STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE NKVD OF THE USSR AT THE END OF 1939
I. Management, secretariats and apparatuses included in the secretariat.
1. Leadership of the NKVD of the USSR.
2. Secretariat of the NKVD of the USSR:
Reception of the NKVD of the USSR
Reception Commissar
Coding department.
3. Secretariat of the Special Meeting under the People's Commissar:
1 department (verification of investigative cases submitted for consideration by the OSO, familiarization and drawing up conclusions)
2nd department (organization of meetings of the CSO, registration of minutes of meetings and transfer of extracts and cases to 1 c / o, control of execution)
3rd department (consideration of applications and complaints of convicts).
4. Special technical bureau under the People's Commissar
(use of s / c with special technical knowledge).
5. Special Bureau under the People's Commissar:
1 department (development and publication teaching materials on check work and the work of foreign intelligence)
2nd department (compilation of characteristics and reference materials for leaders, state and political figures of capital countries)
6. Control and inspection group under the people's commissar.
7. Commissioner
(investigation of the cases of the NKVD).
8. Secretariat of the first deputy. NKVD of the USSR for the GUGB (Merkulov).
1 branch (operational)
2 department (consideration of incoming applications).
9. Control and inspection group under the deputy. NKVD USSR.
10. Secretariat NKVD USSR (Chernyshev).
11. Department for organized recruitment work force at the deputy NKVD.
12. Inspectorate for boiler supervision under the NKVD of the USSR.
13. Permanent technical commission under the NKVD of the USSR.
14. Sector capital works under the NKVD of the USSR.
15. Railway department and water transportation of the NKVD of the USSR:
1 department (operational transportation planning)
2 department (control room).
16. Sector of consumer goods of the NKVD of the USSR:
1 office (planning and accounting and prices)
2 department (production and quality inspection).
II. Headquarters state security.
1. 1 department of the GUGB (protection of leading party and Soviet workers) - as part of the 1 department of the GUGB: political department, 24 departments, a school, commandant's offices of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the NKVD of the USSR.
2. 2nd department of the GUGB (secret-political)
1st section (Trotskyites, Zinovievites, leftists, rightists, Myasnikovites, Shlyapnikovites, expelled from the CPSU(b) and foreign work)
2nd branch (Mensheviks, anarchists, socialist-revolutionaries, Bundists, Zionists, clerics, provocateurs, gendarmes, counterintelligence officers, punishers, White Cossacks, monarchists)
3rd branch (fight against the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Finno-Ugric national groups)
4 - "- (undercover development for a / s political parties, Dashnaks, Turkic-Tatar-Mongolian national kr, gruzmeks, Musavatists and nationalists)
5 - "- (writers, print, publishing houses, theaters, cinema, art)
6 (academies of sciences, research institutes, scientific societies)
7 (opening and development formations among young students, the Narkompros system and children of the repressed)
8 (Narkomzdrav of the USSR and the RSFSR and its educational establishments)
9 (NKJ, Supreme Court, Prosecutor's Office, People's Commissariat of Social Security and their educational institutions)
10 (fight against church sectarianism)
11 (sports organizations, voluntary societies, clubs, sports publishing houses)
12 (OSO, police, fire protection, military registration and enlistment offices and reserve commanders)
3. 3rd department of the GUGB (counterintelligence):
1 branch (Germany, Hungary)
2 (Japan, China)
3 (England)
4 (France, Italy, Belgium, Switzerland, Spain)
5 (Romania, Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia)
6 (Poland)
7 (Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark)
8 (USA and South American countries)
9 (Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan and internal cash)
10 (White Guard elements)
11 (Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania)
12 (NKID embassies and consulates)
13 (ECCI, MOPR)
14 (Foreign trade, trade missions)
15 (Intourist and VOKS)
Part of the UEC
Political Department of the UEC
16, 17, 18, 19 departments of the UEC.
4. 4th department of the GUGB (special):
1 branch (headquarters)
2 (intelligence)
3 (aviation)
4 (technical troops)
5 (motor-technical parts)
6 (artillery, cavalry and artillery units)
7 (infantry, cavalry and artillery units)
8 (political bodies)
9 (content organs)
11 (NKVD troops)
12 (org-mob)
Next part
5. 5th department of the GUGB (foreign):
1 branch (Germany, Hungary, Denmark)
2 (Poland)
3 (France, Belgium, Switzerland, Holland)
4 (England)
5 (Italy)
6 (Spain)
7 (Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Greece)
8 (Finland, Sweden, Norway, Svalbard)
9 (Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania)
10 (USA, Canada, South America, Mexico)
11 (Japan, Manchuria)
12 (China, Xinjiang)
13 (Mongolia, Tuva)
14 (Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan)
15 (technical intelligence)
16 (opera)
6. 7th department of the GUGB (encryption, protection of state secrets):
1st, 2nd, 3rd departments (protection of state secrets, verification and accounting of documents and documents admitted to secret work)
4 department (decryption)
5 (research, development and accounting of ciphers, compilation of NKVD ciphers, training of cipher workers)
6 (cipher work of the NKVD)
7 (organizational management of the periphery, development of instructions and regulations for secret encryption and undercover work)
8 (cipher)
7. Investigative department of the GUGB.
III. Main economic department.
1. Leadership.
2. Joint secretariat of the GEM.
3. 1 department of GEM (industry):
1 department (power plants and electrical industry)
2 (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy)
3 (heavy engineering and machine tool building)
4 (light and textile industry)
5th department (timber industry)
6 (food industry)
7 (local industry, Narkomkhoz, building materials industry and enterprises of the AHU NKVD)
4. Department 2 GEM (defense industry):
1 branch (People's Commissariat of Ammunition)
2 (People's Commissariat for Armaments)
3 (shipbuilding)
4 (chemical industry)
5 (autotractor and tank industry)
5. 3 department GEM (agriculture)
1st branch (People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR and the RSFSR)
2 (People's Commissariat of State Farms of the USSR and the RSFSR)
3 (agricultural universities, research institutes and animal husbandry)
4 (People's Commissariat of the USSR, Department of State Reserves)
5 (People's Commissariat of the USSR and the RSFSR)
6 (Centrosoyuz)
7 (NKF USSR, State Bank and Spetsbank)
6. 4th department of the GEM (observation of the state mark and refineries).
7. Department 5 GEM (aviation industry):
1 department (aircraft industry)
2 (motor building)
4 (capital construction and apparatus of the People's Commissariat of Aviation Industry)
8. Department 6 GEM (fuel):
1 compartment (oil)
2 (coal, peat, shale, gas)
9. Investigative part of the GEM.
IV. Main transport department.
1. Leadership.
2. Secretariat.
3. 1 department of GTU (railway transport):
Department 1 (Central Department of Locomotive and Carriage Economy, Central Department of Electrification, Operational Department, Research Institute, Scientific and Technical Council)
2 (Central departments: tracks, traffic, freight, passenger, communications and telegraph. Trusts of sleeping cars and impregnation sleepers)
3 (Central Supply Department and departments: planning and economic, financial, accounting with a mechanized accounting factory)
4 (trusts for locomotive repair, car repair plants and machine building, central forestry department)
5 (Guzheldorstroy and other construction organizations, defense construction, Research Institute of Way and Construction)
6 (Central Mobility Department, development of a mobplan for organs of the 1st Department of the GTU)
7 (Moscow transport universities, technical schools and other educational institutions, the Central Department of Educational Institutions of the NKPS, printing houses, publishing houses)
8 (secretariats, legal departments, administration of the NKPS with all its ancillary enterprises and a motor depot. Transanupr. with all organizations Soyuztranstorgpit, Central Administrative District, OAH, Lokomotiv, SHUKS, TsBZh)
9 (management of the DTO 12 railway center, Metropolitan, Central Committee of the Union of the railway center)
10 (ATT leadership 12 railways of the South and Caucasus)
11 department (leadership of the DTO railway of the Urals, Siberia and Far East)
12 (management of ATT East Asian Railways)
13 (accounting and statistical)
14 (organizational issues and personnel)
15 (providing wagons of a special standard)
16 (operational search on railway transport)
17 (reconnaissance of transport facilities).
4. 2 department GTU (water transport):
Section 1
2 (sea, passenger, dry-cargo, oil-loading fleet and seaports. Servicing of the relevant central departments of the People's Commissariat for Marine Fleet)
3 (industry, construction, supply, security, educational institutions. Servicing the relevant departments and departments of the People's Commissariat for Marine Fleet)
4 (river shipping companies, routes, ports and pristan facilities of the Yuzhno-Northern, Volga-Kama ports. Servicing the relevant departments and departments of the People's Commissariat for River Fleet)
5 (the same for the Eastern Directorate of the River Fleet)
6 (planning, industry, construction and supply. Servicing the relevant departments and departments of the People's Commissariat for River Fleet)
7 (Glavsevmorput and its local authorities)
5. 3 department GTU (communications, highways, GVF):
1 department (People's Commissariat of Communications: central telegraph, telegraph and telephone department, central intercity telephone exchange, radio control, periphery)
2 (People's Commissariat of Communications: 1 and postal departments, construction and management departments, research institutes, field communications)
3 (People's Commissariat of Communications: educational institutions and the All-Union Radio Committee)
4 (GUSHOSDOR of the NKVD of the USSR, trusts, Soyuzdorproekt, Moscow design and survey office, Soyuzdorsnab of the NKVD and Glavdorupr. under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR)
5 (educational institutions GUShOSDOR NKVD, MADI, technical school, workers' faculty and DORNII)
6 (GUGVF with all divisions and educational institutions)
7 (Main Directorate of the Hydrometeorological Service under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, Central Institute of Weather, Moscow Hydrometeorological Institute, publishing house of the Hydrometeorological Service)
6. Investigative part of the GTU.
V. 1 c / o (accounting and statistical):
1 department (accounting for agents and undercover developments)
2 (accounting for confiscations and storage of things arrested, imposition and removal of arrest from property and living space)
3 (registration of investigative cases and arrested persons, execution of decisions on cases of the central office)
4 (execution of decisions of the CCA and control over the accounting of exile and convicts)
5 (operational statistics)
6 (Central file cabinet: alphabetical registration of a politically unreliable element, identification based on materials from the bodies of the Cheka - OGPU - NKVD)
7 (All-Union search for state criminals and dactylophoteka)
8 (reception, registration and processing of complaints and applications on cases of convicts)
9 (general archive)
10 (investigative archive)
11 (special archive)
12 (intelligence archive)
13 (archive of personal files of agents and former employees of the Cheka - OGPU - NKVD)
14 (general office archive)
15 (registration of repressed foreigners)
16 (operational and reference)
17 (organizing instructor)
VI. 2 s/o (opera technique):
political department
1 compartment (according to the letter "H" - microphone)
2 (by the letter "M" - telephone)
3 (political control)
4 (by letter "E")
5 (radio)
6, 7 (experimental laboratories and workshops)
8 (Government "HF" communication)
VII. 3 s / o (outdoor reconnaissance, undercover intelligence, installation):
political department
1 department (external reconnaissance on special assignments of the NKVD leadership)
2, 3 (external intelligence on objects of the 3rd department of the NKVD GUGB - embassies, missions, consulates)
4 (external intelligence on objects of the 3rd department of the GUGB, developed for terror, espionage, sabotage and other formations)
5 (external reconnaissance behind the objects of the 2nd department of the NKVD GUGB)
6 (external reconnaissance behind objects 1 and 4 of the departments of the NKVD GUGB)
7 (external reconnaissance behind the objects of the GEM NKVD)
8 (external reconnaissance behind the objects of the GGU NKVD)
9 (external reconnaissance behind UNKVD facilities in the Moscow region)
10 (intelligence for hotels, restaurants, cafes and bars)
11 (intelligence around the city)
12 (intelligence and installation)
13 (operational, searches-arrests)
14 (processing of undercover materials and operational accounting)
15 (acquisition, accounting and preparation of cash registers)
16 (financial)
17 (autotechnical)
18 (economic).
VIII. 4 s / o (laboratories).
IX. 5 c / o (according to the leadership of the GOKHRAN).
X. Mobilization department.
1 department (organization and staffing)
2 (operational)
3 (material supply)
4 (evacuation)
XI. Personnel department of the NKVD of the USSR.
1 department (staffing of operational security officers: Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Voronezh, Ivanovo, Kalinin, Kursk, Leningrad, Moscow, Murmansk, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tambov, Tula, Yaroslavl regions; Karelian ASSR and Komi ASSR)
2 (staffing of operational security officers: Bashkir, Mari, Mordovian, Volga Germans, Tatar, Udmurt, Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics; Gorky, Kirov, Kuibyshev, Penza, Perm, Saratov, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Chkalov regions)
3 (on recruitment of operational-Chekist personnel: NKVD of the BSSR and its local bodies. Crimean ASSR, NKVD of the Ukrainian SSR and its local bodies)
4 (for the recruitment of operational security officers: the NKVD of the Azerbaijan, Armenian, Georgian SSR, Dagestan, Kab.-Balkar, Kalmyk, Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics; UNKVD of the Krasnodar, Ordzhonikidzevsky territories, Rostov and Stalingrad regions)
5 (for the acquisition of operational-Chekist personnel: the NKVD of the Kazakh, Kirghiz, Tajik, Turkmen and Uzbek SSRs)
6 (for the recruitment of operational security officers: UNKVD of the Altai, Krasnoyarsk, Primorsky, Khabarovsk Territories, Irkutsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Chita Regions, Buryat-Mongolian and Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics)
7 (cadres of special departments of the NKVD of the Red Army and the fleet)
8 (cadres of the transport bodies of the NKVD for railway transport)
9 (GUGB, GEM, 1 department of the GUGB center)
10 (secretariat, 1 - 4 s / o, OK, Special Commissioner, OTB, UKMK)
11 (according to nomenklatura personnel - GURCM, Tyurem.upr., GUPO, GAU, AHU, TsFPO, TsOAGS)
12 (according to the nomenklatura personnel - the main military departments)
13 (according to nomenklatura personnel - GULAG, GUShOSDOR, Dalstroy)
14 (training and retraining of operas, check-in personnel)
Inspectorate for Military Educational Establishments
Department 15 (organizational, staffing, dislocation and award issues)
16 (mobilization)
17 (accounting and statistical)
18 (personal filing)
19 (retirement).
XII. Main Prison Department.
1. Leadership.
2. Secretariat.
3. Political department.
4. General inspection at the beginning. management.
5. Mobinspection.
6. Section 1 Chap. prisons, ex. (operational):
1 department (regime, security and combat training)
2 (specialist)
3 (intelligence service s / c)
4 (accounting for s / c)
5 (staging s / c)
7. Section 2 Chap. prison.upr. (Human Resources Department):
1 department (issuing sanctions according to the nomenclature of the people's commissar and staffing the prisons of the GUGB)
2 (organic)
3 (accounting)
8. Section 3 Chap. prisons, ex. (operational and construction):
1 department (construction)
2 (building management)
3 (logistical)
9. Chapter 4 Ch. prisons, ex. (supply)
1 department (accounting and planning)
2 (consignment-clothing-forage)
3 (art-technical property)
10. Sanitary inspection.
XIII. Central financial and planning department.
1 department (organizational)
2 (budget and free balance)
3rd branch (estimated)
4 (estimated)
5 (central accounting)
6 (revision)
7 (planning and financing capital construction)
8 (planning and financing of production and operation of enterprises and farms)
9 (special)
10 (material balances).
XIV. Administrative and economic management.
Management.
Secretariat.
1 branch of AHU - special service.
2 department - mobilization.
Control group.
1. Administrative department of ACU:
1 branch (personnel)
2 (frames)
Accounting and statistical group.
3 department (organizational)
4 (administrative)
5 (weapons and material allowance)
6 (according to work books)
7 (training)
Printing and technical group.
2. Housing department of AHU.
3. Economic department of the Academy of Arts.
4. Agricultural department of AHU.
5. Planning and financial department of ACU.
6. Construction department of AHU.
7. Polyclinic of the Sanitary Department of ACU.
8. Hospital of the Sanitary Department of ACU.
9. Pharmacy of the Sanitary Department of ACU.
10. Commandant's Department of the Academy of Arts.
11. Autotechnical department of ACS:
Central telephone exchange
12. Department of courier communications of the Academy of Arts.
XV. Main Archival Administration.
1. Leadership.
2. Secretariat.
3. 1 department (organizational).
4. 2 department (secret funds).
5. 3rd department (scientific publishing).
6. 4th department (adm.-economic).
7. 5 department (financial and planning).
XVI. Headquarters fire brigade.
1. Leadership.
2. Secretariat.
3. General department.
4. 1 department (state supervision).
5. 2 department (services and air defense).
6. 3 department (training and educational institutions).
7. 4 department (orgmob).
8. 5 department (command).
9. 6th department (military equipment and weapons).
10. Political department.
11. Military economic department.
12. Housing and construction department.
13. Financial department.
14. Sanitary department.
15. Central military warehouse.
16. Central Research Institute.
XVII. Main Directorate of the Republic of Kazakhstan Militia.
1. Leadership.
2. Operational secretariat.
3. Criminal Investigation Department.
5. Passport and registration department.
6. Department of service and training.
7. Railway department.
8. Special department.
9. Department of visas and registration.
10. State traffic inspectorate.
11. Political department.
12. Command department.
13. Mob department.
14. Special inspection.
15. Logistics department.
16. Administrative and economic department.
17. Sanitary inspection.
18. Financial Department
XVIII. General Directorate of Highways.
1. Leadership.
2. Secretariat.
3. Secret part.
4. Inspection at the beginning management.
5. Technical department.
6. Department of new construction.
7. Department of operation.
8. Planning department.
9. Financial department.
10. Department of educational institutions.
11. Mob department.
12. Personnel department.
15. Political department.
XIX. Headquarters of the camps.
1. Leadership.
2. Secretariat.
3. Political department.
4. 3 department.
5. Office of paramilitary security.
6. Department of the forest industry.
7. Department of ITK and agricultural camps.
8. 1 railway department construction.
9. 2nd railway department construction.
10. Hydrotechnical department.
11. Marine Construction Department.
12. Department of the fuel industry.
13. Department of non-ferrous metallurgy.
14. Pulp and paper department.
15. Personnel department.
16. Planning department.
17. Accounting and distribution department.
18. Inspection of execution control.
19. Department of technical supply.
20. Department of general supply.
21. Cultural and educational department.
22. Financial department.
23. Central accounting.
24. Sanitary department.
25. Veterinary department.
27. Department of mobilization of internal resources.
28. Department of mechanization and motor transport.
29. Reception and complaints bureau.
30. Mobinspektsiya.
31. Department of labor settlements.
32. Legal department.
34. Department of special construction.
35. Department of labor colonies.
XX. Central department of acts of civil status.
XXI. State storage.
XXII. Central club of employees.
XXIII. Office of the commandant of the Moscow Kremlin (UKMK).
1. Leadership.
2. Apparatus of on-duty assistants to the commandant.
3. Management secretariat.
4. Expedition.
5. Special group.
6. Department of passes.
7. Department of service.
8. Department of combat training.
9. Personnel department.
10. Department of technical communication.
11. Financial and planning department.
12. Sanitary department.
13. Orchestra.
14. Political department.
15. Commandant's offices.
2. Economic management UKMK:
Leadership and secretariat
Operational and technical department
Department of Logistics
Special Purpose Division
Commandant's Office of the Grand Kremlin Palace
Construction department
3. Special Purpose Regiment UKMK
4. Separate battalion of the GUGB - UKMK
5. Separate transport company.
6. Military fire brigade.
XXIV. Main Directorate of the Border Troops.
1. Leadership.
2. Secretariat.
3. 5 department.
4. Headquarters of the troops.
5. Political Directorate of the Troops.
6. Aviation department.
7. Marine department.
8. Department for end-beginning. composition.
9. Sanitary department.
10. Veterinary department.
11. Logistics department.
XXV. Main Directorate of the NKVD Troops for the Protection of Railways structures.
1. Command.
2. Secretariat.
4. Operational department.
5. Department of combat training.
6. Post office.
7. Department of org.-mob. acquisition.
8. Political department.
9. Department of command staff.
10. Department of armaments.
12. Department of service.
XXVI. Main Directorate of Convoy Troops.
1. Leadership.
2. Secretariat.
3. Headquarters of the troops.
4. Political department.
5. Department for whom the commanding staff.
7. Control and inspection group.
XXVII. Main Directorate of the NKVD Troops for the Protection of Particularly Important Industrial Enterprises.
1. Command.
3. Secretariat.
4. 1 department (operational).
5. 2 department (organizational staffing).
6. 3 department (combat training).
7. Communication service.
8. Department with / dogs.
9. Department for whom the commanding staff.
10. Military household. inspection.
11. Political department.
12. Sanitary service.
13. Veterinary service.
XXVIII. Main Directorate of Military Supply.
1. Command.
2. Secretariat.
3. Political department.
4. Control and inspection group.
5. Sanitary department.
6. 1 department (art.-technical armament).
7. 2 department (auto-armored-tank property).
8. 3 department (planned).
9. 4 department (financial).
10. 5th department (food).
11. 6th department (consignment and clothing).
12. 7th department (fuel and lubricants and fire-fighting equipment).
13. 8 department (communication property).
14. Department of command staff.
15. Department of warehouses and workshops.
XXIX. Main military construction department.
1. Management
2. Political department.
3. Production department.
4. Design and estimate department.
5. Financial department.
6. Department of supply.
7. Personnel department.
8. Department of engineering parts.
XXX. Directorate of the NKVD for prisoners of war and internees.
1. Leadership.
2. Secretariat.
3. Political department.
4. 1 department (mode).
5. 2 department (accounting and registration).
6. 3 department (supply).
7. 4th department (sanitary).
Order of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR No. 00232
on the organization of the 1st special department of the NKVD of the USSR
Moscow city,
Top secret
In addition to the order of the NKVD of the USSR No. 00212 of February 26, 1941 on the reorganization of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs USSR, I order:
1. Organize in the system of the NKVD of the USSR the 1st Special Department of the NKVD of the USSR, in accordance with the attached regulations and states.
2. Head of the 1st Special Department of the NKVD of the USSR to appoint the captain of state security comrade. Gertsovsky A.Ya.
Send the application to the affiliation.
People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR
General Commissioner
state security L. Beria
POSITION
ABOUT THE FIRST SPECIAL DEPARTMENT OF THE NKVD OF THE USSR
Top secret
The First Special Department of the NKVD of the USSR is entrusted with the following tasks:
1. Implementation of a centralized alphabetical and fingerprint recording of criminals arrested by the NKGB, the NKVD, 3 departments of the NPO and the NKVMF, the prosecutor's office and the court, held in prisons, labor camps, colonies, pre-trial detention cells and other places of detention of the NKVD and the NKGB.
Reflection in the centralized alphabetical record of criminals - information about the persons wanted by the authorities, about the persons who passed through the investigative cases of the bodies of the Cheka - OGPU - NKVD, about administrative exiles, deportees, special. and labor, settlers.
2. Signaling to the operational departments and peripheral bodies of the NKGB, the NKVD and 3 departments of the NPO, the NKVMF about the materials available and newly entering the centralized accounting system on the persons registered by them.
Identification with the help of fingerprinting and photographs of criminals changing their names and other installation data.
3. Fulfillment of requests from the central party and Soviet bodies, peripheral bodies of the NKVD, the NKGB, the prosecutor's office, the court and other institutions to check on the centralized registration of criminals (in connection with recruitment, undercover development, arrest, special inspection, applications for review of cases, according to the permit system, on a criminal record, etc.).
4. Implementation of the decisions of the Special Meeting of the NKVD of the USSR.
5. Compilation of digital information on the number and movement of arrested persons held in places of detention throughout Soviet Union, about administrative-exiled, deported, special. and labor, settlers.
6. Control:
a) for the legal maintenance of prisoners in prisons, forced labor camps, colonies, penal colonies and their timely release after serving their sentences;
d) for proper organization storage and use of archival and investigative files of the militia, prosecutor's office and court, concentrated in the Main Archival Administration and its local bodies.
7. Organization of the all-Union search for criminals and other persons hiding from the authorities (single search center).
8. Accounting and sending for consideration applications from convicts held in prisons, forced labor camps and control over their consideration in the NKVD bodies.
Issuance of certificates of convicts to citizens applying to the NKVD of the USSR.
9. Systematization and storage of archival and investigative files and materials of general operational office work of the bodies of the military-industrial complex - the OGPU - the NKVD - the NKGB and 3 departments of the NPO and the NKVMF. Organization of the operational use of archives by the NKGB, NKVD, prosecutor's office, court and 3 departments of the NPO, NKVMF.
10. Systematization and storage of office work of the NKVD of the USSR on the confiscation of property and living space of convicts; consideration of property claims of citizens to the NKVD of the USSR on issues of confiscation; enforcement of decisions on confiscation in cases of the NKGB of the USSR.
11. Development of organizational and legal issues related to the intelligence and investigative work of the NKVD bodies, the maintenance of prisoners in prisons, labor camps, colonies and penal colonies, and the activities of the Special Conference under the NKVD of the USSR.
12. Development of scientific and technical methods for the registration of criminals and training of personnel of relevant qualifications.
13. Management and control over the registration and registration of criminals in the police, prisons, labor camps, colonies and penal colonies.
In accordance with the tasks set, 15 departments and secretariats of the department are organized in the First Special Department of the NKVD of the USSR:
1st department (central operational and reference file):
a) a centralized alphabetical record of criminals arrested by the NKGB, the NKVD, 3 departments of the NPO and the NKVMF, the prosecutor's office and the court, held in prisons, forced labor camps, colonies and other places of detention of the NKVD and the NKGB;
b) reflection in the centralized accounting of information about the persons wanted by the authorities, about the persons who passed through the investigative cases of the bodies of the military-industrial complex - the OGPU - the NKVD, about the administratively exiled, deported, special. and labor, settlers;
c) signaling to the operational departments and peripheral bodies of the NKGB, the NKVD and 3 departments of the NCO, the NKVMF about the materials available and newly entering the centralized accounting system on the persons registered by them;
d) issuance of certificates from the centralized accounting for the operational needs of the NKVD and the NKGB.
2nd department (central fingerprint file):
a) centralized fingerprinting of criminals arrested by the NKGB, the NKVD, 3 departments of the NPO and the NKVMF, the prosecutor's office and the court, held in prisons, labor camps, colonies and other places of detention;
b) issuance of certificates on this accounting;
c) identification with the help of fingerprinting and photographs of criminals who change their names and other identification data.
3rd department (operational and reference):
execution of requests from the central party and Soviet bodies, peripheral bodies of the NKVD, the NKGB, the prosecutor's office, the court and other institutions, on the verification of the centralized record of criminals (in connection with recruitment, undercover development, arrest, special verification, according to the permit system, on a criminal record, etc.) .
4th branch (implementation of decisions of the Special Meeting):
a) accounting of investigative cases coming from the bodies of the NKGB, the NKVD, 3 departments of the NPO and the NKVMF for consideration by the Special Meeting of the NKVD of the USSR;
b) execution of documents for the execution of decisions of the Special Meeting;
c) control over the implementation of decisions of the Special Meeting by local bodies of the NKVD.
5th branch (operational statistics):
compiling digital information on the number and movement of those arrested, held in places of detention throughout the Soviet Union, on administrative exiles, deportees, special. and labor, settlers.
6th department (control):
Control:
a) for the legal maintenance of prisoners in prisons, forced labor camps, colonies, penal colonies and their timely release after serving their sentences;
b) for the timely execution of the rulings of the supreme courts on the early release of prisoners;
c) for the correct organization of intelligence and investigative office work in the NKVD;
d) for the proper organization of the storage and use of archival and investigative files of the militia, prosecutor's office and court, concentrated in the Main Archival Administration and its local bodies;
e) for the timely delivery of convicts from the camps for the operational needs of the NKVD, the NKGB, 3 departments of the NPO and the NKVMF, the prosecutor's office and the court.
7th department (search):
a) organizing an all-Union search for criminals who have escaped court,
investigation, undercover surveillance and those who escaped from places of detention, regardless of the nature, place and time of the crime and escape;
b) the organization of an all-Union search for other persons hiding from the authorities: those who left without permission special. and labor, settlements, hiding from exile, exile, deserters, prisoners of war and others;
c) control over the work of local bodies of the NKVD in the search for criminals.
8th department (accounting for applications):
a) recording and sending for consideration applications from convicts held in prisons, forced labor camps and colonies;
b) control over the consideration of applications in the NKVD bodies;
c) the issuance of certificates of convicts to citizens applying to the NKVD of the USSR.
9th branch (general archive):
a) receiving, recording and distributing by departments of the archive cases and correspondence received by the archive;
b) organization of operational use of archival materials;
c) reading room;
d) restoration laboratory.
10th branch (investigative archive):
a) systematization, storage, operational-thematic and technical processing of investigative files of the bodies of the Cheka - OGPU - NKVD - NKGB, 3 departments of the NPO and the NKVMF from No. 1 to No. 620.000;
b) issuance of certificates on cases and cases for the operational bodies of the NKGB, the NKVD, 3 departments of the NPO and the NKVMF, the prosecutor's office and the court;
c) control over the return of cases issued from the archive.
11th branch (investigative archive):
performs the same functions in archival and investigative cases from No. 620001 to the end.
12th branch (special archive):
performs the same functions in relation to especially important and secret cases. 13th branch (archive of general office work):
a) systematization and storage of the guiding directives of the party and government on the operational-Chekist work of the Cheka - OGPU - NKVD - NKGB and 3 departments of the NPO and the NKVMF;
b) systematization and storage of orders, circulars and instructions of the Cheka - OGPU - NKVD - NKGB and 3 departments of NPO, NKVMF;
c) systematization and storage of court records of the bodies of the Cheka - OGPU - NKVD;
d) systematization and storage of personal files of the former. employees of the Cheka - OGPU - NKVD - NKGB;
e) systematization and storage of personal files of prisoners, deceased, released and escaped from places of detention;
f) systematization, storage, operational-thematic and technical processing of materials of general operational office work of the Cheka - OGPU - NKVD - NKGB and 3 departments of the NPO, NKVMF.
14th (accounting for confiscations):
a) systematization and storage of office work of the NKVD of the USSR on the confiscation of property and living space of convicts;
b) consideration of property claims of citizens to the NKVD of the USSR on issues of confiscation;
c) execution of decisions on confiscation in cases of the NKGB of the USSR.
15th department (limited instructor):
a) development of organizational and legal issues related to the intelligence and investigative work of the NKVD bodies, the detention of prisoners in prisons, labor camps, colonies and penal colonies and the activities of the Special Conference under the NKVD of the USSR;
b) development of scientific and technical methods for the registration of criminals and training of workers with appropriate qualifications;
c) leadership and control over the establishment of registration and registration of criminals in the police, prisons, forced labor camps, colonies and penal colonies;
d) inspection of the NKVD bodies, prisons, camps and colonies regarding the registration of criminals and their registration.
Secretariat:
a) receiving, accounting and sending incoming and outgoing correspondence of the department;
b) control over the execution of orders and instructions;
c) performance of typewritten works;
d) serving the economic needs of the department (preparation of accounting forms, supplies for registering criminals, etc.).
The first special department of the NKVD of the USSR is organized on the basis of the centralized accounting apparatus that currently exists separately:
a) in the 1st Special Department of the NKVD of the USSR;
b) in the Main Police Department of the NKVD of the USSR;
c) in the Department of Militia of the mountains. Moscow;
d) in the 2nd department and OTP GULAG of the NKVD of the USSR.
In this regard, the newly organized First Special Department of the NKVD of the USSR should be transferred:
a) from the current 1st Special Department of the NKVD of the USSR - the central operational and reference file, the entire archive, except for the agent archive, the apparatus of the all-Union search, the apparatus for executing decisions of the Special Conference, accounting for applications and office work on confiscations;
b) from the Main Directorate of Militia of the NKVD of the USSR - alphabetical and dactyloscopic card indexes of the centralized registration of criminals;
c) from the Police Department of the mountains. Moscow - a branch of the All-Union fingerprint file of criminals registered before 1935;
d) from the 2nd department of the GULAG of the NKVD of the USSR - a card file for centralized registration of prisoners held in NKVD camps and all functions related to the operational registration of prisoners: consideration of applications, control over the serving of sentences and release of prisoners, digital registration and supervision of the legal status of convicts ;
e) from the OTP GULAG of the NKVD of the USSR - a card file for centralized registration of special settlers.
Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs
USSR Commissioner of State
security rank 3 KRUGLOV
Head of the 1st Special Department of the NKVD of the USSR
captain of state security HERTSOVSKY
GARF. F.9401. Op.1. D.590. Ll.227-224. Script.
Lubyanka. VChK-OGPU-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-MVD-KGB, 1917–1960. Handbook, M., 1997.
The electronic version of the document is reprinted from the collection of documents by Alexander N. Yakovlev.
Read further:
Russia in the 40s(chronological table).
Major events of 1941(chronological table).
Personal dossier (working out of material) for a direct participant killings KARAGODIN Stepan Ivanovich - GORBENKO Georgy Ivanovich, 3rd department of the Tomsk GO UNKVD for the NSO ZSK of the USSR.
ATTENTION!
GORBENKO IS TAKEN 100% (there is a lot of information),
the entire array of data is available. Processing and publication in progress. The information below is being processed.(on completion this inscription will be removed)
GORBENKO Georgy Ivanovich - detective of the 3rd department of the Tomsk GO UNKVD for the NSO ZSK of the USSR, ml. lieutenant of state security of the USSR.
GORBENKO Georgy Ivanovich
Member of the CPSU (b) / CPSU, party card No. 00974013.
Personal signature:
Available [completed]
Personal signature - GORBENKO Georgy Ivanovich 
Personal signature - GORBENKO Georgy Ivanovich - detective of the 3rd Department of the Tomsk GO NKVD NSO of the USSR. 
Personal signature - GORBENKO Georgy Ivanovich - detective of the 3rd Department of the Tomsk GO NKVD NSO of the USSR. 
Personal signature - GORBENKO Georgy Ivanovich - detective of the 3rd Department of the Tomsk GO NKVD NSO of the USSR. 
Personal signature - GORBENKO Georgy Ivanovich - detective of the 3rd Department of the Tomsk GO NKVD NSO of the USSR. 
Personal signature - GORBENKO Georgy Ivanovich - detective of the 3rd Department of the Tomsk GO NKVD NSO of the USSR. 
Personal signature - GORBENKO Georgy Ivanovich - detective of the 3rd Department of the Tomsk GO NKVD NSO of the USSR. 
Personal signature - GORBENKO Georgy Ivanovich - detective of the 3rd Department of the Tomsk GO NKVD NSO of the USSR. 
Personal signature - GORBENKO Georgy Ivanovich - detective of the 3rd Department of the Tomsk GO NKVD NSO of the USSR.
handwriting sample:
Available [completed]
Photo:
Diploma of the Tomsk Municipal Construction College Anatoly M. Karagodin (native grandson of S.I. KARAGODIN) signed by the director of the technical school Georgy Ivanovich GORBENKO (security officer of the 3rd Department of the Tomsk GO NKVD NSO USSR, junior lieutenant of state security of the USSR).
Awarded with a saber (while working in the organs). The saber was kept at home, in addition to the saber, there was also a carbine in the house, which stood behind the closet.
DEATH
Burial place Location: Tomsk, cemetery "Tomsk-2"; exact date of burial : August 6, 1972, i.e. at the age of 69; cemetery address : Russia, Tomsk, st. Molodezhnaya, d.2/1; registration of the burial : Data on the fact of burial are registered in the accounting book of the Municipal State Institution of the City of Tomsk "City Cemetery Service""; grave (exact GPS coordinates) : (installed) [there is no burial map in the accounting book, a search expedition is needed ]
Death certificate for the detective of the 3rd Department of the Tomsk GO NKVD ml. Lieutenant of State Security GORBENKO Gennady Ivanovich. Cause of death: myocardial infarction. [cm. act of transferring a copy of the certificate]
HOME ADDRESS
Home address (for 1938): Tomsk, st. Istochnaya, d. 5, apt. 1. (so in the document).
Additionally, the exact place of residence of GORBENKO in the city of Tomsk before his death in 1972 was established: st. Tatarskaya, d. 5.
The place of residence of the detective of the 3rd Department of the Tomsk GO NKVD ml. lieutenant of the State Security G. I. GORBENKO until his death in 1972. Tov. Gorbenko occupied the entire second floor. 
The place of residence of the detective of the 3rd Department of the Tomsk GO NKVD ml. lieutenant of the State Security G. I. GORBENKO until his death in 1972. Tov. Gorbenko occupied the entire second floor. Porch (entrance through the left door).
The plan of the apartment of the detective of the 3rd Department of the Tomsk GO NKVD NSO USSR ml. Lieutenant of State Security of the USSR GORBENKO Georgy Ivanovich. Date: for the period of Gorbenko's life in it. Location: Zaistok, Tomsk, Russia.
Currently [as of July 2012] the living space in the GORBENKO house is a communal apartment.
The (not exact, but reliable) location of the personal photo archive of GORBENKO was established [divided into 2 places at least and this is 100%]: 1) in one of the private apartments in the city of Seversk (Tomsk-7); 2) in one of closed rooms rented apartment in the city of Novosibirsk (near the railway station).
Additional information
From the book: "Terror Machine. OGPU-NKVD of Siberia in 1929-1941." A. G. Teplyakov, 2008:
"Sometimes informal relations with an agent served as a pretext for the dismissal of one or another politically compromised Chekist, which, for example, happened to G.I. walked with the agent "Violet", which contributed to the deconspiracy of the agents". As a result, Gorbenko, who was accused of a variety of sins, was fired from the NKVD.; In the 30s, the situation changed radically and the retirees had somewhere to go. For example, when expelled from NKVD terrorist activist in Tomsk G. I. Gorbenko sent a letter of help to the regional committee, declaring that he had no specialty, the answer was to send the 36-year-old Gorbenko to study at the troika institute.
From the book of L. Karokhin "Sergey Yesenin and Nikolai Klyuev". Ryazan: Attorney, 2002. [From the memoirs of Igor Konstantinovich Morozov (about the place of death and burial of N. Klyuev.)]:
"In 1956, Morozov, then a student of the Tomsk Communal Construction College, was on summer practice and, together with other students, was digging a foundation pit for the foundation for a new college building. Construction site was next to an abandoned cemetery and a prison. The foundation pit was dug quite deep when one of its walls suddenly collapsed. And this is what Morozov saw:
"The wall of the pit collapsed, and exposed a pile of randomly lying human bodies. The tissues of the faces decayed, cartilage remained. Liquid oozed from the skulls ... Some were wearing winter hats. Clothes decayed and spread easily. The corpses lay in complete disarray, mixed with duffel bags and knots. Visible was the corner of a black lacquered wooden suitcase, I tried to calm the students and asked everyone to move away, stopping work. From the foreman's booth, I called the director of the technical school Gorbenko and informed him about the terrible find. He ordered not to touch anything and wait for his arrival. Through a couple of hours the gray "Victory" came, three respectable men got out of it and our director, seeing a black suitcase sticking out among the corpses, ordered to get it. The suitcase contained a randomly crumpled black Cheviot suit, underwear, a book wrapped in oilcloth, a photograph, and two bottles of vodka. were from a neighboring prison, it was quite clear to me, but how a person could smuggle a little book and vodka into prison - it was incomprehensible! .. The book was made of bad yellow paper. Poems by a poet unknown to me. In the photo, bustling, were two men in coats and winter hats, a young one and an old one. Next to the suitcase was a head in a winter hat...
Shocked by everything I saw, I photographically memorized their faces. The management dismissed us to our homes until the issue was resolved and, taking the documents with them, left. We did not work for several days, and when we returned again, everything was clean ...
In 1959, on the first anniversary of graduating from the technical school, I was at a meeting and learned that the director of the technical school, Gorbenko, had been expelled from the party and removed from his job as a former major of the NKVD, a member of the troika. They accused him of the fact that the sentences were drawn up retroactively for people who had already been shot,
In the early 70s, I was lucky enough to buy a three-volume book by S. A. Yesenin, and I saw exactly the same photograph as in the grave. S. Yesenin and N. Klyuev are on it. ""
The great-grandson of a peasant shot in 1938 demands that the FSB hand over his body and give the names of the executioners
Stepan Ivanovich Karagodin, a farmer-farmer, was born in 1881 in the village of Drovosechnoye, Oryol province. At the beginning of the 20th century, his family moved to the Far East, to the village of Volkovsky near Blagoveshchensk. Thanks to hard work, Stepan Ivanovich created a strong economy and was listed as a fist in Volkovo. He was elected ataman and chairman of the village council. In August 1918, he took part in a peasant congress organized by the Union of Grain Growers. The congress condemned the activities of the commissars of the Council of People's Commissars, refused to support the mobilization of peasants into the Red Army, called for the formation of peasant self-defense forces and, speaking on the side of the Provisional Government, drove the Bolsheviks out of Blagoveshchensk by storm of the consolidated peasant armed detachments.
In 1921, Stepan Karagodin was arrested and charged with creating a kulak-White Guard organization. He spent 3 months in prison. In 1928 he was again arrested (including for the fact that, being the chairman of the village council, he did not dispossess his fellow villagers), he was convicted under Art. 58-14 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR (counter-revolutionary sabotage) and sentenced to exile to Siberia for 3 years. He left the link in the Narym Territory. After the exile, he moved to Tomsk, where on the night of December 1, 1937 he was arrested by employees of the Tomsk GO NKVD, condemned by the Special Meeting as the organizer of the spy-sabotage group of "Harbinites and those deported from the Far East" and a resident of Japanese military intelligence and sentenced to death. The sentence was carried out on January 21, 1938.
The FSB was surprised: “What body?” - "The body of my great-grandfather Stepan Ivanovich Karagodin"
Stories of Stepan Karagodin his great-grandson Denis. Graduate of the Faculty of Philosophy of Tomsk state university, 33-year-old designer Denis Karagodin collects information about the fate of his great-grandfather and other relatives. “I can’t even call Stepan Ivanovich ‘great-grandfather’, and I can’t call his son, who also went through the Gulag and died of wounds after the war, because these are people who died young,” says Denis Karagodin. Stepanivanovichkaragodin.org is not just a website about family history, it is a real investigation: Denis decided to collect information about everyone who took part in the falsification of charges against his great-grandfather and others arrested in the Harbin case, and trace the entire criminal chain: from the Kremlin initiators " of the Great Terror" to ordinary performers in Tomsk.
Denis Karagodin spoke to Radio Liberty about his hope to end this investigation with a real lawsuit:
- Was the murder of Stepan Ivanovich a trauma, a wound for your family for many decades?
There was a whole industry of falsifications. People were taken according to personal data, according to passports
- The family did not know that he was shot. After the arrest of Stepan Ivanovich, his wife Anna Dmitrievna searched for him for many years in the camps and prisons. Traveled throughout the USSR in the hope of finding a place of his imprisonment. This lasted until her interrogation. After this incident, she went to relatives and on the train talked to someone about her fate and loss. And suddenly she heard two people (as if having heard her story) say to each other: “Do you remember, there was such Karagodin Stepan, he worked as a shoemaker in our camp.” Anna Dmitrievna later sat down with them and began to ask about it, but they refused, saying “what are you, grandmother, we didn’t say that, it seemed to you” and got off at the next station. I think that this episode was an "active KGB measure" to consolidate the main legend that Stepan Ivanovich allegedly died in the camp, since information that he could work as a shoemaker was contained only in a personal execution file of 1937. So the search and determination of fate never stopped, each generation of our family did its best.
- And how many children did Stepan Ivanovich have?
- Nine children, a large peasant family. Two sons were drafted to serve in Tomsk. They were told: "Your father is an enemy of the people, you need to try to serve well, and they will make him indulgent." Then they arrested my grandfather - the youngest son of Stepan Ivanovich - Lev Stepanovich. He ended up in Siblag, at the Taiga station, felling wood. When the Second World War began, he managed to voluntarily get from the camp to the penal battalion. He took part in the counterattack near Moscow, received many wounds, Kursk Bulge and so on, was a tanker, machine gunner, lorry driver, signalman. Each military specialty is a wound class, according to which he could no longer serve in one position and was assigned to another (according to his health abilities). He did everything to legalize himself, because his father is an enemy of the people. I didn’t even know that my father had been shot a long time ago. After the war, being a military invalid, he went to work at the Tomsk Polytechnic Institute as a laboratory assistant and joined the CPSU there (for the sake of the same legalization), he managed to do this with titanic efforts. By the way, joining the CPSU greatly affected his relationship with his brother Kuzma, since his brother could not forgive him for a long time. But my grandfather knew exactly what he was doing. It was a counter-apparatus game. And, by the way, he returned to Tomsk after the war precisely in order to “meet” his father, since it was already 1947, that is, the term of imprisonment had allegedly expired.
- Was it, as usual, "10 years without the right to correspond"?
Women from the city came, tore up mass graves, removed clothes from corpses and sold them in the central market
- I don't think they even said that. Apparently, somehow, according to similar stories, they decided so. Then, in the 50s, a certificate was issued stating that Stepan Ivanovich allegedly died in custody. As a rule, during the review, cases were checked, closed, and directives were sent to the registry offices to register deaths according to age and gender (supposedly according to natural causes): pneumonia and so on.
- And they postponed the dates for several years in advance, so that it seemed that the person died during the war.
- Exactly. I requested a death certificate from the local registry office and then I thought: wait, I know that 8 more people were involved in the case. And asked for more of them. Indeed, it turned out that only in three cases the data were correct, in others they were falsified. And to this day.
- Was your great-grandfather considered the leader of this group of "Japanese spies"?
The shooting was not very effective. Much more effective was either strangulation or breaking through with a crowbar
- The leader, the creator of the counter-revolutionary rebel organization, the espionage and sabotage group, the task was given to carry out terrorist attacks, disrupt the elections, the whole set. There were a lot of such cases in Tomsk. There was a whole industry of falsifications. People were taken according to personal data, according to passports. A directive is sent down to recruit so many people, then legends are created about who was recruited when. Those arrested in the same case might not even know each other. In Tomsk, at least 2,000 people were shot for one or another operation: the Harbin operation, the Polish operation, and so on.
- All eight people arrested in the case of your great-grandfather were shot?
I have in my hands the death certificates of all those who were shot in "my" case.
– All shot in 1938. The man who allegedly recruited them was shot earlier, and the man who allegedly recruited him was also shot earlier. All eight people involved in the case did not know each other. Fates are amazing. For example, now classified as Russian Orthodox Church Moscow Patriarchate to the rank of holy martyrs; his place of service was in St. Petersburg. Simo was shot in Leningrad, his son was sent with his wife to Tomsk. In Tomsk, their son was already arrested, shot, they didn’t tell his wife about the shooting, two months later they arrested her, “sewn” Stepan Ivanovich to the case, issued general list, and also shot. I have in my hands the death certificates of all those who were shot in "my" case, and I have an idea to apply for them to be corrected, because this is a falsification.
- You even demanded that the FSB give you the body ...
I know where the bodies are, I know that there is an act of execution, on which the names of those who performed this act are indicated
- I just wrote: I have a few questions for you. First, are the perpetrators held accountable? mass murder, and second: I ask you to hand over the body. The FSB was surprised: “What body?” - "The body of my great-grandfather Stepan Ivanovich Karagodin." This started the red tape, that is, I write a formal request, I get a formal answer. I am one hundred percent sure that they know exactly where the executions took place. The whole city knows it. I know where the bodies are, I know that there is an act of execution, which indicates the names of those who performed this act, those who worked in the operational sector of the city NKVD on January 21, 1938, because extracts were made from it, which are in the file, but they were not provided to me, citing the fact that they were in an unsatisfactory condition, although they were in the copies that were sent to me. That is, the body is not given out, the place of burial is not reported, acts of execution are not issued.
“Where is this burial place that the whole city knows about?”
In a Novosibirsk prison, a game begins among employees who will kill the prisoner the first time with one kick of the boot in the groin
- This is Kashtachnaya Mountain. Such a large ditch, there was a transit prison there since tsarist times, then it was used during the Bolshevik terror. There were executions. There were three methods. The execution was not very effective, oddly enough. Much more effective was either strangulation or breaking the head with a crowbar. In the 80s, the Memorial Society found the remains in this moat. It's a huge ditch of natural origin, it's very convenient to hide the bodies - you just dump them. The instructions of the NKVD / MGB indicate that it is necessary to remove the sod and place the bodies in the pits under the sod, but I don’t know if this is exactly what happened in Tomsk. There was a specificity here. There, a huge number of people were killed and buried.
- You wrote that during the war, burials were dug up and clothes were sold.
– Indeed, during the Second World War, the repressions did not stop, executions continued. Women from the city came, tore up mass graves dug by an excavator - it was next to the moat, removed clothes from the corpses and sold them at the central market in the city. In general, the situation is much worse than it seems from the documents. When the Stalin city department, now it is the city of Novokuznetsk Kemerovo region, announces a socialist competition to the Tomsk city department, who will repress and shoot whom more, as a result, Tomsk wins. Or when a game begins in a Novosibirsk prison among employees, who will kill the prisoner the first time with one kick in the groin ... I just can’t talk about it. I don't want to touch this rubbish, it's unbearable to read, I would give a lot not to know these things.
Where is such evidence preserved?
- For example, in the memoirs of employees who carried out filtering and verification work on these cases in the 60s.
- Is there some kind of memorial sign on Kashtachnaya Mountain?
- There is a cross, it was put up in the 90s. In the 80s, when Memorial worked there, filmed a video, raised the remains, including bodies with crushed skulls, it was still possible to carry out some excavations. But now this is impossible, the moat is littered with industrial waste (partially there are residential buildings and office buildings): imagine what will happen if several completely destroyed nine-story buildings are unloaded into ditches ... When I saw this, then, perhaps for the first time in my life, I realized that there was something impossible, I realized that it was useless.
– You are interested not only in the victims, but also in the executioners. You collect your great-grandfather. What was found and how?
Gorbenko was an investigator and guilty of the execution of the poet Klyuev
- When the case was reviewed, employees who participated in executions and falsifications were involved. But the people before whom they presented themselves on the commission, as a rule, were their colleagues. Formally, it was the military prosecutor's office, but then there was a party analysis, and all the same people were in the party in Tomsk. I have documents that I miraculously obtained, where they are analyzing, for example, Comrade Gorbenko. A special character is Gorbenko Georgy Ivanovich, detective of the third department of the Tomsk city department of the UNKVD of the Novosibirsk region, junior lieutenant of the state security of the USSR. It was Gorbenko who was the investigator and guilty of the execution of the poet Klyuev. A mass murderer and a forger, but since his colleagues sat on the presidium of the commission, this case was hushed up. Ivan Vasilyevich Ovchinnikov, head of the Tomsk city department, captain of the USSR state security, was shot for “violating socialist legality”. And the rest, for the most part, survived safely. Gorbenko successfully survived World War II, was captured by the Germans, and tore his party card. Nevertheless, he was reinstated in the party, was the head of concentration camps in Siberia, then in Tomsk he headed the communal construction technical school, where he also engaged in falsifications, only in relation to students, “played” with housing and communal services documents, he had disciplinary responsibility, reprimands, but he was an ace of the hardware game, he absolutely outlasted everyone, outplayed everyone. He had a son who did not have children, because he was irradiated at a nuclear plant in the closed city of Tomsk-7. Their capital, acquired by I don't know how much work, several tens of thousands of rubles, was wasted by this son's wife, a not very morally stable lady. So the story of this family ended badly.
And there are a lot of such people in the business. For example, state security sergeant Anatoly Ivanovich Zverev (“sergeant” is a junior officer rank in the NKVD system), an investigator, worked in several positions in the police, in the SIBVO, in military units also engaged in fraud. During the Second World War, being the head of a special department, he went to the location of the units, where he arrested at least 30 people, for which he received the medal "For Military Merit" - a man deserved it. And the Order of the Red Star for the same.
And Gorbenko, and Ovchinnikov, and Zverev are direct perpetrators of the murder of my great-grandfather.
The biographies of all these people were not established through the archives of the FSB, the state security is doing everything to make it impossible to establish
I started with those who directly took part in the shooting on January 21, 1938, identified the perpetrators, organizers and leaders. These are Tomsk prosecutor Nikolai Pilyushenko (an absolute maniac, Tomsk Vyshinsky), People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR Yezhov, prosecutor Vyshinsky, secretary of the third department of state security Polyakov, first deputy people's commissar of internal affairs Frinovsky, secretary of the West Siberian regional committee of the CPSU (b) Robert Eikhe. Eikhe broke his spine during interrogation: only person, who did not admit that he was an enemy of the people, but this did not save him. And the organizer of the crime is Dzhugashvili Iosif Vissarionovich and everyone who signed the decision of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks No. P5194 dated May 2, 1937 "on anti-Soviet elements."
- So you trace the entire chain of those responsible for the murder of your great-grandfather - from simple performers in Tomsk to the Kremlin?
I came to the FSB. "What happened?" “You know, there was a murder.”
- I installed all this according to the documents, gradually opened up new and new horizons. He untwisted the chains according to the order numbers. It must be said that the biographies of all these people were not established through the archives of the FSB, the state security is doing everything to make it impossible to establish. I asked to know: here is Ovchinnikov, the head of the Tomsk city department of the NKVD, he was shot, there is even a filtration and verification file, 12-13 volumes, can I have his photograph?
"We don't have them." A portrait of Ovchinnikov in oil hangs in the lobby of this organization. There are many such examples. Everything that was established for all employees was not established through the FSB.
– Are you just curious about how the fate of these people turned out, or is there some other purpose?
- At first, I just wanted to restore the certificate of the Higher Military Collegium on rehabilitation. Then he raised the death certificate, at the same time for all those who were involved in the shooting case. And then I asked myself the question: were the people who carried out the massacres held accountable? I came to the reception of the FSB, said: please invite the duty officer. The major came, a nice man, they are all nice people there. By the way, I want to say that if one of you goes to any archive, no matter what department it is, never talk about your feelings - this is not interesting to anyone. You will be listened to carefully, but they will do what their job description says.
There was not only an industry of falsifications in Tomsk, but also an industry of the black cash desk of the NKVD
You may think that they good people. For example, there was such a person Romanov Alexander Alexandrovich, head of the third department of the Tomsk city department of the NKVD, also a direct and mass murderer in "my" case. There was not only an industry of falsifications in Tomsk, but also an industry of the black cash desk of the NKVD, that is, (during arrests) material evidence was confiscated: documents, money, valuables and even apartments - it was all redistributed, sold among their own. There was a network of black realtors (and all these were employees of the Tomsk UNKVD and party leaders of the city). Alexander Romanov arrested Lev Vishnevsky, professor at the Department of External Ballistics Tomsk University, accused him of arming the fascists, Japanese or German, established almost friendly relations with his daughter, who was at large (he even handed her the watch of her arrested father, and he had a note from her to prison, well, or told her that he was passing And he himself interrogated him, was an investigator in his case). She thought that he was a wonderful person who helps her, but he evicted her from the apartment, moved into it himself, and until his death in 2011, she was sure that such a good person worked in the authorities, but in fact he was a killer her father. A similar story "on trust" also happened between the investigator Zverev and one of the sons of Stepan Ivanovich - Kuzma (who had no idea that Zverev was an investigator), the same Kuzma, who quarreled with my grandfather - his brother, after he joined the CPSU.
There are many such examples. I mean, a smile can be deceiving.
I want to find the burial site and get an answer if the people accused of murder have been brought to justice.
So, I came to the FSB. "What happened?" "You know, there's been a murder." - "In terms of?" I'm showing a certificate, a copy from the board of the Supreme Court. He said, “Understood. Write a request. I wrote a request. They let me get to know the case. But not in in full, but limited; most of the sheets were "converted". When you get acquainted with the case, an employee sits next to you, literally 15 centimeters from you, looks at what you read, what statements you make. There was no answer to my question whether the killers were punished. Allegedly, Ovchinnikov, the head of the city department, was involved, and that's it. It didn't satisfy me very much. Where is the confirmation that he was responsible for the murder of my relative? Of course, I understand that including for this, but I would like a document. Here Ovchinnikov, head of the Tomsk city department of the NKVD, was (according to his case) shot in Novosibirsk, and in Novosibirsk, for example,. There was a version that he died in a penal battalion during World War II. There are many such examples. Gorbenko, the detective who was guilty, among other things, of the murder of the poet Klyuev, has a death certificate in Tomsk, the cause of death was a heart attack. Raised again by me.
- So you act as a private detective?
– There are some elements by which you can really say so. Suppose there were no photographs of Gorbenko, the mass murderer and forger. I had to go to the Tomsk Communal Construction Technical School and get these photographs there under a different pretext.
- The investigation usually ends with a trial ...
The investigator pulled the trigger, or wielded a crowbar, or strangled
- I want to find the burial place - this is the first. Second: to get an answer whether the people accused of the murder of my great-grandfather and, in fact, of the massacre of eight people, have been brought to justice. But, in fact, not eight, but not less than two thousand. And collect all the documents that relate to the fate of Stepan Ivanovich. If it really works out, then submit a formal application to the Investigative Committee or any other authority and start the process. Not an abstract process - a trial of Bolshevism and terror - but a process precisely in this case. It would seem that the statute of limitations has expired, but there are precedents - for example, with Magnitsky: a case was initiated when he was already dead. There are subtleties that, with proper filing, allow you to at least register an application. I understand that this may sound utopian and supernatural, but everything that I have managed to do since 2012, when I launched the site, suggests that the impossible is possible. Now all the persons involved in the murder have been identified. The only person who has not been identified is who directly participated in the executions. But an approximate circle by name has already been outlined. I know, for example, that good manners it was that the investigator himself was involved in this as well. Install is a matter of time.
Did the investigator carry out the sentence?
- Not alone. Naturally, there was a firing squad. It was a special combined group. The investigator pulled the trigger, or wielded a crowbar, or strangled. It's scary to imagine what happened there. The firing squad was specially drunk, and people went berserk. During the Great Terror, there were many suicides among employees, including the Tomsk City Department of the NKVD. Apparently, these were the same “honest Chekists”, although it sounds strange (such an oxymoron), whose psyche simply could not stand it.
Are you thinking of writing a book about your investigation?
- Now the volume of materials is academic, it can be turned into a doctoral dissertation or a monograph. For example, I have an array of data on employees of the Tomsk city department of the NKVD, they were miraculously found, because someone did not destroy the documents in the former party archive of Tomsk. They just didn’t clean them up, perhaps they just accidentally missed them; and I met funds where it was clearly visible that the documents were cleared.
- In Russia, the connection of times has long been broken. Such an approach to the past, to family history, as you will agree, is quite rare. Much more "Ivanov, not remembering relationship."
I want to know the names of all the people involved in the execution, and I will get them, sooner or later it will happen
– When you work with documents, you understand that time is very relative. It is not even discrete, it has some completely different parameter, quality. At the university I dealt with issues of time, with Heidegger, with the post-Heidegger tradition. For example, our contemporary Simon Kordonsky, working with the category of "time", divides it into the time of fundamentalists, progressives, and separates the time of apparatchiks (ie, officials). An official lives either by a directive or by a citizen's request. When you encounter some kind of state structure, you have a mission, a goal, you are burdened with tradition, family history, in my case - this is about 200 years of documented trace presence - my authentic existence. And you are “opposed” by an official who is limited (in his potential, at best) only by the duration of this structure, for example, the NKVD, which is 70 years; given the tradition of the FSB, a little more. But, in fact, just the time of accepting my request and responding to it within the next 30 days. The forces, to put it mildly, are unequal, and the advantage is definitely not in their favor. This is my existential crowbar. I wield it like Nietzsche's philosophical hammer. That is why I have managed and still manage to obtain documents, information and evidence that are presented on the site. As for the connection between times and family history, I am no different from everyone else: World War II, repressions are permanently present in everyone's subconscious.
Your investigation has not yet been completed. What's left to find out?
- I want to know the names of all the people involved in the execution, and I will get them, sooner or later it will happen. When you get acquainted with the archival investigative file, you see just symbols, for example, “UNKVD officer Zverev”, and nothing more, that is, no information and data. Departmental archives are doing everything so that no one else knows anything about it. But I knew that when I bring all the documents I raised to the public, put them on the Web, and they are indexed by search engines, something will start to happen. And it really began to happen, and it happens, people began to contact me through the site. For example, relatives of the very person who allegedly recruited my great-grandfather into the ranks of Japanese intelligence. Or, for example, I have a case about the dispossession of kulaks in 1928 - these are the territories of the Far East, people began to contact me who were related to the village of Volkovo, Blagoveshchensk district. I managed to establish a connection, I went there in 2013, and there I turned from an observer into an actor.
Did this century exist at all? Where is everything for this century?
I miraculously obtained photographs of my great-grandfather's farm in Volkovo (this is 1920–1924, the time of its absolute heyday; the family had at least 200 hectares of land under cultivation). Established the exact GPS coordinates of the house. And when I arrived in Volkovo, I found out from the locals that the house had been demolished in the 1960s and 1970s. I got to this place ... and saw exactly what Stepan Ivanovich saw a little more than a hundred years ago, in 1901-1902. I, like him, saw an empty place. At the same time, our age basically coincided. And then I thought: did this century exist at all? Where is everything for this century? Why do I see the same thing as him then? It seemed to me at the same time some kind of time loop, and some kind of mockery ... And at the same time, the wreath of the entire Soviet rule in Russia. So much has happened in this place, but nevertheless again an empty place. It was almost a religious experience. And it was also an absolute fantasy for me that I kind of got into this photo, because before for me this place was no different from some kind of fairy tale ... And at that moment I realized that I was now not just an observer, but author.
Denis Karagodin is ready to answer questions from Radio Liberty listeners
Investigation into the fate of KARAGODIN Stepan Ivanovich
Born in 1881, killed by the NKVD of the USSR on January 21, 1938.
- - Head of the Tomsk GO NKVD of the NSO of the USSR, captain of the state security of the USSR.
- - Head of the 3rd Department of the Tomsk GO NKVD NSO of the USSR, lieutenant of the state security of the USSR.
- - detective of the 3rd Department of the Tomsk GO NKVD of the NSO of the USSR, ml. lieutenant of state security of the USSR.
- - Investigator, officer of the UNKVD for the USSR.
- - Attorney of the city of Tomsk.
- VYSHINSKY Andrey Yanuarevich - Prosecutor of the USSR.
- - People's Commissar of Internal Affairs (NKVD) of the USSR, General Commissar of State Security of the USSR, Chairman of the Party Control Commission under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of the USSR, Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of the USSR, candidate member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of the USSR.
Note (special):
Note:
further data collection
the main goal is the list of the Tomsk firing squad
(Tomsk operational sector of the UNKVD "worked" on January 21, 1938).
In total, about 70 people worked in the operational sector. We work the same way. And also by .
HEADS OF MURDER
- - People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR, General Commissar of State Security, Chairman of the Party Control Commission under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, candidate member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.
- POLYAKOV (secretary of the third department of the GUGB NKVD junior lieutenant of state security of the USSR) (signature on)
- - First Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR, head of the Main Directorate of State Security of the USSR, Komkor of the USSR, Member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of the 7th convocation, deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st convocation.
- - Secretary of the West Siberian Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, candidate member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks .
- <…>… a further list is being formed and will be published soon with all references. We inform you in advance that this is the leadership of the UNKVD of Novosibirsk, ZSK, functionaries of Novosibirsk and Tomsk.
ORGANIZERS OF THE MURDER
- STALIN (DZHUGASHVILI) Iosif Vissarionovich - the highest Soviet leader, the de facto leader of the USSR, the Bolshevik leader and dictator, secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.
- <…>… a further list is being formed and will be published soon with all references. We inform you in advance that these are members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks who approved "".
MURDER SUSPECTED
- CONFIRMED! Head of the UNKVD for the Novosibirsk Region, senior major of state security -.
- CONFIRMED! Deputy Head of the NKVD Directorate for the Novosibirsk Region, Major of State Security -.
- - agent provocateur (intra-chamber) of the Tomsk GO NKVD NSO USSR.
- - employee (executioner)(cashier of the "black cash desk" of the Tomsk city department of the NKVD - more – )Tomsk GO NKVD for NSO ZSK USSR, secretary of the Tomsk city department of the NKVD, part-time censor (who also performed work “on ciphers and political control”), “actively participated in arrests, interrogations and executions.”
- - early UNKVD of the West Siberian Territory (period 12/28/36-08/15/37) (hereinafter "at the disposal of the NKVD of the USSR 08.37 - the USSR plenipotentiary in Mongolia"), Commissar of State Security III rank (03/14/1937).
- - employee (executioner) of the Tomsk GO NKVD NSO USSR.
- - Head of the special UGB of the Tomsk GO UNKVD of the NSO of the USSR, Art. lieutenant of state security of the USSR. (participated in executions)
- MITYUSHOV (or "MITYUPOV")- INSPECTOR 8 DEPARTMENT UGB UNKVD Novosib. region USSR. [ executioner of the Tomsk GO NKVD, staged
L.P. Beria, V.N. Merkulov
October 1941 ... The headquarters of the NKVD of the USSR, headed by Beria and Merkulov, had already been moved outside the city and was located in the VDNKh area, in the premises of the NKVD Fire Protection Institute - now, in my opinion, the Higher Fire School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia is located there.
There was Beria's office, a room was also set aside for me, where we were together with Kobulov, Serov and Chernyshev - there was such a deputy people's commissar of internal affairs. A very good person. Died of cancer.
This is the only one of the deputies of Beria and Yezhov who was not arrested, survived and died a natural death. He took care of everything economic activity, all industrial enterprises that were in the NKVD system. The development and development of the North and the Far East - all this was in the hands of Chernyshev. He was a very interesting person ... But this is incidental, of course. So, the Germans were approaching and approaching Moscow, and we remained in the city ...
- Excuse me, but Lubyanka - did it continue to function?
Continued, but in an abridged version. Because a number of services, including archives, were evacuated to Kuibyshev and even further, to remote Siberian regions. And here, in Moscow, as Beria told me: “You remain, Eitingon remains. Go to Mamulov, arrange with him (Mamulov was the head of the secretariat of the NKVD of the USSR, lieutenant general), he will organize the placement of your families in the area that you consider suitable for them. You will stay in Moscow. You and Eitingon. With all its divisions ... "
Among those who were supposed to remain underground and lead military operations in Moscow in the event of a German breakthrough were Viktor Alexandrovich Drozdov, who you know well, and Pavel Yakovlevich Meshik. And many other very interesting people, including old Bolsheviks and pensioners. Old, old people... By the way, a German bomb fell on the estate of one of these old Bolshevik pensioners. Right into the garden ... And it didn’t burst. Luckily for us...
Many of our underground radio stations were stationed in Moscow. In particular, one of them was located in the building where the puppet theater of Sergei Vladimirovich Obraztsov is now located - then it was an unfinished construction site, and we placed our walkie-talkie in the basement of the future building ... Of course, one of many.
- The purpose of these walkie-talkies? What were they?
- They made it possible to establish contact with Kuibyshev - to send messages there, to receive instructions from there on further work.
- That is, it was only about communication with the leadership in Kuibyshev?
“Yes, just in case the Germans invaded Moscow… In general, the objects of unfinished construction, like the Puppet Theater, were very convenient for covering our activities…”
- Why?
- Usually there were a lot of basements, already built, existing, and access to them was not so easy, everything was well camouflaged ... Usually our illegal residencies were located there.
- As I understand it, all this was not as simple as it might seem - it was necessary to bring a radio station, equipment, power, install an antenna, place everything, equip premises for living and working ... And none of the outsiders should have seen this ... Like everyone did this happen?
“Our people did it all. Of course, at a time when all this would go unnoticed by the surrounding residents and would not draw their attention to the unexpectedly large concentration of the military. Everything was done very carefully, taking into account the experience that we already had in Spain, in France, and in other places.
- The inhabitants of neighboring houses did not even suspect that an underground radio station of the NKVD was working next to them?
- Undoubtedly. As well as the fact that many objects in the city have already been mined ...
- I would like to take a step back and return to how the decision was made to prepare Moscow for a possible occupation. Apparently, no one not only did not say out loud, but did not even want to think about the fact that Moscow could be surrendered to the Germans ... When was the decision made to prepare Moscow for a possible occupation by the Germans? Who led this operation?
- Two people were in charge: Beria and Kobulov. Through the NKVD.
- The first signal about the preparation of illegal immigrants for Moscow came to you from Beria?
Yes, from him. Beria called me to him: “The situation is difficult. It is possible that some part of the Germans will be able to break into the city. We want to create illegal residencies and militant groups in Moscow. They will deploy illegal work here.”
- Our militants occupied the city center, units of our Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade for Special Purposes were stationed here - it was stationed in the Hall of Columns and in the building of the current GUM on Red Square. And this entire area, from Okhotny Ryad along Gorky Street and above, to the Belorussky railway station, was occupied by OMSBON units. In case of a breakthrough by the Germans... All of Moscow was divided into districts in which military units were located, which were to conduct military operations in Moscow itself, and groups of illegal militants who would have to operate in the rear of the Germans, in the areas they captured.
- Was the zone of operation of illegal groups strictly determined?
- No, they could, if the situation forced them, go beyond the boundaries of their districts, but not beyond the boundaries of Moscow. Decisions in this case were made by V. Drozdov, P. Meshik and other comrades who led the underground combat groups.
- Were there any other units and divisions of the NKVD in Moscow, or was everything limited only to the OMSBON and militant groups?
— Of course they were. On the territory of Moscow, people of the NKVD Directorate for the Moscow Region, headed by Mikhail Ivanovich Zhuravlev, acted - he took an active part in preparing Moscow for defense. The entire capital garrison was involved internal troops, escort troops, border guards - cadets of the border school ... Everyone was involved ...
— Were the safe houses scattered all over Moscow?
— All over Moscow.
- Do not remember when there was a conversation with Beria about the transition of Moscow to an illegal position?
- I think, somewhere in the fall, perhaps in September - October ... We even took part in the construction of defensive fortifications on the outskirts of Moscow. I remember one meeting that took place in the building of the NKVD of the USSR. It was attended by Beria, Malenkov, Secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks Popov. I was called and immediately handed over to me by several very experienced explosives engineers - among them were Ponomarev and Razzhivin, the largest specialists in explosives who dealt with charges of at least a thousand tons ...
— Could turn the pyramid of Cheops into stone dust?
- Exactly ... There were very interesting people, by the way. When the danger for Moscow had passed, both, together with Merkulov, participated in the installation of charges in other areas that were in danger of German occupation ... Yes, but a little more about that meeting ... I was ordered to seize all the explosives that are in Moscow, to seize and transfer to those who are busy building fortifications on the outskirts of Moscow. Well, Razzhivin and Ponomarev remained for all the years of the war.
- Not very clear. What do you and all these operations with explosives have to do with it?
“We had people who could be assigned to work with her.
“And did you have a lot of explosives?”
— Hundreds of trucks?
- Well, you ... Much more. You name too small numbers.
- One could say about that time: everything was like on a volcano? Pressed the button - and the city will fly into the air?
- Not. The question of nothing left of Moscow did not stand and could not stand even at that incredibly difficult time. Were prepared for the explosion only certain objects but I don't want to name them...
- And yet, Pavel Anatolyevich ... Everything is already history, the time will come - someone will be interested. You see, it will help someone to restore the truth... So, inject, Pavel Anatolyevich... Especially since half a century has passed... As I understand it, you did not mine the Krasny Oktyabr confectionery factory and shoe shops.
— By the way, we had one very interesting battle group of four people. One of them is a whistling artist (artistic whistling is his specialty). In the same group - a woman juggler. She juggled live grenades shaped like small logs. Can you imagine… There is a concert in the German officers' assembly. On the stage, a lady gracefully juggles her poles. The audience gazes admiringly at the logs flying around the ladies and - suddenly they fall into the public ... The whistler, by the way, in one case showed himself very well in a difficult operation, in another ... He had to kill one villain, came to this man and - told him that should remove him, and gave him a weapon ...
- It's funny, but you clearly took us away from the "explosive" topic. Well, let's talk about Whistler. I take it that's his name? So?
Yes, his real name is Khokhlov. Nikolai Khokhlov. Now, by the way, he is a professor at one of the universities in the USA.
- Maybe now, having finished with Svistun, let's return to where the conversation was interrupted, to mined Moscow? What objects were mined? Really Sandunovsky baths?
- You almost guessed it ... I'll call the House of Unions ...
— Kremlin?
No, I did not have such a task. Eitingon and I examined the Kremlin - such an order was given to us. And we had to protect it with our people. On the outskirts of the Kremlin, we created firing points, our people were placed, as I said, in the House of Unions, in GUM, in the theater. Pushkin (Chamber Theatre). If I'm not mistaken, he was also mined ...
What about the Izvestia building?
- Not. There were no explosives.
- Do you know that a bomb hit the Izvestia building in the autumn of 1941?
- No, I do not know. But she didn't explode, did she?
- Yes, that's right ... And she landed right in the elevator shaft.
- By the way, this was not the only case ... The bomb that hit the bridge near the Kremlin did not explode, in my opinion, broke through it and went into the river ...
- We again evaded somewhat ... Were the Bolshoi Theater supposed to be blown up?
- Moscow Art Theater?
- Polytechnical Museum?
- I do not remember.
— What enterprises?
- Military mostly. At all these enterprises there were people whom we completely trusted, and they had to carry out this action. Please note that we did not place explosives in all objects. They held on to the last, hoping that it would not be needed. Another thing is that everything was prepared for this. The people were prepared. Explosives prepared. Wires were brought out to those areas, to those safe houses, where you should have pressed the button if it was required. By the way, we even mined our radio station in the Puppet Theatre. If the Germans had poked their head in there, everything would have blown up with them! The person who would have done this was a short distance from here.
- And what about government dachas - "Near" and "Far"? Dachas of Molotov, Mikoyan, Voroshilov?
No, we didn't do anything in that sense.
— Train stations? River ports?
No, we didn't touch them.
— Shukhov Tower?
- What principle did you follow when developing a mining plan?
- We proceeded from where the enemy can settle, where he can demonstrate his strength or, say, celebrate his victory over Moscow ... Of course, each case of such mining was coordinated with the government.
- And to finish this topic, what was the scale of these works? How many explosives were brought to Moscow?
- Nothing. Not a single kilogram. We used explosives that were previously on the territory of Moscow. The scale was strictly determined by expediency.
- The people you left in Moscow for reconnaissance and sabotage operations, by the way, were there many of them? ..
“I think there were several thousand of them. This number also included the largest, very experienced operatives, such as Drozdov, Meshik, a number of other people ... Unfortunately, I don’t remember many of the names ... These people were able to make independent decisions even in conditions when the connection between the Center and them. They could make their own decisions.
- You say: experienced operatives ... Apparently, this should be understood as follows: underground work was not new for these people? Did they go through it on the civil fronts, like V. A. Drozdov, A. I. Eitingon - in Spain and China?
— Yes, but not everyone had exactly this military experience. Many had extensive experience in operational, undercover, investigative work - for example, Pavel Yakovlevich Meshik. Viktor Alexandrovich Drozdov devoted much energy to the elimination of gangs in Ukraine, in recent times He was deputy chief of the Moscow police and knew the city well. It was an excellent organizer. Both of them, by the way, were transferred to an illegal position in advance, provided with appropriate documents that supported the legend of each of them. There were documents that convincingly explained why each of them stayed in Moscow, why they ended up in this city at all.
— Do you remember the legend of Meshik?
- No, I do not remember.
- Viktor Alexandrovich Drozdov told me that back in the summer of 1941 he went to work in one of the departments of the Ministry of Health, in my opinion, he was engaged in pharmacy, distribution of medicines ...
Yes, it seems that this was his legend ... By the way, the nephew of the legendary Shchors is still alive - our Chekist Shchors. It remained underground, and it had the entire water supply network of Moscow. His wife was our radio operator behind enemy lines. Her sister - Pivovarova Zinaida Alekseevna, if I'm not mistaken - also remained underground - we were confident in her: she passed the test in occupied Smolensk. Safely returned from there. A very interesting person. She spoke excellent English. We then took her to the apparatus.
- Did you feel the lack of people for such a difficult and dangerous work?
- What kind of people mostly came to you?
- Chekists. First of all, it was the operational staff of the central apparatus of the NKVD of the USSR and its peripheral bodies. The principle of selection was very strict - first of all voluntariness. God forbid that we mobilize or force someone to take this job. There were many people from the agents, who were in touch with the apparatus and operational workers. In particular, we received such scouts as Heine and Kuznetsov together as their superiors and leaders. There were many athletes. From various sports societies, but first of all from Dynamo, Spartak. All sports societies have given us their best people. The recording of volunteers took place at the famous Dynamo stadium in Moscow. There were over a thousand athletes in our ranks. The Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League mobilized for us one and a half thousand Komsomol members to serve in the troops of the Special Group of the NKVD of the USSR. These were young people from 13 regions of the RSFSR. There were many political emigrants who were registered with the Comintern. They all came to us - about 1500 people. But we did not take all of them: there were many sick people among them. Georgy Dimitrov filed a petition before the Central Committee of the party with a request to give political emigrants the opportunity to participate in the struggle against the Germans. We had to find a form of their participation in the underground struggle that would satisfy both sides. Beria called me and said: “Contact Dimitrov. He is waiting for you." It was not only about sending political emigrants to the far and near rear of the German troops, but also about their work in Moscow. You see, in the fall of 1941, we had to think not so much about sending agents and saboteurs into the enemy’s deep rear, but about how to provide approaches to the city with our agents, our militants.
— Do you remember your conversation with Dimitrov?
“It was my first meeting with him. I entered the office and saw that a very old man was sitting at the table - do not forget, I was a boy in comparison with him. He seemed very tired to me. A conversation began about illegal work, and here this man began to transform right before my eyes. He stood up and started walking around the office. So he went to the safe. Opened it. He took out the lists of people from the Comintern, which he handed over to us. With every minute he was more and more active, mobile. He is a very interesting conversationalist. We talked about Turkey, about Western Europe, about communist parties… It was a strong impression. After that, I visited him a few more times. On the same occasion, I met with Manuilsky, with Dolores Ibarruri. They took part in the formation of our CHI - BON. After all, there were about a thousand political emigrants there - all of them were people with colossal experience of underground work in their countries and abroad, there were a lot of people who knew Germany perfectly (many Germans among them; there were also people who later took part in the destruction Gauleiter of Belarus Cuba).
Dimitrov told me about how to treat people with care. We, he said, are giving you our golden fund, our activists. Use people carefully.
I always remembered this request and was not in a hurry to send Comintern soldiers to our active combat detachments, I tried to keep them for the time being within the boundaries of Moscow and the Moscow region, where we also had active groups. And because of this, I had some trouble - they filed a complaint against me ...
- Who are they"?
- Political emigrants. They were brought together in one unit - it seems that they were one or two battalions ... Yes, they filed a complaint against me that they were not used at the front and that they wanted to fight all the time, and not sit in Moscow. And Beria called me on this occasion: "Persuade them and put things in order." I explained to him that it would not cost us anything to quickly use up these people, so that nothing would be left of them, and that we should also think about the future. There is a time for everything... When the Germans were already far from Moscow, we sent a group of political emigrants with Dmitry Medvedev's detachment, gave Sergei Volokitin a large group of Spaniards, Poles, Germans...
- I want to go back a little bit ... How did all these volunteers - I mean by no means political emigrants - find out that you need people? As I understand it, no one gave advertisements in the newspaper?
- The rumor spread ... Just like in the Red Army: everyone knew that people were needed. Voluntarily went. Sami. Not by call.
- And yet, you must admit, the intelligence and counterintelligence agencies are something other than the Red Army ...
- It's not quite right. After all, it was not about working in the apparatus of intelligence and counterintelligence, not about working in the organs, but about working as militants, in reconnaissance and sabotage detachments. Athletes, by the way, are very connected with each other. As soon as recording began at the Dynamo stadium, a rumor immediately spread throughout all sports societies that volunteers were being recorded at Dynamo to work behind enemy lines.
- Wow - a conspiracy ... And what, the people just like that, fell down like a shaft?
- Precisely the shaft. We created a special commission that selected the people we needed. Introduced a strict medical selection.
- And what, people stood in line, breathing into each other's necks?
- Of course. Hundreds of people stood in line. Hundreds. We did not experience any shortage of staff. I lacked only experienced leaders - people with experience in undercover work, underground work. Even Chekists with extensive experience in undercover work were not suitable for this, a completely new business for them. Therefore, both me and Eitingon, as people who already knew the enemy well and knew what it was - the underground (I was underground in Berlin itself, so I knew all this more than enough), I had to push myself to the limit, preparing people for new, unusual roles for them, unusual, including for our operational workers with experience in undercover work.
- Did you train new employees in schools?
- Yes, there was a school of radio operators in Moscow and in Gorky. I remember that in Moscow the school was located somewhere in the Arbat area. And, of course, some of the agents were prepared purely individually. Let's say Heine. He did not go to any schools, our experienced instructors-specialists in the field of communications personally worked with him ... What else can I tell you?
We're talking about people...
- People ... People were wonderful ... I go over in my memory ... Many are gone ...
Was there anyone you were disappointed in? Someone who let you down? Or were the requirements very high? Was the dropout rate high then?
- Absolutely insignificant ... Absolutely insignificant ... Life has shown that we did our job well and that good people came to us. They came not in pursuit of glory, not for blessings, but came to fight the enemy. We marched under the banner of our party ...
“Among those hundreds of people…
- A thousand...
— Were there any traitors and scum among these thousands of people?
- No, it was not. And the story of Khokhlov, which I told you about… Do you remember Whistler? It was already in 1954, without me, when I was already in prison.
Did you have any claims against him during the war?
- Did not have. He was active, there was no doubt ...
Mikhail (Isidore) Maklyarsky
“By the way, who came up with this number with logs?”
- Maklyarsky. He worked very hard and was very efficient. Of course, like everyone, he had his shortcomings, and when they poked me with them, I usually answered: “And the results of his work ?! And the agents he trained? ... I had such trumps against which you can’t argue: Heine is, after all, his work. Maklyarsky put all his heart into him.
Attraction with a juggler - it was, let's say, amusing ... Did you think that they would perform somewhere in officer cabarets?
Yes, in Moscow, if the Germans take it […]
