Bog oak. Bog Oak How to cut on Bog Oak

Stained wood is a tree that has lain in water for many years, while gaining incredible beauty and strength.

Everyone knows that there are valuable tree species, but there are more affordable ones, such as pine or spruce. But there is a very special category of wood - stained. This is a tree that, having lain in the water for tens, hundreds, thousands of years, acquires incredible beauty and strength. Let's talk about stained wood.

Stained wood - incredible beauty and strength

Trunks and fragments of trees lying under water are commonly called driftwood. A logical name, given that the tree really turns out to be drowned, has been at the bottom of the sea, lake, river, swamp for decades. It is noteworthy that some trunks at the same time turn into dust, rot and, of course, cannot be used. But other trees, on the contrary, acquire a truly stone strength.

The most valuable stained wood is oak. This royal tree is already valued for its strength and beautiful texture. Having lain under water for at least 300 years, the oak acquires delicate pale shades. If the tree is black, then it has lain in the reservoir for about 1000 years!

In the pre-industrial era, “black gold” was not called oil at all, but bog oak. Products from it are almost eternal, not subject to rotting, fungus or mold. They do not need a protective coating, and stained wood looks extraordinarily beautiful.

In addition to oak, larch is considered the most valuable stained wood. This is not surprising. It is these tree species that, due to their high density, sink, sink to the bottom, where a transformation process takes place under a layer of silt or sand. Even in fresh water there are salts that interact with the tannins of wood and help it acquire special hardness and strength.

According to experts, in order for a tree to really become stained, it must lie under water for at least 40 years. In general, the longer the better, experts say. The stagnant waters of swamps or lakes are ideal places to obtain stained wood. But a tree that has lain in sea water, soaked in salt, will also be no less durable.

Literally anything can be made from stained wood: furniture, parquet, various crafts, figurines and figurines, caskets, billiard cues, pipes, other interior items and even jewelry. There are no drawbacks to this material, but it is not available to everyone. Stained wood, especially oak and larch, is very expensive! There are several good reasons for this:

• First, it is a rare material. Although, as calculated at the Central Research Institute of Timber Rafting, approximately 1% of the entire floated volume sinks in the process of transporting tree trunks, and about 9 million m3 of driftwood has accumulated in the Volga basin. That's a lot, you say. But finding sunken trunks is not easy. In addition, only 50% of all sunken wood can be classified as commercial, that is, suitable for further use. And oak among driftwood is no more than 5%. In Europe, the search for and lifting of flooded trees has been done for a long time and purposefully, so it is already very difficult to find driftwood in European countries. Russia still has reserves of this material;
• Secondly, it is technically difficult to raise a tree to the surface. Special equipment is needed, usually the help of scuba divers is required. The wood becomes heavy, you can’t get a solid trunk by hand;
• Thirdly, it is not enough to get a firewood. It also needs to be dried before use. It takes about a year, and in no case should the process be accelerated, drying should occur naturally;
• Fourthly, it is difficult to process a tree that has become very durable; special skills and tools are needed. Not all carpenters take up work with bog oak.

Therefore, for three kilograms of bog black oak on the Internet they often ask about 2 thousand rubles! Or 200 rubles for one small piece, literally a cube, suitable only for cutting, for example, a knife handle. And a finished comb made of bog oak, such as shown in the photo above, will cost more than 12 thousand rubles.

You can imagine how much a parquet made of such material or a kitchen set will cost. Experts compare the cost of a good bog oak log with the price of a car. Cheaper bog birch, pine, aspen - they ask from 1.5 to 20 thousand rubles per cubic meter, depending on the condition and quality of the wood.

With such prices for stained wood, it is not surprising that manufacturers of furniture and interior items achieve similarity with the help of stains and special impregnations. Yes, this is already an imitation, in terms of strength and hardness such a tree does not differ from the usual one, but the color becomes darker, nobler, the structure is emphasized.

Stained wood is an elite material. Only for expensive interiors, yacht decoration, exclusive car interiors, furniture that is in the offices of presidents and heads of large companies.published

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If you have any questions on this topic, ask them to specialists and readers of our project.

Bog oak is an excellent building material. Its unusual color is very popular. Therefore, it is widely applicable, especially for the production of finishing building materials and furniture fittings. It is also used to make various design and household items. For example, from a block of bog oak, you can make a knife handle, a jewelry box, a photo frame and much more.

At home, a beautiful bog oak can be obtained, for example, from a bar of ordinary oak.

To do this, we need a simple glass jar: a liter or a three-liter, it all depends on the size of the piece of wood. You will also need simple shoe nails. As well as a plastic lid for a jar, a hammer, a pharmacy solution of 10% ammonia, a thin fishing line, stationery tape. And, of course, our oak material.

This procedure is best done in a well-ventilated area or outdoors.

To begin with, in any place of the bar, not important for aesthetic use in the future, you need to hammer in a carnation. A small length of fishing line should be tied to it.

Pour the ammonia solution into the jar as soon as possible. Then you should lower the oak bar into the jar, but so that it does not touch the ammonia solution itself. The ends of the fishing line, which is tied to the carnation, must be brought out of the edges of the opening of the jar. Then, very quickly put the plastic lid on the jar. In this case, the lid will press the fishing line, and the block of wood will hang in the jar without touching the ammonia solution, as required by technology.

Glue the fishing line on the outside to the surface of the can with stationery tape. Also tape the lid and jar where they meet to prevent even the slightest amount of ammonia fumes.

In this position, a jar with an oak bar should be left for one or three days. It all depends on how light or dark the color of the wood we want to get.

When opening the jar, you should be extremely careful and try not to inhale ammonia vapors, as this can be hazardous to health.

If you keep an oak bar in a jar for more than three days, you will get a rather dark color of scorched oak. Because the ammonia vapors were in reaction with tannins for a long time. And the longer this happens, the richer the color. In this case, the depth of wood impregnation will be up to 1 cm or more.

If it is possible to use sufficiently large glass containers at home, then in this way you can get a fairly decent amount of bog oak. Subsequently, bog oak can be used for construction purposes in a summer cottage. It will look especially beautiful after opening with furniture varnish.

I would like to pay special attention to such a direction as cooperage. On the website https://euro-bochka.com.ua of the Euro-bochka company, various oak products for wines and other drinks are presented, made with amazing craftsmanship. Oak is a difficult-to-process material, and therefore each product made from it is unique.

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Real or natural bog oak is a unique material created by nature. Its beauty and properties have nothing to do with human skills. Black, streaked with silver or greyish when cut, it inspires craftsmen to create unique pieces.

It is oak wood, mineralized with metal salts in natural conditions. For many hundreds of years, due to erosion of the banks and changes in the course of rivers, coastal oak groves were under water. Under the influence of tannin (gallotannic acid), the wood changes its chemical composition there.

Story

The earliest official information about the extraction of bog oak in Russia dates back to the 70s. XIX century. The researcher of that time Stal reported, describing the Sura River, that it had long been “clogged” with oak trunks.

Later, in 1882, information about bog oak was published in an article published in the journal "Russian Forestry" No. 12 by the forester Chernitsky, where the author of the article points to accumulations of bog oak in the former Kostroma province.

Gradually, information about the extraction and transportation of valuable material is increasingly appearing in various printed publications.

But printed evidence does not mean that oak has not been mined before. For a long time, bog oak has been developed in an artisanal way: the trunks were found in the water by prospectors and pulled to the surface almost by hand.

Later, an industrial method for the extraction of this elite material was also developed; it was used by the Moscow-Kazan Railway joint-stock company.

Usage

Speaking of bog oak, one cannot help but start with a story about. The decorative design of the Gorodets donets with carving and inlay from bog oak arose in the second half of the 18th century.

They were made by peasants from the surrounding villages located in the picturesque valley of the forest river Uzola. Inserts carved from solid black bog oak effectively stood out against the background of the light surface of the bottom.

In Russia, presenting gifts made of ebony on especially solemn occasions has become a tradition. Cabinets, armchairs, bureaus were presented for anniversaries and official appointments.

For the wedding and the day of the angel, the ladies were presented with caskets, caskets and small carved angels made of bog oak. These souvenirs, along with family jewels, were passed down from generation to generation.

The generals bequeathed cabinets made of bog oak to their grandchildren, and the elderly countess could give her great-granddaughter a little angel, which she had inherited from her grandmother, for good luck. Currently, bog oak products are kept either in museums and palaces, or in private collections.

Photo gallery

Useful information

"Bog oak"
(from the French "marais" - swamp)

Peculiarities

Characteristic features of bog oak wood are increased hardness, heavy weight, high strength and resistance to decay.

Bog oak lends itself well to mechanical processing.

After 300 years of staining, wood acquires a delicate pale shade, and after 1000 years - black.

blacksmiths

In historical descriptions, one can find the name of bog oak as "ebony" and "iron tree". Such names are due to the properties of wood, but we are talking about oak aged under water.

It is characteristic that in Russia there was no concept of "cabinet worker" - craftsmen working with elite wood were called "cabinet makers".

And today, following the centuries-old traditions of the craftsmen, they respect the natural originality of each piece of material they work with, revealing and presenting its best qualities.

The main differences from artificial

Nowadays, there are technologies for artificially creating the effect of bog oak. But there are always ways to distinguish a fake.

• Bog oak is a fossil material, it is fundamentally different from freshly sawn oak, since for a long time in a humid, airless environment, completely different processes occur in it related to the conversion of internal energy.
• Natural bog oak used to grow in ecologically absolutely healthy, pre-industrial conditions, which makes it possible to produce environmentally friendly products from it, which are currently in high demand and attention.
• Stocks of natural bog oak are limited and irreplaceable.
• The vast majority of known products from bog oak are of cultural and historical value.
• At present, mainly 50-100-year-old oak wood is being processed, that is, wood that has been fully exposed to technogenic factors at the cellular level.

Bog oak- a precious wood material with silver-gray noble veins that has absorbed history. For centuries and millennia, sunken oak trunks have been at the bottom of reservoirs, where, without air access, in the process of staining, they gradually acquired strength that is not inferior to stone. Nature itself, having given bog oak its durability and unique color scheme, has determined its unique properties. You can't find a more beautiful wood texture. That is why a significant difference between bog oak products is that neither dyes nor varnishes are used in their manufacture. The color of the wood speaks for itself: delicate pale shades indicate the age of staining at 300-400 years, and the black color is acquired over more than 1000 years of staining.

Bog oak- wood is unique, rare and fabulously expensive. Elite furniture, parquet and even jewelry are made from it, which are extremely strong, unique and durable. It is valued all over the world and the fashion for it is enduring, like the fashion for gold and diamonds. This is common knowledge. As, however, it is considered well-known that the waters of Belarusian rivers and lakes keep thousands of cubic meters of bog oak unclaimed today.

In historical descriptions, you can find the name of bog oak as "ebony" and "iron tree". Such names are due to the properties of wood, but we are talking about oak aged under water. It is characteristic that in Russia there was no concept of "cabinet maker" - craftsmen working with elite wood were called precisely "blackwoods". And today, following the centuries-old traditions of the craftsmen, they respect the natural originality of each piece of material they work with, revealing and presenting its best qualities. Therefore, bog oak is used today not only and not so much as a finishing material, but also as a source of inspiration for creating genuine works of art.

Oak legends

In ancient times, bog oak was surrounded by a veil of mystery. According to the legends that have come down to us, mermaids and mermen lived in its roots and under its protection. However, everything in the surrounding nature was then considered spiritual: boulders, springs, swamps, lakes, large trees and even wells. The world was alive, filled with power and magic. Well, the mysterious black oaks - even more so, because their whole life "after death" remained hidden under water. And even today, genetic memory reluctantly allows an impressionable person to travel alone among the rubble of bog oak in some remote corner of Polissya.

Fuming

For many hundreds of years, oak trunks sunk during floods or rafting lie at the bottom of rivers and oxbow lakes. They are partially or completely covered with sand and silt, which means that the wood is largely isolated from oxygen. In such conditions, the tree becomes strong, like a stone. It undergoes a change in the chemical composition, and at the same time it turns out to be treated with such a natural preservative as tannins. Tannins, of which there are plenty in oak wood, enter into a chemical reaction with iron salts dissolved in water. After such a complex and long process, the sunken tree is qualitatively transformed. Its wood acquires unique physical properties: it becomes not only durable and strong, but also amazing in color. After all, as you know, bog oak can be jet black, brownish, and even with a turquoise tint. In any case, each of them is unique and somewhat exclusive, like another creation of nature - amber.

Extraction and processing of natural bog oak.

If the harvesting of ordinary wood, whether it be pine, birch or backout, rosewood is a common operating process, polished by people for thousands of years, backed up by proven technologies and a variety of technical mechanisms and equipment, then purposefully harvesting natural bog oak, both in ancient times and now, has been and is being done very rarely and mostly exclusively when performing responsible tasks. The harvesting of natural bog oak is a complex, time-consuming process and qualifies as the extraction of a natural resource. Indeed, in order to cut down a tree, you can simply approach it at any time to determine its condition, quality and cut it down. And it can be done by one person without undue effort. And in order to get bog oak, it must first be found at the bottom of a water body, for which it is necessary to examine significant underwater areas, sometimes in difficult conditions. Having found a bog oak, you need to prepare it at the bottom for lifting. Then, using serious equipment or mechanisms, you need to raise multi-ton production to the surface, and the weight of bog oak can reach 10 and 50 tons. Having raised it to the surface, it must be moved to the place of bucking, and only after that it is possible to proceed to its assessment as a material and to the subsequent mandatory processing. After all, it often happens that a bog oak, which looked quite impressive under water and which required considerable effort and expense to lift, was completely disappointing on the shore. Moreover, the bog oak raised to the surface must be put into circulation as a matter of urgency, since it is practically reactivated after being in an airless environment for many years and can become unusable in a short period of time.

The entrance to the extracted bog oak to the place of ascent to the land also very often represents a serious amount of work. Since if during the loading and transportation of ordinary wood, due to its significant volumes, work on the construction of reliable access roads is economically justified, then when, for example, a timber truck approaches the place of loading bog oak, sometimes it can be an almost insoluble problem. To the place of rise to the land of each bog oak, do not break through the passage with a bulldozer and do not muck marshy places. Not to mention the fact that employees of environmental authorities can count up to a centimeter and piece by piece the damage caused to the environment in the coastal zone. And then the transportation of the extracted bog oak has to be carried out according to an individual decision in accordance with the parameters of the wood and taking into account the favorable conditions for transportation by water to the place of ascent to land and loading onto a vehicle. Moreover, the bog oak logs themselves are saturated with water to the limit and are almost twice as heavy as the same logs of ordinary oak, which of course complicates the work. But it is still far from obtaining high-quality bog oak.

The most difficult question lies ahead. storage and high-quality drying of bog oak.

The storage and drying of ordinary wood has been thoroughly studied, scientific works and treatises on the drying of ordinary wood, which have absorbed the results of the work of many generations and the collective work of many research institutes, form huge technical libraries around the world. National and international norms and standards for ordinary wood have been introduced. But the study of the issues of storage and drying of natural bog oak to obtain the maximum yield of quality products is only at the initial stage. This situation significantly affects the cost of high-quality bog oak. You can listen to many opinions on this matter, but the fact remains that today there is no stable demand for natural bog oak. And this is due to the fact that due to the very high cost of high-quality bog oak, there is no stable supply of it on the valuable wood market. It comes to the point of absurdity when a professional bog oak miner sells the finished material several times lower than its cost, thereby putting natural bog oak on a par with low-grade precious wood (teak, wenge) to solve its financial issues. Moreover, temporary workers, who, having superficial knowledge of bog oak, and a thirst for profit after the barbaric treatment of bog oak at all stages of extraction and processing of oak, are in serious competition with him (they tear the coastal zone with tractors and oaks, dump mountains of raw oak under the scorching sun (and sometimes for the winter) on the shore, on barges, at storage sites, they throw logs back into the water after long-term storage in the air, illiterately store finished lumber for long-term storage, etc., etc.), as a result of the lack of demand for them already the received material, they close the topic and sell to buyers for a penny what it is possible to take away from it (what kind of energy of such material can we talk about?), And the rest of the spoiled material is put into the furnace.

You can not approach the bog oak as ordinary wood, with the usual, generally accepted standards. The main value of bog oak- a positive energy charge accumulated for thousands of years by a unique material in different worlds, in the most incredible conditions. And, of course, the way in which the process of extraction, processing of bog oak, the manufacture of the final product takes place, is of absolute importance. Such concepts as environmental protection measures in the extraction of bog oak, transparency of the entire chain of events, sparing and advanced technologies, environmental friendliness, the main conditions for obtaining material from bog oak of extra class, elite and unique products with active positive energy.

Over the past 20 years, thousands of enterprising people in the post-Soviet space have tried to establish a business in the extraction and processing of bog oak. Seems like it might be difficult. He drove a tractor to the river, pulled out an oak, took it to a collective farm, and recently to a private sawmill, sawed it, and sold it. But this simplicity is very deceptive. There is a known case when in the 1990s about 700 m3 of natural bog oak were brought ashore and stored during the navigation season. Several wagons were sent to the buyer, some were thrown back into the river in the late autumn, and a significant part went to firewood. And, unfortunately, there were many such cases. Wagons with wet bog oak went abroad, which also lost all its consumer properties at the final destination. Thousands of cubic meters of bog oak went into stoves or are still submerged in oxbow lakes and lakes after summer storage under the scorching sun. It will be very difficult to get high-quality material during repeated lifting and processing.

And quite recently (2006-2009) there was a case when a financially prosperous enterprise that has its own floating craft with lifting equipment, its own solid production base, equipped with a modern set of imported equipment, with a great desire of a serious businessman to organize the extraction, processing and manufacture products from natural bog oak, due to the lack of qualified specialists, about 100 m3 of ready-made lumber (board 20-50 mm) from natural bog oak was sent for fuel. And from the remaining 150 m3 of finished lumber, they were subsequently able to select about 30 m3 of material with acceptable consumer properties and a huge cost as the final product.

Bog oak material is very delicate. From the moment he was discovered, he requires a very careful attitude towards himself. Barbaric attitude towards him is unacceptable. In this case, you should not be surprised if, at first glance, a beautiful trunk will surprise you in the form of unexpected patterns of crack cracks or colorful disgrace, at first imperceptible, but after a while, causing a frost crack. And let it not be a surprise in this case a large amount of material obtained with poor geometry and low quality characteristics. Bog oak is an unusual material. He loves a very neat, caring attitude. A lot of factors that casual owners of this wonderful material allow in the order of things do not have the right to life at all. For example, mechanical damage during lifting and storage, the appearance of mold of any kind, internal, hidden cracks during and after drying, excessive, thoughtless waste during processing. Or even worse - an ugly warehousing-dump of raised, unprocessed oak on the shore or in a warehouse ... Yes, mountains of bog oak logs, and even more so, multi-meter stacks of finished bog oak lumber look for the uninitiated, at first glance, very impressive. But the final positive result will be visible only after a considerable time has passed and, of course, as a result of hard, time-consuming and painstaking work, under the obligatory guidance of specialists.

These and many other facts indicate that the extraction and processing of natural bog oak requires increased attention and does not tolerate an unskilled, superficial approach leading to very tangible financial losses and irretrievably lost time.

Humidity is determined using a special device - a moisture meter. There is another way. To determine the moisture content of wood, an alcohol solution of iodine is applied to a fresh chipped flake from the workpiece with a brush. If the tree is harvested in winter (less damp), then the veins will acquire a dark purple hue, if in summer (more damp) - yellowish. However, it is difficult to determine the moisture content of a knotty blank in this way, since the presence of knots will enhance the “sound” of the wood.
The best way to determine the moisture content of wood is by the chips removed from the workpiece with a jointer. The wood will be damp if thin and long chips can be tied into a knot, and dry if the chips break.
The density of wood can be determined by the degree of saturation of its moisture. So, in order to select a high-quality oak board, samples of several boards of the same size are placed in water for several hours, after which they are weighed. The heaviest specimen will be of the lowest quality, since it has absorbed a lot of water, which means that its wood is less dense than the rest.
The juices that the tree feeds on during its growth contain many different salts. When the wood dries, they remain in the pores of the checkered structure of the tree, where, under certain conditions, moisture with air also enters. This contributes to the decay of the material of the blanks. To get rid of salts, workpieces with a load are lowered onto a clean river bottom with a butt against the current. After a certain time (usually 7-8 months), the water will wash out all the salts from the wood. After drying, the wood becomes very durable, almost does not warp or crack. It should be remembered that not every tree can be freed from salts in this way, since many species rot in a humid environment. Therefore, only those species that are hardy to stay in a humid environment are subject to leaching: oak, pine, alder, yew and some others.

Do-it-yourself artificial aging of wood

Bog oak is a lumber obtained from black oak with a purple tint (popularly known as "blue wing" or "anthracite") and subtle silver veins. He was in a humid environment without access to oxygen according to radiocarbon analysis of 800 years.

material bog oak technology its extraction is quite heavy and the processing of bog oak is associated with a number of difficulties. It should be immediately taken into account that the bog oak, from the moment it enters the water until it rises, withstands many thousands of cycles of alternating physical and climatic loads. Imagine a mighty oak fallen into the river, which for many years firmly holds its roots to the high bank. Meter by meter, for many years the crown of the tree and the trunk itself are immersed in water.

There are three ways to extract bog oak. The first method is very time-consuming and painstaking - this is the extraction of bog oak when performing bottom-dredging works by water transport enterprises. A no less time-consuming method of extraction is in the development of peat bogs. The third extraction method is much more efficient and less expensive. It consists in the work of a specialized enterprise, consisting of a number of divisions equipped with modern equipment and environmentally friendly technology.

The bog oak usually has a huge size, so it is possible to saw the bog oak directly at the place of lifting (the weight of 1 m3 of the lifted bog oak is from 1.5 tons), which can significantly reduce transport and storage costs. Raised oak immediately after lifting is not difficult to clean from sand, and due to the increased moisture content, it is much easier to saw.

Deciduous trees and their use in construction

The most important in carpentry are not conifers, but hardwoods. Of the variety of hardwoods, oak should be distinguished first of all.
Oak is characterized by high strength, hardness, resistance to decay, ability to bend, has a beautiful texture and color. On the tangential section, the pores are clearly visible, and on the radial section, large core rays. The sapwood of the oak is clearly separated from the core in a light tone. Oak wood has sufficient viscosity and is well processed by a cutting tool. After lying in the water for several decades, it acquires a silky dark purple color with a greenish tint (under the "crow's wing"). Its hardness is higher than dry wood, but its brittleness is also higher. Processing bog oak is difficult. Having a lot of tannins, oak wood is well pickled. The bark of a young oak serves as a source of tannins. In a decoction of a mixture of crushed bark and oak trunk shavings, wood of other species is kept and thus saturated with tannins. Soaked in such a broth and saturated with tannins, the wood is well pickled in solutions of metal salts, acquiring the necessary color. Oak wood is widely used for the manufacture of furniture, parquet, arts and crafts, as well as in cooperage. Oak veneer is used for facing low-value species, plywood, chipboard, etc. Oak is used in mosaic work and for large carvings; for small profiles it is inexpressive. Oak wood does not accept alcohol varnishes and varnishes well, but sticks well. Ash wood is similar to oak, although it does not have pronounced core rays. When discolored, it acquires a shade of gray hair. It bends well after steaming. When drying, ash cracks a little; due to its high viscosity and strength, wood is difficult to process. Ash is easily damaged by a wormhole, so its wood is subjected to antiseptic treatment. The sapwood of the ash tree is clearly separated from the core. Its texture is beautiful, brownish-yellow. In adverse conditions (humidity, dampness), ash quickly rots. Flexible and durable, ash wood is recommended for making home sports equipment - gymnastic walls, gymnastic boards, as well as railings, tool handles, etc. Due to low frictional resistance, ash is not recommended for cutting tool blocks. Ash is poorly polished; requires, like oak, pore-filling. For ash, a decorative coating with nitro-lacquers or waxing is recommended. Due to frequent outgrowths on the trunk and a pronounced texture, ash wood is widely used in mosaic work.
Beech has a strong and hard wood; in terms of strength, it is not inferior to oak. In its pure form, beech does not have a pronounced texture, but its wood is very beautiful in tangential and radial cuts, and these decorative qualities are used when veneering furniture with planed veneer. Beech is hygroscopic, so it is not used for products that are in a humid environment. The wood dries quickly and does not crack. Beech is easily pricked, sawn and processed with a cutting tool; bends well when steamed; hard to polish. The use of beech in carpentry is varied: from planer blocks to solid wood furniture. The wood is successfully used in carving, although it has a high hardness, as well as in mosaic work. It is well finished with nitro and polyester varnishes, waxing, dyed in various solutions and bleached.
Hornbeam is also called white beech. It has a hard, strong and dense wood of a whitish-gray color. The texture of the hornbeam does not differ in brightness, as, for example, in ash; light dots are scattered on an evenly matte background of its wood. Often this breed has a slanting structure of wood, so the hornbeam is pricked with difficulty. The sapwood does not have a large pinkish color with slight deviations in tone with redness or browning. Its wood is moderately hard and dense, well finished, polished and processed with a cutting tool, but it warps strongly. In mosaic works, it is used for sets of portraits, landscapes and geometric ornaments. In carpentry, it is used to make blocks for hand tools.
The chestnut has several varieties; of these, the most famous are the edible and horse chestnuts. Due to its softness and uniformity, edible chestnut is used in carpentry and carving. In its structure, this breed is somewhat similar to oak and ash, but in the radial section it does not have the luster of core rays characteristic of oak. Horse chestnut is obliquely layered and resembles pine in a grayish color; has strong wood and thanks to tannins it is well etched in solutions. It is used in carpentry and mosaic work in the form of sliced ​​veneer.
Rowan has a hard, dense, fine-grained wood, which is successfully used for the manufacture of handles for percussion carpentry tools and planer blocks. Only well-dried wood is used in business. The texture of rowan is weakly expressed. Karagach is a hard, strong and dense breed that is well finished and polished. Due to its beautiful texture, its wood is used in mosaics and carpentry, especially in the manufacture of fine furniture. Burls often form on tree trunks, which are widely used as veneers in mosaic sets.
Plane tree and plane tree (eastern plane tree) grow, like elm, in the south of our country. Their core color is brownish-brown. In the radial section, they give a beautiful pattern of wood fibers, which is successfully used in mosaic work. These rocks are moderately hard; processing them with a cutting tool due to the oblique layer is difficult; wood polishes well.
Fruit trees (plum, cherry, cherry, apricot) and some shrubs (lilac, buckthorn, hawthorn, hazel, broom, cotoneaster, barberry, etc.) are used for the manufacture of small joinery. As a rule, their wood is thin-layered, hard, of various color shades - from white-pink to purple in the core parts of the trunks. The wood of fruit trees is well polished, painted and pickled in chemical solutions. Many of the shrubs (barberry, buckthorn, cotoneaster, broom, hawthorn, etc.) are used as dyes. To do this, use their shavings, bark and sawdust.
Teak and rosewood are imported as sliced ​​veneers for furniture veneer. Teak has a monotonous texture of a light brownish chocolate color, rosewood has a very beautiful texture with a purple-brown background, along which black and dark brown stripes run. Their narrow sapwood is light yellow. Teak wood is easy to cut, but rosewood is very difficult. These breeds have a specific smell, similar to the smell of dried, prunes. Polyester lacquer does not bond well with them, especially with rosewood, which, more than teak, releases essential oils that accumulate in places with a black tint. Red, ebony (black), lemon wood and some other species are also imported into our country.

Features of oak wood and its application

Do-it-yourself wood aging video

Oak density=700 kg/cu.m.
hardness=3.7-3.9

Istari is the most popular material in Russia for the manufacture of joinery and furniture products. It is widely distributed not only in Europe, but also in Asia, as well as in America. At the same time, not everyone knows that oak belongs to the beech family and includes about two hundred varieties, and its strong, durable and resistant to external influences wood can be from light to yellowish brown, but subsequently darkens somewhat, and therefore oak furniture acquires over the years, a characteristic noble appearance.
Oak does not tolerate accelerated drying (in which its wood can crack).
Several varieties grow in our country, but the most common summer oak is the pedunculate oak.
Oak wood is hard, heavy, characterized by high strength and decay resistance, beautiful texture and color. Greenish-brown, with a powerful rough pattern of fibers, and the light parts of the wood are distinguished by a special strength and some kind of bone sheen.
Oak is easily machined, well finished and bends, used for carving and in interior design. It is used in carpentry, furniture, cooperage and plywood industries.
In the furniture industry, bog oak is valued, which has a dark gray color.
Naturally stained oak is obtained from oak trunks that have been in river water for a long time (hundreds of years).
Bog oak is characterized by increased hardness.

Color and gloss of wood - description and characteristics

The color palette of wood species has almost all shades of the spectrum, and variations of these shades include countless tonal ratios. One breed can have several dozen.
The color of wood is one of the signs by which one type of wood differs from another. The wood of linden, pine, birch, maple, aspen is light, oak and ash is brown, walnut, teak is brownish, etc. If we compare the wood of pine and oak, we can say that it is light yellow in pine, in oak - gray-brown. But in both cases, the coloring and tannins that are in its cells give the color to the wood. Breeds with warm shades of colors (ocher, brown, red-brown, yellow, orange) are more common, less often with cold shades (green, blue, purple).
Under the influence of atmospheric conditions, the color of wood can change: within each climatic zone, wood of the same species has its own color shade. The color of wood is also affected by light and air: over time, the grain of the wood darkens. So, cut down alder becomes reddish after a while. To a certain extent, the color of the wood is changed by fungal lesions, as well as mineral salts in the ground, the environment of the tree (darkening from the sun), etc. The wood is darker towards the butt, and lighter towards the top. With age, all trees also darken the wood. All this must be taken into account in carpentry and especially mosaic work, where texture and color act as a pictorial element when revealing a plot or image.
The color shades of various species can be classified into main groups, where one color of wood will prevail:
yellow - birch, spruce, linden, aspen, hornbeam, maple, fir, ash (whitish yellow with light shades of pink and red), barberry (lemon yellow), mulberry (golden yellow), hawthorn, Karelian birch, bird cherry ( reddish brownish yellow), ailanthus (pinkish yellow);
brown - cedar, poplar, elm kernel (light brown), beech, larch, alder, pear, plum (reddish-pinkish-brown), chestnut, mountain ash (brown-brown), acacia (yellow-brown), Anatolian walnut ( greenish brown);
brown - cherry (yellowish brown), apple tree (yellowish-pinkish-light brown), apricot, walnut (light (dark) brown);
red - yew, mahogany;
pink - laurel cherry (yellowish pink), plane tree (dark pink);
orange - buckthorn;
purple - lilac, privet (core);
black - bog oak, ebony;
greenish - persimmon, pistachio.
The brilliance of wood is its property to reflect the light flux. Different breeds have different luster; to a large extent, this property is manifested in beech, maple, plane trees, white acacia. Poplar, linden, aspen, teak have a matte (satin) sheen; silky - willow, elm, ash, bird cherry; golden - cherry; silver - Siberian cedar; moire - birch, gray maple, laurel cherry.
The brilliance of wood depends not only on the presence and size of the core rays, but also on the nature of their placement along the cuts: the larger the core rays (for example, in oak) and the denser the wood, i.e., the more densely the core rays are located (for example, in maple ), the more significant will be the shine of the wood. The distribution of gloss over the surface is not the same and depends on the type of cut: in the radial plane it is stronger, in the transverse plane it is weaker.
Chiaroscuro overflows in some rocks are clearly visible only in the longitudinal section of the trunk, in others - in all sections. They significantly affect the decorative qualities of wood, enhancing or weakening its expressive sound, so the shine of wood is taken into account when compiling mosaic sets.

Coniferous wood species.

Pine is the most common coniferous tree. The color of its wood can be brown, reddish, yellowish and almost white with slight stains of red. The best material is obtained from those trees that grow on hills, dry hills, sandstones; their annual layers are located close to each other, and the wood has a dense structure. The structure of pine wood growing in humid places is looser. When dry, pine is light and pliable for carpentry work. Along the fibers, it is planed well, across - with difficulty, and sawn across - well, along - badly. Pine wood sticks well. Furniture is made from it (for this, natural wood with a beautiful, pronounced texture is selected), frames of carpentry structures and structures for facing with sliced ​​veneer of valuable species. Pine is widely used for the manufacture of doors, windows, flooring, etc. Wood is well processed with dyes and varnishes after deresining. Pine is also used for mosaics and carvings.
Spruce is softer than pine, but it has a large number of small and medium knots, which makes it difficult to use it in critical carpentry structures. The texture of its wood is inexpressive. Spruce is less moisture resistant than pine, and is more likely to rot, but its wood is not very susceptible to warping, which is a positive quality of this material. Spruce gets off badly, but sticks together better than pine. It is widely used in mosaic sets due to its knotty texture. In carpentry, it is mainly used for non-critical furniture designs that do not experience heavy loads during operation.
Larch occupies a special place among other conifers. Its wood has a reddish-brownish, sometimes brownish tint and is highly durable (stronger than oak) and moisture resistant. Dry larch wood is processed well, although during long-term processing of parts, the sole of the tool becomes tarred. Larch is not very susceptible to warping, but with rapid drying, internal cracks may occur in the wood of the trunk. For finishing larch, mainly nitrocellulose varnishes are used. The breed is used in carpentry and mosaic work, used for the manufacture of carved products.
Cedar has a whitish-yellow wood with different color shades depending on where it grows. Cedar wood is not distinguished by high density and strength, it is resistant to decay, it is not very susceptible to wormholes, it has a strong specific smell, it pricks well. In carpentry, it is used for products that are not subjected to heavy loads. Polishing of cedar wood is used little, it is finished mainly with wax. Cedar wood, like larch, is well processed by a cutting tool. Cedar is a good material for carving.
Juniper is a coniferous shrub, the trunk diameter of which reaches 10 cm. Its strong thin-layer wood is well processed and polished, and has a specific pleasant smell. Juniper is used in carpentry for the manufacture of small parts, for turning, for carving and mosaic work.
Cypress and thuja are similar in properties to juniper, but their wood is broader and darker in tone. They are used for small carvings. Cypress does not crack or warp.
Yew has red-brown wood with dark and light veins. The sapwood is light, almost white. Yew wood is strong and hard with a significant number of knots on the trunk. It is almost not exposed to a wormhole and is little sensitive to atmospheric changes. Planed and polished well; looks great, especially black. In carpentry, yew wood finds a variety of uses; it is a good carving material; yew veneer is valued in mosaic work.
Siberian fir is used on a par with spruce, although it has reduced physical and mechanical properties.

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