Year of writing:
1877
Reading time:
Description of the work:
The widely known poem Who Lives Well in Russia was written in 1877 by the Russian writer Nikolai Nekrasov. It took many years to create it - Nekrasov worked on the poem from 1863-1877. It is interesting that some ideas and thoughts arose from Nekrasov back in the 50s. He thought to capture in the poem Whom in Russia to live well as much as possible everything that he knew about the people and heard from the lips of people.
Read below summary poems To whom it is good to live in Russia.
One day, seven men converge on the high road - recent serfs, and now temporarily liable "from adjacent villages - Zaplatova, Dyryavin, Razutov, Znobishina, Gorelova, Neyolova, Neurozhayka, too." Instead of going their own way, the peasants start a dispute about who in Russia lives happily and freely. Each of them judges in his own way who is the main lucky man in Russia: a landowner, an official, a priest, a merchant, a noble boyar, a minister of sovereigns or a tsar.
During the argument, they do not notice that they gave a detour of thirty miles. Seeing that it is too late to return home, the men make a fire and continue to argue over vodka - which, of course, little by little turns into a fight. But even a fight does not help to resolve the issue that worries the men.
The solution is found unexpectedly: one of the men, Pahom, catches a warbler chick, and in order to free the chick, the warbler tells the men where they can find a self-assembled tablecloth. Now the peasants are provided with bread, vodka, cucumbers, kvass, tea - in a word, everything they need for a long journey. And besides, the self-assembled tablecloth will repair and wash their clothes! Having received all these benefits, the peasants give a vow to find out "who lives happily, freely in Russia."
The first possible "lucky man" they met along the way is a priest. (It was not for the oncoming soldiers and beggars to ask about happiness!) But the priest's answer to the question of whether his life is sweet disappoints the peasants. They agree with the priest that happiness lies in peace, wealth and honor. But the pop does not possess any of these benefits. In haymaking, in stubble, in a dead autumn night, in severe frost, he must go where there are sick, dying and being born. And every time his soul hurts at the sight of grave sobs and orphan sorrow - so that his hand does not rise to take copper nickels - a miserable reward for the demand. The landlords, who formerly lived in family estates and got married here, baptized children, buried the dead, are now scattered not only in Russia, but also in distant foreign land; there is no hope for their reward. Well, the peasants themselves know what honor the priest is: they feel embarrassed when the priest blames obscene songs and insults against priests.
Realizing that the Russian pop is not among the lucky ones, the peasants go to the festive fair in the trading village of Kuzminskoye to ask the people there about happiness. In a rich and dirty village there are two churches, a tightly boarded-up house with the inscription "school", a paramedic's hut, a dirty hotel. But most of all in the village of drinking establishments, in each of which they barely manage to cope with the thirsty. Old man Vavila cannot buy his granddaughter goat's shoes, because he drank himself to a penny. It’s good that Pavlusha Veretennikov, a lover of Russian songs, whom everyone calls “master” for some reason, buys a treasured gift for him.
Wandering peasants watch the farcical Petrushka, watch how the officers pick up book goods - but by no means Belinsky and Gogol, but portraits of fat generals unknown to anyone and works about "my lord stupid." They also see how a busy trading day ends: rampant drunkenness, fights on the way home. However, the peasants are indignant at Pavlusha Veretennikov's attempt to measure the peasant by the master's measure. In their opinion, it is impossible for a sober person to live in Russia: he will not endure either overwork or peasant misfortune; without drinking, bloody rain would have poured out of the angry peasant soul. These words are confirmed by Yakim Nagoi from the village of Bosovo - one of those who "work to death, drink half to death." Yakim believes that only pigs walk the earth and do not see the sky for a century. During a fire, he himself did not save money accumulated over a lifetime, but useless and beloved pictures that hung in the hut; he is sure that with the cessation of drunkenness, great sadness will come to Russia.
Wandering men do not lose hope of finding people who live well in Russia. But even for the promise to give water to the lucky ones for free, they fail to find those. For the sake of a gratuitous drink, both an overworked worker, and a former courtyard stricken with paralysis, who for forty years licked the master's plates with the best French truffle, and even ragged beggars are ready to declare themselves lucky.
Finally, someone tells them the story of Ermil Girin, a steward in the estate of Prince Yurlov, who has earned universal respect for his justice and honesty. When Girin needed money to buy the mill, the peasants lent it to him without even asking for a receipt. But Yermil is now unhappy: after the peasant revolt, he is in jail.
About the misfortune that befell the nobles after the peasant reform, the ruddy sixty-year-old landowner Gavrila Obolt-Obolduev tells the peasant wanderers. He recalls how in the old days everything amused the master: villages, forests, fields, serf actors, musicians, hunters, who belonged undividedly to him. Obolt-Obolduev tells with tenderness how, on the twelfth holidays, he invited his serfs to pray in the manor's house - despite the fact that after that they had to drive women from all over the estate to wash the floors.
And although the peasants themselves know that life in serf times was far from the idyll drawn by Obolduev, they nevertheless understand: the great chain of serfdom, having broken, hit both the master, who at once lost his usual way of life, and the peasant.
Desperate to find a happy man among the men, the wanderers decide to ask the women. The surrounding peasants remember that Matrena Timofeevna Korchagina lives in the village of Klin, whom everyone considers lucky. But Matrona herself thinks otherwise. In confirmation, she tells the wanderers the story of her life.
Before her marriage, Matryona lived in a non-drinking and prosperous peasant family. She married Philip Korchagin, a stove-maker from a foreign village. But the only happy night for her was that night when the groom persuaded Matryona to marry him; then the usual hopeless life of a village woman began. True, her husband loved her and beat her only once, but soon he went to work in St. Petersburg, and Matryona was forced to endure insults in her father-in-law's family. The only one who felt sorry for Matryona was grandfather Saveliy, who lived out his life in the family after hard labor, where he ended up for the murder of the hated German manager. Savely told Matryona what Russian heroism is: a peasant cannot be defeated, because he "bends, but does not break."
The birth of the first-born Demushka brightened up the life of Matryona. But soon her mother-in-law forbade her to take the child into the field, and old grandfather Savely did not keep track of the baby and fed him to the pigs. In front of Matryona, the judges who arrived from the city performed an autopsy of her child. Matryona could not forget her first child, although after she had five sons. One of them, the shepherd Fedot, once allowed a she-wolf to carry away a sheep. Matrena took upon herself the punishment assigned to her son. Then, being pregnant with her son Liodor, she was forced to go to the city to seek justice: her husband, bypassing the laws, was taken to the soldiers. Matryona was then helped by the governor Elena Alexandrovna, for whom the whole family is now praying.
By all peasant standards, the life of Matryona Korchagina can be considered happy. But it is impossible to tell about the invisible spiritual storm that passed through this woman - just like about unrequited mortal insults, and about the blood of the firstborn. Matrena Timofeevna is convinced that a Russian peasant woman cannot be happy at all, because the keys to her happiness and free will are lost from God himself.
In the midst of haymaking, wanderers come to the Volga. Here they witness a strange scene. A noble family swims up to the shore in three boats. The mowers, who have just sat down to rest, immediately jump up to show the old master their zeal. It turns out that the peasants of the village of Vakhlachina help the heirs to hide the abolition of serfdom from the landowner Utyatin, who has lost his mind. For this, the relatives of the Last Duck-Duck promise the peasants floodplain meadows. But after the long-awaited death of the Afterlife, the heirs forget their promises, and the whole peasant performance turns out to be in vain.
Here, near the village of Vahlachin, wanderers listen to peasant songs - corvée, hungry, soldier's, salty - and stories about serf times. One of these stories is about the serf of the exemplary Jacob the faithful. Yakov's only joy was to please his master, the petty landowner Polivanov. Samodur Polivanov, in gratitude, beat Yakov in the teeth with his heel, which aroused even greater love in the lackey's soul. By old age, Polivanov lost his legs, and Yakov began to follow him as if he were a child. But when Yakov's nephew, Grisha, decided to marry the serf beauty Arisha, out of jealousy, Polivanov sent the guy to the recruits. Yakov began to drink, but soon returned to the master. And yet he managed to take revenge on Polivanov - the only way available to him, in a lackey way. Having brought the master into the forest, Yakov hanged himself right above him on a pine tree. Polivanov spent the night under the corpse of his faithful serf, driving away birds and wolves with groans of horror.
Another story - about two great sinners - is told to the peasants by God's wanderer Iona Lyapushkin. The Lord awakened the conscience of the ataman of the robbers Kudeyar. The robber prayed for sins for a long time, but all of them were released to him only after he, in a surge of anger, killed the cruel Pan Glukhovsky.
The wandering men also listen to the story of another sinner - Gleb the elder, who hid the last will of the late widower admiral for money, who decided to free his peasants.
But not only wandering peasants think about the happiness of the people. The son of a sacristan, seminarian Grisha Dobrosklonov, lives in Vakhlachin. In his heart, love for the deceased mother merged with love for the whole of Vahlachina. For fifteen years, Grisha knew for sure whom he was ready to give his life, for whom he was ready to die. He thinks of all mysterious Russia as a miserable, abundant, powerful and powerless mother, and expects that the indestructible strength that he feels in his own soul will still be reflected in her. Such strong souls, like those of Grisha Dobrosklonov, the angel of mercy himself calls for an honest path. Fate prepares Grisha "a glorious path, a loud name of the people's intercessor, consumption and Siberia."
If the wandering men knew what was happening in the soul of Grisha Dobrosklonov, they would surely understand that they could already return to their native roof, because the goal of their journey had been achieved.
"Who in Russia to live well"
Retelling.
In a fairy-tale form, the author depicts the dispute of seven peasants about "who lives happily, freely in Russia." The dispute develops into a fight, then the peasants reconcile and decide among themselves to ask the tsar, the merchant and the priest who is happier, without receiving an answer, they go across Russian land in search of the lucky one.
The first peasants meet a priest who assures them that the “priestly life” is very difficult. He says
about the fact that peasants and landowners are equally poor and have ceased to carry money to church. The peasants sincerely sympathize with the priest.
The author draws many interesting faces in this chapter, where he depicts a fair, where seven peasants ended up in search of the happy. The attention of the peasants is attracted by the bargaining of pictures: here the author expresses the hope that sooner or later the time will come when the peasant "will not carry my lord stupid - Belinsky and Gogol from the market."
After the fair, festivities begin, the “bad night”. Many peasants get drunk, except for seven travelers and a certain gentleman who writes down folk songs and his observations of peasant life in a book, the author himself probably embodied in this image in the poem. One of the peasants - Yakim Nagoi - blames the master, does not order to portray Russian people as drunkards without exception. Yakim claims that in Russia there is a non-drinking family for one drinker, but it is easier for those who drink, because all workers suffer the same way from life. Both in work and in revelry, the Russian peasant loves scope, he cannot live without it. The seven travelers already wanted to go home, and they decided to look for the lucky one in the large crowd.
Travelers began to invite other peasants to a bucket of vodka, promising treats to those who prove that they are lucky. There are a lot of “lucky ones”: the soldier is glad that he survived both foreign bullets and Russian sticks; the young stonecutter boasts of strength; the old stonecutter is happy that the sick man managed to get from Petersburg to his native village and did not die on the way; the bear hunter is glad to be alive. When the bucket was empty, "our wanderers realized that they were wasting vodka for nothing." Someone suggested that Yermila Girin should be recognized as happy. He is happy with his own truthfulness and people's love. More than once he helped people, and people repaid him with kindness when they helped buy a mill that a clever merchant wanted to intercept. But, as it turned out, Yermil is in jail: apparently, he suffered for his truth.
The next person the seven peasants met was the landowner Gavrilo Afanasyevich. He assures them that his life is not easy either. Under serfdom, he was the sovereign owner of rich estates, “loving” he inflicted judgment and reprisal on the peasants here. After the abolition of the "fortress", order disappeared and the manor estates fell into disrepair. The landowners lost their former income. “Idle hacks” tell the landlords to study and work, but this is impossible, since the nobleman was created for another life - “smoking the sky of God” and “littering the people’s treasury”, since this allows him to be noble: among the ancestors of Gavrila Afanasyevich there was also a leader with a bear, Obolduev, and Prince Shchepin, who tried to set fire to Moscow for the sake of robbery. The landlord ends his speech with a sob, and the peasants were ready to cry with him, but then changed their minds.
Last
The wanderers end up in the village of Vakhlaki, where they see strange orders: the local peasants voluntarily became "not human beings with God" - they retained their serfdom from the wild landowner who survived the mind of Prince Utyatin. Travelers begin to ask one of the locals - Vlas, where such orders come from in the village.
The extravagant Utyatin could not believe in the abolition of serfdom, so that “arrogance cut him off”: the prince had a stroke from anger. The heirs of the prince, whom he blamed for the loss of the peasants, were afraid that the old man would deprive them of their property before his imminent death. Then they persuaded the peasants to play the role of serfs, promising to give up the flooded meadows. The Wahlaks agreed, partly because they were accustomed to the life of a slave and even found pleasure in it.
Wanderers become witnesses of how the local steward praises the prince, how the villagers pray for the health of Utyatin and sincerely cry with joy that they have such a benefactor. Suddenly, the prince had a second blow, and the old man died. Since then, the peasants have really lost their peace: between the Vakhlaks and the heirs, an endless dispute has gone on for flooded meadows.
Feast - for the whole world
Introduction
The author describes a banquet hosted by one of the Vakhlaks, the restless Klim Yakovlevich, on the occasion of the death of Prince Utyatin. Travelers, along with Vlas, joined the feasting. Seven wanderers are interested in listening to Vahlat songs.
The author translates to literary language many folk songs. First, he cites "bitter", that is, sad, about peasant grief, about poor life. The bitter songs are opened by a lamentation with an ironic saying “It is glorious for the people to live in Holy Russia!” The subchapter concludes with a song about the “servant of the exemplary Jacob the faithful”, who punished his master for bullying. The author concludes that the people are able to stand up for themselves and inflame the landowners.
At the feast, travelers learn about pilgrims who feed on the fact that they hang on the people's neck. These loafers take advantage of the credulity of the peasant, over whom they are not averse to rising above the opportunity. But there were those among them who faithfully served the people: he treated the sick, helped bury the dead, fought for justice.
The peasants at the feast are discussing whose sin is greater - the landowner's or the peasant's. Ignatius Prokhorov claims that the peasant one is bigger. As an example, he cites a song about a widower admiral. Before his death, the admiral ordered the headman to release all the peasants, but the headman did not fulfill the last will of the dying man. That is the great sin of the Russian muzhik, that he can sell his muzhik brother for a pretty penny. Everyone agreed that this is a great sin, and for this sin all the peasants in Russia will forever suffer in slavery.
By morning the feast was over. One of the Vakhlaks composes a cheerful song, in which he puts his hope for a brighter future. In this song, the author describes Russia "wretched and plentiful" as the country where he lives great power folk. The poet foresees that the time will come and the “hidden spark” will flare up:
The army rises Innumerable!
The power in it will be indestructible!
These are the words of Grishka, the only lucky man in the poem.
peasant woman
The wanderers thought that they should abandon the search for happy men among the men, and it would be better to check the women. Right on the way, the peasants have an abandoned estate. The author paints a depressing picture of the desolation of the once rich economy, which turned out to be unnecessary for the master and which the peasants themselves cannot manage. Here they were advised to look for Matryona Timofeevna, "she is the governor's wife," whom everyone considers happy. Travelers met her in a crowd of reapers and persuaded her to talk about her, woman's "happiness".
The woman admits that she was happy as a girl while her parents cherished her. For parental affection and all the chores around the house seemed easy fun: the girl sang for yarn until midnight, danced while working in the field. But then she found a betrothed - a stove-maker Philip Korchagin. Matryona got married, and her life changed dramatically.
The author sprinkles his story with folk songs in his own literary adaptation. These songs sing about a difficult fate married woman who got into a strange family, about the bullying of her husband's relatives. Matryona found support only from grandfather Savely.
In the native family, grandfather was disliked, "stigmatized as a convict." At first, Matryona was afraid of him, frightened by his terrible, “bearish” appearance, but soon she saw in him a kind, warm-hearted person and began to ask for advice in everything. Once Savely told Matryona his story. This Russian hero ended up in hard labor for killing a German steward who mocked the peasants.
A peasant woman talks about her great grief: how, through the fault of her mother-in-law, she lost her beloved son Dyomushka. The mother-in-law insisted that Matryona not take the child with her to the stubble. The daughter-in-law obeyed and with a heavy heart left the boy with Savely. The old man did not keep track of the baby, and the pigs ate him. The “chief” arrived and carried out an investigation. Having not received a bribe, he ordered the child to be autopsied in front of his mother, suspecting her of “conspiracy” with Savely.
The woman was ready to hate the old man, but then she recovered. And the grandfather, out of remorse, went into the woods. Matrena met him four years later at the grave of Dyomushka, where she came to mourn a new grief - the death of her parents. The peasant woman again brought the old man into the house, but Savely soon died, continuing to joke and instruct people until his death. Years passed, other children grew up with Matryona. The peasant woman fought for them, wished them happiness, was ready to please her father-in-law and mother-in-law, if only the children lived well. The father-in-law gave his son Fedot eight years as a shepherd, and trouble happened. Fedot chased after a she-wolf who stole a sheep, and then took pity on her, as she was feeding her cubs. The headman decided to punish the boy, but the mother stood up and accepted the punishment for her son. She herself was like a she-wolf, ready to lay down her life for her children.
The “year of the comet” has come, foreshadowing crop failure. Bad forebodings came true: "the lack of bread came." The peasants, mad with hunger, were ready to kill each other. The trouble does not come alone: the husband-breadwinner "by deceit, not in a divine way" was shaved into soldiers. The husband's relatives, more than ever, began to mock Matrena, who at that time was pregnant with Liodorushka, and the peasant woman decided to go to the governor for help.
Secretly, the peasant woman left her husband's house and went to the city. Here she managed to meet with the governor Elena Alexandrovna, to whom she turned with her request. In the governor's house, the peasant woman resolved herself with Liodorushka, and Elena Alexandrovna baptized the baby and insisted that her husband rescued Philip from recruitment.
Since then, in the village, Matrena has been denounced as a lucky woman and even nicknamed the "governor's wife." The peasant woman ends the story with a reproach that the travelers did not start a business - “to look for a happy one between the women.” God's companions are trying to find the keys to women's happiness, but they are lost somewhere far away, maybe swallowed by some fish: “In what seas that fish walks - God forgot! ..”
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From 1863 to 1877, Nekrasov wrote "Who in Russia should live well." The idea, the characters, the plot changed several times in the process of work. Most likely, the idea was not fully revealed: the author died in 1877. Despite this, "To whom it is good to live in Russia" as a folk poem is considered a completed work. It was supposed to be 8 parts, but only 4 were completed.
With the introduction of the characters, the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" begins. These heroes are seven men from the villages: Dyryavino, Zaplatovo, Gorelovo, Crop failure, Znobishino, Razutovo, Neelovo. They meet and start a conversation about who lives happily and well in Russia. Each man has his own opinion. One believes that the landowner is happy, the other - that the official. A merchant, a priest, a minister, a noble boyar, a tsar, a peasant from the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" is also called happy. The heroes began to argue, lit a fire. It even came to a fight. However, they fail to come to an agreement.
Self-assembly tablecloth
Suddenly, Pahom quite unexpectedly caught a chick. The little warbler, his mother, asked the peasant to set the chick free. She suggested for this where you can find a self-assembled tablecloth - very useful thing which will certainly come in handy on a long journey. Thanks to her, the men during the trip did not lack food.
Pop's story
The following events continue the work "To whom it is good to live in Russia." The heroes decided to find out at any cost who lives happily and cheerfully in Russia. They set off on the road. First on the way they met a pop. The men turned to him with the question of whether he lives happily. Then the pop spoke about his life. He believes (in which the peasants could not disagree with him) that happiness is impossible without peace, honor, wealth. Pop believes that if he had all this, he would be completely happy. However, he is obliged day and night, in any weather, to go where he is told - to the dying, to the sick. Every time the priest has to see human grief and suffering. He even sometimes lacks the strength to take retribution for his service, since people tear the latter away from themselves. Once upon a time, everything was completely different. Pop says that rich landowners generously rewarded him for funerals, baptisms, and weddings. However, now the rich are far away, and the poor have no money. The priest also has no honor: the peasants do not respect him, as many folk songs speak of.
Wanderers go to the fair
Wanderers understand that this person cannot be called happy, which is noted by the author of the work "Who Lives Well in Russia". The heroes set off again and find themselves on the road in the village of Kuzminsky, at a fair. This village is dirty, although rich. There are a lot of establishments in which residents indulge in drunkenness. They drink their last money. For example, the old man did not have money left for shoes for his granddaughter, since he drank everything. All this is observed by wanderers from the work "To whom it is good to live in Russia" (Nekrasov).
Yakim Nagoi
They also notice fairground entertainment and fights and talk about the fact that the peasant is forced to drink: this helps to endure hard work and eternal hardship. An example of this is Yakim Nagoi, a man from the village of Bosovo. He works to death, "drinks half to death." Yakim believes that if there were no drunkenness, there would be great sadness.
The wanderers continue on their way. In the work "To whom it is good to live in Russia," Nekrasov says that they want to find happy and cheerful people, they promise to give these lucky people water for free. Therefore, the most different people trying to pass themselves off as such - a former courtyard suffering from paralysis, long years licking plates after the master, exhausted workers, beggars. However, travelers themselves understand that these people cannot be called happy.
Ermil Girin
The men once heard about a man named Yermil Girin. His story is further told by Nekrasov, of course, he does not convey all the details. Ermil Girin is a burgomaster who was highly respected, a fair and honest person. He intended to buy the mill one day. The peasants lent him money without a receipt, they trusted him so much. However, there was a peasant revolt. Now Yermil is in jail.
Obolt-Obolduev's story
Gavrila Obolt-Obolduev, one of the landowners, spoke about the fate of the nobles after They used to own a lot: serfs, villages, forests. Nobles could invite serfs to the house on holidays to pray. But after the master was no longer the full owner of the peasants. The wanderers knew perfectly well how difficult life was in the days of serfdom. But it is also not difficult for them to understand that it became much harder for the nobles after the abolition of serfdom. And the men are no longer easy. The wanderers understood that they would not be able to find a happy man among men. So they decided to go to the women.
Life of Matrena Korchagina
The peasants were told that in one village there lived a peasant woman named Matrena Timofeevna Korchagina, whom everyone called the lucky one. They found her, and Matrena told the peasants about her life. Nekrasov continues with this story "Who lives well in Russia."
A brief summary of the life story of this woman is as follows. Her childhood was cloudless and happy. She had a working, non-drinking family. Mother cherished and cherished her daughter. When Matryona grew up, she became a beauty. A stove-maker from another village, Philip Korchagin, once wooed her. Matrena told how he persuaded her to marry him. This was the only bright memory of this woman in her entire life, who was hopeless and dreary, although her husband treated her well by peasant standards: he hardly beat her. However, he went to the city to work. Matryona lived in her father-in-law's house. Everyone treated her badly. The only one who was kind to the peasant woman was the very old grandfather Savely. He told her that for the murder of the manager he got to hard labor.
Soon Matryona gave birth to Demushka, a sweet and beautiful child. She could not part with him even for a minute. However, the woman had to work in the field, where her mother-in-law did not allow her to take the child. Grandfather Savely watched the baby. He once missed Demushka, and the child was eaten by pigs. They came from the city to sort it out, in front of the mother's eyes they opened the baby. This was a severe blow for Matryona.
Then five children were born to her, all boys. Matryona was a kind and caring mother. One day Fedot, one of the children, was tending sheep. One of them was carried away by a she-wolf. The shepherd was to blame for this, who should have been punished with whips. Then Matryona begged to be beaten instead of her son.
She also said that they once wanted to take her husband into the soldiers, although this was a violation of the law. Then Matrena went to the city, being pregnant. Here the woman met Elena Alexandrovna, a kind governor who helped her, and Matrena's husband was released.
The peasants considered Matryona a happy woman. However, after listening to her story, the men realized that she could not be called happy. There was too much suffering and trouble in her life. Matrena Timofeevna herself also says that a woman in Russia, especially a peasant woman, cannot be happy. Her lot is very hard.
Out of his mind landowner
The path to the Volga is held by wandering men. Here comes the mowing. People are busy with hard work. Suddenly, an amazing scene: the mowers are humiliated, pleasing the old master. It turned out that the landowner He could not understand what had already been canceled. Therefore, his relatives persuaded the peasants to behave as if it was still valid. They were promised for this. The men agreed, but were deceived once again. When the old master died, the heirs gave them nothing.
The Story of Jacob
Repeatedly on the way, wanderers listen to folk songs - hungry, soldier's and others, as well as various stories. They remembered, for example, the story of Jacob, the faithful serf. He always tried to please and appease the master, who humiliated and beat the serf. However, this led to the fact that Yakov loved him even more. The master's legs gave up in old age. Yakov continued to take care of him, as if he were his own child. But he didn't get any credit for it. Grisha, a young guy, Yakov's nephew, wanted to marry one beauty - a serf girl. Out of jealousy, the old master sent Grisha as a recruit. Jacob from this grief hit drunkenness, but then returned to the master and took revenge. He took him to the forest and hanged himself right in front of the master. Since his legs were paralyzed, he could not go anywhere. The master sat all night under Yakov's corpse.
Grigory Dobrosklonov - people's protector
This and other stories make men think that they will not be able to find happy people. However, they learn about Grigory Dobrosklonov, a seminarian. This is the son of a sexton, who has seen the suffering and hopeless life of the people since childhood. He made a choice in his early youth, decided that he would devote his strength to the struggle for the happiness of his people. Gregory is educated and smart. He understands that Russia is strong and will cope with all troubles. In the future, Gregory will have a glorious path, the big name of the people's intercessor, "consumption and Siberia."
Men hear about this intercessor, but they still do not understand that such people can make others happy. This won't happen soon.
Heroes of the poem
Nekrasov depicted various segments of the population. Ordinary peasants become the main characters of the work. They were emancipated by the reform of 1861. But their life after the abolition of serfdom did not change much. The same hard work, hopeless life. After the reform, moreover, the peasants who had their own land found themselves in an even more difficult situation.
The characterization of the heroes of the work "To whom it is good to live in Russia" can be supplemented by the fact that the author created surprisingly reliable images of peasants. Their characters are very accurate, although contradictory. Not only kindness, strength and integrity of character is in the Russian people. They have been preserved in genetic level servility, servility, willingness to obey a despot and tyrant. The advent of Grigory Dobrosklonov, a new man, is a symbol of the fact that honest, noble, smart people appear among the downtrodden peasantry. May their fate be unenviable and difficult. Thanks to them, self-consciousness will arise in the peasant masses, and people will finally be able to fight for happiness. This is what the heroes and the author of the poem dream of. ON THE. Nekrasov ("Who Lives Well in Russia", "Russian Women", "Frost, and other works) is considered a truly folk poet, who was interested in the fate of the peasantry, its suffering, problems. The poet could not remain indifferent to his hard lot. The work of N. A. Nekrasov's "To Whom in Russia to Live Well" was written with such sympathy for the people, which makes even today to empathize with their fate at that difficult time.
TO WHOM IN RUSSIA LIVE WELL
The men are arguing and do not notice how the evening comes. They built a fire, went for vodka, had a bite, and again began to argue about who lives "fun, freely in Russia." The dispute turned into a fight. At this time, a chick flew up to the fire. Pahom caught him. A chiffchaff bird appears and asks to let the chick go. In return, she tells how to find a self-assembled tablecloth. The groin releases the chick, the men go the indicated way and find a self-assembled tablecloth. The peasants decide not to return home until they find out "for certain", "Who lives happily, // Freely in Russia."
Chapter I Pop
The men are on their way. They meet peasants, artisans, coachmen, soldiers, and travelers understand that the life of these people cannot be called happy. Finally they meet pop. He proves to the peasants that the priest has no peace, no wealth, no happiness - it is difficult for a priest's son to get a diploma, the priesthood is even more expensive. The priest can be called at any time of the day or night, in any weather. The priest has to see the tears of the orphans and the death rattle of the dying. And there is no honor for the priest - they compose about him "funny tales // And obscene songs, // And all kinds of blasphemy." The priest has no wealth either - the rich landlords almost never live in Russia. The men agree with the priest. They go further.
Chapter II Village Fair
The peasants see poor living everywhere. A man bathes a horse in the river. The wanderers learn from him that all the people went to the fair. The men go there. At the fair, people trade, have fun, walk, drink. One peasant is crying in front of the people - he drank all the money, and the granddaughter of the guest is waiting at home. Pavlusha Veretennikov, nicknamed "master" bought shoes for his granddaughter. The old man is very happy. Wanderers are watching a performance in a booth.
Chapter III Drunken Night
People return drunk after the fair.
People go and fall
As if because of the buckshot rollers, the enemies are firing on the peasants.
Some man buries the little girl, while assuring that he is burying his mother. Women quarrel in a ditch: who has a worse house. Yakim Nagoi says that "there is no measure for Russian hops," but it is also impossible to measure the grief of the people.
This is followed by a story about Yakima Nag, who previously lived in St. Petersburg, then ended up in prison because of a lawsuit with a merchant. Then he came to live in his native village. He bought pictures with which he pasted over the hut and which he loved very much. There was a fire. Yakim rushed to save not the accumulated money, but the pictures that he later hung in the new hut. The people, returning, sing songs. Strangers are sad about own house about wives.
Chapter IV Happy
Wanderers walk among the festive crowd with a bucket of vodka. They promise it to the one who convinces that he is really happy. The deacon is the first to come, he says that he is happy that he believes in the kingdom of heaven. They don't give him vodka. An old woman comes up and says that a very large turnip has been born in her garden. They laughed at her and did not give anything either. A soldier comes with medals, says that he is happy that he survived. They brought it to him.
Approached stonemason tells about his happiness - about great strength. His opponent is a thin man. He says that at one time God punished him for boasting the same way. The contractor praised him at the construction site, and he was glad - he took the burden of fourteen pounds and brought it to the second floor. Since then, and withered. He goes to die at home, an epidemic begins in the car, the dead are unloaded at the stations, but he still survived.
A courtyard man comes, boasts that he was the prince's favorite slave, that he licked plates with the remnants of gourmet food, drank foreign drinks from glasses, suffers from a noble disease of gout. He is chased away. A Belarusian comes up and says that his happiness lies in bread, which he can't get enough of. At home, in Belarus, he ate bread with chaff and bark. A man who had been hurt by a bear came and said that his comrades had died while hunting, but he remained alive. The man received vodka from strangers. The beggars boast that they are happy because they are often served. The wanderers understand that they were wasting vodka on “muzhiks’ happiness” in vain. They are advised to ask Ermil Girin, who kept the mill, about happiness. By decision of the court, the mill is sold at auction. Yermil won the bargain with the merchant Altynnikov, the clerks demanded a third of the cost immediately, contrary to the rules. Yermil did not have money with him, which was required to be paid within an hour, and it was a long way to go home.
He went out to the square and asked the people to lend as much as they could. They got more money than they needed. Yermil gave the money, the mill became his, and the next Friday he distributed the debts. The wanderers wonder why the people believed Girin and gave money. They answer him that he achieved this with the truth. Girin served as a clerk in the estate of Prince Yurlov. He served for five years and did not take anything from anyone, he was attentive to everyone. But he was expelled, and a new clerk came in his place - a scoundrel and a grabber. After the death of the old prince, the new master drove out all the old henchmen and ordered the peasants to elect a new steward. All unanimously elected Yermila. He served honestly, but one day he nevertheless committed a misconduct - he “buffed out” his younger brother Mitriy, and instead of him, the son of Nenila Vlasyevna went to the soldiers.
Since that time, Yermil has become homesick - he does not eat, does not drink, says that he is a criminal. He said that let them (then judge according to conscience. The son of Nenila Vlasvna was returned, and Mitriy was taken away, a fine was imposed on Yermila. A year after that, he didn’t go on his own, then resigned from his post, no matter how they begged him to stay.
The narrator advises to go to Girin, but another peasant says that Yermil is in prison. A riot broke out, government troops were needed. To avoid bloodshed, they asked Girin to address the people.
The story is interrupted by the cries of a drunken lackey suffering from gout - now he is suffering from a beating for theft. The strangers leave.
Chapter V Landowner
The landowner Obolt-Obolduev was “ruddy-faced, // portly, stocky, // sixty years old; // Mustaches are gray, long, // Tricks are valiant. He mistook the men for robbers, even drew a pistol. But they told him what it was. Obolduev laughs, gets down from the carriage and tells about the life of the landowners.
First, he talks about the antiquity of his kind, then recalls the old days, when "Not only Russian people, // Russian nature itself // Subdued us." Then the landowners lived well - luxurious feasts, a whole regiment of servants, their own actors, etc. The landowner recalls dog hunting, unlimited power, how he christened with all his patrimony "on bright Sunday."
Now there is a decline everywhere - “The noble estate // As if everything was hidden, // It died out!” The landowner cannot understand in any way why the “idle hacks” urge him to study and work, because he is a nobleman. He says that he has been living in the village for forty years, but he cannot distinguish a barley ear from a rye ear. The peasants think
The great chain is broken
Torn - jumped:
One end on the master,
Others for a man! ..
Last (From the second part)
Wanderers go, they see haymaking. They take the braids from the women, they begin to mow. Music is heard from the river - this is a landowner riding in a boat. The gray-haired man Vlas urges the women - you should not upset the landowner. Three boats moor to the shore, in them the landowner with his family and servants.
The old landowner bypasses the hay, finds fault that the hay is damp, demands to dry it. He leaves with his retinue for breakfast. Wanderers ask Vlas (he turned out to be the burgomaster) why the landowner orders if serfdom is abolished. Vlas replies that they have a special landowner: when he learned about the abolition of serfdom, he had a stroke - the left half of his body was taken away, he lay motionless.
The heirs arrived, but the old man recovered. His sons told him about the abolition of serfdom, but he called them traitors, cowards, etc. Out of fear that they would be deprived of their inheritance, the sons decide to indulge him in everything.
That is why they persuade the peasants to play a comedy, as if the peasants were returned to the landowners. But some peasants did not need to be persuaded. Ipat, for example, says: “And I’m a serf of the Duck princes - and that’s the whole story!” He recalls how the prince harnessed him to a cart, how he bathed him in an ice hole - he dipped him into one hole, pulled him out of another - and immediately gave him vodka.
The prince put Ipat on the goats to play the violin. The horse stumbled, Ipat fell, and the sleigh ran over him, but the prince left. But after a while he returned. Ipat is grateful to the prince that he did not leave him to freeze. Everyone agrees to pretend that serfdom has not been abolished.
Vlas does not agree to be the burgomaster. Agrees to be Klim Lavin.
Klim has a conscience of clay,
And Minin's beards,
Take a look, you'll think
That you can not find a peasant more powerful and sober.
The old prince walks and orders, the peasants laugh at him on the sly. The peasant Agap Petrov did not want to obey the orders of the old landowner, and when he found him cutting down the forest, he told Utyatin directly about everything, calling him a pea jester. The duckling took the second blow. But contrary to the expectations of the heirs, the old prince recovered again and began to demand a public flogging of Agap.
The latter is being persuaded by the whole world. They took him to the stable, put a damask of wine in front of him and told him to shout louder. He shouted so that even Utyatin took pity. Drunk Agap was carried home. Soon he died: “Klim, the shameless one, ruined him, anathema, with a blame!”
Utyatin is sitting at the table at this time. Peasants stand at the porch. Everyone is doing a comedy, as usual, except for one guy - he laughs. The man is a visitor local orders he is funny. Utyatin again demands the punishment of the rebel. But the wanderers do not want to blame. Burmistrova's godfather saves the day - she says that her son was laughing - a foolish boy. Utyatin calms down, has fun and swaggers at dinner. Dies after dinner. Everyone breathed a sigh of relief. But the joy of the peasants was premature: "With the death of the Last, the caress of the lord disappeared."
Peasant woman (From the third part)
The wanderers decide to look for a happy man among women. They are advised to go to the village of Klin and ask for Matrena Timofeevna, nicknamed the "governor". Arriving in the village, the peasants see "wretched houses." The footman who met them explains that "The landowner is abroad, // And the steward is dying." Wanderers meet Matrena Timofeevna.
Matrena Timofeevna A portly woman,
Wide and dense
Thirty-eight years old.
Beautiful; gray hair,
The eyes are large, stern,
Eyelashes are the richest
Stern and swarthy.
Wanderers talk about their goal. The peasant woman replies that she has no time to talk about life now - she has to go harvest rye. The men offer to help. Matrena Timofeevna talks about her life.
Chapter I Before marriage
Matrena Timofeevna was born in a friendly, non-drinking family and lived "like in Christ's bosom." There was a lot of work, but also a lot of fun. Then Matrena Timofeevna met her betrothed:
On the mountain - a stranger!
Philip Korchagin - St. Petersburg worker,
A baker by skill.
Chapter II Songs
Matrena Timofeevna ends up in a strange house.
The family was big
Grumpy ... I got to hell with a girl's holi!
Husband went to work
Silence, patience advised ...
As ordered, so done:
She walked with anger in her heart.
And the Word did not say too much to anyone.
Filippushka came in winter,
I brought a silk handkerchief Yes, I took a ride on a sled On Catherine's day,
And as if there was no grief! ..
She says that her husband beat her only once, when her husband's sister arrived and he asked to give her shoes, but Matryona hesitated. Philip went back to work, and Matrena's son Demushka was born on Kazanskaya. Life in the mother-in-law's house has become even more difficult, but she endures:
Whatever they say, I work
No matter how they scold - I am silent.
Of the entire family of her husband, Matryona Timofeevna was pitied only by her grandfather Savely.
Chapter III Savely, Holy Russian Bogatyr
Matrena Timofeevna talks about Savelia.
With a huge gray mane,
Tea, twenty years uncut,
With a big beard
Grandfather looked like a bear ...<…>
... He already knocked,
According to fairy tales, a hundred years.
Grandfather lived in a special room,
Didn't like families
He didn’t let me into his corner;
And she was angry, barking,
His "branded, convict"
He honored his own son.
Savely will not be angry,
He will go into his light,
He reads the holy calendar, is baptized Yes, and suddenly he will say cheerfully:
“Branded, but not a slave!”…
Savely tells Matryona why he is called "branded". In the years of his youth, the serfs of his village did not pay dues, did not go to corvée, because they lived in remote places and it was difficult to get there. The landowner Shalashnikov tried to collect quitrent, but was not very successful in this.
Excellently fought Shalashnikov,
And not so hot great incomes received.
Soon Shalashnikov (he was a military man) was killed near Varna. His heir sends a German governor.
He makes the peasants work. They themselves do not notice how they cut through the clearing, that is, it has now become easy to get to them.
And then hard labor came to the Korez peasant -
Ruined to the bone!<…>
The German has a dead grip:
Until they let the world go
Without leaving, sucks!
This went on for eighteen years. The German built a factory, ordered to dig a well. The German began to scold those who dug the well for idleness (among them was Savely). The peasants pushed the German into a pit and the pit was dug up. Further - hard labor, Savely tried to escape from it, but he was caught. He spent twenty years in hard labor, another twenty in the settlement.
Chapter IV Demushka
Matryona Timofeevna gave birth to a son, but her mother-in-law does not allow her to be with the child, since the daughter-in-law began to work less.
The mother-in-law insists that Matryona Timofeevna leave her son with his grandfather. Savely overlooked the child: “The old man fell asleep in the sun, // He fed Demidushka to the pigs // Stupid grandfather! ..” Matryona blames her grandfather, cries. But it didn't end there:
The Lord got angry
He sent uninvited guests, Unrighteous judges!
A doctor, a camp officer, and the police appear in the village, accuse Matryona of deliberately killing a child. The doctor makes an autopsy, despite the requests of Matryona "without reproach // To an honest burial / / To betray the child." They call her crazy. Grandfather Saveliy says that her madness lies in the fact that she went to the authorities without taking with her "neither a security officer, nor a novina." They bury Demushka in closed coffin. Matryona Timofeevna cannot come to her senses, Savely, trying to console her, says that her son is now in paradise.
Chapter V The She-Wolf
After Demushka died, Matryona "she was not herself," she could not work. The father-in-law decided to teach her a lesson with the reins. The peasant woman leaned at his feet and asked: "Kill!" The father-in-law retreated. Day and night Matrena Timofeevna is at her son's grave. Closer to winter, my husband arrived. Saveliy after the death of Demushka “For six days he lay hopelessly, // Then he went into the forests. // So sang, so grandpa cried, // What a forest groaned! And in the fall // He went to repentance // To the Sand Monastery. Every year Matryona has a baby. Three years later, the parents of Matrena Timofeevna die. She goes to her son's grave to cry. Meets grandfather Saveliy there. He came from the monastery to pray for "the dema of the poor, for all the suffering Russian peasantry." Savely did not live long - "in the autumn, the old one had some kind of deep wound on his neck, he was dying hard ...". Savely spoke of the share of the peasants:
There are three paths for men:
Tavern, jail and hard labor,
And the women in Russia
Three loops: white silk,
The second - red silk,
And the third - black silk,
Choose any!..
Four years have passed. Matryona resigned herself to everything. Once a pilgrim wanderer comes to the village, she talks about the salvation of the soul, demands from mothers that they do not feed babies with milk on fasting days. Matrena Timofeevna did not obey. “Yes, it is clear that God was angry,” the peasant woman believes. When her son Fedot was eight years old, he was sent to herd sheep. One day Fedot was brought in and told that he had fed a sheep to a she-wolf. Fedot says that a huge emaciated she-wolf appeared, grabbed a sheep and started running. Fedot caught up with her and took away the sheep, which was already dead. The she-wolf looked into his eyes plaintively and howled. From the bleeding nipples it was clear that she had wolf cubs in her lair. Fedot took pity on the she-wolf and gave her the sheep. Matrena Timofeevna, trying to save her son from a flogging, asks for mercy from the landowner, who orders to punish not the shepherd, but the “impudent woman”.
Chapter VI A Difficult Year
Matrena Timofeevna says that the she-wolf did not appear in vain - there was a lack of bread. The mother-in-law told the neighbors that Matryona, who had put on a clean shirt on Christmas, called on hunger.
For a husband, for an intercessor,
I got off cheap;
And one woman was Killed to death with stakes for the same thing.
Don't mess with the hungry!
After the lack of bread came the recruitment. The brother's older husband was taken to the soldiers, so the family did not expect trouble. But the husband of Matrena Timofeevna is taken to the soldiers out of turn. Life gets even harder. Children had to be sent around the world. The mother-in-law became even more grumpy.
Well don't dress up
Don't wash your face
Neighbors have sharp eyes
Vostro tongues!
Walk the street quieter
Carry your head down
When it's fun, don't laugh
Don't cry out of sadness!
Chapter VII The Governor
Matrena Timofeevna is going to the governor. She has difficulty getting to the city, as she is pregnant. Gives a ruble to the porter to let him in. He says to come back in two hours. Matrena Timofeevna comes, the doorman takes another ruble from her. The governor's wife drives up, Matryona Timofeevna rushes to her with a request for intercession. The peasant woman becomes ill. When she comes to, she is told that she has given birth to a child. The governor, Elena Alexandrovna, was very imbued with Matryona Timofeevna, went after her son as if she were her own (she herself had no children). A messenger is sent to the village to sort everything out. The husband was returned.
Chapter VIII A woman's parable
The men ask if Matryona Timofeevna told them everything. She says that everyone, except that they survived the fire twice, got sick three times.
anthrax, that instead of a horse she had to walk "in a harrow." Matrena Timofeevna recalls the words of the holy pilgrim who went to the "Athenian heights":
Keys to female happiness
From our free will Abandoned, lost in God himself!<…>
Yes, they are unlikely to be found ...
What kind of fish swallowed those sacred keys,
In what seas that fish walks - God forgot!
Feast - for the whole world
There is a feast in the village. Organized a feast Klim. They sent for the parish deacon Tryphon. He came along with his sons, seminarians Savvushka and Grisha.
... It was the eldest Already nineteen years old;
Now, as an archdeacon, I looked, and Grigory had a thin, pale face And thin, curly hair,
With a hint of red.
Simple guys, kind,
They mowed, reaped, sowed And drank vodka on holidays On a par with the peasantry.
The clerk and the seminarians began to sing.
Bitter times - bitter songs
Cheerful “Eat prison, Yasha! There is no milk!"
- "Where is our cow?"
Take away, my light!
The master for the offspring Took her home.
"Where are our chickens?" - The girls are yelling.
"Don't scream, fools!
The Zemsky court ate them;
He took another cart Yes, he promised to wait ... "
It is glorious for the people to live In Russia, a saint!
Then the wahlaks sang:
Corvee
Poor, unkempt Kalinushka,
Nothing for him to flaunt
Only the back is painted
Yes, you don’t know behind the shirt.
From the bast shoes to the collar, the skin is all ripped open,
The belly swells from the chaff.
twisted, twisted,
Slashed, tormented,
Hardly Kalina wanders.
It will knock on the feet of the tavern keeper,
Sorrow drowns in wine
Only on Saturday will come back to haunt his wife from the master's stables ...
The men remember the old order. One of the peasants recalls how one day their mistress decided to mercilessly beat the one "who says a strong word." The men stopped swearing, but as soon as the will was announced, they took their souls away so much that "Priest Ivan was offended." Another man tells about the serf of the exemplary Jacob the faithful. The greedy landowner Polivanov had a faithful servant Yakov. He was devoted to the master without limit.
Jacob showed up like this from his youth, Only Jacob had joy:
Grooming the master, cherishing, appeasing Yes, the tribal youngster to swing.
Yakov's nephew Grisha grew up and asked the master for permission to marry the girl Arina.
However, the master himself liked her. He gave Grisha to the soldiers, despite the pleas of Yakov. The serf got drunk and disappeared. Polivanov feels bad without Yakov. Two weeks later, the serf returned. Polivanov is going to visit his sister, Yakov is taking him. They go through the forest, Yakov turns into a deaf place - Devil's ravine. Polivanov is frightened - he begs to be spared. But Yakov says that he is not going to get his hands dirty with murder, and hangs himself on a tree. Polivanov is left alone. He spends the whole night in the ravine, screaming, calling people, but no one responds. In the morning a hunter finds him. The landowner returns home, lamenting: “I am a sinner, a sinner! Execute me!"
After the story, the peasants start a dispute over who is more sinful - tavern owners, landowners, peasants or robbers. Klim Lavin fights with a merchant. Ionushka, the "humble praying mantis", talks about the power of faith. His story is about the holy fool Fomushka, who called people to flee to the forests, but he was arrested and taken to prison. From the cart, Fomushka shouted: “They beat you with sticks, rods, whips, you will be beaten with iron bars!” In the morning a military team came and pacification and interrogations began, that is, Fomushka's prophecy "almost came true to the point." Jonah talks about Efrosinyushka, the messenger of God, who, in her cholera years, “buries, heals, and takes care of the sick.” Iona Lyapushkin - praying mantis and wanderer. The peasants loved him and argued about who would be the first to take him in. When he appeared, everyone brought icons to meet him, and Jonah followed those whose icon he liked best. Jonah tells a parable about two great sinners.
About two great sinners
The true story was told to Jonah in Solovki by Father Pitirim. Howled twelve robbers, whose chieftain was Kudeyar. They lived in a dense forest, plundered a lot of wealth, and killed a lot of innocent souls. From near Kyiv, Kudeyar brought himself a beautiful girl. Unexpectedly, “the Lord awakened the conscience” of the robber. Kudeyar "He took off his mistress's head // And he spotted the captain." He returned home as an “old man in monastic clothes”, day and night he prays to God for forgiveness. A saint of the Lord appeared before Kudeyar. He pointed to a huge oak tree and said: “With the same knife that robbed, // Cut it with the same hand! ..<…>As soon as the tree collapses, / The chains of sin will fall. Kudeyar begins to fulfill what has been said. Time passes, and pan Glukhovsky passes by. He asks what Kudeyar is doing.
The Elder heard a lot of cruel, terrible things about the pan, And as a lesson to the sinner, he told his Secret.
Pan chuckled: “I haven’t had tea for a long time,
In the world I honor only a woman,
Gold, honor and wine.
You have to live, old man, in my opinion:
How many slaves I destroy
I torture, I torture and hang,
And I would like to see how I sleep!
The hermit becomes furious, attacks the pan and plunges a knife into his heart. At that very moment, the tree collapsed, and a load of sins fell from the old man.
Both old and new Peasant sin
One admiral for military service, for the battle with the Turks near Ochakovo, the empress was granted eight thousand souls of peasants. Dying, he gives the casket to Gleb the elder. Punishes the casket to protect, as it contains a will, according to which all eight thousand souls will receive freedom. After the death of the admiral, a distant relative appears on the estate, promises the headman a lot of money, and the will is burned. Everyone agrees with Ignat that this is a big sin. Grisha Dobrosklonov speaks about the freedom of the peasants, that "there will be no new Gleb in Russia." Vlas wishes Grisha wealth, a smart and healthy wife. Grisha in response:
I don't need any silver
No gold, but God forbid
So that my countrymen And every peasant Live freely and cheerfully In all of holy Russia!
A cart of hay is approaching. Soldier Ovsyannikov is sitting on the wagon together with his niece Ustinyushka. The soldier made his living with a raik, a portable panorama that shows objects through a magnifying glass. But the tool is broken. The soldier then came up with new songs and began to play on spoons. Sings a song.
Soldier's Toshen light,
There is no truth
Life is boring
The pain is strong.
German bullets,
Turkish bullets,
French bullets,
Russian sticks!
Klim notices that in his yard there is a deck on which he chopped firewood from his youth. She is "not as wounded" as Ovsyannikov. However, the soldier did not receive full board, as the doctor's assistant, when examining the wounds, said that they were second-class. The soldier reapplies.
Good time - good songs
Grisha and Savva take their father home and sing:
The share of the people
his happiness.
Light and freedom First of all!
We ask God a little:
An honest thing To do skillfully Give us strength!
Working life -
A direct road to the heart of a friend,
Away from the threshold
Coward and lazy!
Isn't it heaven!
The division of the people
his happiness.
Light and freedom First of all!
Father fell asleep, Savvushka took up the book, and Grisha went into the field. Grisha has a thin face - in the seminary they were underfed by the housekeeper. Grisha remembers his mother Domna, whose favorite son he was. Sings a song:
In the midst of the world below For a free heart There are two ways.
Weigh the proud strength
Weigh firm will, -
How to go?
One spacious Road- tornado,
The passions of a slave
On it is huge,
To the temptation of the greedy Crowd goes.
About sincere life
About the lofty goal There the thought is ridiculous.
Grisha sings a song about the bright future of his homeland: "You are still destined to suffer a lot, / But you will not die, I know." Grisha sees a barge hauler, who, having completed his work, clinking coppers in his pocket, goes to a tavern. Grisha sings another song.
You are poor
You are abundant
You are powerful
You are powerless
Mother Russia!
Grisha is pleased with his song:
In his chest he heard immense strength, His gracious sounds delighted his ears, The radiant sounds of a noble hymn - He sang the embodiment of the happiness of the people! ..
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Page 2 of 3
Part two
PEASANT WOMAN
Prologue
“Not everything between men
look for happy
Let's touch the women!” -
Our wanderers decided
And they began to question the women.
... They said how they cut it off:
“We don’t have such
And there is in the village of Klin:
Holmogory cow
Not a woman! wiser
And more ironically - there is no woman.
Ask Korchagina
Matryona Timofeevna,
She is the Governor...
Wanderers go and admire the bread, flax:
All garden vegetables
Ripe: children rush
Some with turnips, some with carrots,
sunflower peeling,
And the women are pulling beets,
Such a good beet!
Just like red boots
They lie on the strip.
Wanderers came across the estate. The gentlemen live abroad, the clerk is dying, and the courtyards wander like restless, looking for what they can steal: They caught all the crucians in the pond.
- The paths are so dirty,
What a shame! with stone girls
Broken noses!
Missing fruits and berries
Lost swan geese
Have a lackey in the goiter!
Wanderers went from the manor to the village. The strangers sighed lightly:
Them after the yard aching
seemed beautiful
Healthy, singing
A crowd of reapers and reapers,
They met with Matryona Timofeevna, for whose sake they had come a long way.
Matrena Timofeevna
stubborn woman,
Wide and dense
Thirty-eight years old.
Beautiful; gray hair,
The eyes are large, stern,
Eyelashes are the richest
Stern and swarthy
She has a white shirt on
Yes, the sundress is short,
Yes, a sickle over the shoulder.
“What do you guys need?”
Wanderers persuade a peasant woman to tell about her life. Matrena Timofeevna refuses:
“Our ears are already shedding,
Hands are missing, dear"
- And what are we, godfather?
Come on sickles! All seven
How will we become tomorrow - by evening
We will harvest all your rye!
Then she agreed:
“I won’t hide anything!”
While Matryona Timofeevna was in charge of the household, the peasants sat down near the self-assembled tablecloth.
The stars have set
Through the dark blue sky
The month has become high,
When the hostess came
And became our wanderers
“Open your whole soul...”
Chapter I
BEFORE MARRIAGE
I was lucky in the girls:
We had a good
Non-drinking family.
Parents did not live their daughter, but not for long. At the age of five, they began to accustom them to cattle, and from the age of seven she herself went after the cow, brought lunch to her father in the field, grazed ducklings, went for mushrooms and berries, ted the hay ... There was enough work. She was a master of singing and dancing. Filipp Korchagin, a “Petersburg worker”, a stove-maker, got married.
Grieved, wept bitterly,
And the girl did the work:
On the betrothed sideways
Looked at.
Pretty-ruddy, broad-powerful,
Rus hair, quiet conversation -
Fell on the heart of Philip!
Matrena Timofeevna sings an old song, recalls her wedding.
Chapter II
SONGS
The wanderers sing along to Matryona Timofeevna.
The family was big
Grumpy... I sniffed
From girlish holi to hell!
The husband went to work, and she ordered her sister-in-law, father-in-law, mother-in-law to endure. The husband returned and Matryona cheered up.
Philip on the Annunciation
He left, but on Kazanskaya
I gave birth to a son.
What a handsome son! And then the master's manager tortured me with his courtship. Matryona rushed to Grandfather Savely.
- What to do! Teach!
Of all her husband's relatives, one grandfather felt sorry for her.
- Well, something! special speech
It's a sin to keep silent about grandfather.
Lucky was also...
Chapter III
SAVELIY, THE BOGATYR SVYATORUSSKY
Saveliy, Holy Russian hero.
With a huge gray mane,
Tea, twenty years uncut,
With a big beard
Grandpa looked like a bear
Especially as in the forest,
Bending down, he left.
At first, she was afraid of him that if he straightened up, he would break through the ceiling with his head. But he could not straighten up; he was said to be a hundred years old. Grandfather lived in a special room
Didn't like family...
He didn’t let anyone in, and the family called him “branded, convict”. To which the grandfather cheerfully replied:
“Branded, but not a slave!”
Grandfather often played evil tricks on relatives. In summer, he hunted mushrooms and berries, birds and small animals in the forest, and in winter he talked to himself on the stove. Once Matrena Timofeevna asked why he was called a branded convict? “I was a convict,” he replied.
For the fact that the German Vogel, the offender of the peasant, was buried alive in the ground. He said that they lived freely among dense forests. Only the bears bothered them, but they coped with the bears. He, having lifted a bear on a horn, tore his back. In her youth, she was sick, and in old age she bent, that she could not unbend. The landowner called them to his city and forced them to pay dues. Under the rods, the peasants agreed to pay something. Every year the master called them that, tore mercilessly with rods, but had little. When the old landowner was killed near Varna, his heir sent a German steward to the peasants. The German was quiet at first. If you can’t pay, don’t pay, but work, for example, dig a swamp with a ditch, cut a clearing. The German brought his family, and ruined the peasants to the bone. For eighteen years they endured the steward. The German built a factory and ordered to dig a well. He came to dinner to scold the peasants, and they pushed him into a dug well and buried him. For this, Saveliy went to hard labor, fled; he was returned and beaten mercilessly. I was in hard labor for twenty years and twenty years in a settlement, I saved up money there. Came back home. When there was money, his relatives loved, and now they spit in the eyes.
Chapter IV
DEMUSHKA
It is described how the tree burned, and with it the chicks in the nest. Birds yae was to save the chicks. When she arrived, everything had already burned down. One sobbed little bird,
Yes, the dead did not call
Until the white morning! ..
Matrena Timofeevna says that she carried her son to work, but her mother-in-law scolded her and ordered to leave her with his grandfather. While working in the field, she heard groans and saw her grandfather crawling:
Oh, poor young woman!
The daughter-in-law is the last in the house,
Last slave!
Endure the great storm
Take extra beatings
And from the eye of the unreasonable
Don't let the baby go!
The old man fell asleep in the sun
Feed the pigs Demidushka
Stupid grandfather!
My mother almost died of grief. Then the judges arrived and began to interrogate the attesting witnesses and Matryona, whether she was in connection with Savely:
I answered in a whisper:
- It's a shame, sir, joke!
I am an honest wife to my husband,
And old man Savely
One hundred years... Tea, you know.
They accused Matryona of having killed her son in collusion with the old man, and Matryona only asked that her son's body not be opened! Led without reproach
Honest burial
betray the child!
Going into the upper room, she saw her son Savely at the tomb, reciting prayers, and drove him away, calling him a murderer. He also loved the baby. Grandfather reassured her that no matter how long a peasant lives, he suffers, and Demush her - in paradise.
“...Easy for him, light for him...”
Chapter V
THE WOLF
Twenty years have passed since then. For a long time, the inconsolable mother suffered. Grandfather went to repentance in the monastery. Time passed, every year children were born, and three years later a new misfortune crept up - her parents died. Grandfather returned all white from repentance, and soon he died.
As ordered - performed:
Buried next to Demo...
He lived one hundred and seven years.
Her son Fedot was eight years old, they gave him as a shepherd. The shepherd left, and the she-wolf dragged the sheep away, Fedot first took the sheep from the weakened she-wolf, and then he saw that the sheep had already died, threw it again to the she-wolf. He came to the village and told everything himself. For this, they wanted to flog Fedot, but his mother did not give it back. Instead of a young son, they flogged her. After seeing off her son with the herd, Matryona cries, calls out to her dead parents, but she has no intercessors.
Chapter VI
HARD YEAR
There was hunger. The mother-in-law told the neighbors that she, Matryona, was to blame for everything. put on a clean shirt for Christmas.
For a husband, for an intercessor,
I got off cheap;
And one woman
Not for the same
Killed to death with stakes.
Don't mess with the hungry!
A little coped with lack of bread, recruitment came. But Matryona Timofeevna was not very afraid, a recruit had already been taken from the family. She was sitting at home, because. was pregnant and nursing last days. An upset father-in-law came and said that Philip was being recruited. Matrena Timofeevna realized that if her husband was taken as a soldier, she and her children would disappear. I got up from the stove and went into the night.
Chapter VII
GOVERNOR
On a frosty night, Matryona Timofeevna prays and goes to the city. Arriving at the governor's house, she asks the porter when she can come. The porter promises to help her. Learning that the governor's wife was coming, Matrena Timofeevna threw herself at her feet and told her misfortune.
I didn't know what I was doing
(Yes, apparently, I thought
Mistress! ..) How will I rush
At her feet: “Stand up!
Deception, not godly
Provider and parent
They take from children!”
The peasant woman lost consciousness, and when she woke up, she saw herself in rich chambers, next to the “pissed off child”.
Thank you Governor
Elena Alexandrovna,
I am so grateful to her
Like a mother!
She baptized the boy
And name: Liodorushka
Chose the baby...
Everything was found out, the husband was returned.
Chapter VIII
WOMAN'S PARABLE
So,
Glorified by the lucky one
Nicknamed the governor
Matryona since then.
Now she rules the house, raises children: she has five sons, one has already been recruited ... And then the peasant woman added: - And what you started
It's not a matter - between women
Happy looking!
- What else do you want?
Isn't it right to tell you
That we burned twice
That god anthrax
Visited us three times?
Horse pushes
We carried; I took a walk
Like a gelding in a harrow!..
My feet are not trampled,
Not tied with ropes
Not pierced with needles...
What else do you want?
For a mother that has been scolded,
Like a trampled snake,
The blood of the firstborn is gone,
And you - for happiness stuck your head!
It's a shame, well done!
Don't touch women
Here is God! pass with nothing
To the grave!
One pilgrim-wanderer said:
“The keys to female happiness,
From our free will
abandoned, lost
God himself!”
