5.1. Sports training and its features

Training is usually understood as a specialized process aimed at achieving high sports results in a chosen sport. The purpose of the training is to provide physical, technical, moral-volitional and other types of preparedness.

Physical training is aimed at increasing the functional capabilities of a person, developing his physical qualities: speed, strength, endurance, dexterity, etc.; technical training - on the formation of certain motor skills and their improvement, representing a single training process.

Experts point out the need for a more differentiated general physical fitness during training not only of adult athletes, but also of young ones (V.M. Zatsiorsky, A.N. Vorobyov, etc.). In the early stages of training, almost all types of physical exercises contribute to the improvement of the motor functions of athletes. As fitness increases, the range of exercises that provide SFP narrows (A.V. Korobkov). Training in any sport increases the overall functionality of the body, and against this background, the development of specific qualities necessary to achieve high results in the type of exercise that is the subject of training takes place (A.N. Krestovnikov).

General physical training is necessary as the basis for the development of special fitness. This training ensures, already at a young age, the growth of results not only in this type of exercise, but also in other sports (V.I. Shaposhnikova, N.N. Yakovlev).

Training work with young athletes should not be aimed at achieving high sports results in the first years of training. Such forced preparation leads, as a rule, to a halt in the growth of results. Sports training in the initial period of training should be carried out with the prospect of long-term sports growth, which continues after the transition to the adult group (V.P. Filin).

SFP at a young age should be based on a good GPP, which in each sport has its own specific features. The ratio of GPP and SFP has its own characteristics in various sports. In the initial period of training of young athletes, on average, from 50 to 80% of the training time is allotted for physical fitness (V.P. Filin).

Versatile physical training should take into account the characteristics of the chosen sport. For example, as A.V. Korobkov, not every versatile training is rational. The real growth of technical results is brought only by such a versatile training, which is built taking into account the positive interaction of the means used with the basic motor skills.

The higher the level of training of an athlete, the greater the specific weight of the SFP. In the presence of high sportsmanship, even OFP should have a special focus. The development of physical qualities at this stage of training is provided mainly by practicing a chosen sport or exercises that are close to it in structure and physiological effect. So, A.N. Vorobyov points out that OFP cannot replace special work in a particular sport. The specificity of the type of muscular activity is reflected both in the functional and morphological features of the athlete's body. Each specific sport forms a special morpho-functional harmony. For a weightlifter, this harmony is expressed in the development of muscle strength.

Studies of young weightlifters conducted by B.E. Podskotsky, M.G. Lukyanov, A.I. Falameev and other specialists showed the effectiveness of all-round physical development during initial training and with further specialization. Therefore, when planning training time in the training process of young weightlifters, along with SPT, much attention is paid to general physical fitness. If we trace how the attitude of the authors of weightlifting programs to the distribution of training hours for general physical and physical fitness changed, then, for example, B.E. Podskotsky in 1968 spent 104 hours per year for general physical training in the initial training group, and 182 hours per year for SPT, in 1974 N.S. Ippolitov and A.I. Falameev - respectively 130 and 306 hours, blood pressure. Ermakov in 1977 -170 and 414 hours per year, V.F. Skotnikov, V.E. Smirnov, Ya.E. Yakubenko in 2005 - 180 and 175 hours.

5.2. Problems of long-term training of young weightlifters

The current level of weightlifting requires the organization in our country of a systematic long-term training of young athletes in the most optimal age periods - adolescence and youth. Moreover, such a long-term training of weightlifters should be based on the identified general patterns that objectively proceed from the process of the formation of sportsmanship and age-related features of the development of the body.

Numerous studies of the 70-80s, conducted in the field of youth sports, convincingly proved the advantage of a systematic approach in the process of many years of work with young athletes, starting from their first steps in sports. In the same years, there is an intensive scientific search for the development of effective means and methods for training young athletes in various sports, as well as methods for selecting gifted schoolchildren in order to replenish the reserve of high-class athletes.

In weightlifting sports, individual scientists began to deal with the issues of systemic training of young athletes in the 50-60s. So, B.E. Podskotsky in the late 50s - early 60s published a number of works and scientifically substantiated from the pedagogical positions the phased process of many years of training of young weightlifters, starting from the age of 14-15. Later, approximately from the mid-60s, using complex research methods and on the basis of practical work with young weightlifters, research was continued on the scientific substantiation of the system of long-term training in the age period from 12 to 18 years. The results of these works are presented in a number of scientific and scientific-methodical works of L.S. Dvorkina, A.S. Medvedev and in our joint publications.

The need to organize long-term targeted training of young weightlifters was indicated in the scientific works of the AI. Kurachenkova, AI. Falameeva, M.T. Lukyanova, N.S. Ippolitova, A.S. Prilepin and others. One of the characteristic features of these and other works is that they talk about a gradual increase in the level of special physical training of young athletes. The training of young athletes should not be aimed at achieving a high sports result in the first years of training. A number of authors note that sports training should be carried out in the initial period with the prospect of long-term growth, which continues after the transition to the adult group.

In the initial period of training, the greatest emphasis is placed on general physical fitness. So, at the OFP, according to N.V. Zimkin is given an average of 50-80% of the time during this period. The need for primary comprehensive physical development of young weightlifters was indicated in the works of the Academy of Sciences. Kurachenkova, B.E. Podskotsky, M.T. Lukyanova, AN. Falameeva, L.S. Dvorkina, A.S. Medvedev, N.S. Ippolitova, A.S. Prilepin and many others.

Back in 1982, the author made an attempt to formalize the process of long-term training of young weightlifters based on the knowledge available in the theory and practice of weightlifting sports. A "formula for the phased training of weightlifters" was proposed in the age period from 12 to 22 years. This formalized system includes the following stages: preliminary and initial training, educational and training stage, stage of sports improvement and stage of higher sportsmanship. Consequently, a young weightlifter, starting from the age of 12 playing sports, has the opportunity to reach the stage of higher sportsmanship by the age of 20-22. This concept of long-term training of young athletes is especially clearly substantiated in the works of the National Academy of Sciences. Fomina, V.P. Filina, M.Ya. Nabatnikova and in the monograph "Fundamentals of Management in the Training of Young Athletes" edited by M.Ya. Nabatnikova. Numerous facts and a practical analysis of the training of the best athletes in the world allow us to conclude that the majority of high-class athletes have passed all of the above stages, although they were not the same in terms of age periodization.

In weightlifting sports, increasing attention has been paid to the selection of young athletes. However, very few developments in this direction have been published. This is evidenced even by the fact that in the textbook "Weightlifting for young men" M.T. Lukyanova and A.I. Falameev there is no section on the selection of young men. There are no such sections in weightlifting textbooks for students of physical education institutes published in different years.

In the work of B.E. Podskotsky “Features of selection for weightlifting with adolescents 13-14 years old”, published in 1970 in the yearbook “Weightlifting”, it was noted that since weightlifters from 13-14 years of age began to train recently, we do not yet have approved recommendations, which would help us to see in a teenager a future weightlifter of a certain weight category and a high class. The same idea is carried out in the textbook "Weightlifting", published in 1981, i.e. almost 10 years later: “A very difficult problem is the selection of adolescents and young men who have the potential to achieve high sports results in the future. Such selection is one of the topical issues in the development of weightlifting ... "

Significant work on the selection was carried out by N.S. Ippolitov with schoolchildren aged 14-15. The author substantiated the selection methodology over a two-year period, divided into three stages. The author chose exercises with weights, jumping exercises from a place and sprinting as the main test indicators in determining the most capable.

It is known that modern teenagers and young men reach sports maturity much earlier than it was the case, for example, 10-15 years ago. This is due to the fact that early sports specialization has been introduced in many sports since childhood and adolescence. An analysis of the growth in the qualifications of young weightlifters over many years of training (from youth category to master of sports) showed that the achievement of higher sports results at a young age is generally closely related to the duration of sports activities (Table 5.1).

During the period of initial training (up to two years), the majority of the young weightlifters we studied did not show a pronounced increase in sports qualifications. This is explained by the fact that the training methodology used by us did not set the task of forced performance of sports categories. So, after the first year of such classes, 11.8% of athletes did not reach the level of weightlifting; 51.3% completed only the youth category and only 35.2% - III category. Moreover, these were athletes who, before joining the weightlifting section, as a rule, were engaged in comprehensive physical training in other sections for 1-2 years. Of the observed young weightlifters, only one managed to complete the II category in one year (out of 68 people). Subsequently, the number of the most gifted athletes increased: in the second year they amounted to 2.9% and in the third - 8.8%. Nevertheless, for the first 6 years of training, only 2.9% of the total number of trainees fulfilled the norm of the master of sports.

Table 5.1

Growth of sports qualification of young weightlifters (%)
With mass sports training in weightlifting in adolescence and youth, it is not at all necessary to set the task of fulfilling the discharge standard at any cost. This process should go naturally, without forcing, since the main task of this period is to increase the level of physical fitness, in particular strength capabilities. For individual gifted athletes, the optimal rate of growth in sports qualifications to the level of I category and CMS should be considered one step per year. This condition was met by 35.2% of students who completed the 1st category in the first year of training. But then their number decreased from year to year and after 2 years of training amounted to 30.9%; after three - 26.5% and after four - 17.6%. After seven years of training, one athlete from this group fulfilled the standard of the master of sports of international class.

The bulk of athletes improved their skills at a slower pace and fulfilled the norm of a master of sports on average over 6-10 years of training. With mass weightlifting training, such rates of growth in sports qualifications are quite acceptable, since among these athletes there will be persons (workers, employees, students) who devote much less time to sports compared to members of the national team of the country.

The reasons for the slow improvement of the skills of most of the studied weightlifters should be considered poor versatile training at the initial stage of specialization, poor health in adolescence, which is the reason for missing classes; regular weight loss before the competition, violation of the sports regimen, irregular training, etc. In addition, an important role is played by the lack of a good material base for mass weightlifting and bodybuilding.

5.3. Critical remarks on the issue of age periodization in the process of long-term training of young weightlifters

Long-term training of weightlifters is associated with the solution of a number of problems. Among them, one of the important ones is the substantiation of the optimal age limits in the system of phased training, taking into account the characteristics of the developing organism, pedagogical tasks and sports requirements. If in a number of sports this problem - age-related staged training - has already been practically solved for those who start playing sports from childhood or adolescence (figure skating, swimming, gymnastics, athletics, etc.), then in weightlifting, even in the issue of staged training from early adolescence, there is no final opinion yet. This is due to the fact that in our country, until recently, the training of adolescents and even young men in weightlifting was not given much importance. It was believed that practicing this sport was only for adults, and therefore the main scientific research was related to adult weightlifters.

As noted above, the attitude towards weightlifting has changed dramatically since adolescence. This can be seen from the fact that more and more often in this sport, record results are achieved at the age of 16-18, and long-term training of weightlifters is being built as a training system from a beginner to a high-class athlete. An analysis of a number of literary sources on the issue of age periodization of long-term training of athletes showed that in a particular sport these age stages are not the same.

So, D. Hare believes that the division of the long-term training process into stages to a certain extent does not depend on age. The author proposes to take the age of the highest achievements as a basis. Therefore, if these rules are followed in weightlifting, then the starting point for the phased planning of the training of young athletes will be the achievements currently shown by Soviet athletes on average at the age of 18 to 33 years. According to V.P. Filin, N.A. Fomin, the zone of optimal opportunities for sports success in weightlifting is in the range from 21 to 24 years. B.V. Valik believes that the process of long-term training of young weightlifters must be built taking into account both the age of the highest achievements and the age-related characteristics of the body. From this, the author notes, the age of initial training depends.

The main feature of modern long-term training of athletes is its staging. Therefore, it is necessary to plan the long-term training of young weightlifters using a phased system. What is it connected with? It is known that 10-15 years ago, mainly people with good physical development came to the weightlifting section, and in some cases, those who had sports training in other sections. Those who were under the age of 15 were rarely accepted there. Now it's quite the opposite. More often, schoolchildren aged 12-13 and even younger come to the weightlifting section. And, consequently, during the initial training, the coach has to deal more often not only with a very young contingent, but also physically unprepared for specialization in this sport.

From the memoirs of the Honored Master of Sports A.N. Vorobyov (1960) it is clear that he came to regular weightlifting already being physically well developed, mature, tempered his character and will during the war and in work. In fact, it took him no more than one year to prove himself a capable athlete. After 4 years of training, he has already won the title of European champion. As noted by AN. Vorobyov, Olympic champion Trofim Lomakin and many other Soviet athletes had great physical strength. Obviously, for many decades in the development of weightlifting, coaches did not see a particular need for the systematic training of high-class weightlifters from among teenagers and young men, not to mention childhood, although some scientific research in this area has been conducted since the beginning of the 50s of the last century.

After 1971, when the International Weightlifting Federation excluded the classic bench press from triathlon and only the snatch and clean and jerk remained, research in the field of youth weightlifting was sharply intensified. First of all, it was necessary to solve the problem of the age limits of such training. In various literature, the division of groups by age was interpreted differently. So, in the weightlifting program for the Youth Sports School (compiled by B.E. Podskotsky), the following division into age groups is given: teenage - up to 14 years old, junior youthful - 15-16 years old, senior youthful - 17-18 years old, sports improvement - 19-20 years old. In the rules of weightlifting competitions for 1972, the following age gradation was established: young men of the younger age group - 14-15 years old, young men of the older age group - 16-17 years old, juniors - 18-20 years old, youth - 21-22 years old; in the rules of weightlifting competitions for 1977: young men of the younger age group - 14-15 years old, young men of the older age group - 16-17 years old, juniors - 18-20 years old, youth - 21-22 years old, adults - over 23 years old.

In the long-term planning of physical education, the following distribution into age groups was also used: pre-preschool - 1-4 years old, preschool - 4-7 years old, junior school - 7-12 years old, secondary school - 13-16 years old.

In 1968, the Institute of Developmental Physiology of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR recommended the following distribution scheme for age periods: neonatal period - 1-10 days, infancy - 10 days - 1 year, early childhood - 1-3 years, first childhood - 4- 7 years old, second childhood - 8-12 years old, adolescence (boys - 13-16 years old, girls 12-15 years old), adolescence - 17-21 years old, mature age: I period - 22-35 years old, II period - 36-60 years old, etc.

So, what age gradation should be followed when preparing young athletes? There is still no consensus on this issue. And, as they say, there is no one to put things in order in this matter. The author for almost 30 years adheres to the anatomical and physiological concept of the distribution of educational and training groups (UTG) for the Youth Sports School. This is due to the fact that when planning a phased long-term training of young athletes, the coach must be completely clear in determining the age groups. The main criterion in this matter is to take into account the individual age characteristics of human development. What individual physiological and morphological characteristics should be taken into account when training with young weightlifters? This is, firstly, the functional state of the cardiovascular system, taking into account a particular age. For example, the volume of the heart in 13-14-year-olds can be almost twice the volume of the heart of children 8-9 years old. At the same time, arterial blood pressure in adolescents is often higher than in children. And here one should look for the cause not in the functional disorders of the body of adolescents, but in the age and individual characteristics of physical development during puberty. Thus, it is known that the body length of young athletes from 13 to 14 years old can increase from 6 to 10 cm per year due to a more pronounced lengthening of the tubular bones. The rapid growth of tubular bones in adolescence leads, in turn, to stretching of the blood vessels and narrowing of their gaps. Until the anatomical maturity of the vessels in adolescents is in line with body length, they may experience an increase in arterial blood pressure. As a rule, by the age of 15-16, arterial blood pressure stabilizes. When doing weightlifting, you should pay attention to the so-called accelerators, that is, those who have some acceleration in the rate of puberty during puberty.

It is important not only for teachers, but also for doctors to participate together with the coach in the process of planning the training load, especially during the puberty of young athletes. It is the facts of uncoordinated actions of a coach and a doctor that often lead to undesirable consequences when exercising with young athletes.

It is necessary to pay great attention to the proper nutrition of young athletes of childhood and adolescence. The ever-increasing volumes of training loads in weightlifting require the provision of young athletes with good nutrition. In childhood and adolescence, a deficiency of vitamins, minerals, vegetable and animal proteins should not be allowed.

5.4. Normative part of the curriculum in weightlifting for Youth Sports School, SDUSHOR, SHVSM and UOR

This section fully complies with the content of the new Weightlifting Program published in 2005 by the Federal Agency of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture and Sports. The author cites this section without changes, as he understands that his book may turn out to be the only official source for some youth sports schools or sports sections, according to which it is possible to officially regulate (plan) the training work of a teacher-trainer. In the following sections, the author's version of the long-term planning system for the training of young weightlifters will be considered, which has some differences from the official program.

So, the educational material of the official program consists of theoretical and practical sections and is divided into training groups: initial, educational and training, sports improvement and higher sports skills (Tables 1-14), which allows us to offer coaches of all sports schools a single direction, developed by a comprehensive a scientific approach to the assessment of the training process in the long-term system of training weightlifters from beginners to highly skilled athletes.

Long-term training of weightlifters is a complex process of developing sportsmanship, each level of which is characterized by its goals, objectives, means and organization of training.

1.1. Organization of the training and educational process

The recruitment of sports groups, the organization of training sessions, the conduct of educational work with those involved is carried out by the management and coaching council of sports schools. This is one of the most important stages in the organizational and methodological activities of the entire team.

Training groups are recruited from among the most capable of weightlifting children, adolescents, boys and girls, as well as athletes who have transferred from other sports, have shown ability to weightlifting and meet the requirements for the level of sports and physical fitness for admission to sports schools.

In some cases, students who do not meet the relevant requirements may be enrolled in an educational group as an exception by decision of the coaching council, provided that these students have a certain level and physical characteristics that allow them to achieve the required level of sports training during the school year.

Academic plan;

Plan of training sessions for the year;

Work plan for the month or period of preparation;

Lesson plan;

Registration card of growth indicators of physical, special, technical readiness of students;

Timetable of classes;

Calendar plan of sports events. By account:

Journal of accounting of group classes;

Personal cards and statements of students;

Athlete training diaries;

Competition protocols.

table 2

An approximate schedule for the distribution of training hours for weightlifters of the 1st year of study in groups of initial training
Table 3

An approximate schedule for the distribution of training hours for weightlifters of the 1st year of study in training groups
Table 4

An approximate schedule for the distribution of training hours for weightlifters of the 2nd year of study in training groups
The end of the table. four
Table 5

An approximate schedule for the distribution of training hours for weightlifters of the 3rd year of study in training groups
Table 6

An approximate schedule for the distribution of training hours for weightlifters of the 4th year of study in training groups
Table 7

An approximate schedule for the distribution of training hours for weightlifters of the 1st year of study in sports improvement groups
Table 8

An approximate schedule for the distribution of training hours for weightlifters of the 2nd year of study in sports improvement groups
Table 9

An approximate schedule for the distribution of training hours for weightlifters of the 3rd year of study in sports improvement groups
Table 10

An approximate schedule for the distribution of training hours for weightlifters of the 1st year of study in groups of higher sportsmanship
Table 11

An approximate schedule for the distribution of training hours for weightlifters of the 2nd year of study in groups of higher sportsmanship
Table 12

An approximate schedule for the distribution of training hours for weightlifters of the 3rd year of study in groups of higher sportsmanship
Table 13

Approximate values ​​of training loads by years for weightlifters of sports schools
1 In the KPSh for groups of initial training, the weight of the bar is taken into account at least

50% (in lead, snatch and jerk exercises, as well as in classical

exercises), in other groups - at least 60%

The end of the table. thirteen
Table 14

The ratio of the volumes of general and special physical training by years of study (hours,%).
5.5. Modern system of long-term training of weightlifters

At the present stage of the development of weightlifting sports in our country and abroad, vast experience has been accumulated and significant scientific and methodological material has been collected related to the training of weightlifters of various sports qualifications and ages. The world achievements of weightlifters and their constant growth have long led to the understanding by specialists that the targeted training of high-class athletes in this sport can be carried out quite effectively only if children and adolescents from 11-12 years old are involved in such activities, and in some cases - even from an earlier age.

Over the past decades, very positive results have been obtained from studies of the process of long-term training of young weightlifters, which generally showed that with the right, methodically competent approach and effective control, such weight training in this age period does not lead to any adverse consequences in the health of young athletes, and most importantly - do not retard growth.

Let us dwell on the methodological features of such training.

Long-term training of young weightlifters is associated with the solution of a number of problems. One of them is the substantiation of the optimal age limits in the system of phased training of athletes in this sport, taking into account the characteristics of the developing organism, sports and pedagogical tasks and the socio-economic conditions of society.

It is known that the division of the process of long-term training of athletes in many sports does not significantly depend on age limits. There is no such strict dependence in weightlifting sports. Therefore, the starting point for the start of phased planning for the training of young weightlifters can be record achievements, which are shown by modern domestic athletes aged on average from 18 to 25 years. At the same time, the zone of optimal achievements of weightlifters for both men and women lies in a wider age range - from 15 to 28-30 years.

Taking into account this provision, the long-term training of young athletes should be built in such a way that the preparation for this zone of sports achievements is sufficiently thorough in its duration. As a rule, it cannot be less than 4-5 years (A.S. Medvedev). Our research, as well as research by foreign scientists, made it possible to prove that training sessions with weights from 11-12 years old and even from a younger age, if they take into account the age characteristics of a growing organism, lead to the development of more advanced adaptive mechanisms of the neuromuscular and functional systems body of young weightlifters. Long-term training of young weightlifters should be strictly focused on their age capabilities (first of all), and also be built in accordance with the level of physical, technical and functional readiness of the body.

It is known that in many cases the passport age of children and adolescents does not always correspond to the biological one. So, our research (L.S. Dvorkin) showed that out of 60 young weightlifters 12 years old (and in this case schoolchildren from Yekaterinburg and Pervouralsk) the first degree of puberty reached 35% and the second - 5%, in 13 years - respectively 38 and 31%. Consequently, out of 60 children aged 12, 40% have entered puberty, i.e. puberty, which characterizes adolescence (for boys - 13-16 and girls - 12-15 years). Consequently, this part of the young athletes we study, in terms of their biological maturity, should be attributed to adolescence, and not to childhood. It can be assumed with a high degree of truth that an even greater difference in passport and biological age is observed in children of the southern republics (although such studies have not been conducted in recent years).

Based on many years of research, we settled on the following version of age periodization when planning the phased training of young weightlifters:

UTG - 1 (8-9 years) - the first junior school age;

UTG - 2 (10-12 years old) - the second junior school age;

UTG - 3 (13-14 years old) - the first adolescence;

UTG - 4 (15-16 years) - the second adolescence;

UTG - 5 (17-18 years old) - boys;

UTG - 6 (19-20 years old) - juniors.

Based on this age division of training groups, it is proposed to divide the long-term training of young weightlifters into the following 6 stages (Tables 5.2-5.7):

The first stage is preliminary physical and functional training (8-9 years);

The second stage is basic physical and functional training (10-12 years old);

The third stage is basic sports and psychological and functional training (13-14 years old);

The fourth stage is an in-depth basic sports and psychological-functional training (15-16 years old);

The fifth stage is the final basic sports psychological and functional training (17-18 years old);

The sixth stage is basic master training (19-20 years old).

The training of high-class athletes, starting from childhood, is built strictly according to certain stages, where the main attention is paid to the fulfillment of those tasks that are characteristic of a particular age group. According to the structure, such training of young weightlifters consists of six stages, which differ from one another both in the ratio of physical fitness and physical fitness, the fulfillment of discharge standards, and the use of certain means in the training process.

Based on this, special attention should be paid to the issue of recruiting training groups in a sports school from among the children who want to go in for weightlifting and do not have deviations in health.

At the first stage, the task is to recruit children's groups of junior schoolchildren aged 8-9 for preliminary physical and functional training for at least two years. At the second stage of training young weightlifters aged 10-12, the foundation of their basic physical and functional training is laid for 3 years. At the third stage, the process of creating a strong basic sports and psychological-functional fitness of young athletes aged 13-14 is intensified, which continues for 2 years. The need for good basic sports and psychological and functional training lies in the fact that at this age young weightlifters begin to take an active part in various competitions. After passing the sixth stage, young athletes aged 19-20 reach the level of members of the national team of the country.

Table 5.2

The first stage - preliminary physical and functional training (8–9 years)
Table 5.3

The second stage - basic physical and functional training (10-12 years old)
Table 5.4

The third stage - basic sports and psychological and functional training (13-14 years old)
Table 5.5

The fourth stage - in-depth basic sports and psychological and functional training (15-16 years old)
Table 5.6

The fifth stage is the final basic sports and psychological and functional training (17–18 years old)
Table 5.7

Sixth stage - basic master training (19-20 years old)
So, the division of the long-term training of young weightlifters into six stages is very conditional. However, it allows you to plan the training of high-class athletes more correctly and rationally, taking into account the age characteristics of the body.

At the first stage of long-term training, the obligatory performance of sports categories is not provided, we suggest focusing only on the indicators of medical and pedagogical control and control tests. And in the future, this control will be the main one, since at the first stage it is necessary to orient children and adolescents not so much towards the performance of sports categories, but rather towards the creation of a solid basic physical and functional training, taking into account age characteristics. This thesis should be clarified with the following example. As a rule, a capable child already during the first two years of training quickly increases his results and by the end of the first stage of training he can complete the II category or even the standard of the I category for adults, which allows him to immediately move into the group of athletes training according to the program of the third stage. However, the fulfillment of the requirements of this program for most children would be premature, since the body of young athletes has not yet reached the required basic level of functional and physical fitness. A neglectful attitude to these requirements, an unjustifiably early transition of a young athlete to a narrow sports specialization, as a rule, leads to the acceleration of the training process, the rapid depletion of the body's natural capabilities and, ultimately, to the cessation of the increase in sports results at an older age.

5.6. Normative bases of weightlifting training of young athletes

In childhood and adolescence, muscle strength and speed-strength qualities increase markedly, provided they are actively developed. Therefore, the effectiveness of the use of these exercises both in physical education classes at school and in independent studies is especially high precisely in this age period of a person’s life. Such activities, as shown in our studies and studies of many domestic and foreign scientists, do not lead to negative changes in the development of the body's functional capabilities, do not retard growth, and contribute to normal physical development. However, in order to perform strength exercises with weights, one must adhere to certain load norms, taking into account one or another age. For this, model characteristics of these norms were developed (Tables 5.8-5.11). Each student can, focusing on these standards, quite easily choose for himself the load that corresponds to his age group.

Modern means and methods of weightlifting sport open up great prospects for the system of physical education of the younger generation, providing an opportunity not only to achieve the desired heights of sports excellence at a young age, but also to apply weights for mass strength training. This is especially important to take into account at the present time, when young people have an increased interest in athleticism.

Weightlifting programs for Youth Sports School have been published since 1968, but only after almost 10 years, based on the accumulated experience of working with young weightlifters and the positive results of scientific research, they came to the conclusion that it is possible to use higher training loads not only in adolescence, but also in childhood .

Table 5.8

An exemplary version of the general strength training of schoolchildren
1 OSP - general strength training, SSP - special strength training.

2 50–60 × 6, where 50–60 is the weight of the bar as a percentage of the maximum result,

6 - the number of lifts in one approach.

Table 5.9

Control indicators of the state of strength training of schoolchildren (dynamic exercises)
1 50 - barbell weight as a percentage of body weight.

Table 5.10

Control indicators of the state of strength training of schoolchildren (static stresses)
Table 5.11

Control standards in weightlifting training of schoolchildren, % of body weight
When organizing mass weightlifting training, a long-term process should be built strictly according to certain stages, where the main attention is paid to the fulfillment of those tasks that will be characteristic of this age group. The training of young weightlifters is divided into six such stages, which differ from one another in goals and objectives, the volume of the training load, means and the ratio of general and special physical training.

Thus, in this chapter, a number of sports and pedagogical aspects of the long-term training of weightlifters were revealed, which, in combination with the already known achievements of theory and methodology, build this process taking into account the objective laws of the development of mass sports and modern requirements, based on the need to widely involve young people in sports weights.

Training is usually understood as a specialized process aimed at achieving high sports results in a chosen sport. The purpose of the training is to provide physical, technical, moral-volitional and other types of preparedness.

Physical training is aimed at increasing the functional capabilities of a person, developing his physical qualities: speed, strength, endurance, dexterity, etc.; technical training - on the formation of certain motor skills and their improvement, representing a single training process.

Experts point out the need for a more differentiated general physical fitness during training not only of adult athletes, but also of young ones (V.M. Zatsiorsky, A.N. Vorobyov, etc.). In the early stages of training, almost all types of physical exercises contribute to the improvement of the motor functions of athletes. As fitness increases, the range of exercises that provide SFP narrows (A.V. Korobkov). Training in any sport increases the overall functionality of the body, and against this background, the development of specific qualities necessary to achieve high results in the type of exercise that is the subject of training takes place (A.N. Krestovnikov).

General physical training is necessary as the basis for the development of special fitness. This training ensures, already at a young age, the growth of results not only in this type of exercise, but also in other sports (V.I. Shaposhnikova, N.N. Yakovlev).

Training work with young athletes should not be aimed at achieving high sports results in the first years of training. Such forced preparation leads, as a rule, to a halt in the growth of results. Sports training in the initial period of training should be carried out with the prospect of long-term sports growth, which continues after the transition to the adult group (V.P. Filin).

SFP at a young age should be based on a good GPP, which in each sport has its own specific features. The ratio of GPP and SFP has its own characteristics in various sports. In the initial period of training of young athletes, on average, from 50 to 80% of the training time is allotted for physical fitness (V.P. Filin).

Versatile physical training should take into account the characteristics of the chosen sport. For example, as A.V. Korobkov, not every versatile training is rational. The real growth of technical results is brought only by such a versatile training, which is built taking into account the positive interaction of the means used with the basic motor skills.

The higher the level of training of an athlete, the greater the specific weight of the SFP. In the presence of high sportsmanship, even OFP should have a special focus. The development of physical qualities at this stage of training is provided mainly by practicing a chosen sport or exercises that are close to it in structure and physiological effect. So, A.N. Vorobyov points out that OFP cannot replace special work in a particular sport. The specificity of the type of muscular activity is reflected both in the functional and morphological features of the athlete's body. Each specific sport forms a special morpho-functional harmony. For a weightlifter, this harmony is expressed in the development of muscle strength.

Studies of young weightlifters conducted by B.E. Podskotsky, M.G. Lukyanov, A.I. Falameev and other specialists showed the effectiveness of all-round physical development during initial training and with further specialization. Therefore, when planning training time in the training process of young weightlifters, along with SPT, much attention is paid to general physical fitness. If we trace how the attitude of the authors of weightlifting programs to the distribution of training hours for general physical and physical fitness changed, then, for example, B.E. Podskotsky in 1968 spent 104 hours per year for general physical training in the initial training group, and 182 hours per year for SPT, in 1974 N.S. Ippolitov and A.I. Falameev - respectively 130 and 306 hours, blood pressure. Ermakov in 1977 -170 and 414 hours per year, V.F. Skotnikov, V.E. Smirnov, Ya.E. Yakubenko in 2005 - 180 and 175 hours.

The current level of weightlifting requires the organization in our country of a systematic long-term training of young athletes in the most optimal age periods - adolescence and youth. Moreover, such a long-term training of weightlifters should be based on the identified general patterns that objectively proceed from the process of the formation of sportsmanship and age-related features of the development of the body.

Numerous studies of the 70-80s, conducted in the field of youth sports, convincingly proved the advantage of a systematic approach in the process of many years of work with young athletes, starting from their first steps in sports. In the same years, there is an intensive scientific search for the development of effective means and methods for training young athletes in various sports, as well as methods for selecting gifted schoolchildren in order to replenish the reserve of high-class athletes.

In weightlifting sports, individual scientists began to deal with the issues of systemic training of young athletes in the 50-60s. So, B.E. Podskotsky in the late 50s - early 60s published a number of works and scientifically substantiated from the pedagogical positions the phased process of many years of training of young weightlifters, starting from the age of 14-15. Later, approximately from the mid-60s, using complex research methods and on the basis of practical work with young weightlifters, research was continued on the scientific substantiation of the system of long-term training in the age period from 12 to 18 years. The results of these works are presented in a number of scientific and scientific-methodical works of L.S. Dvorkina, A.S. Medvedev and in our joint publications.

The need to organize long-term targeted training of young weightlifters was indicated in the scientific works of the AI. Kurachenkova, AI. Falameeva, M.T. Lukyanova, N.S. Ippolitova, A.S. Prilepin and others. One of the characteristic features of these and other works is that they talk about a gradual increase in the level of special physical training of young athletes. The training of young athletes should not be aimed at achieving a high sports result in the first years of training. Sports training, as noted by a number of authors, should be carried out in the initial period with the prospect of long-term growth, which continues after the transition to the adult group.

In the initial period of training, the greatest emphasis is placed on general physical fitness. So, at the OFP, according to N.V. Zimkin is given an average of 50-80% of the time during this period. The need for primary comprehensive physical development of young weightlifters was indicated in the works of the Academy of Sciences. Kurachenkova, B.E. Podskotsky, M.T. Lukyanova, AN. Falameeva, L.S. Dvorkina, A.S. Medvedev, N.S. Ippolitova, A.S. Prilepin and many others.

Back in 1982, the author made an attempt to formalize the process of long-term training of young weightlifters based on the knowledge available in the theory and practice of weightlifting sports. A "formula for the phased training of weightlifters" was proposed in the age period from 12 to 22 years. This formalized system includes the following stages: preliminary and initial training, educational and training stage, stage of sports improvement and stage of higher sportsmanship. Consequently, a young weightlifter, starting from the age of 12 playing sports, has the opportunity to reach the stage of higher sportsmanship by the age of 20-22. This concept of long-term training of young athletes is especially clearly substantiated in the works of the National Academy of Sciences. Fomina, V.P. Filina, M.Ya. Nabatnikova and in the monograph "Fundamentals of Management in the Training of Young Athletes" edited by M.Ya. Nabatnikova. Numerous facts and a practical analysis of the training of the best athletes in the world allow us to conclude that the majority of high-class athletes have passed all of the above stages, although they were not the same in terms of age periodization.

In weightlifting sports, increasing attention has been paid to the selection of young athletes. However, very few developments in this direction have been published. This is evidenced even by the fact that in the textbook "Weightlifting for young men" M.T. Lukyanova and A.I. Falameev there is no section on the selection of young men. There are no such sections in weightlifting textbooks for students of physical education institutes published in different years.

In the work of B.E. Podskotsky “Features of selection for weightlifting with adolescents 13-14 years old”, published in 1970 in the yearbook “Weightlifting”, it was noted that since weightlifters from 13-14 years of age began to train recently, we do not yet have approved recommendations, which would help us to see in a teenager a future weightlifter of a certain weight category and a high class. The same idea is carried out in the textbook "Weightlifting", published in 1981, i.e. almost 10 years later: “A very difficult problem is the selection of adolescents and young men who have the potential to achieve high sports results in the future. Such selection is one of the topical issues in the development of weightlifting ... "

Significant work on the selection was carried out by N.S. Ippolitov with schoolchildren aged 14-15. The author substantiated the selection methodology over a two-year period, divided into three stages. The author chose exercises with weights, jumping exercises from a place and sprinting as the main test indicators in determining the most capable.

It is known that modern teenagers and young men reach sports maturity much earlier than it was the case, for example, 10-15 years ago. This is due to the fact that early sports specialization has been introduced in many sports since childhood and adolescence. An analysis of the growth in the qualifications of young weightlifters over many years of training (from youth category to master of sports) showed that the achievement of higher sports results at a young age is generally closely related to the duration of sports activities (Table 5.1).

During the period of initial training (up to two years), the majority of the young weightlifters we studied did not show a pronounced increase in sports qualifications. This is explained by the fact that the training methodology used by us did not set the task of forced performance of sports categories. So, after the first year of such classes, 11.8% of athletes did not reach the level of weightlifting; 51.3% completed only the youth category and only 35.2% - III category. Moreover, these were athletes who, before joining the weightlifting section, as a rule, were engaged in comprehensive physical training in other sections for 1-2 years. Of the observed young weightlifters, only one managed to complete the II category in one year (out of 68 people). Subsequently, the number of the most gifted athletes increased: in the second year they amounted to 2.9% and in the third - 8.8%. Nevertheless, for the first 6 years of training, only 2.9% of the total number of trainees fulfilled the norm of the master of sports.

With mass sports training in weightlifting in adolescence and youth, it is not at all necessary to set the task of fulfilling the discharge standard at any cost. This process should go naturally, without forcing, since the main task of this period is to increase the level of physical fitness, in particular strength capabilities. For individual gifted athletes, the optimal rate of growth in sports qualifications to the level of I category and CMS should be considered one step per year. This condition was met by 35.2% of students who completed the 1st category in the first year of training. But then their number decreased from year to year and after 2 years of training amounted to 30.9%; after three - 26.5% and after four - 17.6%. After seven years of training, one athlete from this group fulfilled the standard of the master of sports of international class.

The bulk of athletes improved their skills at a slower pace and fulfilled the norm of a master of sports on average over 6-10 years of training. With mass weightlifting training, such rates of growth in sports qualifications are quite acceptable, since among these athletes there will be persons (workers, employees, students) who devote much less time to sports compared to members of the national team of the country.

The reasons for the slow improvement of the skills of most of the studied weightlifters should be considered poor versatile training at the initial stage of specialization, poor health in adolescence, which is the reason for missing classes; regular weight loss before the competition, violation of the sports regimen, irregular training, etc. In addition, an important role is played by the lack of a good material base for mass weightlifting and bodybuilding.

Long-term training of weightlifters is associated with the solution of a number of problems. Among them, one of the important ones is the substantiation of the optimal age limits in the system of phased training, taking into account the characteristics of the developing organism, pedagogical tasks and sports requirements. If in a number of sports this problem - age-related staged training - has already been practically solved for those who start playing sports from childhood or adolescence (figure skating, swimming, gymnastics, athletics, etc.), then in weightlifting, even in the issue of staged training from early adolescence, there is no final opinion yet. This is due to the fact that in our country, until recently, the training of adolescents and even young men in weightlifting was not given much importance. It was believed that practicing this sport was only for adults, and therefore the main scientific research was related to adult weightlifters.

As noted above, the attitude towards weightlifting has changed dramatically since adolescence. This can be seen from the fact that more and more often in this sport, record results are achieved at the age of 16-18, and long-term training of weightlifters is being built as a training system from a beginner to a high-class athlete. An analysis of a number of literary sources on the issue of age periodization of long-term training of athletes showed that in a particular sport these age stages are not the same.

So, D. Hare believes that the division of the long-term training process into stages to a certain extent does not depend on age. The author proposes to take the age of the highest achievements as a basis. Therefore, if these rules are followed in weightlifting, then the starting point for the phased planning of the training of young athletes will be the achievements currently shown by Soviet athletes on average at the age of 18 to 33 years. According to V.P. Filin, N.A. Fomin, the zone of optimal opportunities for sports success in weightlifting is in the range from 21 to 24 years. B.V. Valik believes that the process of long-term training of young weightlifters must be built taking into account both the age of the highest achievements and the age-related characteristics of the body. From this, the author notes, the age of initial training depends.

The main feature of modern long-term training of athletes is its staging. Therefore, it is necessary to plan the long-term training of young weightlifters using a phased system. What is it connected with? It is known that 10-15 years ago, mainly people with good physical development came to the weightlifting section, and in some cases, those who had sports training in other sections. Those who were under the age of 15 were rarely accepted there. Now it's quite the opposite. More often, schoolchildren aged 12-13 and even younger come to the weightlifting section. And, consequently, during the initial training, the coach has to deal more often not only with a very young contingent, but also physically unprepared for specialization in this sport.

From the memoirs of the Honored Master of Sports A.N. Vorobyov (1960) it is clear that he came to regular weightlifting already being physically well developed, mature, tempered his character and will during the war and in work. In fact, it took him no more than one year to prove himself a capable athlete. After 4 years of training, he has already won the title of European champion. As noted by AN. Vorobyov, Olympic champion Trofim Lomakin and many other Soviet athletes had great physical strength. Obviously, for many decades in the development of weightlifting, coaches did not see a particular need for the systematic training of high-class weightlifters from among teenagers and young men, not to mention childhood, although some scientific research in this area has been conducted since the beginning of the 50s of the last century.

After 1971, when the International Weightlifting Federation excluded the classic bench press from triathlon and only the snatch and clean and jerk remained, research in the field of youth weightlifting was sharply intensified. First of all, it was necessary to solve the problem of the age limits of such training. In various literature, the division of groups by age was interpreted differently. So, in the weightlifting program for the Youth Sports School (compiled by B.E. Podskotsky), the following division into age groups is given: teenage - up to 14 years old, junior youthful - 15-16 years old, senior youthful - 17-18 years old, sports improvement - 19-20 years old. In the rules of weightlifting competitions for 1972, the following age gradation was established: young men of the younger age group - 14-15 years old, young men of the older age group - 16-17 years old, juniors - 18-20 years old, youth - 21-22 years old; in the rules of weightlifting competitions for 1977: young men of the younger age group - 14-15 years old, young men of the older age group - 16-17 years old, juniors - 18-20 years old, youth - 21-22 years old, adults - over 23 years old.

In the long-term planning of physical education, the following distribution into age groups was also used: pre-preschool - 1-4 years old, preschool - 4-7 years old, junior school - 7-12 years old, secondary school - 13-16 years old.

In 1968, the Institute of Developmental Physiology of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR recommended the following distribution scheme for age periods: neonatal period - 1-10 days, infancy - 10 days - 1 year, early childhood - 1-3 years, first childhood - 4- 7 years old, second childhood - 8-12 years old, adolescence (boys - 13-16 years old, girls 12-15 years old), adolescence - 17-21 years old, mature age: I period - 22-35 years old, II period - 36-60 years old, etc.

So, what age gradation should be followed when preparing young athletes? There is still no consensus on this issue. And, as they say, there is no one to put things in order in this matter. The author for almost 30 years adheres to the anatomical and physiological concept of the distribution of educational and training groups (UTG) for the Youth Sports School. This is due to the fact that when planning a phased long-term training of young athletes, the coach must be completely clear in determining the age groups. The main criterion in this matter is to take into account the individual age characteristics of human development. What individual physiological and morphological characteristics should be taken into account when training with young weightlifters? This is, firstly, the functional state of the cardiovascular system, taking into account a particular age. For example, the volume of the heart in 13-14-year-olds can be almost twice the volume of the heart of children 8-9 years old. At the same time, arterial blood pressure in adolescents is often higher than in children. And here one should look for the cause not in the functional disorders of the body of adolescents, but in the age and individual characteristics of physical development during puberty. Thus, it is known that the body length of young athletes from 13 to 14 years old can increase from 6 to 10 cm per year due to a more pronounced lengthening of the tubular bones. The rapid growth of tubular bones in adolescence leads, in turn, to stretching of the blood vessels and narrowing of their gaps. Until the anatomical maturity of the vessels in adolescents is in line with body length, they may experience an increase in arterial blood pressure. As a rule, by the age of 15-16, arterial blood pressure stabilizes. When doing weightlifting, you should pay attention to the so-called accelerators, that is, those who have some acceleration in the rate of puberty during puberty.

It is important not only for teachers, but also for doctors to participate together with the coach in the process of planning the training load, especially during the puberty of young athletes. It is the facts of uncoordinated actions of a coach and a doctor that often lead to undesirable consequences when exercising with young athletes.

It is necessary to pay great attention to the proper nutrition of young athletes of childhood and adolescence. The ever-increasing volumes of training loads in weightlifting require the provision of young athletes with good nutrition. In childhood and adolescence, a deficiency of vitamins, minerals, vegetable and animal proteins should not be allowed.

This section fully complies with the content of the new Weightlifting Program published in 2005 by the Federal Agency of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture and Sports. The author cites this section without changes, as he understands that his book may turn out to be the only official source for some youth sports schools or sports sections, according to which it is possible to officially regulate (plan) the training work of a teacher-trainer. In the following sections, the author's version of the long-term planning system for the training of young weightlifters will be considered, which has some differences from the official program.

So, the educational material of the official program consists of theoretical and practical sections and is divided into training groups: initial, educational and training, sports improvement and higher sports skills (Tables 1-14), which allows us to offer coaches of all sports schools a single direction, developed by a comprehensive a scientific approach to the assessment of the training process in the long-term system of training weightlifters from beginners to highly skilled athletes.

Long-term training of weightlifters is a complex process of developing sportsmanship, each level of which is characterized by its goals, objectives, means and organization of training.

The recruitment of sports groups, the organization of training sessions, the conduct of educational work with those involved is carried out by the management and coaching council of sports schools. This is one of the most important stages in the organizational and methodological activities of the entire team.

Training groups are recruited from among the most capable of weightlifting children, adolescents, boys and girls, as well as athletes who have transferred from other sports, have shown ability to weightlifting and meet the requirements for the level of sports and physical fitness for admission to sports schools.

In some cases, students who do not meet the relevant requirements may be enrolled in an educational group as an exception by decision of the coaching council, provided that these students have a certain level and physical characteristics that allow them to achieve the required level of sports training during the school year.

If an athlete has a higher rank than the members of his training group and successfully copes with the training loads, he can be transferred to the next year of training with the consent of the coaching council and with the permission of the doctor.

If an athlete is included in the main team of the region (region) and above and regularly shows good results, then regardless of age, he can be enrolled in the group of higher sportsmanship.

When fulfilling the standards for sports training, it is necessary to evaluate the technique of performing classical exercises (snatch, clean and jerk), primarily paying attention to speed-strength and coordination abilities.

Along with the standards for sports training, when completing training groups, the fulfillment by students of the standards for general physical training is taken into account.

Recruitment and admission to sports schools is carried out by the selection committees of these schools. Enrollment of students is issued by order on the basis of the protocol of the commission.

Work in sports schools is carried out all year round on the basis of this program.

Those enrolled in sports schools are divided into study groups, taking into account age, level of sports and general physical fitness.

The main forms of conducting educational and training work in sports schools are:

- group theoretical classes in the form of conversations of trainers, doctors, lectures by specialists on the topics outlined in the program (for each topic, the trainer offers students a list of references and a list of questions for the test);

- practical exercises and training in accordance with the requirements of the program for each group according to the schedule approved by the school administration;

- individual lessons in accordance with the plans and tasks established for athletes;

– participation of weightlifters in sports competitions and recreational activities;

- training sessions held at camps and training camps;

– viewing and methodical analysis of educational videos, major sports competitions;

- coaching and refereeing practice.

In the process of theoretical and practical classes, students should acquire the knowledge and skills of a public coach and a sports referee.

Note. Students of sports schools are required to perform daily morning exercises, as well as the homework assignments of the coach-teacher to work out individual elements of sports equipment.

When conducting training sessions and participating in competitions, the requirements established in Russia for medical control, injury prevention, ensuring the proper technical and sanitary and hygienic condition of training and competition areas, sports equipment and inventory must be strictly observed.

Of great importance for the implementation of the goals of sports training of weightlifters is the use in the work of sports schools of advanced methods of teaching, training and organizing the teaching and training and educational process with the help of a single methodological system, brought to the level of lesson programs.

The program serves as a guiding document for the organization and management of the training process for weightlifters of all age groups, categories and various genders. The creative application of the system of programs will contribute to the improvement of the methods of training domestic weightlifters. The long-term programs take into account all the best and advanced that is available today in the theory and methodology of sports training.

In accordance with the general requirements for sports schools, the main tasks for each training group are also determined.

For groups of initial training:

Health promotion and hardening of the body, comprehensive physical development, training in the technique of weightlifting exercises, the formation of interest in weightlifting sports, the education of moral and volitional qualities, the acquisition of the first experience of participation in competitions and the initial skills of working as an assistant to judges and a coach, the implementation of the standards of physical fitness and III youth class.

For educational and training groups:

Further strengthening of health, increasing the level of comprehensive and special physical fitness, developing motor and nurturing moral and volitional qualities, studying and improving the technique of weightlifting exercises, acquiring the necessary experience in participating in competitions, acquiring the knowledge and skills of a coach and judge, fulfilling the standards of the 1st sports category.

For sports improvement groups:

Further increase in all-round physical development, improvement of the qualities necessary for weightlifters, improvement of the technique of weightlifting exercises, increase in the level of volitional qualities and psychological preparedness, acquisition of competitive experience, obtaining the titles of a public coach and judge in weightlifting, confirmation of the standards of the 1st sports category and the implementation of the standards of the Candidate Master of Sports and MS.

For groups of higher sportsmanship:

Further improvement of the level of general and special physical fitness, improvement of the technical skills of weightlifters, taking into account their individual anatomical and morphological features and specific qualities necessary for performing snatch and clean and jerk, increasing competitive experience, further development of volitional qualities and psychological readiness for participation in important competitions, improving the knowledge and skills of a coach and judge, obtaining the title of a judge of the 1st category, confirming the MS standards, fulfilling the MSMK standard.

Note. To transfer from one study group to another, students pass control standards at the end of the school year.

1. The educational and training process in sports schools is planned on the basis of the educational materials set out in this program.

2. Planning of training sessions and distribution of educational material in groups is carried out on the basis of the curriculum and the annual schedule for the distribution of training hours, which provide for the year-round organization of training sessions.

3. The curriculum provides for theoretical and practical classes, passing control standards, coaching and refereeing practice, rehabilitation activities and participation in competitions.

4. In theoretical classes, students get acquainted with the development of physical culture movement, the history of weightlifting, gain knowledge of anatomy, physiology, medical control, hygiene, theoretical information about the technique of performing exercises, teaching and training methods, rules and refereeing of competitions.

5. In practical classes, students master the technique of weightlifting exercises, develop their physical qualities, acquire instructor and referee skills, and fulfill control standards. Participation in competitions is organized in accordance with the annual calendar plan.

6. The annual cycle of training sessions in groups is divided into preparatory, competitive and transitional-recovery stages.

7. Sports schools in weightlifting must have the following planning and accounting documents.

For planning:

Annual work plan (sections: organizational, medical and pedagogical control, educational work, training of public personnel, etc.);

Group recruitment plan;

Student's perspective plan;

Training program;

Academic plan;

Plan of training sessions for the year;

Work plan for the month or period of preparation;

Lesson plan;

Registration card of growth indicators of physical, special, technical readiness of students;

Timetable of classes;

Calendar plan of sports events. By account:

Journal of accounting of group classes;

Personal cards and statements of students;

Athlete training diaries;

Competition protocols.

1 In the KPSh for groups of initial training, the weight of the bar is taken into account at least

50% (in lead, snatch and jerk exercises, as well as in classical

exercises), in other groups - at least 60%

At the present stage of the development of weightlifting sports in our country and abroad, vast experience has been accumulated and significant scientific and methodological material has been collected related to the training of weightlifters of various sports qualifications and ages. The world achievements of weightlifters and their constant growth have long led to the understanding by specialists that the targeted training of high-class athletes in this sport can be carried out quite effectively only if children and adolescents from 11-12 years old are involved in such activities, and in some cases - even from an earlier age.

Over the past decades, very positive results have been obtained from studies of the process of long-term training of young weightlifters, which generally showed that with the right, methodically competent approach and effective control, such weight training in this age period does not lead to any adverse consequences in the health of young athletes, and most importantly - do not retard growth.

Let us dwell on the methodological features of such training.

Long-term training of young weightlifters is associated with the solution of a number of problems. One of them is the substantiation of the optimal age limits in the system of phased training of athletes in this sport, taking into account the characteristics of the developing organism, sports and pedagogical tasks and the socio-economic conditions of society.

It is known that the division of the process of long-term training of athletes in many sports does not significantly depend on age limits. There is no such strict dependence in weightlifting sports. Therefore, the starting point for the start of phased planning for the training of young weightlifters can be record achievements, which are shown by modern domestic athletes aged on average from 18 to 25 years. At the same time, the zone of optimal achievements of weightlifters for both men and women lies in a wider age range - from 15 to 28-30 years.

Taking into account this provision, the long-term training of young athletes should be built in such a way that the preparation for this zone of sports achievements is sufficiently thorough in its duration. As a rule, it cannot be less than 4-5 years (A.S. Medvedev). Our research, as well as research by foreign scientists, made it possible to prove that training sessions with weights from 11-12 years old and even from a younger age, if they take into account the age characteristics of a growing organism, lead to the development of more advanced adaptive mechanisms of the neuromuscular and functional systems body of young weightlifters. Long-term training of young weightlifters should be strictly focused on their age capabilities (first of all), and also be built in accordance with the level of physical, technical and functional readiness of the body.

It is known that in many cases the passport age of children and adolescents does not always correspond to the biological one. So, our research (L.S. Dvorkin) showed that out of 60 young weightlifters 12 years old (and in this case schoolchildren from Yekaterinburg and Pervouralsk) the first degree of puberty reached 35% and the second - 5%, in 13 years - respectively 38 and 31%. Consequently, out of 60 children aged 12, 40% have entered puberty, i.e. puberty, which characterizes adolescence (for boys - 13-16 and girls - 12-15 years). Consequently, this part of the young athletes we study, in terms of their biological maturity, should be attributed to adolescence, and not to childhood. It can be assumed with a high degree of truth that an even greater difference in passport and biological age is observed in children of the southern republics (although such studies have not been conducted in recent years).

Based on many years of research, we settled on the following version of age periodization when planning the phased training of young weightlifters:

UTG - 1 (8-9 years) - the first junior school age;

UTG - 2 (10-12 years old) - the second junior school age;

UTG - 3 (13-14 years old) - the first adolescence;

UTG - 4 (15-16 years) - the second adolescence;

UTG - 5 (17-18 years old) - boys;

UTG - 6 (19-20 years old) - juniors.

Based on this age division of training groups, it is proposed to divide the long-term training of young weightlifters into the following 6 stages (Tables 5.2-5.7):

First stage– preliminary physical and functional training (8-9 years);

Second phase– basic physical and functional training (10-12 years old);

Third stage– basic sports and psychological and functional training (13-14 years old);

Fourth stage– in-depth basic sports and psychological and functional training (15-16 years old);

Fifth stage– final basic sports psychological and functional training (17-18 years old);

Sixth stage– basic workshop training (19-20 years old).

The training of high-class athletes, starting from childhood, is built strictly according to certain stages, where the main attention is paid to the fulfillment of those tasks that are characteristic of a particular age group. According to the structure, such training of young weightlifters consists of six stages, which differ from one another both in the ratio of physical fitness and physical fitness, the fulfillment of discharge standards, and the use of certain means in the training process.

Based on this, special attention should be paid to the issue of recruiting training groups in a sports school from among the children who want to go in for weightlifting and do not have deviations in health.

At the first stage, the task is to recruit children's groups of junior schoolchildren aged 8-9 for preliminary physical and functional training for at least two years. At the second stage of training young weightlifters aged 10-12, the foundation of their basic physical and functional training is laid for 3 years. At the third stage, the process of creating a strong basic sports and psychological-functional fitness of young athletes aged 13-14 is intensified, which continues for 2 years. The need for good basic sports and psychological and functional training lies in the fact that at this age young weightlifters begin to take an active part in various competitions. After passing the sixth stage, young athletes aged 19-20 reach the level of members of the national team of the country.

So, the division of the long-term training of young weightlifters into six stages is very conditional. However, it allows you to plan the training of high-class athletes more correctly and rationally, taking into account the age characteristics of the body.

At the first stage of long-term training, the obligatory performance of sports categories is not provided, we suggest focusing only on the indicators of medical and pedagogical control and control tests. And in the future, this control will be the main one, since at the first stage it is necessary to orient children and adolescents not so much towards the performance of sports categories, but rather towards the creation of a solid basic physical and functional training, taking into account age characteristics. This thesis should be clarified with the following example. As a rule, a capable child already during the first two years of training quickly increases his results and by the end of the first stage of training he can complete the II category or even the standard of the I category for adults, which allows him to immediately move into the group of athletes training according to the program of the third stage. However, the fulfillment of the requirements of this program for most children would be premature, since the body of young athletes has not yet reached the required basic level of functional and physical fitness. A neglectful attitude to these requirements, an unjustifiably early transition of a young athlete to a narrow sports specialization, as a rule, leads to the acceleration of the training process, the rapid depletion of the body's natural capabilities and, ultimately, to the cessation of the increase in sports results at an older age.

In childhood and adolescence, muscle strength and speed-strength qualities increase markedly, provided they are actively developed. Therefore, the effectiveness of the use of these exercises both in physical education classes at school and in independent studies is especially high precisely in this age period of a person’s life. Such activities, as shown in our studies and studies of many domestic and foreign scientists, do not lead to negative changes in the development of the body's functional capabilities, do not retard growth, and contribute to normal physical development. However, in order to perform strength exercises with weights, one must adhere to certain load norms, taking into account one or another age. For this, model characteristics of these norms were developed (Tables 5.8-5.11). Each student can, focusing on these standards, quite easily choose for himself the load that corresponds to his age group.

Modern means and methods of weightlifting sport open up great prospects for the system of physical education of the younger generation, providing an opportunity not only to achieve the desired heights of sports excellence at a young age, but also to apply weights for mass strength training. This is especially important to take into account at the present time, when young people have an increased interest in athleticism.

Weightlifting programs for Youth Sports School have been published since 1968, but only after almost 10 years, based on the accumulated experience of working with young weightlifters and the positive results of scientific research, they came to the conclusion that it is possible to use higher training loads not only in adolescence, but also in childhood .

1 OSP - general strength training, SSP - special strength training.

2 50–60 × 6, where 50–60 is the weight of the bar as a percentage of the maximum result,

6 - the number of lifts in one approach.

1 50 - barbell weight as a percentage of body weight.

When organizing mass weightlifting training, a long-term process should be built strictly according to certain stages, where the main attention is paid to the fulfillment of those tasks that will be characteristic of this age group. The training of young weightlifters is divided into six such stages, which differ from one another in goals and objectives, the volume of the training load, means and the ratio of general and special physical training.

Thus, in this chapter, a number of sports and pedagogical aspects of the long-term training of weightlifters were revealed, which, in combination with the already known achievements of theory and methodology, build this process taking into account the objective laws of the development of mass sports and modern requirements, based on the need to widely involve young people in sports weights.

The current level of weightlifting requires the organization in our country of a systematic long-term training of young athletes in the most optimal age periods - adolescence and youth. Moreover, such a long-term training of weightlifters should be based on the identified general patterns that objectively proceed from the process of the formation of sportsmanship and age-related features of the development of the body.

Numerous studies of the 70-80s, conducted in the field of youth sports, convincingly proved the advantage of a systematic approach in the process of many years of work with young athletes, starting from their first steps in sports. In the same years, there is an intensive scientific search for the development of effective means and methods for training young athletes in various sports, as well as methods for selecting gifted schoolchildren in order to replenish the reserve of high-class athletes.

In weightlifting sports, individual scientists began to deal with the issues of systemic training of young athletes in the 50-60s. So, B.E. Podskotsky in the late 50s - early 60s published a number of works and scientifically substantiated from the pedagogical positions the phased process of many years of training of young weightlifters, starting from 14-15 years old. Later, approximately from the mid-60s, using complex research methods and on the basis of practical work with young weightlifters, research was continued on the scientific substantiation of the system of long-term training in the age period from 12 to 18 years. The results of these works are presented in a number of scientific and scientific-methodical works of L.S. Dvorkina, A.S. Medvedev and in our joint publications.

The need to organize long-term targeted training of young weightlifters was indicated in the scientific works of the AI. Kurachenkova, AI. Falameeva, M.T. Lukyanova, N.S. Ippolitova, A.S. Prilepin and others. One of the characteristic features of these and other works is that they talk about a gradual increase in the level of special physical training of young athletes. The training of young athletes should not be aimed at achieving a high sports result in the first years of training. Sports training, as noted by a number of authors, should be carried out in the initial period with the prospect of long-term growth, which continues after the transition to the adult group.

In the initial period of training, the greatest emphasis is placed on general physical fitness. So, at the OFP, according to N.V. Zimkin is given an average of 50-80% of the time during this period. The need for primary comprehensive physical development of young weightlifters was indicated in the works of the Academy of Sciences. Kurachenkova, B.E. Podskotsky, M.T. Lukyanova, AN. Falameeva, L.S. Dvorkina, A.S. Medvedev, N.S. Ippolitova, A.S. Prilepin and many others.

Back in 1982, the author made an attempt to formalize the process of long-term training of young weightlifters based on the knowledge available in the theory and practice of weightlifting sports. A "formula for the phased training of weightlifters" was proposed in the age period from 12 to 22 years. This formalized system includes the following stages: preliminary and initial training, educational and training stage, stage of sports improvement and stage of higher sportsmanship. Consequently, a young weightlifter, starting from the age of 12 playing sports, has the opportunity to reach the stage of higher sportsmanship by the age of 20-22. This concept of long-term training of young athletes is especially clearly substantiated in the works of the National Academy of Sciences. Fomina, V.P. Filina, M.Ya. Nabatnikova and in the monograph "Fundamentals of Management in the Training of Young Athletes" edited by M.Ya. Nabatnikova. Numerous facts and a practical analysis of the training of the best athletes in the world allow us to conclude that the majority of high-class athletes have passed all of the above stages, although they were not the same in terms of age periodization.

In weightlifting sports, increasing attention has been paid to the selection of young athletes. However, very few developments in this direction have been published. This is evidenced even by the fact that in the textbook "Weightlifting for young men" M.T. Lukyanova and A.I. Falameev there is no section on the selection of young men. There are no such sections in weightlifting textbooks for students of physical education institutes published in different years.

In the work of B.E. Podskotsky "Peculiarities of selection for weightlifting with adolescents 13--14 years old", published in 1970 in the yearbook "Weightlifting", it was noted that since weightlifters from 13-14 years of age began to train recently, we do not yet have approved recommendations that would help us see in a teenager a future weightlifter of a certain weight category and a high class. The same idea is carried out in the textbook "Weightlifting", published in 1981, i.e. almost 10 years later: “A very difficult problem is the selection of adolescents and young men who have the potential to achieve high sports results in the future. Such selection is one of the topical issues in the development of weightlifting ... "

Significant work on the selection was carried out by N.S. Ippolitov with schoolchildren aged 14-15. The author substantiated the selection methodology over a two-year period, divided into three stages. The author chose exercises with weights, jumping exercises from a place and sprinting as the main test indicators in determining the most capable.

It is known that modern teenagers and young men reach sports maturity much earlier than it was, for example, 10-15 years ago. This is due to the fact that early sports specialization has been introduced in many sports since childhood and adolescence. An analysis of the growth in the qualifications of young weightlifters over many years of training (from youth category to master of sports) showed that the achievement of higher sports results at a young age is generally closely related to the duration of sports activities (Table 5.1).

During the period of initial training (up to two years), the majority of the young weightlifters we studied did not show a pronounced increase in sports qualifications. This is explained by the fact that the training methodology used by us did not set the task of forced performance of sports categories. So, after the first year of such classes, 11.8% of athletes did not reach the level of weightlifting; 51.3% completed only the youth category and only 35.2% - III category. Moreover, these were athletes who, before joining the weightlifting section, as a rule, were engaged in comprehensive physical training in other sections for 1-2 years. Of the observed young weightlifters, only one managed to complete the II category in one year (out of 68 people). Subsequently, the number of the most gifted athletes increased: in the second year they amounted to 2.9% and in the third - 8.8%. Nevertheless, for the first 6 years of training, only 2.9% of the total number of trainees fulfilled the norm of the master of sports.

With mass sports training in weightlifting in adolescence and youth, it is not at all necessary to set the task of fulfilling the discharge standard at any cost. This process should go naturally, without forcing, since the main task of this period is to increase the level of physical fitness, in particular, strength capabilities. For individual gifted athletes, the optimal rate of growth in sports qualifications to the level of I category and CMS should be considered one step per year. This condition was met by 35.2% of students who completed the 1st category in the first year of training. But then their number decreased from year to year and after 2 years of training amounted to 30.9%; after three - 26.5% and after four - 17.6%. After seven years of training, one athlete from this group fulfilled the standard of the master of sports of international class.

The bulk of the athletes improved their skills at a slower pace and fulfilled the norm of a master of sports on average over 6-10 years of training. With mass weightlifting training, such rates of growth in sports qualifications are quite acceptable, since among these athletes there will be persons (workers, employees, students) who devote much less time to sports compared to members of the national team of the country.

The reasons for the slow improvement of the skills of most of the studied weightlifters should be considered poor versatile training at the initial stage of specialization, poor health in adolescence, which is the reason for missing classes; regular weight loss before the competition, violation of the sports regimen, irregular training, etc. In addition, an important role is played by the lack of a good material base for mass weightlifting and bodybuilding.

Preparation of a young weightlifter Dvorkin Leonid Samoylovich

5.2. Problems of long-term training of young weightlifters

The current level of weightlifting requires the organization in our country of a systematic long-term training of young athletes in the most optimal age periods - adolescence and youth. Moreover, such a long-term training of weightlifters should be based on the identified general patterns that objectively proceed from the process of the formation of sportsmanship and age-related features of the development of the body.

Numerous studies of the 70-80s, conducted in the field of youth sports, convincingly proved the advantage of a systematic approach in the process of many years of work with young athletes, starting from their first steps in sports. In the same years, there is an intensive scientific search for the development of effective means and methods for training young athletes in various sports, as well as methods for selecting gifted schoolchildren in order to replenish the reserve of high-class athletes.

In weightlifting sports, individual scientists began to deal with the issues of systemic training of young athletes in the 50-60s. So, B.E. Podskotsky in the late 50s - early 60s published a number of works and scientifically substantiated from the pedagogical positions the phased process of many years of training of young weightlifters, starting from the age of 14-15. Later, approximately from the mid-60s, using complex research methods and on the basis of practical work with young weightlifters, research was continued on the scientific substantiation of the system of long-term training in the age period from 12 to 18 years. The results of these works are presented in a number of scientific and scientific-methodical works of L.S. Dvorkina, A.S. Medvedev and in our joint publications.

The need to organize long-term targeted training of young weightlifters was indicated in the scientific works of the AI. Kurachenkova, AI. Falameeva, M.T. Lukyanova, N.S. Ippolitova, A.S. Prilepin and others. One of the characteristic features of these and other works is that they talk about a gradual increase in the level of special physical training of young athletes. The training of young athletes should not be aimed at achieving a high sports result in the first years of training. Sports training, as noted by a number of authors, should be carried out in the initial period with the prospect of long-term growth, which continues after the transition to the adult group.

In the initial period of training, the greatest emphasis is placed on general physical fitness. So, at the OFP, according to N.V. Zimkin is given an average of 50-80% of the time during this period. The need for primary comprehensive physical development of young weightlifters was indicated in the works of the Academy of Sciences. Kurachenkova, B.E. Podskotsky, M.T. Lukyanova, AN. Falameeva, L.S. Dvorkina, A.S. Medvedev, N.S. Ippolitova, A.S. Prilepin and many others.

Back in 1982, the author made an attempt to formalize the process of long-term training of young weightlifters based on the knowledge available in the theory and practice of weightlifting sports. A "formula for the phased training of weightlifters" was proposed in the age period from 12 to 22 years. This formalized system includes the following stages: preliminary and initial training, educational and training stage, stage of sports improvement and stage of higher sportsmanship. Consequently, a young weightlifter, starting from the age of 12 playing sports, has the opportunity to reach the stage of higher sportsmanship by the age of 20-22. This concept of long-term training of young athletes is especially clearly substantiated in the works of the National Academy of Sciences. Fomina, V.P. Filina, M.Ya. Nabatnikova and in the monograph "Fundamentals of Management in the Training of Young Athletes" edited by M.Ya. Nabatnikova. Numerous facts and a practical analysis of the training of the best athletes in the world allow us to conclude that the majority of high-class athletes have passed all of the above stages, although they were not the same in terms of age periodization.

In weightlifting sports, increasing attention has been paid to the selection of young athletes. However, very few developments in this direction have been published. This is evidenced even by the fact that in the textbook "Weightlifting for young men" M.T. Lukyanova and A.I. Falameev there is no section on the selection of young men. There are no such sections in weightlifting textbooks for students of physical education institutes published in different years.

In the work of B.E. Podskotsky “Features of selection for weightlifting with adolescents 13-14 years old”, published in 1970 in the yearbook “Weightlifting”, it was noted that since weightlifters from 13-14 years of age began to train recently, we do not yet have approved recommendations, which would help us to see in a teenager a future weightlifter of a certain weight category and a high class. The same idea is carried out in the textbook "Weightlifting", published in 1981, i.e. almost 10 years later: “A very difficult problem is the selection of adolescents and young men who have the potential to achieve high sports results in the future. Such selection is one of the topical issues in the development of weightlifting ... "

Significant work on the selection was carried out by N.S. Ippolitov with schoolchildren aged 14-15. The author substantiated the selection methodology over a two-year period, divided into three stages. The author chose exercises with weights, jumping exercises from a place and sprinting as the main test indicators in determining the most capable.

It is known that modern teenagers and young men reach sports maturity much earlier than it was the case, for example, 10-15 years ago. This is due to the fact that early sports specialization has been introduced in many sports since childhood and adolescence. An analysis of the growth in the qualifications of young weightlifters over many years of training (from youth category to master of sports) showed that the achievement of higher sports results at a young age is generally closely related to the duration of sports activities (Table 5.1).

During the period of initial training (up to two years), the majority of the young weightlifters we studied did not show a pronounced increase in sports qualifications. This is explained by the fact that the training methodology used by us did not set the task of forced performance of sports categories. So, after the first year of such classes, 11.8% of athletes did not reach the level of weightlifting; 51.3% completed only the youth category and only 35.2% - III category. Moreover, these were athletes who, before joining the weightlifting section, as a rule, were engaged in comprehensive physical training in other sections for 1-2 years. Of the observed young weightlifters, only one managed to complete the II category in one year (out of 68 people). Subsequently, the number of the most gifted athletes increased: in the second year they amounted to 2.9% and in the third - 8.8%. Nevertheless, for the first 6 years of training, only 2.9% of the total number of trainees fulfilled the norm of the master of sports.

Table 5.1

The growth of sports qualificationyoung weightlifters (%)

With mass sports training in weightlifting in adolescence and youth, it is not at all necessary to set the task of fulfilling the discharge standard at any cost. This process should go naturally, without forcing, since the main task of this period is to increase the level of physical fitness, in particular strength capabilities. For individual gifted athletes, the optimal rate of growth in sports qualifications to the level of I category and CMS should be considered one step per year. This condition was met by 35.2% of students who completed the 1st category in the first year of training. But then their number decreased from year to year and after 2 years of training amounted to 30.9%; after three - 26.5% and after four - 17.6%. After seven years of training, one athlete from this group fulfilled the standard of the master of sports of international class.

The bulk of athletes improved their skills at a slower pace and fulfilled the norm of a master of sports on average over 6-10 years of training. With mass weightlifting training, such rates of growth in sports qualifications are quite acceptable, since among these athletes there will be persons (workers, employees, students) who devote much less time to sports compared to members of the national team of the country.

The reasons for the slow improvement of the skills of most of the studied weightlifters should be considered poor versatile training at the initial stage of specialization, poor health in adolescence, which is the reason for missing classes; regular weight loss before the competition, violation of the sports regimen, irregular training, etc. In addition, an important role is played by the lack of a good material base for mass weightlifting and bodybuilding.