a) J.-J. Rousseau
b ) Plato
c) F. Fröbel
2. Which of the great teachers of the past insisted on the predominant use of the "method of natural consequences" in raising a child, considering it the most effective?
a) J.-J. Rousseau
a) J.-J. Rousseau
b) J. Locke
four . What principle did J. Locke set as the basis for selecting the content of a child's education?
a) freedom
b) coercion
c) naturalness
G) utilitarianism
5. At what age did he propose to start the systematic education of the child?
b) from 6 years old
c) from the age of 10
5.. Who among the teachers listed below was the first to combine education with productive work?
a) J.-J. Rousseau
6. Which of the teachers first substantiated the importance of the native language in the initial education and upbringing of children?
7. Who first proposed the sound method of teaching children to read and write?
9. Which of these teachers first substantiated didactic principles and rules?
a) J. Locke
10. Who owns the words; “Learning is good only then, it goes ahead of development. Then it awakens and brings to life a whole series of functions that are in the stage of maturation, lying in the zone of proximal development”?
11. The classification of teaching methods depending on the nature of the cognitive activity of students was developed by
12 Explanatory-illustrative, reproductive, research, problematic heuristic teaching methods are allocated in accordance with
a) with the specifics of assimilation of various types of content
b) with functions
c) with sources of knowledge
d) with personality structure.
13. The principle of structuring the content of education, in which the same content is periodically repeated, expanding with new information, connections and dependencies:
a) linear
b) concentric
c) spiral
d) mixed
14. The technology of problem education involves:
a) assimilation of knowledge in finished form, without disclosing the ways of proving their truth
b) study of educational material element by element in a logical sequence
in) focus on independent cognitive activity of students in the search for new concepts and methods of action
G) equipping students in a short time with knowledge of the basics of science in a concentrated form
15. The ideas of developmental education were laid
16. Theoretical and practical foundations of cooperation pedagogy were first developed by scientists
b) Russia
in) England
d) France
17. The direction in pedagogy, which was developed in the USA in the late 50s - early 60s of the twentieth century; based on the personality-oriented nature of education and training, the refusal to use the mark
a) pedagogy of non-violence;
b) pedagogy of cooperation;
in) humanistic pedagogy;
d) pedagogy of coercion.
18. The main direction of modernization of Russian education is aimed at the implementation of:
a) creativity of teachers;
b) learning goals;
c) educational purposes;
G) personality-oriented educational process.
19. According to the Concept of specialized education at the senior level of general education, the approximate ratio of the volumes of basic subjects, specialized subjects and elective courses is determined by the proportion:
in) 50:30:20;
20. The main function of elective courses:
a) profiling;
b) career guidance;
c) organizational;
d) motivational
21. The theory of education is
a) a science that studies the ontological and epistemological foundations of education
b) a science that studies the problems of personality development
c) a science that reveals individual, age, group characteristics and the laws of development and behavior of people
G) a section of pedagogy that reveals the essence, patterns of education, its structural elements, concepts and systems
22 Fundamental in modern education systems is the theory
a) psychoanalytic (A. Gezel, Z. Freud)
b) cognitive (J. Piaget, D. Dewey)
in) behavioral (K. Lawrence, D. Watson)
d) humanistic (J.-J. Rousseau, V. Sukhomlinsky
23. If the teacher is a single subject of the educational process, and the student is only an “object”, then this
b) personality-oriented
c) humane - personal
d) free education
24. If technologies implement democracy, equality, partnership in the subject - the subject relations of the teacher and the child, then these are technologies
b) personality - oriented
c) humane - personal
G) cooperation
25. A program in which classes are conducted by the activity method, i.e. knowledge is not given in finished form, and the child acts as a researcher is called
a) "School-2000"
b) "M. Montessori»
d) "Origins"
26. Montessori education provides
a) occupation
in) developmental environment, self-control materials
d) independent activity
27. According to the Montessori system, the “education process” is
a) teacher guidance to the child
b) co-creation of the teacher and the child
in) non-intervention of the teacher in the development of the child
d) systematic impact
28. Type of educational institution, named after the ancient Greek philosophical school near Athens, founded by Aristotle,
a) lyceum;
b) gymnasium;
29. The science that studies the psychological patterns of education and upbringing is called
a) general psychology;
b) developmental psychology;
d) all answers are correct.
30. Teaching as a factor of socialization, the assimilation of the connection between individual and social consciousness is considered in:
a) physiology;
b) biology;
c) psychology;
G) pedagogy.
31. Cognitive ability, which determines a person's readiness to assimilate and use knowledge and experience, as well as to behave reasonably in problem situations, is:
a) thinking;
b) intelligence;
c) heuristics;
d) adaptation
32. The systematic use of data from all human sciences, their consideration in the construction and implementation of the pedagogical process is the essence
a) personal approach
b) a systematic approach
c) cultural approach
G) anthropological approach
33. The development of the human body is called:
a) ontogeny;
b) phylogenesis;
c) sociogenesis;
d) anthropogenesis.
34. Actions aimed at analyzing the conditions of the situation and correlating them with their capabilities in order to correctly set the learning task are called:
a) indicative;
b) performing;
c) control;
d) estimated
35. The selection and organization of the content of educational information, the design of students' activities, as well as their own teaching activities and behavior is the essence of ... the pedagogical function:
a) constructive;
b) organizational;
c) communicative;
d) gnostic.
36. The following intellectual mechanism acts as the dominant basis for the formation of skills and abilities:
a) association formation;
b) imitation;
c) distinction and generalization;
d) insight (guess)
37. The leading activity of children of primary school age is
a) role play
b) doctrine
c) communication in the system of socially useful activities
d) educational and professional
38. Studies have shown that the main types of behavior aimed at achieving or avoiding success develop at age:
a) from 3 to 7 years;
b) from 3 to 10 years;
in) from 3 to 13 years;
d) from 3 to 16 years old
39. It has been established that the material is remembered better if it:
a) is included in the conditions for achieving the goal;
b) is included in the content of the main goal of the activity;
c) is included in the ways to achieve the goal;
d) presented freely
40. Understanding the relationship between the various elements of a given situation in order to find a solution to a particular problem is the ability to
a) generalization;
b) modeling;
in) inference;
d) comparison.
41. The general concept denoting the process and result of the acquisition of individual experience by a biological system is:
a) reflex;
b) imprint;
c) learning;
d) repetition
42. The simplest type of learning is:
a) addictive.
b) classical conditioning.
c) operational conditioning.
d) complex learning.
44. The method of activating thought processes by jointly searching for a solution to a difficult problem in an atmosphere of looseness, ease, excluding criticism and self-criticism,
a) inversion;
b) discussion;
c) the method of heuristic questions;
G) "brain attack".
45. The type of thinking in which the thought process is directly connected with the perception of the surrounding reality and cannot be performed without it:
a) abstract-logical;
c) theoretically figurative;
b) visual and effective;
G) visual-figurative
46. The ability of a teacher to objectively assess his own mental states and behavior, to understand how he is perceived by other participants in the pedagogical process is
a) reflection;
b) empathy;
c) identification
G) communication.
47. The most effective style of behavior in conflict is
a) avoiding conflict
b) fixture
c) confrontation, rivalry
G) the desire to solve the problem through compromise, cooperation
48. Determine the type of barrier in pedagogical communication that occurs when the teacher has the wrong attitude towards the student
a) physical barrier
b) socio-psychological barrier;
in) barrier of incorrect mindset;
d) organizational-psychological barrier;
49 Po, strong, unbalanced and mobile type of the nervous system is characteristic for:
a) sanguine people;
b) phlegmatic;
in) choleric;
d) melancholy.
50. The type of people who are characterized by increased activity, sociability, a tendency to thoughtless mischief and a frequent change of hobbies:
a) dysthymics
b) cyclothymics
in) hyperthymics
51. A state of increasing emotional stress associated with a threat to the well-being of a person is:
c) mood;
d) stress.
52. What is the name of the state of rest, complete relaxation at the psychophysiological level?
a) relaxation;
b) reflection;
c) empathy
d) initiation.
53 A state characterized by a decrease in activity, emotional passivity, indifference to the events of the surrounding reality, a weakening of motives and interests is called
a) depression;
b) apathy;
in) stress
d) frustration.
54. Behavior that does not comply with the legal, moral, social and other norms accepted in society is
a) antisocial
b) delinquent
in) deviant
55. Behavior is contrary to social ideology, politics, universal truths - this
a) antisocial
b) delinquent
c) deviant
G) antisocial
56. Manifestations of conduct are crimes provided for by legal legislation - these are
a) antisocial
b) delinquent
c) deviant
d) antisocial
57. Behavior associated with a violation of the norms of human community, social obligations, causing damage to others - this
a) asocial
b) delinquent
c) deviant
d) antisocial
58. Prevention of possible violations of the rules of behavior by a child through suggestions can be traced in the model
a) educational and disciplinary
b) operational
c) personality-oriented
d) educational reflex
59. Art therapy is a rehabilitation technology based on the use of means
a) riding a horse
b) art
c) sociocultural animation
d) physical culture
60. Turotherapy is a socio-cultural, rehabilitation technology, which is based on
a) t Uristic and excursion activities
b) creative components based on working with plastic material
c) musical games, singing, playing musical instruments
a) indicative;
b) performing;
c) control;
D) evaluation35. The selection and organization of the content of educational information, the design of students' activities, as well as their own teaching activities and behavior, is the essence of ... the pedagogical function: a) constructive; b) organizational; c) communicative; d) Gnostic.*36. The following intellectual mechanism acts as the dominant basis for the formation of skills and abilities: a) the formation of associations; b) imitation; c) distinction and generalization; d) insight (guess)37. The leading activity of children of primary school age is a) role play b) teaching c) communication in the system of socially useful activities d) educational and professional * 38. Studies have shown that the main types of behavior aimed at achieving or avoiding success are formed at the age of: a) from 3 to 7 years; b) from 3 to 10 years; c) from 3 to 13 years; d) from 3 to 16 years old39. It has been established that the material is remembered better if it: a) is included in the conditions for achieving the goal; b) is included in the content of the main goal of the activity; c) is included in the ways to achieve the goal; G) is presented in a free order40. Understanding the relationship between the various elements of a given situation in order to find a solution to a particular problem is the ability to a) generalize; b) modeling; c) inference; d) comparison.41. The general concept denoting the process and result of the acquisition of individual experience by a biological system is: a) reflex; b) imprinting; c) learning; d) repetition42. The simplest type of learning is: a) habituation. b) classical conditioning. c) operational conditioning. d) complex learning.43 A specific form of learning, the process of fixing information in memory is called: a) a reflex. b) imprint. c) imitation. d) repetition.*44. The method of activating thought processes by jointly searching for a solution to a difficult problem in an atmosphere of looseness, ease, excluding criticism and self-criticism,
a) inversion;
b) discussion;
c) the method of heuristic questions;
d) brainstorming.45. A type of thinking in which the thought process is directly related to the perception of the surrounding reality and cannot be carried out without it:
a) abstract-logical;
c) theoretically figurative;
b) visual and effective;
d) visual-figurative
*46. The ability of a teacher to objectively assess his own mental states and behavior, to understand how he is perceived by other participants in the pedagogical process is
a) reflection;
b) empathy;
c) identification * d) communication.47. The most effective style of behavior in conflict is a) avoiding conflict b) adapting c) confrontation, rivalry d) striving to solve the problem through compromise, cooperation*48. Determine the type of barrier in pedagogical communication that occurs when the teacher has an incorrect attitude towards the student a) a physical barrier b) a socio-psychological barrier; c) the barrier of incorrect mindset; d) organizational-psychological barrier;49 According to I.P. Pavlov, a strong, unbalanced and mobile type of the nervous system is characteristic of: a) sanguine people; b) phlegmatic; c) choleric; d) melancholy.
50. The type of people who are characterized by increased activity, sociability, a tendency to thoughtless mischief and a frequent change of hobbies:
A) dysthymics b) cyclothymics c) hyperthymics51. The state of increasing emotional stress associated with a threat to the well-being of the individual is: a) affect; b) frustration; c) mood; d) stress.52. What is the name of the state of rest, complete relaxation at the psychophysiological level?
a) relaxation;
b) reflection;
c) empathy
d) initiation.
53 A state characterized by a decrease in activity, emotional passivity, indifference to the events of the surrounding reality, a weakening of motives and interests is called
a) depression;
b) apathy;
c) stress;
d) frustration.54. Behavior that does not correspond to legal, moral, social and other norms accepted in society is a) asocial b) delinquent c) deviant55. Behavior is contrary to social ideology, politics, universal truths - it is a) asocial b) delinquent c) deviant d) antisocial56. Manifestations of behavior are crimes provided for by legal legislation - they are a) asocial b) delinquent c) deviant d) antisocial57. Behavior is associated with a violation of the norms of human community, social obligations, causing damage to others - this is a) asocial b) delinquent c) deviant d) 4antisocial58. Prevention of possible violations of the rules of behavior by a child through suggestions can be traced in the model a) educational and disciplinary b) operational c) personality-oriented d) educational reflex
59. Art therapy is a rehabilitation technology based on the use of means
A) horseback riding b) art c) socio-cultural animation d) physical culture
60. Turotherapy is a socio-cultural, rehabilitation technology, which is based on
A) tourism and sightseeing activities b) creative components based on work with plastic material c) musical games, singing, playing musical instruments
Regulatory framework for management
educational institution
(general part for heads of educational institutions,
applicants for the highest and first qualification categories)1. Can the course of a disciplinary investigation of violations by a teacher of an educational institution of the norms of professional conduct and (or) the charter of this educational institution and the decisions taken as a result of it be made public?
A) Yes, only with the consent of the interested teacher; b) No; c) Yes.
2. Is a monthly cash compensation paid to executives of educational institutions - in order to facilitate their provision of book publishing products and periodicals?
A) By decision of the pedagogical council of the educational institution; b) No; c) Yes, if their activities are related to the educational process.
3. Is it provided for the distribution of benefits established in rural areas for agricultural specialists, respectively, to teaching staff of educational institutions located in a given area, and educational institutions remote from urban centers and considered as such by state authorities and administration?
A) Yes; b) Yes, for graduates of pedagogical educational institutions of higher professional and secondary professional education; c) Yes, for specialists who graduated from agricultural educational institutions of higher professional and secondary professional education; d) No.4. The federal program for the development of education is developed by a) the Government of the Russian Federation; b) the highest legislative body of the Russian Federation; c) on a competitive basis5. The mandatory minimum content of each main general education program or the main professional education program, the maximum volume of the study load of students, the requirements for the level of training of graduates are established a) by the Model Regulations on educational institutions of the relevant types and types; b) the relevant state educational standard; c) an educational institution; d) a pedagogical worker.6. What is the procedure for the operation of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of education? a) applies to all educational institutions on the territory of the Russian Federation; b) some of the articles apply only to state and municipal educational institutions, others apply only to non-state ones, there are articles that apply to educational institutions of all organizational and legal forms; c) applies only to state and municipal educational institutions.7. Who develops and adopts a new edition of the charter of an educational institution? a) the founder or founders; b) educational authorities; c) registration authorities; d) an educational institution.8. Indicate which of the documents is not a local act of an educational institution? a) regulations on the Council of the educational institution; b) regulations on the pedagogical council of the educational institution; c) internal regulations for students; d) an agreement between the educational institution and the founder (founders); e) provision on the provision of paid, including additional educational services.9. Whose competence includes the development and adoption (approval) of educational programs? a) state educational authorities; b) educational authorities of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation; c) an educational institution; d) the founder (founders).10. The knowledge of labor protection of heads of educational institutions is checked at least once a) a year b) 3 years c) 5 years11. Is there an age limit for a student to receive basic general education? a) no; b) yes - 18 years old; c) yes - 15 years; d) yes - 18 years, but for certain categories of students the age limit for obtaining basic general education may be increased.12. When the educational activities of an institution are suspended in cases that pose a threat to the life and health of workers and students, the wages of employees are paid in the amount of a) half of the tariff rate (salary) b) 2/3 of the tariff rate (salary) c) average salary13. Licensing of educational institutions for the right to conduct educational activities under the programs of higher professional and postgraduate professional education is within the competence of a) a subject of the Russian Federation; b) in the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the subject of the Russian Federation; c) the Russian Federation.14. Does he establish a structure for managing the activities of an educational institution? a) founder; b) educational institution; c) educational authorities.15. What penalties can be established by the administration of an educational institution for students and their parents (legal representatives): a) for smoking at school and outside it;
b) for fights;
c) damage and loss of textbooks;
d) absenteeism;
e) fines from parents for damaging school property by students;
f) rudeness to teachers;
g) imposition of fines is illegal.
16. Do pensioners who previously worked in educational institutions located in rural areas or urban-type settlements (working settlements) retain utility benefits when they move to a permanent place of residence in the city?
A) yes; b) no; c) by decision of the educational authorities;17. The content of the mandatory part of the charter of an educational institution is determined by a) the founder; b) educational institution;
Accentuation is the weak points of an individual's character.
La Rochefoucauld wrote: "Weakness of character is the only flaw that cannot be corrected."
One of the classifications of personality types is determined by the typology of the German psychiatrist K. Leonhard. It is based on an assessment of the style of communication of a person with other people and is associated with the concept of character accentuation.
This typology is divided into:
Hyperthymic type, characterized by a constantly elevated mood. People of this type are cheerful, carefree, often frivolous and prone to hobbies of all kinds. These are incorrigible optimists who see everything in a rosy light. They are confident in themselves and their success, and therefore are prone to risk. Their failures do not upset them at all or not deeply and not for long. They are sociable, easily make acquaintances, respond vividly to all events, versatile, but at the same time usually superficial, restless, distracted. Irritability is often mixed with a constantly elevated mood, leading to angry outbursts, as a rule, short-lived, shallow and not making a big impression on others. They boil easily and quickly leave. These are active natures. They are energetic, active, enterprising. They carry out their projects quickly and decisively.
The hypothymic type. Hypothymics, as well as hyperthymics, are responsive, lively and strongly react to everything that happens around them, but their mood tone is lowered. They feel little joy in life, see everything in a gloomy light, are dissatisfied with everything, and above all with themselves. Often, objectively doing a job well, they are not satisfied with it. They willingly talk about the aimlessness of existence, they are prone to complaints about their health, to hypochondria.
The distimic type is characterized by low contact, taciturnity, pessimism. People of this type are homebodies, lead a secluded lifestyle, and are prone to submission.
Cycloid type. People of this type are characterized by fairly frequent mood swings. In a period of high spirits, they are sociable, and in a period of depression, they are closed. During the period of spiritual upsurge, they belong to the hyperthymic type of character, and during the period of decline, to the distimic type.
The excitable type is characterized by low contact, sullenness, boredom. People of this type have delayed verbal and non-verbal reactions. In a calm state, they are conscientious, accurate, love children and animals. In a state of emotional excitement that arises on completely trifling occasions, they are prone to abuse, conflicts, poorly control their behavior, and it is difficult to get along in a team due to low communication skills.
· Stuck type - a person of moderate sociability, prone to moralizing, tediousness. People of this type are touchy, suspicious, conflicted, have a heightened sensitivity to social injustice. They are characterized by the desire to achieve high performance in any business, to make high demands on themselves and others, discipline.
pedantic type. It is distinguished by excessive formalism in service zeal, grumbling, boringness at work and at home. However, in communication, people of this type attract with an even mood, seriousness, reliability in business, conscientiousness and accuracy.
Anxious type. People of this type are characterized by low contact, self-doubt, timidity, low mood, indecision, long experience of failures. People of this type rarely enter into conflicts, trying to rely on a strong personality in difficult situations. The attractive properties of these people are friendliness, self-criticism, diligence.
Emotive type. An essential feature of people with this type of character is the desire to communicate in a circle of friends where they are well understood. They are extremely sensitive, touchy, although they carry grievances in themselves, are often in a depressed mood, tearful. Their attractive features: kindness, compassion, diligence, the ability to sincerely rejoice at other people's successes.
Demonstrative type. People of this type are very contact, strive for leadership, dominance, crave power, praise. They are self-confident, proud, easily adapt to people, prone to intrigue, boasting, hypocritical, selfish. Their positive features are artistry, courtesy, originality of thinking, the ability to captivate other people and lead them along.
Exalted type. He is characterized by high contact, talkativeness, amorousness, but at the same time, such people can be conflicted. They are altruists, attentive to friends and relatives, have bright and sincere feelings, well-developed artistic taste. The negative traits of their character are susceptibility to panic, despair, momentary moods.
Extrovert type. Such people are open to any information, willing to listen and help anyone. They have a high degree of sociability, compliant, executive. It is difficult for them to be organized at work and at home. Repulsive traits - frivolity, thoughtlessness of actions, a tendency to spread rumors and gossip.
The introverted type. People of this type are characterized by low contact, isolation, isolation from reality, and a tendency to philosophize. They are focused on themselves, on their inner world, their assessment of an object or event, and not on an object as such. They are prone to loneliness, enter into conflicts when trying to interfere in their personal lives, are restrained, principled, prone to introspection, have strong beliefs and life principles. Their actions are determined primarily by their internal attitude. They are overly stubborn in defending their views, even unrealistic ones. (Extroverted and introverted types refer to the typology of K. Jung.)
The personality types introduced by Jung are not determined by the circumstances of a person's life. They are innate.
Another classification of accentuated personalities was proposed and developed by the Soviet psychiatrist P.B. Gannushkin and then continued by the German psychiatrist K. Leonhard.
According to it, the following psychological types are distinguished:
Epileptoid. He is characterized by high energy, aggressiveness, love of order, thoroughness. He most often chooses a profession that is closer to him - a financier, an officer, a lawyer, since in the process of this work related to maintaining order, the very traits of his character develop more and more. So, as a financier, the epileptoid is especially valuable, since this activity requires accounting and control, they require strict order, thoroughness and strict observance of the law, that is, all those qualities that an epileptoid possesses. If these qualities do not find a worthy constructive application, then the epileptoid can become a bureaucrat. He tends to obey not the spirit, but the letter of the law, and an official document for him is obviously more important than a living person. In working with money, such people do not allow waste and do not take risks. The epileptoid will not make a dizzying career, but will slowly but surely move up the career ladder. As a boss who manages people, he will always be demanding and picky, both to himself and to others. He knows how to make quick decisions without delaying time, but if there is time, he can “think” everything in detail. He has an authoritarian style of leadership, but at the same time he is influenced by the way it is accepted in society. If it is customary to lead democratically, then it is not difficult for him to reorganize in the spirit of the times.
· Paranoid. He is characterized by high energy, aggressiveness, purposefulness. If the work coincides with the main goal of this type, then it is always in work. It is difficult for him to work in teams, so the most successful for him is individual creative work. Creativity for him is not free self-expression, but the search for an answer to some great riddle or a solution to some major problem. It is these individuals who move the progress of all mankind, contribute to the development of the whole society. In collective work, the paranoid type is a generator of ideas that cannot be limited by any framework other than setting the very goal of the study. The results of the work must be able to accept in the form in which he delivers them. He should not be forced to draw up reports or issue ready-made calculated results - this is a waste of time. For this, it is better to use an epileptoid, which will refine the results of the paranoid one.
· Hyperthymia. He is characterized by an elevated mood, extroversion, high energy. Due to the enormous activity, sociability and abilities of hyperthym, it seems to him and those around him that he will be successful in any business. At the beginning, he can organize, propose, start something, but in the process of everyday work he gets bored, and he switches to another, leaving the previous one. Since he is always in the public eye, he is quickly promoted and promoted to leadership positions. Hypertim is often artistically gifted, and at the same time in different areas - music, painting, literature. His creative process is an unsystematic splashing out of excesses of his energy and talent. Usually he creates a little bit in all areas, not achieving outstanding success in any of them.
hysteroid. He is characterized by high energy and demonstrativeness (the desire to be in the spotlight). This is a talented, multi-talented person, especially in terms of artistic abilities. He is easily given reincarnation, he is very artistic. This is not a mental, but an artistic type, he does not think abstractly and logically, but figuratively, therefore he is highly productive in artistic creativity - fine arts and poetry. It is best for hysteroids to work independently, outside the framework of the team, to engage in free creativity, because it is very difficult for them to get along in the team, as they are very conflicted - they demonstrate their superiority, interrupt, behave arrogantly.
· Schizoid. He is characterized by low energy, introversion (isolation). Most often, schizoids are engaged in the exact sciences - mathematics or theoretical physics. They can be musicians gravitating towards classical music, composers composing complex, original music or new style music, abstract artists. All this happens under favorable circumstances. If, from childhood, the schizoids remained misunderstood and his abilities were not given enough attention, then most often such a person will grow up as an eccentric or loser who is not understood by anyone, working in a low-prestige job (watchman) and reading his obscure books. But even as a professional scientist or musician, if it is impossible to conduct his research or create freely, he can go to the watchman and continue his activity there, because it is the main thing for him, and not the position he occupies in society. It is the schizoids who are the creators of great discoveries.
Psychastenoid. He is characterized by weakness, low energy, uncertainty. In his work, he is a good performer, a very obligatory and accurate worker. It is not difficult for him to obey if the instructions of his superiors are logical and orderly. If he finds himself subordinate to a leader who constantly changes his decisions, opinions, orders, then in such an environment the psychasthenoid becomes nervous and is eventually forced to change it. He enjoys quiet, neat and unhurried work closer to home (librarian).
Hypothym. He is characterized by weakness, low mood, increased sensitivity, anxiety, suspiciousness. In work, the sensitive hypo-tim is not as important as the relationship at work, especially the attitude of the authorities. Therefore, they can be very good, diligent and dedicated secretaries, typists, etc. However, usually hypothemes are not satisfied with their work, wherever they work, at the same time they do not want to change anything in their lives.
What to Learn First!
Personality types are determined, firstly, by the temperament and character of the individual, secondly, by its organic features, and, finally, a person’s personality cannot be considered without taking into account existing social relations, the existing system and socialization.
Character is manifested in a person's behavior, in his attitude to the world and to himself, being a combination of the most stable, essential personality traits.
The considered types of character accentuations appear inconsistently. During education and self-education, they are smoothed out, harmonized, since the character structure is mobile, dynamic and changes throughout a person’s life. In this regard, it is necessary to constantly study the conditions for educating a personality, take into account existing deviations and carry out their psycho-correction in a timely manner, since a person can and should improve his characterological features.
In the process of motivating labor activity, leaders of organizations must take into account the psychological characteristics of each individual, the type of his character, temperament and behavior in the process of labor activity. Particular attention, in my opinion, should be given to the orientation of a particular personality to an external or internal object (that is, extra- and introversion). The functional division of labor and the fulfillment of production tasks largely depend on this. Managers should from time to time study by testing the character traits of their staff along with the study of their needs. Possession of knowledge about their personnel will help managers to correctly build a line of conduct in various situations of production activity.
Consider the most common accentuated character traits that may be of interest to judicial practice.
The hyperthymic type is characterized by excessive mobility, activity, increased sociability, the desire for leadership, a negative factor that often provokes negative forms of behavior in such individuals, there may be a strict regulation of lifestyle. In the presence of adverse social influence, serious defects in education, low level of intellectual development, such "excitable" individuals are more easily involved in group forms of entertainment, accompanied by the use of alcoholic beverages, gambling, with the subsequent transformation of these entertainments into group offenses against public order, against life and health. citizens. Persons with similar character traits are more prone to group forms of illegal behavior than others, often they themselves become inspirers of an offense not only for the sake of entertainment, for selfish motives, but also for the desire to assert themselves among their peers, out of a desire to experience the sensations associated with risk.
In addition to the "pure" hyperthymic type of character, there are also various types mixed with it: a hyperthymic-unstable type of character; hyperthymic-hysteroid (demonstrative) personality type, for which the tendency to demonstrative behavior, the desire to impress others are leading; hyperthymic-explosive personality type, in the character structure of which irritability, anger, aggressiveness, irascibility, affective coloring of emotions dominate.
An unstable type of character accentuation. Persons with such an accentuation are content with primitive entertainment, live without any sustainable life plans for the future. Their emotions are extremely poor and unstable. Subjects with such character traits are more likely than others to resist the demands of discipline and, therefore, are more in need of control. The favorite pastimes of such persons are gambling, fast driving, etc. Young people with character traits related to the unstable type of accentuation are most susceptible to illegal behavior.
With age, in such individuals, character traits can be transformed into a cycloid type of accentuation. Subjects whose character is distinguished by the properties of cycloid accentuation are irritable more often than others for no apparent reason, more prone to apathy, unreasonable mood changes without any serious reason. Moreover, a change in mood can be caused not only by significant events for them, but also occur under the influence of some subtle circumstances. Their mood cycles can vary from a few days, weeks to several months and even years (in older people). In the phase of a subdepressive state, they avoid interpersonal contacts, plunging into the world of their own experiences. It is more difficult for them to adapt to a new environment, emotionally they are more vulnerable, they overwork faster.
Getting into conditions of a radical break in the habitual life stereotype, for example, to military service, people of this circle are more prone to protracted subdepressive reactions, which can lead to suicidal attempts for various, even insignificant reasons.
Sensitive type of accentuation. Persons endowed with the properties of sensitive accentuation are characterized by excessive sensitivity, increased impressionability. They have a sharply expressed sense of their own inferiority, the level of claims is reduced. In behavior, they are timid, overly shy, more closed than others. Their weak link is a heightened perception of attitudes towards them from others. Unbearable for them is the situation in which they become the object of ridicule, suspicion of some unseemly deeds, unfair accusations. For this reason, people in this circle can commit suicide even for an insignificant reason.
Psychasthenic type of character accentuation. The main distinguishing feature of the psychasthenic variant of character is increased anxiety, suspiciousness. Therefore, this character is often also called anxious and suspicious. Moreover, in relation to the personality of such subjects, anxiety is considered not only as a mental state in which they often stay about the most diverse, sometimes completely insignificant, circumstances, but also as a leading property of their character, which leaves its noticeable imprint on their decision-making, on their behavior. generally. At the same time, people in this circle are distinguished by a more developed sense of responsibility and conscientiousness. They are obligatory, conscientious in their affairs, carefully fulfill their duties, and with a developed intellect, sufficient knowledge, they are usually good performers who do not need additional control. However, when making decisions, they often show a tendency to unreasonable doubts, obsessive anxiety, as a result of which they are indecisive. Situations with an unpredictable outcome, with a quick change in the usual environment, disordered, not amenable to planning for people with an anxious and suspicious nature are stressful. The situation, which changes dramatically and can be regarded by them as dangerous to their life and health, can suddenly lead them to an affective breakdown. It is much more difficult for such people to control their behavior in extreme conditions, in a situation of necessary defense.
The epileptoid type is characterized by increased anger, irritability, irascibility, and a tendency to impulsive behavioral reactions. The most striking character traits of such persons are: excessive aggressiveness, affective mood coloring without sufficient reasons, constant conflict with others. The most insignificant infringements of their interests can be the reasons for conflicts. Affects in such persons are often accompanied by unbridled rage, severe beatings of the victim, despite her weakness and defenselessness. In the absence of an external reason, such persons are looking for those on whom evil can be vented. Sometimes the owners of this character show sadistic inclinations.
It should be noted that epileptoid character traits can be hidden from others for the time being. Often, people with this type of accentuation can look emphatically correct, hypersocial, stand out for their super-accuracy, pedantry in observing the rules of behavior, while in other situations they can suddenly show extreme anger, incomprehensible, as if unmotivated cruelty, sophisticated vindictiveness.
In some individuals of this circle, flashes of affectively colored anger are replaced by a depressive state, which, like excitement, requires its discharge, sometimes pushing the subject to suicide.
Another feature of persons with epileptoid features is the nature of their thinking, which is characterized by excessive scrupulousness, pedantry, heaviness, slowness of thought processes.
Paranoid type of accentuation. Persons endowed with character traits according to this type are distinguished primarily by their affective capture, obsession with some overvalued, in their opinion, idea, which becomes dominant for them. As a rule, they have a vulnerable pride, expressed ambition, inflated self-esteem. Their behavior is distinguished by self-confidence, sometimes turning into arrogance, especially when their opinion is not shared by others. And since the majority that surrounds them is indifferent to their obsession, the people of this circle begin to suspect "everyone and everything" of various intrigues against them, and gradually their suspicion from a state becomes a stable feature of their personality. Fertile ground for the development of such a state of excitement can be, for example, jealousy, accidentally hurt ambition, morbid fantasy, etc.
In addition to the "jealous" among this category of people, one can also meet a fairly common personality type of "fighter for justice", "tireless complainers", "plaintiffs conflicting in the field of truth-seeking". People of this kind often actively seek meetings with representatives of judicial, state and legal bodies, with constant perseverance engaging in all kinds of litigation, sometimes insignificant in their cause, or commit crimes under the influence of fear, jealousy, in a state of passion, frustration, etc. P.
Subjects belonging to this circle of persons are extremely intractable in defending their views. They are the so-called type of persecuted pursuers. This is a severe type of character accentuation, supplying the society with various kinds of litigants, squabblers, from whom it is especially difficult for people who are forced to live with them in a family, to cooperate at work. Persons of this circle “are constantly ready for an affective reaction to any real or imaginary action in relation to them, they are extremely concerned about their personal prestige, and any objection, disagreement or simply indifference is perceived by them as a personal insult and insult.”
Schizoid type of character accentuation. The most significant features of this type of people are their isolation, emotional coldness, isolation from others, inability or simply unwillingness to establish and maintain informal contacts with them, reduced need for communication, indifference even towards their loved ones. Another characteristic feature of these individuals is their lack of internal unity, the consistency of their mental activity, their quirkiness, originality, and sometimes paradoxical thinking, statements, emotions, and behavior. They are focused mainly on their inner world. Therefore, they are not able to look at themselves from the outside, standing in the place of others. As a result, emotionally, they often react inadequately, look from the outside as somewhat strange, incomprehensible people. For the sake of some idea, the triumph of some abstract values, they are ready to sacrifice everything. In conflict situations, especially when they arise because they are not understood, they are touchy, angry, aggressive, they can commit illegal actions of a violent nature that are not adequate to their cause.
However, with a developed intellect, individuals of this type stand out for their creative orientation, diverse interests and hobbies, and non-standard, analytical mindset. They subtly feel, emotionally react to the abstract images created by their imagination.
The considered types of character accentuations appear inconsistently. During education and self-education, character accentuations are smoothed out, since the character structure is mobile and changes throughout a person’s life.
Lecture for teachers "Pedagogically difficult children"
Teenagers They are no longer children, but not yet adults. They consider themselves self-reliant and independent, and more and more try to be like their comrades.They have a strong sense of justice and are prone to conflict and argument. Teen behavior is unpredictable.
Every teacher in his practice has to deal with the so-called "difficult" children, in the face of which all the usual pedagogical approaches cease to work. Such children are called deviants and accentuants. These include those who deviate in any way from accepted or implied norms of mental health, behaviour, culture or morals.
The most characteristic such deviations for children of adolescence and youth due to the hormonal changes occurring during this age period and the restructuring of the idea of a young man or girl about themselves.
The main reason for deviant behavior is a decrease in the level of self-esteem. Low self-esteem is experienced as an unpleasant condition that you want to get rid of. Most often it is caused by a lack of parental attention and love in early childhood. As a result, children experience a syndrome of emotional insufficiency, while in some people intracerebral mental processes at the level of biochemical metabolism are broken, while in others, relations with the outside world. The feeling of self-humiliation first arises through the experience of one's inadequacy to social requirements. In this case, the problem of choice arises - either to continue their torment, or to increase self-esteem in behavior directed against these requirements. The second one is usually chosen. Therefore, the desire to meet the requirements of the collective and society decreases, and the desire to evade them grows.
"Difficult" teenagers can be conditionally divided into groups.
1) Hyperthymics are people who are characterized by increased activity, sociability, a tendency to thoughtless mischief and a frequent change of hobbies. They are kind, responsive and unforgiving. More than anything in the world, they love socializing with friends and all sorts of adventurous adventures. They do not tolerate monotonous and monotonous work. The punishment for them is the restriction of impressions and forced loneliness.
They do not like it when: - there are restrictions on their activity;
- it is necessary to perform work according to certain rules and restrictions;
- there is no free and varied communication.
In pedagogical work, it is important to develop the habit of keeping your belongings, books and notes in order. Order on the table and in your room is the first task. The second is that order in feelings and thoughts is brought about with the help of self-observation and regular diary keeping. And also develop the habit of finishing what you start.
2) Distimki - focus on the gloomy sides of reality, they are distinguished by their special seriousness and constantly depressed mood. They are touchy, quickly get tired of hard work, often looking for all sorts of illnesses. They have an underestimation of both themselves and the world around them. In pedagogical work with them, attention should be paid to the targeted improvement of their health and increased endurance.
They do not like it when: - someone criticizes their behavior and finds shortcomings in them;
- when others do not feel sorry for them and do not give them attention and support;
- when you have to perform difficult and responsible work for a long time;
- when you have to change the familiar environment and adapt to new living conditions;
- when there is no person nearby who you can lean on and who you can cry into your vest.
In pedagogical work, one can recommend every day to such a teenager to play for some time the role of a winner who succeeds in everything in life;
Make a list of your strengths on a sheet of paper and place it in a conspicuous place. Read the list regularly and add new features to it.
3) Cyclothymics are people who are distinguished by periodic mood swings. Sometimes they are active and energetic, sometimes they are sluggish and slow. In pedagogical work, one must proceed from their mood at the moment. Difficult situations for them are unexpected requests and instructions, especially if they contradict their mood at the moment. This should also include the difficulty of moving away from the usual stereotype of activity, breaking habits. Therefore, it is necessary to spare the teenager at the time of the decline in his activity. At this time, it is recommended to give tasks that distract from negative emotions. The best thing for this is simple physical work in a circle of close friends.
4) Schizoids - are distinguished by isolation, immersion in their own world, uncommunicative. At the same time, they are characterized by a good theoretical mind, stability of interests, constancy of employment.
do not like when: - someone tries to invade their inner world;
- it is necessary to establish warm informal contacts with others;
- they are assigned to lead others;
- habits and stereotypes are broken;
- Must be able to work in a team.
In pedagogical work, direct attempts to invade his inner world should be avoided and it is better to use the tactics of indirectly identifying the problems that occupy him.
5) Sensitives - people who are characterized by increased susceptibility and vulnerability. They often suffer from a guilt and inferiority complex. Their distinguishing features are shyness and shyness, avoidance of noisy games. Good performers and loyal friends. In work, the main thing for them is not the work itself, but the sympathy that is tied between colleagues.
do not like when: - they have to speak in public and compete with someone;
- ridiculed at them;
- they are under constant control and increased guardianship;
- there is no close friend with whom one could share one's experiences;
- someone has a bad opinion about them.
Educational work with such a child should be aimed at increasing his self-esteem, his awareness of his excessive suspiciousness and vain fears, training in making independent decisions. To teach a teenager not to be offended in response to someone's joke or ridicule, but to respond with a pre-prepared answer.
6) Epileptoids - people who are characterized by increased emotionality and excitability, intolerance to the slightest violations of order and any objections. Very power-hungry, like to command.
They do not like it when: - the usual routine of their life is violated;
- there is no opportunity to show their authority and show their power over others;
- they are criticized and ridiculed. In this case, they experience the strongest anger and rage, expressed in an aggressive attack on the offender.
In pedagogical work with such adolescents, it is recommended:
* give the opportunity to relieve excessive negative emotional stress through sports, various types of physical activity;
* choose a business in which the child could satisfy his need for dominance and develop natural leadership qualities.
7) Psychasthenics - adolescents who are characterized by increased anxiety and concern about their own fate. The negative features of this type are indecisiveness and constant doubts, timidity, humility, disbelief in one's own strength.
They do not like when they have to: - make independent decisions;
- quickly switch from one thing to another;
- listen to criticism in his address;
- speak in public.
When working with such teenagers, it is recommended in a situation where it is necessary to make a not very important decision, not to start thinking, but to take 1 minute to think and then act. Once you've made a decision, don't back down from it. Try to translate as many cases as possible into the category of not very important, not requiring much thought.
8) Paranoids - people who are distinguished by the utmost determination in achieving any goal. The best result is achieved by working alone, not in a group. Proving their case, they enter into conflict, not noticing it and not reacting to the feelings of others.
They do not like it when: - they are criticized;
- have to obey others;
- you have to do uninteresting business.
In communication, they often conflict because of their intolerance and categoricalness, suspicion.
In pedagogical work, a style of benevolent trust, a joint discussion of plans, and recognition of their personal significance are recommended. Invite the teenager to look at others with a friendly smile. This increases the self-esteem of the interlocutor, in response to which he begins to treat the teenager more friendly.
9) Hysteroids - these include people with a pronounced desire to constantly be in the spotlight, demonstrating to others their talents, outfits. For such a teenager, others are a means for personal self-affirmation. If such a person hears in a company how they speak well of someone, but they forgot about him, he becomes irritated and makes barbs at the person they are talking about.
They do not like it when: - they are criticized and someone hurts their pride;
- they face the indifference of others;
- in their life there are no bright impressions.
In pedagogical work, the tendency to constantly “pull the blanket over oneself” should be overcome. This is helped by acquaintance with the heroes of works of art who have a similar type of character, the awakening of interest and sympathy for others. The exit of egocentric tendencies is possible through the participation of such a teenager in amateur art activities.
10) Conformal type - representatives of this type are characterized by thoughtless conciliation with others. They strive to “be like everyone else”, because this creates a sense of security. They are not important leaders, but good executors of other people's decisions.
They do not like it when: - they are rejected by the group to which they are attached;
- a new activity is mastered without models or leaders;
In pedagogical work, it is necessary to create conditions for the manifestation of independence and steadfastness in upholding positions. It is also important to find for a teenager such an interest group in which socially significant values and interests are affirmed. It can be sports sections, hobby groups.
11) Unstable - representatives of this type are characterized by disobedience and restlessness. Positive personality traits are sociability, openness. Negative - a tendency to empty pastime, talkativeness, boastfulness, irresponsibility, deceit. Such adolescents are not attracted to intellectual hobbies, since they are not able to focus on any subject for a long time due to weakness of attention.
They do not like it when: - they are required to strictly observe discipline;
- they are limited in entertainment;
- you need to focus on something for a long time;
You have to make a decision and take responsibility for it.
In pedagogical work, constant attention from an adult is required. Best of all, such teenagers are affected by physical labor and sports, which discipline them and give them emotional release.
12) Asthenic - people of this type are characterized by increased fatigue and associated irritability. Attractive features of this type are modesty, diligence, friendliness; negative - capriciousness, tearfulness, self-doubt.
They do not like it when: - they find themselves in a situation of any tension - mental or physical;
- find themselves in a situation of open conflict, when they have to defend their point of view;
- laugh at their weaknesses and ineptitude;
- are in a situation of forced communication with a large number of people.
In pedagogical work, it is necessary to create situations in which you can train their confidence, firmness and courage. Such are the situations of public speaking.
13) Labile - a characteristic feature of this type is a frequent change of mood from insignificant reasons. The positive features of this type are sociability, good nature, devotion in friendship, sincerity and responsiveness in periods of good mood. Such teenagers are difficult to predict in communication, when, in response to an innocent remark, they can either burst into laughter or burst into tears from resentment. All their behavior depends on the mood, which is influenced by the most insignificant factors.
They do not like it when: - they find themselves in a situation of rivalry;
- their self-esteem is impaired;
- no success and public recognition;
- they are criticized for misbehaving.
In pedagogical work, one should remember the need for constant emotional support for them, strengthening self-esteem. This is facilitated by the establishment of a trusting contact with such a teenager.
