>>Technology: Production of cylindrical and conical parts with hand tools
Cylindrical parts, which in cross section have the shape of a circle of constant diameter, can be made from square bars. Bars are usually sawn out of boards (Fig. 22, a). The thickness and width of the bar should be 1 ... 2 mm more than the diameter of the future product, taking into account the allowance (reserve) for processing.
Before manufacturing a round part from a bar, it is marked out. To do this, at the ends of the workpiece, the center is found by crossing the diagonals and a circle is drawn around it with a compass with a radius equal to 0.5 of the diameter of the workpiece (Fig. 22, b). Tangent to the circle, from each end, with the help of a ruler, draw the sides of the octahedron and outline with a thickness gauge lines 1 of the cut edges of width B on the sides of the workpiece.
The workpiece is fixed on the cover of the workbench between the wedges or installed in a special fixture (prism) (Fig. 22, e).
The edges of the octahedron are cut with a sherhebel or planer to the marking lines of the circle (Fig. 22, c). Once again, tangents to the circle are drawn, lines 2 are drawn along the ruler and the faces of the hexagon are cut off (Fig. 22, d).
Further processing is carried out across the fibers with a rounding of the shape, first with a rasp, and then with files with finer notches (Fig. 22, e).
The cylindrical surface is finished with sandpaper. In this case, one end of the workpiece is fixed in the clamp of the workbench, and the other is covered with sandpaper and rotated. Sometimes the workpiece is wrapped with sandpaper, clasped with the left hand, and rotated with the right hand and moved along its axis of rotation (Fig. 22, f). Similarly, the workpiece is ground from the other end.
The diameter of the part is measured with a caliper first on the part (Fig. 23, a), and then it is checked with a ruler (Fig. 23, b). 
The sequence of all these operations when obtaining a cylindrical billet from a square bar can be recorded in the route map. In this map, the sequence (route, path) of processing one part is recorded. Table 2 shows a route map for the manufacture of a handle for a shovel.
On fig. 24 shows a drawing of a handle for a shovel. 
Practical work
Production of a cylindrical product
1. Develop a drawing and draw up a route map for the manufacture of a cylindrical or conical product, for example, shown in fig. eleven.
2. Mark out and make a handle for a shovel according to (Fig. 24) and a route map (Table 2).
♦ Caliper, route map.
1. What is the sequence for manufacturing a cylindrical and conical part?
2. How to measure the diameter of a part with a caliper?
3. What is recorded in the route technological map?
Simonenko V.D., Samorodsky P.S., Tishchenko A.T., Technology Grade 6
Submitted by readers from the website
Topic: Manufacturing of cylindrical parts with hand tools.
Purpose: to acquaint students with the technology of manufacturing cylindrical and conical parts with a hand tool, to teach them how to make cylindrical parts correctly, to cultivate constructiveness and variability of thinking.
Teaching and educational tasks:
1. To form students' knowledge about the graphic representation of details.
2. Develop cognitive interest when working with wood.
3. To educate accuracy, diligence, respect for work.
Equipment, visual aids: carpentry tools, carpentry workbench, planer, wooden blanks, hacksaws, safety posters.
Lesson type: combined
Form of education: group, practical work - individual activity.
Methods: verbal, visual, practical.
During the classes.
I. Organizational moment.
Check readiness for the lesson. Entry of students into the workshop.
II. Repetition of the material covered.
In the previous lesson, we studied the topic "Graphic representation of cylindrical parts." And today you have to do the practical work "Production of cylindrical parts with a hand tool."
III. Presentation of the program material.
Cylindrical parts, which in cross section have the shape of a circle of constant diameter, can be made from square bars. Bars are usually sawn out of boards (Fig. 1a). The thickness and width of the bar should be 1 ... 2 mm more than the diameter of the future product, taking into account the allowance (reserve) for processing.
Before manufacturing a round part from a bar, it is marked out. To do this, at the ends of the workpiece, the center is found by crossing the diagonals and a circle is drawn around it with a compass with a radius equal to 0.5 of the workpiece diameter (Fig. 1b). Tangent to the circle, from each end, with the help of a ruler, draw the sides of the octahedron and outline with a thickness gauge lines 1 of the cut edges of width B on the sides of the workpiece.
The workpiece is fixed on the lid of the workbench between the wedges or installed in a special fixture (prism) (Fig. 1e).
Rice. 1. The sequence of manufacturing a cylindrical part with a hand tool: a - sawing a square bar out of a board; b - marking the ends and edges of the workpiece; c - octahedral shape of the workpiece; d - sixteen-sided shape of the workpiece; d - processing of a round shape with a file; e - cleaning with sandpaper
The edges of the octahedron are cut with a sherhebel or planer to the circle marking lines (Fig. 1 c).
Once again, tangents to the circle are drawn, lines 2 are outlined along the ruler and the faces of the hexagon are sharpened (Fig. 1 d).
Further processing is carried out across the fibers with a rounding of the shape, first with a rasp, and then with files with finer notches (Fig. 1 e).
The cylindrical surface is finished with a sandpaper. In this case, one end of the workpiece is fixed in the clamp of the workbench, and the other is covered with sandpaper and rotated. Sometimes the workpiece is wrapped with sandpaper, clasped with the left hand, and rotated with the right hand and moved along its axis of rotation (Fig. 1f). Similarly, the workpiece is ground from the other end.
The diameter of the part is measured with a caliper first on the part (Fig. 2 a), and then it is checked with a ruler (Fig. 2 b).
Rice. 2. Control of the diameter of a round part: a - measuring the size with a caliper; b - size reading on the ruler
The sequence of all these operations when obtaining a cylindrical billet from a square bar can be recorded in the route map. In this map, the sequence (route, path) of processing one part is recorded.
Route map.
Making a handle for a shovel.
No. p / p Sequence of work
1 Pick up (saw off) a square bar
2 Mark the diagonals at the ends, draw a circle of the desired diameter
3 Mark the workpiece from the ends to the octahedron, draw on the edges with a thickness gauge the sides of the octahedron
4 Fix the workpiece on the workbench and cut the edges to form an octahedron
5 Mark the workpiece from the ends to the hexagon, draw on the edges along the ruler of the side of the hexagon
Fix the workpiece on the workbench and cut the edges until you get a hex
7 Grind the part with a rasp to obtain a cylindrical shape
8 Check the diameter of the part with calipers and a ruler. Refinish to size if necessary
9 Mark the length of the cone and its diameter at the end of the part
10 Plane the cone with a planer
11 Rasp the chamfer from the other end of the part
12 Clean the product with sandpaper
IV. Practical part.
Develop a drawing and draw up a route
card for the manufacture of a cylindrical or horse product
Czech form.
Mark and make a handle for a shovel
according to the drawing) and the route map.
V. Current briefing.
Safety precautions when working with cutting tools.
Correct fixing of workpieces.
Correction of typical errors during work.
VI. Consolidation of the material covered.
What is the sequence of manufacturing a part of a cylindrical and conical shape?
How to measure the diameter of a part with a caliper?
- What is recorded in the route technological map?
VII. Final part.
Grading. Reflection.
Cleaning of workplaces and workshops
Paper modeling and construction refers to the art of making scale models from paper.
Despite all the attractiveness, paper construction using different techniques is the most difficult type of this activity. It assumes that children have well-developed spatial representations and does not allow them to act by trial and correct incorrect actions, since folding, cutting, etc. can no longer be corrected, which means that it is impossible to achieve success.
Background
Paper has been used in modeling since its invention several thousand years ago. The origins of what we call cardboard modeling today go back to 15th century France, when printing technology and papermaking technology met and went hand in hand. The first models were the simplest rectangular drawings that were cut out and pasted onto wooden cubes for the purpose of teaching children. I must say that they have survived to this day. At first, for obvious reasons, religious themes prevailed, but over the centuries that have passed since then, the subject has expanded significantly.
The peak of passion for cardboard modeling falls on the end of the nineteenth - the beginning of the twentieth centuries, but by the 20s it is declining. The reason is the beginning of mass production of kits for assembling models from wood and metal. But the outbreak of World War II noticeably crippled the production of wooden tanks in favor of real ones, and paper models began to gain popularity again.
Tools and materials.
The main material for making models is paper. You can use ordinary A4 sheets with a density of 65-80 g / m3, but if the model is large, then it is better to use a denser drawing or drawing paper (160-180 g / m3), for the smallest details you can try (if you find, of course, I could not) cigarette. For cardboard parts, you can take various food boxes or buy cardboard at an office supply store.
For work, you will also need scissors, compasses, a pencil and a ruler.
The basic operations of modeling from cardboard are:
cutting out parts with scissors or a knife;
Folding (the operation of bending, folding);
molding (assembly);
· gluing.
Some subtleties.
Cardboard parts after cutting are processed along the contour with sandpaper to smooth out irregularities.
In order to bend a piece of cardboard or thick paper exactly along the fold line, draw a sharp object (the tip of a knife, an empty ballpoint pen, scissors, etc.) along the line so that a trace remains, but without cutting through the sheet. After that, the fold will not break and will go exactly along the drawn line (this operation is called scoring. Scoring is the operation of applying a straight groove on a sheet of paper. It is necessary for subsequent folding along the paper line with a density of more than 170 g / m². The groove itself is called - scoring. Scoring performed if the paper is likely to be damaged by normal folding).
If it becomes necessary to roll the part into a tube or bend it smoothly, then pull it with one side through the corner of the table or ruler, the part will bend in the opposite direction.
The main (basic) elements of cardboard models are cylinders and cones. Cylinders can be square or rectangular in cross section, which is used when modeling buildings, or oval, for example, when assembling an aircraft fuselage. There are even polygonal sections, such as, for example, a castle tower. Cylinders can have non-parallel walls, the limiting case of such a cylinder is a cone. Again, cones can have a square base (pyramids) or a round base.
Children's first exposure to paper modeling always starts with simple geometric shapes such as the cube and pyramid. Not many succeed in gluing a cube the first time, sometimes it takes several days to make a truly even and flawless cube. More complex cylinder and cone shapes require several times more effort than a simple cube.
In order to glue the cylinder, you must:
First, take a compass and draw a circle with the radius you need. Then, add one centimeter to the radius and draw another circle from this center. Cut out the workpiece along the line of the larger circle. Cut the teeth along the circle line. The top of the teeth should rest against a line of smaller radius. Bend the teeth to one side. You should end up with something like a round table. Where the teeth play the role of legs. Make another one like this. These will be the cylinder heads.
Using the formula, 2∏R, where R is the radius of your cylinder, calculate the circumference, which will correspond to the width of the workpiece. The length of the workpiece will be equal to the height of the cylinder.
Draw a rectangle with the dimensions obtained, add one centimeter to the circumference and draw another line, this is the gluing allowance.
Lubricate the centimeter strip with glue and glue the cylinder. Let it dry.
Take the cylinder caps, grease the teeth with glue and insert them inside the cylinder, glue the caps to it. All your cylinder is ready.
Grade 6 Lesson No. 8.
Topic: Production of cylindrical and conical parts
hand tool.
Target: to acquaint students with the technology of manufacturing cylindrical and conical parts with a hand tool, to teach them how to make cylindrical parts correctly, to cultivate constructiveness and variability of thinking.
Equipment and tools: joiner's tool, joiner's workbench,
Planer, wooden blanks.
During the classes.
Organizing time.
Check readiness for the lesson. Entry of students into the workshop.
How should the dowel holes be positioned?
What is a nagel?
What types of adhesives do you know?
What ways of connecting parts do you know?
What affects the quality of glued parts?
Repetition of the material covered.
Presentation of the program material.
Cylindrical parts, which in cross section have the shape of a circle of constant diameter, can be made from square bars. Bars are usually sawn out of boards (Fig. 1a). The thickness and width of the bar should be 1 ... 2 mm more than the diameter of the future product, taking into account the allowance (reserve) for processing.
Before manufacturing a round part from a bar, it is marked out. To do this, at the ends of the workpiece, the center is found by crossing the diagonals and a circle is drawn around it with a compass with a radius equal to 0.5 of the workpiece diameter (Fig. 1b). Tangent to the circle from each end, with the help of a ruler, draw the sides of the octahedron and outline with a thickness gauge lines 1 of the mated edges of width B on the sides of the workpiece.
The workpiece is fixed on the cover of the workbench between the wedges or installed in a special fixture (prism) (Fig. 1e).
Rice. one. The sequence of manufacturing a cylindrical part with a hand tool: a - sawing a square bar out of a board; b - marking the ends and edges of the workpiece; c - octahedral shape of the workpiece; g - hexagonal shape of the workpiece; e - processing of a round shape with a file; e - cleaning with sandpaper
The edges of the octahedron are cut with a sherhebel or planer to the circle marking lines (Fig. 1 c).
Once again, tangents to the circle are drawn, lines 2 are drawn along the ruler and the faces of the hexagon are cut off (Fig. 1 d).
Further processing is carried out across the fibers with a rounding of the shape, first with a rasp, and then with files with finer notches (Fig. 1 e).
The cylindrical surface is finished with sandpaper. In this case, one end of the workpiece is fixed in the clamp of the workbench, and the other is covered with sandpaper and rotated. Sometimes the workpiece is wrapped with sandpaper, clasped with the left hand, and rotated with the right hand and moved along its axis of rotation (Fig. 1f). Similarly, the workpiece is ground from the other end.
The diameter of the part is measured with a caliper first on the part (Fig. 2 a), and then it is checked with a ruler (Fig. 2 b).
Rice. 2. Control of the diameter of a round part: a - measuring the size with a caliper; b - size reading on the ruler
The sequence of all these operations when obtaining a cylindrical billet from a square bar can be written in routemap. In this map, the sequence (route, path) of processing one part is recorded.
Route map.
Making a handle for a shovel.
| № p/n | Work sequence |
||||||||||||||
| Pick up (saw off) a square bar |
|||||||||||||||
| Mark the diagonals at the ends, draw a circle of the desired diameter |
|||||||||||||||
| Mark the workpiece from the ends to the octahedron, draw the sides of the octahedron on the edges with a thickness gauge |
|||||||||||||||
| Fix the workpiece on the workbench and cut the edges to get an octahedron |
|||||||||||||||
| Mark the workpiece from the ends to the hexagon, draw on the edges along the ruler of the side of the hexagon |
|||||||||||||||
| Fix the workpiece on the workbench and cut the edges until you get a hex |
|||||||||||||||
| Grind the part with a rasp until a cylindrical shape is obtained |
|||||||||||||||
| Check the diameter of the part with calipers and a ruler. Refinish to size if necessary |
|||||||||||||||
| Mark the length of the cone and its diameter at the end of the part |
|||||||||||||||
| Plane the cone |
|||||||||||||||
| Rasp the chamfer from the other end of the part |
|||||||||||||||
| Clean the product with sandpaper |
Practical part.
Develop a drawing and draw up a route
card for the manufacture of cylindrical or horse products
Czech form.
Mark and make a handle for a shovel
according to the drawing) and the route map.
current instruction.
Safety precautions when working with cutting tools.
Correct fixing of workpieces.
Correction of typical errors during work.
Consolidation of the material covered.
What is the sequence of manufacturing a part of a cylindrical and conical shape?
How to measure the diameter of a part with a caliper?
What is recorded in the route technological map?
Final part.
Grading. Reflection.
Cleaning of workplaces and workshops.
Topic: Manufacturing of cylindrical parts with a hand tool. Purpose: to acquaint students with the technology of manufacturing cylindrical and conical parts with a hand tool, teach them how to make cylindrical parts correctly, cultivate constructiveness and variability of thinking. Educational and educational tasks: 1. To form students' knowledge about the graphic representation of details.2. Develop cognitive interest when working with wood.3. To cultivate accuracy, hard work, respect for work. Equipment, visual aids: carpentry tools, carpentry workbench, planer, wooden blanks, hacksaws, safety posters. Class type: combined Form of training: group, practical work - individual activity. Methods: verbal, visual, practical. The course of the lesson. I. Organizational moment. Checking readiness for the lesson. Entry of students into the workshop.II. Repetition of the material covered. In the previous lesson, we studied the topic “Graphic representation of cylindrical parts”. And today you must complete the practical work "Production of cylindrical parts with a hand tool." III. Presentation of the program material. Details of a cylindrical shape, which in cross section have the shape of a circle of constant diameter, can be made from square bars. Bars are usually sawn out of boards (Fig. 1a). The thickness and width of the bar should be 1 ... 2 mm more than the diameter of the future product, taking into account the allowance (reserve) for processing. Before manufacturing a round part from a bar, it is marked. To do this, at the ends of the workpiece, the center is found by crossing the diagonals and a circle is drawn around it with a compass with a radius equal to 0.5 of the workpiece diameter (Fig. 1b). Tangent to the circle, from each end, with the help of a ruler, draw the sides of the octahedron and outline with a thickness gauge lines 1 of the cut edges of width B on the sides of the workpiece. The workpiece is fixed on the cover of the workbench between the wedges or installed in a special device (prism) (Fig. 1 e ).Rice. 1. The sequence of manufacturing a cylindrical part with a hand tool: a - sawing a square bar out of a board; b - marking the ends and edges of the workpiece; c - octahedral shape of the workpiece; d - sixteen-sided shape of the workpiece; d - processing of a round shape with a file; e - cleaning with a sandpaper. The edges of the octahedron are cut off with a sherhebel or planer to the marking lines of the circle (Fig. 1 c). Once again, tangents to the circle are drawn, lines 2 are outlined along the ruler and the faces of the hexagon are sharpened (Fig. 1 d). Further processing is carried out across the fibers with a rounding of the shape, first with a rasp, and then with files with finer notches (Fig. 1 e). The cylindrical surface is finally treated with a sandpaper. In this case, one end of the workpiece is fixed in the clamp of the workbench, and the other is covered with sandpaper and rotated. Sometimes the workpiece is wrapped with sandpaper, clasped with the left hand, and rotated with the right hand and moved along its axis of rotation (Fig. 1f). Similarly, the workpiece is ground from the other end. The diameter of the part is measured with a caliper first on the part (Fig. 2 a), and then it is checked with a ruler (Fig. 2 b). 2. Control of the diameter of a round part: a - measuring the size with a caliper; b - reading the size on the ruler The sequence of all the listed operations when obtaining a cylindrical billet from a square bar can be recorded in the route chart. This map records the sequence (route, path) of processing one part. Route map. Making a handle for a shovel. No. Sequence of work octahedron, draw the sides of the octahedron on the edges with a thickness gauge4 Fix the workpiece on the workbench and cut the edges until an octahedron is obtained5 Mark the workpiece from the ends to the hexagon, draw on the edges along the ruler of the sides of the hexagon6 Fix the workpiece on the workbench and cut the edges to obtain a hexahedron7 Clean the part with a rasp until a cylindrical shape8 Check the diameter details with calipers and a ruler. If necessary, process to the desired size9 Mark the length of the cone and its diameter on the end of the part10 Plane the cone with a planer11 Rasp the chamfer from the other end of the part12 Clean the product with sandpaperIV. Practical part. Develop a drawing and draw up a route map for the manufacture of a cylindrical or conical product. Mark and make a handle for a shovel according to the drawing) and a route map. V. Current briefing. Safety precautions when working with cutting tools. Correct fixing of workpieces. Correction of typical mistakes during work. VI. Consolidation of the material covered. - What is the sequence for manufacturing a part of a cylindrical and conical shape? - How to measure the diameter of a part with a caliper? - What is recorded in the route flow chart? VII. Final part. Evaluation. Reflection. Cleaning of workplaces and workshops
