100 mm) or by laying Penoplex sheets on the base. It is then poured with a finishing screed, laying a reinforcing mesh. Concrete prevents the synthetic material from igniting.

Knowing the features of various thermal insulators and using the practical experience of professional builders allows you to create optimal living conditions in the house.