One of the last stages of private housing construction is the arrangement of the roof of a private house, the correct scheme of which is of particular importance. The roof performs many different functions, but one of its main purposes is to protect the interior of the building from natural phenomena: wind, sun, precipitation. Not one building, especially residential buildings, can do without roof structures, during the construction of which it is important not to make even the most elementary mistakes inherent in inexperienced builders. Otherwise, after a few years of operation of the house, the roof will already have to be repaired.
And the repair of the roof structure is a rather laborious work, accompanied by a number of difficulties, infringement of the comfort of living for a given period, and, of course, additional financial costs. Therefore, before performing the installation of the roof of a private house, you need a diagram with a detailed reflection on it of all the structural elements of the roof, the building material used, and other details.
Options for roofing schemes for private housing construction
During the construction of private houses, pitched roof structures are often used to cover them, which can be single-pitched or multi-pitched.
The shed roof drawing is used mainly for small, simple outbuildings.
Varieties of multi-pitched roof structures
- Double pitched roofs. The most common type of construction under which any roofing material can be used. Such a roof is quite simple in terms of its installation, but at the same time reliable and durable.
- Hipdesigns- roofs with an envelope according to the scheme of a hipped roof, when two slopes are made in the form of a trapezoid, the other two are in the form of a triangle. Most often used to cover houses in the southern regions, as they are distinguished by their excellent ability to withstand significant wind loads.
- Half hip roofs. This is a subtype of the hip structure, in which the length of the side slopes along the slope line is less than the main slopes. Most of these structures are located in regions with adverse climatic conditions.
- hipped roofs. Their design consists of four triangular-shaped slopes, the tops of which are connected at one point.
- Broken roof structures. Such roofs belong to gable roofs, consist of four surfaces that intersect each other at an obtuse angle.
- Multi-gable roofs. Such roofs have a rather complex design scheme, which is most often used to cover elite class houses with a complex geometric configuration.
Pitched roofs, depending on their design features, are divided into attic, non-attic roofs. In the first case, an attic space is arranged between the ceiling and the roof (a separate type of pitched roof). In the second case, all load-bearing components of the roof structure are also the floor of the outer floor of the building (combined type of pitched roof).
To cover private houses, an executive scheme of attic type roofing is often used.
Structural features of the attic roof
When constructing roofs with an attic space, the following details should be considered:
Particular attention must be paid to the parameters of the floor spans. If the width is large enough, then the rafter leg should have a maximum cross section. For example, the span of a shed roof is 5 meters, then the cross section of the beam used for the manufacture of rafters should be 15x5 cm, and the installation step is about one meter.
If you make a partial section of the roof with an attic, you can consider its main components:
- roofing material;
- ridge beam;
- load-bearing inner wall;
- rafter legs;
- support racks;
- Mauerlat;
- struts;
- crate;
- metal fasteners.
Be sure to take into account the slope of the slope. A roof with slopes at a large angle will be released from precipitation faster, since water and snow on such a surface are not able to hold. Therefore, for roofs with a slope of 50º, rafters with a smaller cross section can be used than for roofs with a slope of less than 20º. These data must be reflected in the scheme of arrangement of the roof structure.
It is also worth remembering the period of operation of individual parts of the roof structure, depending on the building material used for their manufacture. For example, load-bearing elements made of natural wood can serve without loss of initial strength for about 30 years, structures made of reinforced concrete - 50 years. With the proper organization of the wooden truss system, proper care during the period of operation, it can not be changed for 100 years. When choosing the design of the future roof, it is necessary to take into account the expected conditions for its operation.
When designing a roof scheme, its thermal properties must be taken into account without fail.
When calculating the cross-section of a beam for a rafter system, it is also necessary to take into account the mass of the roofing "pie".
The main nuances that must be considered when making a do-it-yourself rafter system
- In order to prevent the deflection of the building legs in the case of the manufacture of rafters of insufficient section when calculating the required roofing material, the farm is necessarily equipped with additional support posts, struts, puffs.
- When calculating the roof, it is imperative to take into account the possibility of disruption by strong gusts of wind of the roofing material. To prevent this, the rafter legs must be fixed with staples and additionally with steel wire (section up to 8 mm, but not less than 4 mm).
- For the manufacture of a roof ridge run, it is recommended to use logs (boards in the most extreme case, the thickness of which should be 5 cm or more).
- If the roof scheme is for an attic structure, then the puffs are not equipped, they will be compensated by overlapping the floors, which will subsequently serve as the floor of the attic.
- The density of the lathing will depend on the roofing used, the main building material for which are logs (boards) and tes. The main purpose of the crate is to take on the load from the entire roof covering, then transfer it to the rafter system.
- Depending on the type of roof being built, the crate is sparse, solid. A feature of the sheathing of a continuous type is as follows: it is made of two layers, a gap of no more than 2 mm is allowed between the boards. In this case, the first layer is sparse, the second one is mounted at an angle of 45º relative to the first one. This is due to the peculiarity of laying some types of materials for the roof. When arranging a sparse type crate, a distance of 6 to 14 cm can be maintained between the boards (depending on the snow cover of the region in which the house is being built).
- You also need to remember that a continuous crate is always performed on the slopes of the roof, the joints of the rafter system.
The main features of the roof design are necessarily reflected in the drawing up of the scheme.
When planning to cover the roof of a house with your own hands, it must be borne in mind that when choosing a scheme for its arrangement, it is worth relying not only on the conditions for its further operation, but also on your own financial capabilities. It is also important to understand that the safety of the residents of the house will depend on the quality of the installation of the roof of the house with their own hands. Before using a specific roofing structure scheme, you can first study their features from photographs on the Internet.
Types and arrangement of roofs of private houses
Roofing is the final stage of construction, which requires strict adherence to and implementation of building rules and regulations. The main task of the design is to provide protection from the negative effects of natural phenomena (snow, rain, wind), as well as to give and complement the image of the house. With quality work performed, the roof of the house is able to provide high sound insulation, waterproofing and act as a thermal barrier. In this article we will tell you what it consists of, and also consider what designs are.
Types of structures in private houses
The photo shows the schemes of roofs of different types.
The design and construction of the roof in a private house can be of pitched or flat type. As a rule, flat structures are used in countries with a hot climate, and pitched structures are more common. This is due to the fact that the pitched roof does not retain precipitation on the surface. In the construction of a pitched roof, an angle of 10 degrees or more must be observed, and the structure of the roof itself allows you to equip the attic. Structures can be:
- lean-to;
- gable;
- four-pitched tent;
- four-slope hip;
- attic;
- tented;
- spire-shaped.
For information! The roof device of a private attic-type house can be insulated or cold, a non-attic type can be an unventilated, partially or fully ventilated room.
Device and design
In the process of designing a future building, it is necessary to immediately determine the type of roof for the house. You can build the roof of a private house on your own, for this you need to use special architectural programs or contact a company that will help you choose a roof project, as well as advise roofing materials. If you decide to make a roof with your own hands, it is recommended that you carefully study the manual, which will describe step by step how to design a roof. Experts recommend starting construction on some small object, this will help to avoid possible mistakes and significantly save the cost of buying building material.
For information! Roof structures and truss systems must be strong and reliable, because. when using heavy material, the walls and foundation of the house may suffer.
To date, the roof of a private house can be made of wood, metal wood, reinforced concrete and steel. Do-it-yourself roof construction consists of the following steps:
- Mauerlat mounting;
- assembly and installation of the sling system;
- installation of horizontal screeds;
- laying waterproofing;
- fixing the rafters on the ridge;
- installation of the crate;
- surface finishing.
Important! The rafter system can be hanging and layered. For roofs of private houses with several spans, both types of truss systems are used, i.e. where there is no place for support, hanging ones are used, and where there is support, layered ones.
The photo shows a diagram of the roof of a house with a layered and hanging truss system.
The roof and the structure are fixed to the walls of the house with the help of special building studs, and supporting niches are mounted under the rafter system, which are connected to each other with strong steel wire. The following factors influence the choice of roof and scheme:
- the size and shape of the future structure;
- the presence of internal load-bearing walls;
- the presence of an attic;
- appearance of the structure.
Rafter systems for roofs of private houses must meet the following requirements:
- rafters must be strong and reliable, this allows you to evenly distribute the load on the walls of the house;
- the material used for the roof of the house should be light;
- the truss system should exclude possible thrust on the building;
- when constructing a truss system, it is necessary to use high-quality materials, tk. repair or replacement is quite expensive.
The design of the roof plays an important role in designing the architecture of a home. As a rule, specialists use a roofing coating that excludes water stagnation and does not lend itself to deformation (corrugated wall, arched, soft sheet tiles). Therefore, when designing a house, it is important to initially take into account not only the type of future building, but also decide on the material.
Roof device
The roof for a private house is an important element, the installation of which completes the entire structure of the building. The roof of the house can have a different slope, and the choice of roofing material depends on this. Roof structure can be:
- single-layer - it can be made from asbestos-cement, polymer and metal sheets or tiles;
- multilayer - rolled material or wooden products (shingles, shingles, tesas) are laid on the roof.
When using multilayer materials, the number of layers can be from 2 to 5, it all depends on the type of roofing material. In practice, the roof is a complex structure; in appearance it is a multilayer sandwich consisting of several layers. Sandwich consists of: waterproofing, vapor barrier, wind protection, insulation and other important components. The photo shows the scheme of the roof
A properly designed house roof and a well-arranged roof provide reliable protection of the building from the formation of condensate, insulate it and allow ventilation of the under-roof space.
House roof construction
When the design documentation is ready and the material has been purchased, the truss system is being erected. The roof of the house begins with the manufacture of the necessary structural elements. Installation consists of the following steps:
- the Mauerlat is laid and fastened to the longitudinal and load-bearing walls, they are fixed with anchor bolts;
- then a rafter template is made, for this two boards are connected with nails, the free edges are fixed on the Mauerlat, the desired angle level is selected by diluting the boards;
Important! When fixing the template of the truss system, the ridge should be in the center, in order to avoid errors in the design, it is necessary to use a plumb line.
- the finished template is fixed to the beams and cut to the desired angle;
- when the first rafters are ready, they should be connected, and fixed with nails at the place of their intersection;
- then the finished rafters are lifted and installed, after which you can proceed to the next production of parts;
- the second rafters are mounted in another part of the building;
- a construction cord is stretched between the installed rafters, which must be stretched horizontally;
- then the remaining rafters are made and installed along a stretched building cord, taking into account the step prescribed in the project;
- the final stage is the installation of support racks, this design will give greater strength and stability.
For information! For a strong fixation of all elements of the truss system, experts recommend using stamped metal parts.
When the rafter system is installed, you can proceed to the insulation of the roof.
The roof of the house is an important element of the structure, with the correct calculation and installation of the structure, it will last a long time, provide protection and comfort for living.
Construction of the roof of a private house
Types of roofs of a private house
Flat roof
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gable roofs
Four-pitched roofs
broken roofs
Multi-gable roofs
Stage 1 - Mounting the Mauerlat
Stage 3 - Installation of the crate
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Construction of the roof of a private house
Before we talk about how the roof of a house is built with our own hands, let's dwell a little on the existing types of roofs.
Scheme of the construction of a gable roof for a house
Types of roofs of a private house
All roofs of private buildings are divided into two large groups: flat roofs and pitched roofs. The latter, in turn, are divided into one-, two- and four-slope, as well as broken and multi-gable. Let's take a look at each separately.
Flat roof
Its undeniable advantages include:
- You can build quite simply and quickly;
- Reliability and strength of the structure;
- Long service life;
- Original appearance (although many ordinary people try to argue with this statement, stated by experts);
- The possibility of additional functional load on the roof (arrangement of an observation deck, places for relaxation and sunbathing, a summer mini-garden, etc.).
However, despite all the advantages of flat roofs, there are several significant disadvantages. Firstly, precipitation in the form of snow accumulates on such roofs, which require regular cleaning.
Float:="" left="" margin:="">Construction and arrangement of a shed roof for a cottage
In addition, it is almost impossible to make an attic on such roofs.
gable roofs
A gable roof is very often used to cover private houses. It is especially relevant for small country houses. This is due to its advantages, which include the following:
Among the disadvantages of such roofs, one can single out the need to equip a ridge, as well as two drainage lines. In addition, if we compare gable roofs with single-pitched ones, then their weight will be greater, which requires adjustments in the calculation and construction of the foundation. In addition, making such a roof with your own hands is much more difficult than a shed roof.
Four-pitched roofs
In house projects, hipped roofs are not as common as gable roofs, although they have a more attractive look. This is due to the fact that such a roof structure is very difficult to perform and its weight is very large.
But such roofs make it possible to make a more spacious and bright attic inside, which will always be warm due to the fact that it will be heated from four sides.
Roof truss system
broken roofs
Broken roofs - the most popular type of roofing in private construction. This is due to the fact that, if it is built correctly, then such a roof is practically devoid of flaws. But it has a lot of advantages:
- The possibility of expanding the living space of the premises due to the attic, equipped in a sloping roof;
- Reduced heat loss through the roof;
- Gives originality to the appearance of the house;
- Under the arch of such a roof, you can make a two-level attic.
There are also disadvantages that are easily eliminated with the proper arrangement of the roof. These "cons" include:
Skylights themselves are more expensive than conventional ones, which also cannot be attributed to the advantages of sloping roofs.
Multi-gable roofs
Houses with a multi-gable roof are original in their design and suitable for private houses of any architectural form. But besides this, they also have the following advantages:
- Reliability and durability, which is provided by a special truss structure;
- Under the arch of such a roof, it is possible to equip a spacious comfortable attic, which will significantly increase the area of \u200b\u200bliving premises in the house;
- Atmospheric precipitation does not accumulate on the roof, but flows down from it through a complex system of gutters due to the steep angle of incidence of the roof slopes.
However, such a roof also has disadvantages, which boil down to the difficulty of erecting a truss system under a plucked roof, an increased amount of building material, as well as the complexity of arranging drainage systems.
Ready-made project of a two-story house with a multi-gable roof
You are unlikely to be able to build this type of roof on your own, and therefore in our article we will not dwell on it, as, in fact, on the rarely demanded - hipped one.
Let us consider in detail the technology of erecting such roofs as single-pitched and gable, since they are the most popular in private construction.
Do-it-yourself shed roof
Before proceeding with the construction of a pitched roof, it is necessary to decide on a few points.
Features of mounting pitched roofs
First, you need to understand where the only roof slope will be directed. Experts recommend that the non-windy side be considered a guideline for the direction of the roof slope. Secondly, you need to decide on the angle of the roof. Here it is worth adhering to the following pattern: the more precipitation falls in your area, the steeper you need to make a pitched roof.
Installation of a single-pitched roof frame log
But do not overdo it, because by increasing the angle of the roof, you increase the windage of the structure. Thirdly, depending on the chosen angle of inclination of the roof, it is necessary to determine the type of roofing material. So, for different angles of inclination of the roof, a variety of roofing materials are recommended:
Having decided on all the above parameters, you can begin to build a pitched roof.
Materials and tools needed for construction
The construction of a shed roof will require you to purchase the following building materials. First, you need to stock up on wooden beams for the truss system, boards and nails for mounting the structure.
Secondly, do not forget to purchase a wood preservative that protects it from insects, moisture, mold and mildew. Thirdly, purchase the required number of rolls of steam, hydro and thermal insulation, roofing material, as well as fasteners in order to install the roof.
As for tools, here you will not need any specialized tool, it is enough to have a hammer, a hacksaw, an ax, a stapler, a measuring tape, and a building level. In addition, you will need a knife, a pencil and a brush for working wood.
Stages of construction of a shed roof
The construction of a shed roof comes down to several stages.
Stage 1 - Mounting the Mauerlat
Mauerlat is a beam, which is the lowest part of the roof structure. It is mounted on the wall of the house and acts as a support for the rafters.
An example of fastening a shed roof Mauerlat
It can be made from a 10 x 15 cm timber, which is attached to the wall in one of the following ways: using wire, using construction studs or anchors. The installation sequence of the Mauerlat is as follows. First of all, to ensure the durability of the roof, the Mauerlat must be waterproofed from the wall of the house using a sheet of roofing material or polyethylene, which is laid between them.
Further actions will vary depending on the fastener method you choose. If you decide to use anchors or studs, then you need to make holes in the wall and in the Mauerlat, matching each other in step.
To facilitate this process, use a board with marks for the holes. Alternatively, the studs can be fixed in the wall during the laying of the last row of bricks (block).
It is necessary to insert bolts into the holes in the wall, and subsequently simply put the Mauerlat on them.
The name of the structural elements of a pitched roof
It remains only to tighten with nuts and with the use of Mauerlat fastening washers.
If the Mauerlat is planned to be mounted using a wire, prudently mounted in the top row of the wall masonry, then the process is greatly facilitated. Then in the Mauerlat at a distance of at least 25 mm from the edge, it is necessary to drill a through hole parallel to the edge of the beam. The ends of the wire are passed through it and tightened tightly.
Stage 2 - Installation of the truss system
Shed roof has a fairly simple design truss system.
Shed roof truss system
As rafters, either a beam of a smaller section (up to 50 mm) or a board (5 x 15 cm) is used. It is necessary to take into account the nuance that the rafters should protrude at least 30 cm beyond the wall level. This is necessary in order to protect the walls of a private house from rain and other precipitation.
For a snug fit of the rafter legs to the Mauerlat, it is necessary to make cutouts in the rafters for the base beam. The step for placing the rafters is chosen based on the width of the heat insulator roll. The rafters are fastened with nails (10 cm).
Stage 3 - Installation of the crate
Now it is necessary to fill the boards of the crate across the rafter legs. For it, as a rule, bars of a small section (up to 5 cm) are used. The step of the crate depends on the type of roofing material you choose. For example, when using rolled roofing materials, it is recommended to make the crate solid. The installation of the crate is also carried out using nails (10 cm).
Stage 4 - Creating a roofing cake
At this stage, the main thing is to correctly follow the sequence of laying hydro-, steam- and heat-insulating materials. So, a waterproofing layer is laid on the crate, and steam and heat insulators are mounted on the inside of the roof (thermal insulation is adjacent to the crate, which is covered with a waterproofing material on top). It turns out that the thermal insulation is closed between the layers of vapor and water insulators.
Float:="" left="" margin:="">Installation of corrugated board on a shed roof
Let's start laying the waterproofing membrane. The features of its structure are such that it will not allow moisture from the outside to get onto the insulation layer, but at the same time, vapors from the heat-insulating layer will come out. The waterproofing is attached in the same way as a vapor barrier film. In conclusion, a shed roof requires the installation of a finish coating and a drain.
Construction of the roof of a private house
Before we talk about how the roof of a house is built with our own hands, let's dwell a little on the existing types of roofs.
Scheme of the construction of a gable roof for a house
Types of roofs of a private house
All roofs of private buildings are divided into two large groups: flat roofs and pitched roofs. The latter, in turn, are divided into one-, two- and four-slope, as well as broken and multi-gable. Let's take a look at each separately.
Flat roof
Its undeniable advantages include:
- You can build quite simply and quickly;
- Reliability and strength of the structure;
- Long service life;
- Original appearance (although many ordinary people try to argue with this statement, stated by experts);
- The possibility of additional functional load on the roof (arrangement of an observation deck, places for relaxation and sunbathing, a summer mini-garden, etc.).
However, despite all the advantages of flat roofs, there are several significant disadvantages. Firstly, precipitation in the form of snow accumulates on such roofs, which require regular cleaning.
Float:="" left="" margin:="">Construction and arrangement of a shed roof for a cottage
In addition, it is almost impossible to make an attic on such roofs.
gable roofs
A gable roof is very often used to cover private houses. It is especially relevant for small country houses. This is due to its advantages, which include the following:
Among the disadvantages of such roofs, one can single out the need to equip a ridge, as well as two drainage lines. In addition, if we compare gable roofs with single-pitched ones, then their weight will be greater, which requires adjustments in the calculation and construction of the foundation. In addition, making such a roof with your own hands is much more difficult than a shed roof.
Four-pitched roofs
In house projects, hipped roofs are not as common as gable roofs, although they have a more attractive look. This is due to the fact that such a roof structure is very difficult to perform and its weight is very large.
But such roofs make it possible to make a more spacious and bright attic inside, which will always be warm due to the fact that it will be heated from four sides.
Roof truss system
broken roofs
Broken roofs - the most popular type of roofing in private construction. This is due to the fact that, if it is built correctly, then such a roof is practically devoid of flaws. But it has a lot of advantages:
- The possibility of expanding the living space of the premises due to the attic, equipped in a sloping roof;
- Reduced heat loss through the roof;
- Gives originality to the appearance of the house;
- Under the arch of such a roof, you can make a two-level attic.
There are also disadvantages that are easily eliminated with the proper arrangement of the roof. These "cons" include:
Skylights themselves are more expensive than conventional ones, which also cannot be attributed to the advantages of sloping roofs.
Multi-gable roofs
Houses with a multi-gable roof are original in their design and suitable for private houses of any architectural form. But besides this, they also have the following advantages:
- Reliability and durability, which is provided by a special truss structure;
- Under the arch of such a roof, it is possible to equip a spacious comfortable attic, which will significantly increase the area of \u200b\u200bliving premises in the house;
- Atmospheric precipitation does not accumulate on the roof, but flows down from it through a complex system of gutters due to the steep angle of incidence of the roof slopes.
However, such a roof also has disadvantages, which boil down to the difficulty of erecting a truss system under a plucked roof, an increased amount of building material, as well as the complexity of arranging drainage systems.
Ready-made project of a two-story house with a multi-gable roof
You are unlikely to be able to build this type of roof on your own, and therefore in our article we will not dwell on it, as, in fact, on the rarely demanded - hipped one.
Let us consider in detail the technology of erecting such roofs as single-pitched and gable, since they are the most popular in private construction.
Do-it-yourself shed roof
Before proceeding with the construction of a pitched roof, it is necessary to decide on a few points.
Features of mounting pitched roofs
First, you need to understand where the only roof slope will be directed. Experts recommend that the non-windy side be considered a guideline for the direction of the roof slope. Secondly, you need to decide on the angle of the roof. Here it is worth adhering to the following pattern: the more precipitation falls in your area, the steeper you need to make a pitched roof.
Installation of a single-pitched roof frame log
But do not overdo it, because by increasing the angle of the roof, you increase the windage of the structure. Thirdly, depending on the chosen angle of inclination of the roof, it is necessary to determine the type of roofing material. So, for different angles of inclination of the roof, a variety of roofing materials are recommended:
Having decided on all the above parameters, you can begin to build a pitched roof.
Materials and tools needed for construction
The construction of a shed roof will require you to purchase the following building materials. First, you need to stock up on wooden beams for the truss system, boards and nails for mounting the structure.
Secondly, do not forget to purchase a wood preservative that protects it from insects, moisture, mold and mildew. Thirdly, purchase the required number of rolls of steam, hydro and thermal insulation, roofing material, as well as fasteners in order to install the roof.
As for tools, here you will not need any specialized tool, it is enough to have a hammer, a hacksaw, an ax, a stapler, a measuring tape, and a building level. In addition, you will need a knife, a pencil and a brush for working wood.
Stages of construction of a shed roof
The construction of a shed roof comes down to several stages.
Stage 1 - Mounting the Mauerlat
Mauerlat is a beam, which is the lowest part of the roof structure. It is mounted on the wall of the house and acts as a support for the rafters.
An example of fastening a shed roof Mauerlat
It can be made from a 10 x 15 cm timber, which is attached to the wall in one of the following ways: using wire, using construction studs or anchors. The installation sequence of the Mauerlat is as follows. First of all, to ensure the durability of the roof, the Mauerlat must be waterproofed from the wall of the house using a sheet of roofing material or polyethylene, which is laid between them.
Further actions will vary depending on the fastener method you choose. If you decide to use anchors or studs, then you need to make holes in the wall and in the Mauerlat, matching each other in step.
To facilitate this process, use a board with marks for the holes. Alternatively, the studs can be fixed in the wall during the laying of the last row of bricks (block).
It is necessary to insert bolts into the holes in the wall, and subsequently simply put the Mauerlat on them.
The name of the structural elements of a pitched roof
It remains only to tighten with nuts and with the use of Mauerlat fastening washers.
If the Mauerlat is planned to be mounted using a wire, prudently mounted in the top row of the wall masonry, then the process is greatly facilitated. Then in the Mauerlat at a distance of at least 25 mm from the edge, it is necessary to drill a through hole parallel to the edge of the beam. The ends of the wire are passed through it and tightened tightly.
Stage 2 - Installation of the truss system
Shed roof has a fairly simple design truss system.
Shed roof truss system
As rafters, either a beam of a smaller section (up to 50 mm) or a board (5 x 15 cm) is used. It is necessary to take into account the nuance that the rafters should protrude at least 30 cm beyond the wall level. This is necessary in order to protect the walls of a private house from rain and other precipitation.
For a snug fit of the rafter legs to the Mauerlat, it is necessary to make cutouts in the rafters for the base beam. The step for placing the rafters is chosen based on the width of the heat insulator roll. The rafters are fastened with nails (10 cm).
Stage 3 - Installation of the crate
Now it is necessary to fill the boards of the crate across the rafter legs. For it, as a rule, bars of a small section (up to 5 cm) are used. The step of the crate depends on the type of roofing material you choose. For example, when using rolled roofing materials, it is recommended to make the crate solid. The installation of the crate is also carried out using nails (10 cm).
Stage 4 - Creating a roofing cake
At this stage, the main thing is to correctly follow the sequence of laying hydro-, steam- and heat-insulating materials. So, a waterproofing layer is laid on the crate, and steam and heat insulators are mounted on the inside of the roof (thermal insulation is adjacent to the crate, which is covered with a waterproofing material on top). It turns out that the thermal insulation is closed between the layers of vapor and water insulators.
Float:="" left="" margin:="">Installation of corrugated board on a shed roof
Let's start laying the waterproofing membrane. The features of its structure are such that it will not allow moisture from the outside to get onto the insulation layer, but at the same time, vapors from the heat-insulating layer will come out. The waterproofing is attached in the same way as a vapor barrier film. In conclusion, a shed roof requires the installation of a finish coating and a drain.
The roofs of private houses are divided into several different categories, depending on the shape, structural elements, complexity of the device, and other things. Choosing the type of roof during the construction of a building should take into account many factors: the amount of precipitation in a particular area, structural strength, wind load, arrangement of living rooms in the attic, etc.
The roof of the house performs several important functions at once:
- provides hydro and noise insulation;
- creates a barrier from the wind;
- acts as a thermal barrier.
The durability of the structure depends on the quality of the structure itself and the roofing material. Also, these indicators affect the cost of heating rooms inside the building.
Flat and pitched roofs
Roofs of houses can be flat and pitched (sloped).
Depending on the architecture of the building, an appropriate roof structure is selected even at the design stage. Drawings are created, and calculations are carried out, taking into account all the features of this architectural structure. The layout of the roof - the attic or living quarters - is also thought out in advance.
Country cottage with a flat roof Flat structures are found mainly in countries that receive a small amount of annual precipitation. Since with abundant rainfall, water will accumulate on such a roof, and it may begin to leak. In the vastness of our country, pitched roofs are used in the construction of buildings. The plane of such structures is located at a certain angle, usually it is more than 10 degrees and depends on the abundance of precipitation that falls during the season in a given region.
You can learn more about all the other advantages and disadvantages of flat roofs from this special video.
Much more often they use roof projects of private houses with an inclined structure, which can have several slopes at once.
Attic and attic roofs
According to their design, roofs can be divided into non-attic and attic. In non-attic, the bearing elements of its design are at the same time the ceiling of the upper floor of the house. They can be ventilated or non-ventilated. Attic roofs have an attic floor that separates their structure from living quarters.
Roof purpose
When choosing the roof of a house, you should decide in advance how its space will be used: as a simple attic or living space. These points significantly affect what shape and type of roof is suitable for your home.
The main types of roofs of houses in shape
Roof structures of private houses in their form can also be divided into several types:
- lean-to,
- gable,
- hip,
- multi-forceps,
- attic,
- tented,
- domed,
- conical,
- flat.
The main types of roofs for private houses For shed roofs, the angle of inclination usually does not exceed 20-30 ⁰. The planes of mansard roofs are set at an angle of 45-60⁰ in the lower part and 25-35⁰ in the upper part. For conventional gable structures, this figure is in the range of 25-45⁰.
Hipped roofs suggest the presence of 4-8 planes for better removal of rain and snow.
Beautiful roof structures of private houses are obtained by combining several gable elements or types, however, maintaining such structures in good condition and installing them is not an easy task.
shed roof
It has a fairly simple form. At the same time, this type of roof is extremely rare in the arrangement of private residential buildings, since with such a design, the load on the rainwater drainage system increases significantly, and they simply do not look too beautiful.
Private house with pitched roof In most cases, such roofs are used in the construction of outbuildings of small width. If you still decide to equip just this type of roof, then you will need an enhanced drainage system with a greater throughput.
Gable roof
Also having a very simple design, they are the most common type of roofs for private low-rise buildings. When arranging it, you can use almost any roofing materials.
Scheme of the device of a simple standard gable roof of a private house Hip (four-pitched) roof
The hip (four-pitched) roof is more common in the southern regions. With this option for arranging the roof, there are no gables in the attic, and dormer windows, in most cases, are located at the intersection of the ridge with hip ribs. By design, a hip roof is much more complicated than a gable roof, so it is more often used in cases where a building needs to be given aesthetic appeal.
The design of the hip four-slope roof of the house Multi-gable roof
The multi-gable roof type is distinguished by an impressive number of different options, depending on the size and number of gables (pediments). Its construction is recommended to be trusted only by experienced professionals, since its arrangement is accompanied by the formation of sunken corners, which require very precise and accurate roofing work.
The device of the multi-gable roof of the house mansard roof
As a rule, they equip in cases where it is planned to use the attic for living quarters. This type of roof has a broken profile and, accordingly, is somewhat difficult to manufacture. It is often a kind of multi-gable and gable roof.
Scheme of a broken mansard roof Other types of roofs of private houses
In addition, conical, domed and combined types of roofs are quite common. Conical and domed roofs are often used as decorative or separate elements of more complex building structures. The combined type is one of the most common types of roofs, as it combines several elements of individual types at once.
Private country cottage with a conical roof The choice of the type and shape of roofs for private houses
When choosing the shape and type of roof, it is necessary to take into account the factors on which its performance depends. First of all, you should pay attention to the slope of the roof. In snowy areas, it is advisable to select structures with simple and steep shapes, since snow will practically not accumulate on such areas.
In areas with strong winds, the strength of the wind load must be taken into account when choosing.
The higher it is, the greater the angle of inclination, area and height of the roof. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the fire requirements for roofs.
Read also
Projects of houses and cottages with a pool
Glass roofs for private houses
Many owners of country cottages dream of enjoying the view of the starry sky. Roof projects for private houses may involve both partial glazing and the arrangement of a transparent dome. Glass roofing is installed on the terrace, balconies, veranda.
The shape of the roof for private houses and various kinds of structures is made in the form of an inclined plane, a dome, a sphere. Panoramic glass roofs are mounted on several slopes, which significantly increases the viewing area. During the installation of this design, it is necessary to use reinforced aluminum and steel profiles.
Glass roofs for private houses have their own distinctive features. When designing the structure, it should be taken into account that it will be necessary to periodically wash and repair the glass. The roof, like windows, will fade over time from dust and precipitation on its surface. It is also advisable to install a heating system on the windows so that in cold weather ice and snow do not accumulate on them, and you can enjoy the views.
Materials for transparent roofs
To create transparent and, at the same time, warm and safe roofs, they use:
- triplex glass,
- plexiglass,
- polycarbonate,
- transparent slate.
Ordinary glass is not used to create transparent roofs because of its high fragility; if broken, fragments can harm human health.
- Triplex is the safest material for creating a safe coating.
- Laminated glass also does not shatter when broken, however, the light transmission is not very high and it is very thick.
- Wired glass is sometimes used for roof glazing. If the glass breaks, the fragments will remain in the metal mesh frame.
- Plastic translucent materials - polycarbonate, plexiglass and slate have excellent properties (lightness and high strength), which make it possible to use them to create complex sliding structures.
The device of a simple roof of a wooden country house
House roof projects usually involve the maximum use of attic space, for which the room above is expanded and insulated. The resulting usable attic area can be used for housing.
The roof structure of a wooden house consists of a frame and a roof. The roof frame consists of load-bearing and fastening elements. The main part includes: rafters, Mauerlat and crate. Important additional frame elements are crossbars, struts, racks, etc. They give rigidity to the structure.
The design of the elements of the roof of a wooden house The height and volume of the resulting room depend on two factors: the angle of inclination and the number of slopes. Typically, projects for the roofs of country houses involve a gable broken shape. This design is the most convenient for human life. Sometimes on the second floor the plan includes a balcony. Be sure to take into account that at the maximum point the height of the attic floor should not be less than 2.2 m.
The inside of a conventional gable roof can also be used as a living area. There are bedrooms or an office here. In this case, the height of the middle part of the room should not be less than 1.8 m.
The roof consists of materials that provide heat, hydro and vapor barrier.
When constructing a roof, special attention is paid to the choice of insulation. It is also worth stopping at the roofing material, which is more suitable in terms of characteristics for your building.
Detailed scheme of the roof of a wooden house - Waterproofing provides protection from precipitation, so the coating should not have damage on its surface, and even very small holes.
- The vapor barrier ensures that there is no condensation, which can cause dampness in attics and attic rooms. Also, the inclusion of window openings in the projects of the roofs of country houses, which will allow ventilation, will allow to exclude the dampening of the wooden structure. The location and number of vents affects the ventilation of the attic and its illumination.
- produced depending on its design features. Rigid material is laid on monolithic floors. From above they make a screed and mount the floor covering. On wooden structures they are laid: vapor barrier material, insulation, a subfloor is made and only then the floor covering is installed.
Roof installation is a multi-stage complex process. For self-installation and assembly of the truss system, you will need to thoroughly study the methods of connecting elements, select the necessary materials, calculate the angle of inclination and the length of the rafters. A step-by-step instruction will help to make a roof with your own hands.
Roof device
Having chosen a design for a gable roof, they proceed to the design. You can create a project with drawing documentation on your own, having computer skills and knowing architectural programs (for example, ArchiCAD.) If there are none, it is better to seek advice and help from a professional. You can delegate all project work to specialized organizations.
You need to know the structural elements and materials for its construction in order to understand how to make a gable roof with your own hands.
A standard gable roof consists of the following elements:
Choosing a rafter system
When deciding how to make a gable roof, you should choose what the rafter system will be. A hanging truss system is chosen when the distance between the outer walls is not more than 10 m and there is no load-bearing wall in the middle. The upper ends of adjacent rafters with such a system are cut down at an angle, connecting with nails to each other. The installation of beam skates and racks is excluded. From below, the rafter legs rest on the outer walls. The absence of racks allows you to use the attic space for arranging the attic. The function of puffs is often performed by floor beams. To streamline the upper structure, it is recommended to install the puff from the ridge at a distance of 50 cm.
It is more justified to equip a layered truss system if there is a supporting central wall. A bed is laid on the wall and support posts are attached to it, a ridge beam is nailed to them. This installation method is economical and easy to perform if the ceilings in the interior are designed at different levels. The attic is divided into two halves by a brick wall.
Mauerlat installation
The assembly of the truss system begins with the installation of the Mauerlat strictly horizontally. Before starting installation, it is necessary to carefully check the walls to which it is attached. If necessary, they are leveled with a cement mortar. Work can be continued when the solution gains strength of 50%.
Depending on the system, the power plate can be a board 50 * 150mm in size or a bar with a section of 150 * 150. It is attached to the top row of masonry walls. In a wooden structure, its role is played by the upper crown.
If the walls are made of aerated concrete or foam concrete, a reinforced concrete reinforced belt must be made on top of the last row to redistribute the load. Mortgage fasteners are embedded in it - studs or wire. A board or a beam is planted on them.
There are several ways to connect Mauerlat and walls:
Between the ceiling (studs) the distance should be less than 120 cm. Under the Mauerlat, a cut-off waterproofing is laid on the wall: hydrosols lm roofing material, rolled up in two layers. Can be smeared with bituminous mastic.
Rafter installation
At the beginning of the work, it is necessary to determine the desired section of the construction legs. This value is calculated depending on the distance between the rafters and their length. It is important to consider the use of insulation. The distance between the rafters should be such that it is not necessary to waste time and effort on cutting the heat-insulating material.
There are several types of truss systems (more than a dozen). Having chosen the one that suits you best, you should make a template for notches, cuts and other details from thin boards. Often the first shape is made on the roof, then a pattern is made over it.
The assembly order varies depending on the type of truss system. Inclined rafters are installed gradually. They are assembled from elements on the roof. It is very convenient in this case, if the beams of the ceiling and the attic rough flooring are already laid.
For a hanging rafter system, the truss is assembled on the ground. It consists of a triangle of rafter legs and puffs with all the uprights and struts. First you need to draw up a drawing by calculating the angle of connection and the length of the rafters. Typically, the angle of the roof is 35-40 degrees. However, in heavily ventilated, open areas, it is made less - 15-20 degrees. To determine the angle of connection of the rafters, it is necessary to multiply by 2 the angle of the roof.
The length of the rafter legs is calculated based on the connection angle and the length of the run between the outer walls. Taking into account the cornice overhang(width 50-60 cm), it is most often equal to 4-6 m.
The upper ends of the rafters are fixed in different ways:
They are fixed with bolts or metal plates. Next, mount the upper and lower puffs.
Having collected the required number of trusses, they are raised to the roof and attached to the Mauerlat. The end trusses are fixed first. The rafters are set with a plumb line vertically, adjusting the length of the overhang. The truss must be reinforced with temporary timber braces so that it does not move during the installation process.
Having fixed all the trusses, with a board with a section of 50 * 150 mm, 20-30 cm longer than the cornice, the upper edges of the slope are nailed. The same work is carried out on the other side of the roof.
roof insulation
When thinking about how to make a gable roof, due attention should be paid to heat and vapor barrier. In parallel with the ridge run, rolled material is rolled out, which is attached to the rafters from the inside. The joints are overlapped and sealed with adhesive tape.
The space between the rafters is filled with insulation from above- mineral wool.
To protect the thermal insulation from moisture, a sub-roof waterproofing should be installed. It is nailed outside the rafters with nails or attached with staples.
Manufacturing of crates
The final stage in the construction of a gable roof is the construction of the crate. To do this, use a dry timber without knots and cracks. The bars of the crate are nailed to the bottom of the cornices. Two boards near the ridge are fixed without a gap. To check the crate for strength, a person weighing 70-80 kg can stand on it. If done well, the grille will not bend.
Boards for lathing a gable roof are selected depending on the type of roof:
The next stage is the sheathing of the truss system with boards. They are stuffed starting from the roof eaves perpendicular to the rails. The step of the crate depends on the angle the slope of the slopes and the type of roofing. The larger the angle, the greater the distance between the boards.
Having completed the installation of the crate, proceed to the sheathing of overhangs and gables. Gables are covered with boards, clapboard, plastic panels, corrugated board or waterproof plywood. It depends on personal preference and financial opportunities. Sheathing is attached to the side of the rafters, using self-tapping screws and nails as fasteners. Lights are also hemmed with different materials from siding to wood.
Types and arrangement of roofs of private houses
Roofing is the final stage of construction, which requires strict adherence to and implementation of building rules and regulations. The main task of the design is to provide protection from the negative effects of natural phenomena (snow, rain, wind), as well as to give and complement the image of the house. With quality work performed, the roof of the house is able to provide high sound insulation, waterproofing and act as a thermal barrier. In this article, we will tell you what the construction of the roof of a private house consists of, and also consider what designs are.
Types of structures in private houses
The photo shows the schemes of roofs of different types.
The design and construction of the roof in a private house can be of pitched or flat type. As a rule, flat structures are used in countries with a hot climate, and pitched structures are more common. This is due to the fact that the pitched roof does not retain precipitation on the surface. In the construction of a pitched roof, an angle of 10 degrees or more must be observed, and the structure of the roof itself allows you to equip the attic. Structures can be:
- lean-to;
- gable;
- four-pitched tent;
- four-slope hip;
- attic;
- tented;
- spire-shaped.
For information! The roof device of a private attic-type house can be insulated or cold, a non-attic type can be an unventilated, partially or fully ventilated room.
Device and design
In the process of designing a future building, it is necessary to immediately determine the type of roof for the house. You can build the roof of a private house on your own, for this you need to use special architectural programs or contact a company that will help you choose a roof project, as well as advise roofing materials. If you decide to make a roof with your own hands, it is recommended that you carefully study the manual, which will describe step by step how to design a roof. Experts recommend starting construction on some small object, this will help to avoid possible mistakes and significantly save the cost of buying building material.
For information! Roof structures and truss systems must be strong and reliable, because. when using heavy material, the walls and foundation of the house may suffer.
To date, the roof of a private house can be made of wood, metal wood, reinforced concrete and steel. Do-it-yourself roof construction consists of the following steps:
- Mauerlat mounting;
- assembly and installation of the sling system;
- installation of horizontal screeds;
- laying waterproofing;
- fixing the rafters on the ridge;
- installation of the crate;
- surface finishing.
Important! The rafter system can be hanging and layered. For roofs of private houses with several spans, both types of truss systems are used, i.e. where there is no place for support, hanging ones are used, and where there is support, layered ones.
The photo shows a diagram of the roof of a house with a layered and hanging truss system.
The roof and the structure are fixed to the walls of the house with the help of special building studs, and supporting niches are mounted under the rafter system, which are connected to each other with strong steel wire. The following factors influence the choice of roof and scheme:
- the size and shape of the future structure;
- the presence of internal load-bearing walls;
- the presence of an attic;
- appearance of the structure.
Rafter systems for roofs of private houses must meet the following requirements:
- rafters must be strong and reliable, this allows you to evenly distribute the load on the walls of the house;
- the material used for the roof of the house should be light;
- the truss system should exclude possible thrust on the building;
- when constructing a truss system, it is necessary to use high-quality materials, tk. repair or replacement is quite expensive.
The design of the roof plays an important role in designing the architecture of a home. As a rule, specialists use a roofing coating that excludes water stagnation and does not lend itself to deformation (corrugated wall, arched, soft sheet tiles). Therefore, when designing a house, it is important to initially take into account not only the type of future building, but also decide on the material.
Roof device
The roof for a private house is an important element, the installation of which completes the entire structure of the building. The roof of the house can have a different slope, and the choice of roofing material depends on this. Roof structure can be:
- single-layer - it can be made from asbestos-cement, polymer and metal sheets or tiles;
- multilayer - rolled material or wooden products (shingles, shingles, tesas) are laid on the roof.
When using multilayer materials, the number of layers can be from 2 to 5, it all depends on the type of roofing material. In practice, the roof is a complex structure; in appearance it is a multilayer sandwich consisting of several layers. Sandwich consists of: waterproofing, vapor barrier, wind protection, insulation and other important components. The photo shows the scheme of the roof
A properly designed house roof and a well-arranged roof provide reliable protection of the building from the formation of condensate, insulate it and allow ventilation of the under-roof space.
House roof construction
When the design documentation is ready and the material has been purchased, the truss system is being erected. The roof of the house begins with the manufacture of the necessary structural elements. Installation consists of the following steps:
- the Mauerlat is laid and fastened to the longitudinal and load-bearing walls, they are fixed with anchor bolts;
- then a rafter template is made, for this two boards are connected with nails, the free edges are fixed on the Mauerlat, the desired angle level is selected by diluting the boards;
Important! When fixing the template of the truss system, the ridge should be in the center, in order to avoid errors in the design, it is necessary to use a plumb line.
- the finished template is fixed to the beams and cut to the desired angle;
- when the first rafters are ready, they should be connected, and fixed with nails at the place of their intersection;
- then the finished rafters are lifted and installed, after which you can proceed to the next production of parts;
- the second rafters are mounted in another part of the building;
- a construction cord is stretched between the installed rafters, which must be stretched horizontally;
- then the remaining rafters are made and installed along a stretched building cord, taking into account the step prescribed in the project;
- the final stage is the installation of support racks, this design will give greater strength and stability.
For information! For a strong fixation of all elements of the truss system, experts recommend using stamped metal parts.
When the rafter system is installed, you can proceed to the insulation of the roof.
The roof of the house is an important element of the structure, with the correct calculation and installation of the structure, it will last a long time, provide protection and comfort for living.
Roofing scheme: considering options
One of the last stages of private housing construction is the arrangement of the roof of a private house, the correct scheme of which is of particular importance. The roof performs many different functions, but one of its main purposes is to protect the interior of the building from natural phenomena: wind, sun, precipitation. Not one building, especially residential buildings, can do without roof structures, during the construction of which it is important not to make even the most elementary mistakes inherent in inexperienced builders. Otherwise, after a few years of operation of the house, the roof will already have to be repaired.
And the repair of the roof structure is a rather laborious work, accompanied by a number of difficulties, infringement of the comfort of living for a given period, and, of course, additional financial costs. Therefore, before performing the installation of the roof of a private house, you need a diagram with a detailed reflection on it of all the structural elements of the roof, the building material used, and other details.
Options for roofing schemes for private housing construction
During the construction of private houses, pitched roof structures are often used to cover them, which can be single-pitched or multi-pitched.
The shed roof drawing is used mainly for small, simple outbuildings.
Varieties of multi-pitched roof structures
- Double pitched roofs. The most common type of construction under which any roofing material can be used. Such a roof is quite simple in terms of its installation, but at the same time reliable and durable.
- Hipdesigns- roofs with an envelope according to the scheme of a hipped roof, when two slopes are made in the form of a trapezoid, the other two are in the form of a triangle. Most often used to cover houses in the southern regions, as they are distinguished by their excellent ability to withstand significant wind loads.
- Half hip roofs. This is a subtype of the hip structure, in which the length of the side slopes along the slope line is less than the main slopes. Most of these structures are located in regions with adverse climatic conditions.
- hipped roofs. Their design consists of four triangular-shaped slopes, the tops of which are connected at one point.
- Broken roof structures. Such roofs belong to gable roofs, consist of four surfaces that intersect each other at an obtuse angle.
- Multi-gable roofs. Such roofs have a rather complex design scheme, which is most often used to cover elite class houses with a complex geometric configuration.
Pitched roofs, depending on their design features, are divided into attic, non-attic roofs. In the first case, an attic space is arranged between the ceiling and the roof (a separate type of pitched roof). In the second case, all load-bearing components of the roof structure are also the floor of the outer floor of the building (combined type of pitched roof).
To cover private houses, an executive scheme of attic type roofing is often used.
Structural features of the attic roof
When constructing roofs with an attic space, the following details should be considered:
Particular attention must be paid to the parameters of the floor spans. If the width is large enough, then the rafter leg should have a maximum cross section. For example, the span of a shed roof is 5 meters, then the cross section of the beam used for the manufacture of rafters should be 15x5 cm, and the installation step is about one meter.
If you make a partial section of the roof with an attic, you can consider its main components:
- roofing material;
- ridge beam;
- load-bearing inner wall;
- rafter legs;
- support racks;
- Mauerlat;
- struts;
- crate;
- metal fasteners.
Be sure to take into account the slope of the slope. A roof with slopes at a large angle will be released from precipitation faster, since water and snow on such a surface are not able to hold. Therefore, for roofs with a slope of 50º, rafters with a smaller cross section can be used than for roofs with a slope of less than 20º. These data must be reflected in the scheme of arrangement of the roof structure.
It is also worth remembering the period of operation of individual parts of the roof structure, depending on the building material used for their manufacture. For example, load-bearing elements made of natural wood can serve without loss of initial strength for about 30 years, structures made of reinforced concrete - 50 years. With the proper organization of the wooden truss system, proper care during the period of operation, it can not be changed for 100 years. When choosing the design of the future roof, it is necessary to take into account the expected conditions for its operation.
When designing a roof scheme, its thermal properties must be taken into account without fail.
When calculating the cross-section of a beam for a rafter system, it is also necessary to take into account the mass of the roofing "pie".
The main nuances that must be considered when making a do-it-yourself rafter system
- In order to prevent the deflection of the building legs in the case of the manufacture of rafters of insufficient section when calculating the required roofing material, the farm is necessarily equipped with additional support posts, struts, puffs.
- When calculating the roof, it is imperative to take into account the possibility of disruption by strong gusts of wind of the roofing material. To prevent this, the rafter legs must be fixed with staples and additionally with steel wire (section up to 8 mm, but not less than 4 mm).
- For the manufacture of a roof ridge run, it is recommended to use logs (boards in the most extreme case, the thickness of which should be 5 cm or more).
- If the roof scheme is for an attic structure, then the puffs are not equipped, they will be compensated by overlapping the floors, which will subsequently serve as the floor of the attic.
- The density of the lathing will depend on the roofing used, the main building material for which are logs (boards) and tes. The main purpose of the crate is to take on the load from the entire roof covering, then transfer it to the rafter system.
- Depending on the type of roof being built, the crate is sparse, solid. A feature of the sheathing of a continuous type is as follows: it is made of two layers, a gap of no more than 2 mm is allowed between the boards. In this case, the first layer is sparse, the second one is mounted at an angle of 45º relative to the first one. This is due to the peculiarity of laying some types of materials for the roof. When arranging a sparse type crate, a distance of 6 to 14 cm can be maintained between the boards (depending on the snow cover of the region in which the house is being built).
- You also need to remember that a continuous crate is always performed on the slopes of the roof, the joints of the rafter system.
The main features of the roof design are necessarily reflected in the drawing up of the scheme.
When planning to cover the roof of a house with your own hands, it must be borne in mind that when choosing a scheme for its arrangement, it is worth relying not only on the conditions for its further operation, but also on your own financial capabilities. It is also important to understand that the safety of the residents of the house will depend on the quality of the installation of the roof of the house with their own hands. Before using a specific roofing structure scheme, you can first study their features from photographs on the Internet.
The scheme of the structure of the roof truss system
The roof scheme includes a large number of structural elements, the number of which depends on the type of roof and the roofing material used. The basis of the roof of a private house is the roof truss system.
The roof is an integral part of the house, as it is she who protects it from the scorching sun and rain.
Features and functions of roofs
The roofs of private houses are divided into several different categories, which differ from each other by several criteria:
- form;
- constructive elements;
- the complexity of the device and some others.
The dependence of materials on the angle of the roof.
The choice of roof scheme during construction depends on many factors, the main of which are the following:
- the amount of precipitation;
- structural strength;
- internal layout;
- the presence or absence of living rooms in the attic roof space.
The roof of a building is designed to perform several functions, the most important of which are:
- providing hydro and noise insulation;
- wind protection;
- the function of a thermal barrier between the indoor and outdoor atmosphere.
The durability of the structure depends on the quality of the materials used in the roofing device and the quality of the assembly. The cost of operating the roof and necessary for heating the premises of the house depend on the quality of the materials.
Variety of roof designs
The choice of the roof scheme is carried out at the design stage of private housing construction. A house can have a roof, the scheme of which can be flat and pitched, attic and non-attic.
In the construction industry, the following types of house roofs are distinguished:
- lean-to;
- gable;
- hip;
- multi-forceps;
- attic;
- tent;
- domed;
- conical;
- flat.
Shed types of roofs have an angle of inclination of about 20-30 °. The mansard roof has planes that are mounted at angles from 40 to 60° in the lower segment of the structure and 25-30° in the upper segment.
The tent design involves the arrangement of 4 to 8 planes, which contributes to a better removal of various types of precipitation from the surface of the roofing material.
A beautiful roof is constructed if it is made up of several gable elements or assembled from elements of various roof structures. However, such structures require appropriate maintenance during operation, which is not an easy task, since the more complex the device, the more expensive the cost of operating the roof.
The most common types of arrangement of a private house are single-slope, gable, hip and attic structures.
The most common types of roofs for private housing construction
The basis of any roofing device is the rafter system, due to which the shape of the roof is set and the distribution of the loads exerted is ensured. From the correct choice and structure of the rafter system, the financial costs of repair work and the operation of the structure depend.
Roof truss system.
- The structure of a single-pitched type of roofing scheme is the simplest. But such a scheme is extremely rare in the construction of residential buildings, since when it is used, the load on the system that ensures the removal of rainfall increases significantly. Such systems have an unpresentable appearance. Most often, shed roofs are used in the construction of outbuildings with a small area. When using this system, it is necessary to ensure the arrangement of enhanced drainage with high throughput.
- Gable devices, as well as single-sided ones, have a fairly simple design. This type of rafter system is the most common among private housing construction, in the construction of low-rise buildings. The design of such a structure allows the use of almost any roofing materials.
- A four-slope, or hip, structure is most common in southern latitudes. Such a rafter system does not have gables; dormer windows in the roof are most often placed at the intersection of the ridge with hip ribs. The hip system is a much more complex structure than the gable system. The use of this truss system allows you to make the building attractive.
- The multi-gable type is distinguished by a large number of different design variations, which depend on the size of the tongs used, called gables. The construction of such a structure should only be carried out by a specialist, since this system has some structural difficulties and requires the precise execution of all necessary work.
- The attic scheme of roofing arrangement is used in cases where it is planned to equip a dwelling in an under-roof attic. This option has a broken profile, which complicates the construction of the truss system. Very often, such a system of rafters is a kind of structure of a multi-gable or gable roof.
The choice of the type and shape of the roof for housing construction
When choosing the type and shape of the roofing scheme, factors that affect the performance of the system should be taken into account. First of all, you should pay special attention to the angle of inclination of the plane of the rafter system. In areas with a predominance of snow periods, systems with simple and steep shapes should be selected. The fact is that such shapes and angles of inclination of the planes do not allow the snow cover to linger on the surface, and this, in turn, reduces the load on the roof.
When building a home in areas with windy weather, it is required to choose the angle of inclination the greater, the stronger the load. Additionally, when choosing a system and type of roofing, fire-prevention requirements that apply to the supporting system of the roofing of the house should be taken into account.
The structure of the roof structure
Rafter system of a semi-hipped roof.
The loads exerted on the rafter system are divided into two types by experts - variable and constant. Permanent loads depend on the weight of the elements used in the structure. The variables are the loads exerted on the structure by the weight of a person on the roof, snow lying on the roof in winter, and wind load.
Snow and wind loads exerted on truss systems are determined from special load charts that are attached to building codes.
The main elements of the truss structure of private housing construction are the following:
- rafter leg;
- puff;
- Mauerlat;
- run;
- rack;
- sill;
- brace;
- wind beam;
- filly;
- sprengel;
- conjurer.
Shed roof truss system.
The elements perform the following functions:
- The rafter leg, or rafter, creates the angle of inclination of the roofing plane. This element is a support for the roof. The rafter is influenced by forces that tend to bend it and turn it into a horizontal position.
- The tightening ensures the connection of the lower ends of the rafters, which are located opposite each other. This element is designed to prevent the spreading of the rafter legs.
- Mauerlat is a beam fixed on the outer wall. This structural element serves as a support for the lower ends of the rafter legs. The purpose of this structural element is to evenly distribute the load exerted on the walls.
- A run is a beam on which the rafters rest in the upper part.
- The posts provide support for the purlin and take up vertical loads. Racks are supported on internal load-bearing walls or on a bench.
- A bed is a beam that is laid on a wall.
- Struts are used to prevent the deflection of the rafter legs.
- The wind beam is a board that connects the rafter legs on the slopes. The board is attached to the rafters. The wind beam provides an increase in the stability of the truss structure to the wind loads exerted on it, which are directed along the ridge run.
- The filly provides the creation of a roof overhang and is made of a board or a bar.
- Sprengel is a bar that is laid at the corners of the house, based on adjacent sides of the Mauerlat.
- The rafter is a shortened rafter.
All of these elements are found in almost all truss systems.
The roof is one of the most complex and important architectural elements of the house. Its construction must be approached very responsibly - mistakes are too expensive. No wonder roofers are considered the most paid builders, the durability and comfort of the building largely depend on their skill. The construction process itself consists of several steps.
Step 1. Selecting a project
The main differences between roof projects are not design, although they are primarily striking, but structural. When choosing a specific project, the maximum number of technical characteristics of the building and the climatic zone of its location should be taken into account.
What roof options are offered to developers today?
| roof type | Short description |
|---|---|
| The simplest, used in small houses. The advantage is a simple truss system. The disadvantage is the lack of residential attic space. It is rarely used in our country, more often such houses can be seen in the Scandinavian countries. |
| Universal roof for houses, allows you to build attic rooms, can be simple and broken. In terms of complexity, cost and manufacturability, most developers are satisfied. By changing the angle of inclination, the load indicators on the elements of the truss system are adjusted. |
| A more complex design, it is recommended to install on large houses. The rafter system must be installed taking into account all building codes and regulations, it is imperative to make preliminary calculations. |
| It differs from the hip in that the sizes of the slopes are not the same. Two slopes are large, and two trimmed are small. According to the technical device, it is somewhat more complicated than the hip, but such roofs increase the volume of the attic space. |
| All slopes are in the form of equilateral triangles, and the vertices converge at one point. The roof can be placed on houses that have the shape of a square. |
| The most complex of all the listed roofs, it is rarely used and only on multi-storey buildings. |
Step 2. Selecting materials
After a specific roof option has been selected, it is necessary to decide on the materials for the construction of the truss system and the type of roofing.
Important. At the same stage, you need to decide whether the roof will be warm for living quarters or cold.
truss system
For the rafter system, only high-quality materials of at least second grade are needed.
Practical advice. To save money for the truss system, you can buy not dry, but raw boards, they are much cheaper. But it should be remembered that raw lumber must be used no later than 7-10 days later, during this time the rafter system must be installed and the roof covered. Boards under load will dry in the optimal mode, and strong mechanical bonds will not allow them to warp.
Prices for different types of building boards
Building boards
Mauerlat is made from a bar 100 × 100 mm or a board 50 × 200 mm. Rafter legs are made of boards 50 × 150 mm or 50 × 100 mm. The linear dimensions of the rafter legs should take into account the maximum possible static and dynamic forces. The width of the boards can be changed by using various vertical and angular stops. Each truss system has its own characteristics, the master must have extensive practical experience in order to correctly solve the problems that arise during construction. And, of course, a project must be ordered for a residential building, a self-built building is considered illegal and will not be accepted for operation. And this means that it is impossible to connect light and heating to it, they do not register in such a room, it cannot be given and bequeathed. The project, among others, has working drawings of the truss system, it is necessary to strictly follow the recommendations of the engineers.
The type of lathing depends on the type of roofing, for soft roofing materials it is required to make a solid one, for hard ones any one is suitable. For solid, it is necessary to prepare sheets of plywood or OSB, the thickness is at least one centimeter, but it can be changed depending on the pitch of the rafter legs.
Prices for OSB (Oriented Strand Board)
OSB (Oriented Strand Board)
You can make a continuous crate of edged rails, although this option is difficult to consider optimal - it is very expensive and time consuming. Under solid roofing materials, the crate is made of slats or unedged boards. Unedged lumber must be sanded.
Roofing materials
For residential buildings, bituminous or metal tiles are considered the most budgetary options.
Less commonly used profiled sheet or roll coatings.
Very rarely natural or artificial piece tiles.
The rafter system largely depends on the type of materials. At the stage of its design, it is necessary to take into account the weight and features of fastening roofing.
Prices for various types of roofing materials
Roofing materials
Heaters
Warm roofs are installed only in cases where the attic space is planned to be made residential attic. Currently, two types of insulation are used: mineral wool or polystyrene.
The distance between the rafters should take into account the factory width of the heaters, due to this the amount of unproductive waste is reduced and work is accelerated.
The weight of the heaters is minimal and during the design of the truss system it can be neglected. But you should keep in mind the climatic zone of the location of the house, the thickness of the insulation and, accordingly, the width of the rafters depend on it.
Practical advice. For all climatic regions, the thickness of the insulation should be at least 10 cm, for the middle lane this parameter increases to 15 cm. If the insulation layer is less than the recommended values, then the heat saving efficiency drops sharply.
Additional materials for the roof
If the roof is warm, then it is necessary to provide for the installation of steam and hydro protection, the arrangement of a counter-lattice to ensure natural ventilation of the under-roof space. The range of materials is huge, but by and large they are not much different from each other. The performance characteristics are more influenced by the observance of the laying technology than the physical indicators of the roofing membranes. Even very cheap material can be used in such a way that it satisfies all building codes and requirements. And vice versa, the most modern innovative material can be mounted in such a way that, apart from harm, there will be no positive effect.
And the last thing to think about during the planning of the construction of the roof is the drainage system and special elements for bypassing chimneys and ventilation pipes. Under some strokes and snow retainers, it is necessary to provide additional fixing points on the rafter system. It is much more expedient to do this at the stage of its construction than after fixing the roofing materials. Although modern technologies allow the use of both options for mounting additional and special roof elements.
At this preparatory stage is completed. If all building materials are prepared, the type of roof, roofing is selected, the truss system is calculated, then you can proceed to the direct construction of the roof.
Construction of the truss system
Important. Mistakes made during the construction of the truss system are very difficult to correct. Most of them will become noticeable already during the operation of the building, this is extremely unpleasant. There are situations when it will take more money to correct the shortcomings of the truss system than to build a new roof. And this is even in the case when, due to leaks, it is not necessary to repair the interior.
For example, we will consider step-by-step instructions for one of the most complex roofs - a hipped one. Understanding the construction technology of this truss system, it will not be difficult to understand the technology and assemble simpler single-pitched or gable ones on your own.
Step 1. Take two long boards, with their help it is easier to determine the length of the rafter legs, the angle of inclination of the slopes and the height of the roof. Temporarily fix the boards to a vertical support on the wall of the house. Raise or lower them until you find an acceptable position. If the size of the house allows, then it is better to design the truss system so that the length of the legs does not exceed 6 m. You can buy such lumber, there will be no need to build it up. Building up not only takes a lot of time, but also weakens the structure, requires the installation of additional supports.
Step 2 Fill in the reinforcing belt. It not only increases the height of the attic space, but also makes it possible to lengthen the overhang of the rafter legs and additionally protect the facade walls from atmospheric precipitation. The width of the belt should be at least 30 cm, the height depending on the size of the house.
How to pour a reinforcing belt?
Important. The difference in height at the corners of the reinforcing belt should not exceed ± 2 cm. To check, you need to pull the rope, with its help it is much easier to level the concrete surface.
Allow at least three days for the concrete to set. Remember that it will gain 50% strength only after two weeks, only then can the structure be fully loaded. If the weather is very warm and windy, then the concrete belt should be watered at least twice a day with plenty of water. Concrete gains strength not during drying, but during the favorable course of chemical reactions, this constantly requires moisture.
The construction of the truss system conditionally consists of four stages: the installation of the mauerlat, the installation of the ridge beam, the installation of rafters (hip and diagonal) and the arrangement of the batten.
Mauerlat installation
Work begins after the concrete of the reinforcing belt has gained sufficient strength and the formwork has been dismantled. For Mauerlat, a beam of 200 × 100 mm is used. This is a very important element of the truss system, it serves to support the rafter legs and evenly distribute point loads over the entire area of the facade walls.
Step 1. Lay the beam next to the reinforcing belt, accurately mark the exit points of the anchors. It is easier to do this without a tape measure. Turn it narrow side down and put it on your belt, mark the position of the anchors with a pencil. Then transfer the marks to the wide side of the beam, in these places it is necessary to drill holes.
Practical advice. If there is any doubt about the accuracy of taking measurements, then drill holes for anchors with a diameter of 2–3 mm larger than the diameter of the studs. This will not have a negative impact on the strength of the Mauerlat fastening, but it will make it much easier to install it in place.
Step 2 Drill holes, hold the drill as vertically as possible, do not skew. The work must be carried out by an experienced carpenter. A beginner can ruin the beam, you will have to shift all the holes by reducing its length.
Practical advice. If there is doubt about the strength of the concrete of the reinforcing belt, then do not tighten the nuts with great force. They can be pulled up later during the construction of the truss system.
Step 3 Prepare strips of waterproofing under the Mauerlat, it is better to buy an ordinary cheap roofing material. The strip is cut off from the roll, no need to roll it out. The material is perfectly cut by a grinder with a metal disc.
Step 4 Spread strips of waterproofing on the reinforcing belt. Making holes is much easier with a hammer. Place the roofing material on the anchors and carefully punch holes in the waterproofing for the studs with a hammer. Just do it carefully, you can not hit hard. Otherwise, there is a risk of damaging the upper threads, problems will arise during the tightening of the nuts. If you are afraid, then before laying the roofing material on all the studs, screw the nuts, after unscrewing they will automatically align the damaged turns.
Step 5 Install the beam on the anchors and tighten with nuts. Be sure to put large washers under them. If the Mauerlat is tight on the studs, then you will have to score with a sledgehammer. This situation indicates the lack of qualifications of roofers.
It is better to make Mauerlat from pine, and not from spruce, it has much more resin, respectively, it is not damaged by putrefactive diseases longer. How to distinguish pine from other softwoods? On several grounds. The first - the tree smells of resin and turpentine. The second - pine has a bright yellow tint, large and lively knots. Third - the presence of black spots on pine lumber indicates a high content of resin, it acquires this color after oxidation in air. Spruce is whiter, lighter in weight, has few knots and has an unpleasant smell of cat feces.
At the corners and along the length, the bars are connected into half a tree, it is advisable to fix these places with long nails or self-tapping screws made of stainless alloys.
Installation of a ridge beam
For horizontal support, vertical posts and the upper ridge run, you can use a beam of 50 × 150 mm. The lower element must be fixed with anchors, waterproofing should be placed between the concrete floor slab and the tree. All fasteners are made with nails, they should be driven in obliquely. If you wish, you can use metal corners. To calculate the dimensions of the ridge beam, you need to subtract its width from the length of the house, the resulting value is the length of the element. The calculation is needed so that all four overhangs are the same.
Installation of rafters
This is the most difficult stage in the construction of the truss system. The system will be non-spreading, special cuts are made on the rafter legs to rest on the Mauerlat. In this position, they do not push the walls apart, but press them, this rafter system is more stable than the layered one.
Step 1. Install diagonal rafters. For their manufacture, a board of 50 × 150 mm is used, if the length is not enough, then the materials should be spliced. During splicing, it is necessary to strictly follow the existing recommendations, while at the junction points it is imperative to install a backup in the future, this should be borne in mind when choosing a place to build. Make sure that all four elements are at the same angle. If the overhang value is slightly different - not a problem, the parameter can be easily adjusted to the required value by fillies.
Practical advice. To increase the strength of the diagonal rafters, it is recommended to knock down two beams, as a result, the thickness will increase to 100 mm. It is necessary to shoot down with a shift, due to this, the length of the element is simultaneously increased.
Step 2 Proceed with the installation of ordinary rafters. In places of emphasis with a Mauerlat, it is necessary to cut down the platform, the upper end is fixed to the ridge run.
Drive all connections with three nails at an angle. Two nails are driven into the sides and one into the edge of the timber.
Important. If the roof is insulated, then the pitch of the rafters is 60 cm, which is the width of most heaters. But dimensions should not be taken along the side planes of the lumber, but along the axis of symmetry.
To increase stability, additionally fix the rafters with metal corners. It is not necessary to screw in the screws, it is much more convenient to use nails, the stability of the structure does not decrease from this. The fact is that they work on a cut, and not on pulling out.
It is necessary to expose the rafters under the rope. First, two extreme legs are mounted, their position is carefully checked. Everything is within the normal range - pull the rope between them and already under it, install all the remaining elements.
Step 3 Trim the reach of the rafter legs under the eaves. It should be marked with a chop construction rope, it is easier to cut it off with a gasoline saw.
Practical advice. If piece tiles are used to cover the roof, then it will be necessary to strengthen the truss structure. This is easy to do, you just need to install additional runs and rest your feet on them.
Lathing installation
As we mentioned above, the type of lathing depends on the type of roofing. But in all cases, it is recommended to treat the materials for the crate with antiseptics. The fact is that they work in difficult conditions for natural ventilation, additional protection against decay is very important. Building codes require that all wooden elements be impregnated with fire protection, now there are dual-action preparations that protect both from fire and from rotting. Requirements must be met. But in practice, both protected and unprotected houses burn with equal success.
Video - Installation of the crate under the metal tile
Roof installation
The technology depends on the selected materials. For all cases, there is universal advice - you need to cover the house as quickly as possible. If insulation is to be installed, then this must be done from the inside of the building, thus eliminating the risks of wetting mineral wool. Wet wool is a problem for roofers. It will have to be taken out for drying, during dismantling a large amount becomes unusable, the total time for building the roof of the house increases significantly.
Prices for mineral wool
Video - Do-it-yourself metal roofing installation
Video - Errors in the installation of metal tiles
Installation of a drainage system
Video - Installation of gutters
More and more people are striving to realize their innermost dream - to get out of the high-rise urban development in their own home. Acquired suburban area quickly turns into a construction site. And, in accordance with the natural mentality of most Russian men, the construction of a new home is very often carried out on their own. And, many of the amateur craftsmen do not have much experience in this area at all, they learn literally on the go, they are looking for useful and reliable information in available sources, including on the pages Internet resources dedicated to construction. We hope that our portal will provide them with serious assistance in this matter.
So, after the walls of the house are raised on a reliable foundation, it is necessary, without delaying this, to proceed to the creation of a roof and roofing flooring. There can be many options here. And one of the most commonly used is a gable roof structure. It is not as complicated in calculations and installation as some others, that is, even a novice builder should cope with it. Therefore, the topic of this publication is the construction of the roof of a private house with your own hands using the example of a gable truss system with
It should immediately be noted that the article does not give a ready-made "recipe". The goal is to demonstrate the principles of calculating a gable roof and the sequence of its construction. And a master with an appropriate estimate should already bring the recommendations received to his own, specific construction conditions.
General information about the design of gable roofs
The basic design principle of a gable roof is probably clear from its name. The roof of such a roof forms two planes converging along the ridge line and resting on the long walls of the house (along the cornice lines). From the end sides, the roof is limited by vertical gable walls. As a rule, both along the line of cornices and along the pediment, the roofing is somewhat released outside, outside the building in plan, so that overhangs are formed that protect the walls from direct precipitation.
Most often, the slopes have a symmetrical shape. Sometimes they resort to asymmetry, when the slopes are located at different angles to the horizon and, accordingly, differ in their length. But these are isolated cases, and will not be considered in this publication.
The height of the roof in the ridge, that is, the steepness of the slopes, can be different - it all depends on the planned use of the attic, the architectural ideas of the owners, and the type of roofing used.
Gable roofs have proven their high reliability. And the relative simplicity of the design makes them so popular among private developers.
The external similarity of gable roofs does not at all mean the uniformity of the design of their truss systems. It is precisely in this matter that there can be significant differences, depending both on the size of the building and on its design features.
According to the principle of structure, the truss systems of gable roofs can be divided into two groups:
- If the rafters rest on the outer walls of the building and are interconnected in a ridge knot, then such a system is called a hanging system.
To give additional rigidity to such a design, the rafter legs of each pair are reinforced with horizontal puffs (contractions). Vertical racks supported by floor beams, or diagonally mounted struts can also be used.
- In the case when the design of the house assumes the presence of a main wall inside the building, a layered truss system is often used. The name speaks for itself - the legs "lean" on the racks, which, in turn, rest on a bed laid along upper end of the capital internal walls. And, this wall can be located both in the center and offset from it. and for large buildings, two internal walls can also be used as supports. Several examples of layered systems are shown in the illustration below.
- However, a kind of "hybrid" of both systems is often used. The rafters in these cases, even without the presence of an internal partition, also receive support on the central post in the ridge assembly, which, in turn, rests on powerful floor beams or on horizontal puffs between the rafter legs.
In any of the systems, especially in cases where the rafter legs are of considerable length, additional reinforcement elements are used. This is necessary to exclude the possibility of deflection of the beam or even its fracture under the action of loads. And the loads here will be considerable. First of all, it is static, due to the weight of the rafter system itself, lathing, roofing and its insulation, if it is provided for by the project. Plus, there are large variable loads, among which wind and snow come out on top. Therefore, they strive to provide the necessary number of support points for the rafter legs in order to prevent possible deformation.
Some of their reinforcement elements are shown in the design diagrams of the truss system:
The illustration above shows an example of a layered truss system:
1 - Mauerlat. Usually this is a bar rigidly fixed on the upper end of the outer walls of the building. It serves as a support and base for securing the lower part of the rafter legs.
2 - Lezhen. A bar attached to the internal partition of a building.
3 - Rack (another name is the headstock). Vertical support going from the bed to the ridge run.
4 - Skate run. A beam or board that connects the central posts and serves as the basis for securing the upper ends of the rafter legs.
5 - Rafter legs.
6 - Struts. These are additional reinforcement elements, through which you can reduce the free span of the rafter leg, that is, create additional support points for it.
7 - Lathing, which must match the selected roofing.
Prices for fasteners for rafters
fasteners for rafters
In hanging-type systems, reinforcement is made by installing horizontal puffs (pos. 7), which rigidly connect opposite rafter legs, and thereby reduce the bursting load acting on the walls of the building. There may be several such delays. For example, one is installed at the bottom, closer to the Mauerlat level or even almost flush with it. And the second is closer to the ridge knot (e is often also called a crossbar).
With a large length of rafters, it may also be necessary to use vertical racks (pos. 3) or diagonal struts (pos. 6), and often both of these elements in combination. They can be supported by floor beams (pos. 9), as shown in the illustration.
It should be correctly understood that the shown schemes are not a dogma at all. There are other designs of truss systems. For example, it is often used to fasten the lower part of the rafter legs not to the Mauerlat, but to the floor beams that are extended beyond the walls of the house. Thus, the necessary
In the roofs of large houses, more complex schemes can be used. For example, the rafters are connected by additional longitudinal runs, which, in turn, are supported by vertical posts or struts. But it is hardly reasonable to take on the creation of such complex systems without having well-established experience in this area. Therefore, we confine ourselves to the construction of fairly simple gable roofs.
Carrying out calculations of the parameters of a gable roof
The construction of the truss system and the arrangement of the roof on its basis should always begin with the necessary calculations. What are the tasks involved?
- First of all, it is necessary to deal with the ratio "ridge height - steepness of the roof slopes."
- After that, it will be possible to accurately calculate the length of the rafter legs, both “clean” and full, that is, taking into account the planned cornice overhangs.
- The length of the rafters and the estimated step from the installation will make it possible to determine the cross section of the material suitable for their manufacture, taking into account the expected roof loads. Or, on the contrary, based on the available material, choose the optimal step and place additional support points - by installing the reinforcement elements mentioned above.
The listed parameters will allow you to draw up a diagram and a drawing of the truss system as accurately as possible, correctly position all its elements. According to the existing scheme, it will be much easier to calculate how much and what material is required for installation.
- You will need to find out the total area of \u200b\u200bthe roof slopes. This is necessary for the purchase of roofing material, hydro - and vapor barrier membranes, insulation, if thermal insulation of the roof is planned. In addition, the area parameter is also important for determining the amount of material for arranging the lathing for the selected roofing.
In order to make it clearer during the presentation of the calculation procedure, the main quantities are schematically shown in the illustration below:
D- the width of the house (the size of its gable wall);
VC- the height of the roof in the ridge above the plane of the Mauerlat or floor beams, depending on what the lower ends of the rafter legs will be attached to;
a- the angle of steepness of the roof slopes;
FROM- working length of the rafter leg, from the ridge to the Mauerlat;
∆C- elongation of the rafter leg to form the planned cornice overhang;
W- installation step of the rafter legs.
Let's start with the above questions in order.
The ratio of the steepness of the slopes and the height of the roof ridge
These two quantities are closely related. And tothem calculation can be approached from different angles, taking certain criteria as initial ones.
- For example, the owners see their house with a high roof, something remotely reminiscent of the Gothic style of architecture. It is clear that with this approach, the height of the roof in the ridge increases sharply and, accordingly, the steepness of the slopes. True, it should not be forgotten that such roofs experience maximum wind loads, due to their pronounced “sail”. But the snow on such slopes will practically not linger. So it is worth considering these two factors initially. Perhaps, for an area closed from the winds, but with a predominance of snowy winters, this option will generally be the most acceptable.
Steep slopes and a high ridge are pronounced - snow does not linger on such a roof at all, but the effect of the wind becomes maximum But do not forget that the longer the rafter legs, the more difficult the system itself will be in arranging, which will require a lot of reinforcing parts.
- Another consideration to make the roof higher very often becomes the desire to have a functional attic space, up to equipping it with a full-fledged living room.
For an attic room, of course, a broken truss system is preferable. But if, nevertheless, a gable is planned, then a lot of space is eaten up by corner zones along the line connecting the rafters with a Mauerlat. It is necessary to increase the steepness of the slopes (see above).
True, and here there may be an acceptable solution. For example, the mauerlat is not located at the level of the ceiling, as in the "classic" version, but on the side walls, which are deliberately raised above the ceiling to a certain height. Then, even with a large steepness of the slopes, and without much complication of the design of the system, magnon can achieve very spacious attic rooms.
Prices for metal tiles
metal tile
By the way, it is this option that will be considered below, when the story goes about the installation of the truss system.
- It happens that the owners of the future home, on the contrary, make a decision about the minimum angles of roof slope. This may be due to material saving structures, lack of usable attic space, local conditions such as very windy but not particularly snowy terrain.
True, with this approach, we must not forget that any roofing has certain lower limits for the steepness of the slopes. For example, if it is planned to lay piece tiles, then it is necessary to ensure a steepness angle of at least 20, and for some models even 30 degrees. So if the plans already have one or another roofing, its characteristics should be correlated with the height and steepness of the roof.
So, how is the calculation carried out. As a constant value - a constant, we have the width of the house along the gable wall ( D). Using the well-known trigonometric formula, it is easy to find the height ( VC), based on the planned steepness of the slopes (angle a).
Sun \u003d 0.5 × D × tg a
It is clear that half the width of the building is taken to calculate a symmetrical gable roof, that is 0.5 ×D.
One more nuance. When calculating according to this ratio, the height difference between the heights of the ridge point and the Mauerlat plane is taken as the height. That is, the excess over the attic floor is far from always meant - this should be borne in mind.
The above formula is included in the proposed calculator.
