The Indian platform (areas where the crystalline basement emerges) is characterized by iron ore reserves. Large deposits of Chhota Nakpur, with an iron content of 60%. Manganese ores, titanium-magnetite ores, deposits of zirconium, diamonds and precious stones are also concentrated here.
The basement outcrops of the Chinese platform are rich in ore minerals. The Shandong-Korean shield concentrates deposits of iron ores, polymetals, copper, gold and uranium ores.
Syneclises of platforms are rich in fuel and energy resources.
The Chinese platform is one of the world's centers of coal accumulation, especially the Loess Plateau region. The age of the coal varies. East of 110 0 E. predominantly Carboniferous, Jurassic to the west. 90% of coal reserves are anthrocytes. The largest basin: Datong, one of the 20 largest coal deposits in the world. The oil content of the Chinese platform is exceptionally high (1/3 of the territory of the PRC is promising for oil). The largest oil basins are the Ordos, Sichuan, East China, as well as the Dzungarian, Tarim and Tsaidam basins.
The Indian platform is also rich in coal. The overwhelming majority of reserves are concentrated in Paleozoic layers, and the richest deposits are located in the Damodar River valley.
The Indian platform is not rich in oil. Recently discovered deposits are associated with marginal subsidence of the platform (Tujarad and Assam).
Geological exploration of the Arabian Platform is extremely uneven: only the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf have been developed. The world's largest oil deposits have been discovered. Also found here are brown coal, bromine, copper ores, potassium salts, silver, table salt, etc.
Paleozoic structures are rich in minerals, but they are still little developed. These are polymetallic, copper, iron ores, tungsten, and gold.
Mesozoic structures are also rich in minerals. The famous tungsten-tin belt passes through the central part of Indochina, the Malacca Peninsula and a number of islands in Indonesia, in which 60-80% of the world's reserves of tin, tungsten and antimony are concentrated. On the Shan-Yunnan Plateau there are large deposits of silver-lead-zinc and cobalt ores. The main type of mineral resources of Cenozoic structures are fuel and energy. The largest oil fields are confined to the foothill troughs: Mesopotamia, the Persian Gulf, the Indo-Gangetic Lowland and the Irrawaddy River valley. The Persian Gulf is a pole of oil accumulation. The largest deposits are on land - Ghabar and on the shelf - Safaniya. The most productive wells are also located here. The production rate of one well in Saudi Arabia is 363 tons, Abu Dhabi - 626 tons, Iran - 1427 tons, USA - 3.5 tons. Currently, oil production is moving to the Asia-Pacific shelf.
In addition, deposits of brown coal (within the Himalayas are tarry coals), as well as deposits of sulfur, bauxite, borates, phosphorites, are associated with the alpine structures, and deposits of chromites are associated with intrusions. Foreign Asia accounts for: antimony - 75-80% of world reserves, oil - 69%, tin - 61%, native sulfur - 51%, phosphates - 47% - Turkey, Iran, Syria. gas - 35% - Gulf countries. tungsten-33%--Burma, China, Türkiye, Japan. zirconium muscovite-30% - India. nickel - 20%, chromite - 18% Türkiye, Iran, Philippines.
Diversity rocks and minerals of Asia is due to the specific tectonic structure of the continent of this part of the world. There are mountain ranges, highlands and plains. It also includes peninsulas and island archipelagos. Here, a conditional division into three regions is accepted: Western, South and Southeast Asia in geographical, economic and cultural terms. Also, according to this principle, the main provinces, basins and mineral deposits can be zoned.
Metal fossils
The most abundant group of resources in Asia are metals. Iron ores are common here, mined in Northeast China and the Hindustan Peninsula. There are deposits of non-ferrous metals on the east coast.
The largest deposits of these ores are located in Siberia and the Caucasus Mountains. Western Asia has reserves of metals such as uranium and iron, titanium and magnetites, tungsten and zinc, manganese and chromium ores, bauxite and copper ore, cobalt and molybdenum, and polymetallic ores. In South Asia, deposits of iron ores (hematite, quartzite, magnetite), chromium and titanium, tin and mercury, beryllium and nickel ores are common. IN Southeast Asia Almost the same ore deposits are represented, just in different combinations. Among the rare metals, it is worth noting cesium, lithium, niobium, tantalum and niobate-rare earth ores. Their deposits are in Afghanistan and Saudi Arabia.
Non-metallic fossils
The main resource of the non-metallic group of minerals is salt. It is primarily mined in the Dead Sea. Construction minerals (clay, dolomite, shell rock, limestone, sand, marble) are mined in Asia. Raw materials for the mining and chemical industry are sulfates, pyrites, halites, fluorites, barites, sulfur, and phosphorites. Magnesites, gypsum, muscovites, alunites, kaolin, corundum, diatomite, and graphite are used in industry.
A large list of precious and semi-precious stones mined in Asia:
- turquoise;
- rubies;
- emeralds;
- crystal;
- agates;
- tourmalines;
- sapphires;
- onyx;
- aquamarines;
- diamonds;
- moonstone;
- amethysts;
- grenades.
Fossil fuels
Among all parts of the world, Asia has the largest reserves of energy resources. More than 50% of the world's oil potential is located in Asia, where there are two largest oil and gas basins (in Western Siberia and the Persian Gulf region). A promising destination in the Bay of Bengal and the Malay Archipelago. The largest coal basins in Asia are located in Hindustan, Siberia, in the area of the Chinese platform.
1. General characteristics, brief history of foreign Asia
Foreign Asia is the largest region in the world in terms of population (more than 4 billion people) and the second (after Africa) in area, and it has maintained this primacy, essentially, throughout the entire existence of human civilization. The area of foreign Asia is 27 million square meters. km, it includes more than 40 sovereign states. Many of them are among the oldest in the world. Foreign Asia is one of the centers of the origin of humanity, the birthplace of agriculture, artificial irrigation, cities, many cultural values and scientific achievements. The region mainly consists of developing countries.
2. Diversity of foreign Asian countries by area
The region includes countries of different sizes: two of them are considered giant countries (China, India), some are very large (Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Indonesia), the rest are mainly classified as fairly large countries. The boundaries between them follow well-defined natural boundaries.
Features of the EGP of Asian countries:
- Neighborhood position.
- Coastal location.
- The deep situation of some countries.
The first two features have a beneficial effect on their economy, while the third complicates external economic relations.
3. Diversity of foreign Asian countries by population
Largest countries in Asia by population (2012)
(according to CIA)
4. Diversity of foreign Asian countries by geographic location
Asian countries by geographic location:
- Coastal (India, Pakistan, Iran, Israel, etc.).
- Island (Bahrain, Cyprus, Sri Lanka, etc.).
- Archipelagos (Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, Maldives).
- Inland (Laos, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, etc.).
- Peninsular (Republic of Korea, Qatar, Oman, etc.).
5. Diversity of foreign Asian countries by level of development
The political structure of the countries is very diverse.
Monarchies of foreign Asia (according to wikipedia.org):
| Saudi Arabia | |
- All other countries are republics.
- Developed countries of Asia: Japan, Israel, Republic of Korea, Singapore.
- All other countries in the region are developing.
- Least developed countries in Asia: Afghanistan, Yemen, Bangladesh, Nepal, Laos, etc.
- The largest GDP volumes are in China, Japan, and India; on a per capita basis, Qatar, Singapore, the United Arab Emirates, and Kuwait have the largest GDP volumes.
6. Forms of government and structure of foreign Asian countries
By the nature of the administrative-territorial structure, most Asian countries have a unitary structure. The following countries have a federal administrative-territorial structure: India, Malaysia, Pakistan, UAE, Nepal, Iraq.
7. Regions of foreign Asia
Regions of Asia:
- Southwestern.
- South.
- South-Eastern.
- Eastern.
- Central.
Natural resources of foreign Asia
1. Introduction
The provision of foreign Asia with resources is determined, first of all, by the diversity of the relief, location, nature and climate.
The region is extremely homogeneous in terms of tectonic structure and relief: within its boundaries there is the greatest amplitude of heights on earth (more than 9000 m), both ancient Precambrian platforms and areas of young Cenozoic folding, grandiose mountainous countries and vast plains are located here. As a result mineral resources foreign Asia are very diverse.
2. Mineral resources of foreign Asia
The main basins of coal, iron and manganese ores, and non-metallic minerals are concentrated within the Chinese and Hindustan platforms. Within the Alpine-Himalayan and Pacific fold belts, ores predominate, including along the coast Pacific Ocean there is a copper belt. But the main wealth of the region, which also determines its role in the international geographical division of labor, is oil and gas. Oil and gas reserves have been explored in most countries of South-West Asia (Mesopotamian trough earth's crust). The main deposits are located in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and the UAE. In addition, large oil and gas fields have been explored in the countries of the Malay Archipelago. Indonesia and Malaysia especially stand out in terms of reserves. The countries of Central Asia are also rich in oil and gas (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan).
The largest reserves of salts are in the Dead Sea. The Iranian Plateau has large reserves of sulfur and non-ferrous metals. In general, Asia is one of the main regions of the world in terms of mineral reserves.
Countries with largest reserves and a variety of minerals:
- China.
- India.
- Indonesia.
- Iran.
- Kazakhstan.
- Türkiye.
- Saudi Arabia.
3. Land and agroclimatic resources of foreign Asia
The agroclimatic resources of Asia are heterogeneous. Vast tracts of mountainous countries, deserts and semi-deserts are not suitable for economic activity, with the exception of livestock farming; The supply of arable land is small and continues to decline (as the population grows and soil erosion increases). But on the plains of the east and south, quite favorable conditions for agriculture are created. Asia contains 70% of the world's irrigated land.
4. Water resources (moisture resources), agroclimatic resources
The countries of East and Southeast Asia, as well as some regions of South Asia, have the largest reserves of water resources. At the same time, water resources are sorely lacking in the Gulf countries.
According to general indicators, China, India, and Indonesia are best provided with soil resources.
The largest reserves of forest resources: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, China, India.
Population of Overseas Asia
The population of Asia exceeds 4 billion people. Many countries in the region are at the stage of a “demographic explosion”.
2. Fertility and mortality (population reproduction)
All countries in the region, with the exception of Japan and some countries in transition, belong to the traditional type of population reproduction. Moreover, many of them are in a state of population explosion. Some countries are fighting this phenomenon by pursuing demographic policies (India, China), but most countries do not pursue such policies, rapid growth population and its rejuvenation continue. At the current rate of population growth, countries in foreign Asia are experiencing food, social and other difficulties. Among Asian subregions, East Asia is the furthest away from the peak of its population explosion. Currently, the highest rates of population growth are characteristic of the countries of South-West Asia. For example, in Yemen there is an average of almost 5 children per woman.
3. National composition
The ethnic composition of the Asian population is also extremely complex: more than 1 thousand peoples live here - from small ethnic groups numbering several hundred people to the largest peoples in the world.
The largest nations of foreign Asia in terms of population (more than 100 million people):
- Chinese.
- Hindustani.
- Bengalis.
- Japanese.
The peoples of foreign Asia belong to approximately 15 language families. Such linguistic diversity is not found in any other major region on the planet.
The largest language families of foreign Asia by population:
- Sino-Tibetan.
- Indo-European.
- Austronesian.
- Dravidian.
- Austroasiatic.
The most ethnolinguistically complex countries are: India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia. India and Indonesia are considered the most multinational countries in the world. In East and South-West Asia, with the exception of Iran and Afghanistan, a more homogeneous national composition is characteristic. The complex composition of the population in many parts of the region leads to acute ethnic conflicts.
4. Religious composition
- Foreign Asia is the birthplace of all major religions; all three world religions originated here: Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam.
- Christianity: Philippines, Georgia, Armenia, a significant proportion of Christians in Kazakhstan, Japan, Lebanon.
- Buddhism: Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar, Bhutan, Mongolia.
- Islam: Southwest Asia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Bangladesh.
- Among other national religions, it is necessary to note Confucianism (China), Taoism, and Shintoism. In many countries, interethnic contradictions are based precisely on religious grounds.
Presentation for the lesson:
!? Exercise.
- Russian border.
- Subregions of Foreign Asia.
- Republics and monarchies.
It is a region of contrasts.
In general, the mineral resources of the region differ great variety.
Reserves of international importance are possessed by: China (coal, India (iron and manganese ores), and (chromites). The tin-tungsten belt stretches across the region from to to. There are certain reserves of polymetallic, copper and aluminum ores, phosphorites and others.
However, the main wealth of the region, which largely determines its role in the MGRT, is oil.
Oil reserves and natural gas explored in most countries of the region. But the main oil-bearing areas are the Persian Gulf region and the Mesopotamian trough region (and).
Natural resource prerequisites for development agriculture The regions are very diverse. The growing season in many countries allows for the cultivation of food and industrial crops all year round. However, in the region there are two big problems, significantly reducing the possibilities of agriculture.
1. Lack of land resources. Most of the territory of Foreign Asia is occupied by mountain systems, hills and plateaus, little suitable for agriculture. Compared to the vast mountain ranges, the area of the lowlands is small. Considering large number people in the region, the provision of land resources per capita is very low (the provision of arable land is 0.1 - 0.2 hectares per person).
2. Uneven distribution of moisture throughout the region. Overseas Asia? irrigated lands of the world (China, India, Iran, Syria, Iraq, Turkey, Persian Gulf).
The most favorable for agricultural use are the lowland areas of Foreign Asia (all of them are located along its western, southern and eastern outskirts) and are well supplied with moisture, as they are located in the monsoon (eastern and southern part of the region) and Mediterranean (western part of the region) climate. High thermal and moisture availability (precipitation amounts reach 1000-2000 mm per year) combined with fertile soils Alluvial plains allow the development of almost any direction of agriculture here. More than 90% of its arable land is concentrated in this part of the region.
Foreign Asia has certain. Southeast Asia is provided with them to the greatest extent. This region is famous for its particularly valuable species trees (ironwood, ebony, polysander tree), as well as species containing essential oils and resins (camphor and sandalwood).
The economy, especially agriculture, will depend on natural conditions territories. And the conditions of Asia are characterized by great diversity and contrasts. The highest mountain ranges with steep slopes are adjacent to lowlands and the monotony of their flat topography. Great contrasts are also typical for the climate, especially for humidification. Low-lying areas are well supplied with moisture because they are located in the monsoon climate region - this is the eastern and southern part of the region.
The western part of Foreign Asia lies in the Mediterranean climate region. $90\%$ of all arable land is concentrated in these parts of Asia. The central and southwestern parts are arid. The Asian part of the world lies in several climatic zones. The south of the territory lies in tropical latitudes and receives a total solar radiation$2$ times more than northern regions. Summer and winter temperatures on the islands of Indonesia are almost the same, the average January temperature is +$25$ degrees, and the north of Manchuria, for example, has a January temperature of -$24$, -$28$ degrees. And the frosts there last longer. Significant climatic differences are also characteristic of mountainous regions and even within the mountainous territories themselves. This is due to the height of the mountains, their position, and the exposure of the slopes. Atmospheric circulation has a very clear effect on the climate of East and South Asia, where the seasonal change of air masses is clearly expressed.
The winter in these areas is characterized by the winter monsoon, and in the summer there is a summer monsoon. All of East Asia, Hindustan and Indochina are located in the monsoon circulation zone, where annual precipitation can reach $2000 mm per year. Associated with the winter monsoon are cold continental air masses, which cause cooling in East Asia and partly in the tropics of Northern Indochina.
In the southern part of Asia, winter cold snaps do not occur, because the territory is under the influence of the Indian monsoon, which has lower pressure gradients. On the other hand, India is closed in the north by the highest mountain ranges from the cold air masses of Central Asia. The interior regions of Asia, located at high altitudes and surrounded by mountains, have a sharply continental climate.
IN winter period The Asian anticyclone dominates here and a harsh and long winter sets in. At low temperatures the soil freezes deeply, which leads to the formation of areas permafrost. In summer, the territory warms up well and an area of low atmospheric pressure. Hot and dry weather persists. There is very little precipitation; high mountain ranges prevent their penetration. In closed basins only up to $50$ mm falls. But this inland region also has its own internal climatic differences. The reason for this is the different availability of thermal resources and thermal conditions.
An exceptionally hot region is Southwest Asia. It receives the largest amount of solar radiation, therefore it is the driest part of the continent. Deserts and semi-deserts are common here.
Note 1
A significant part of Foreign Asia has unfavorable climatic conditions for the development of agriculture. The equatorial regions are heavily humidified, and the vast plateaus and plains of Southwestern and Central Asia are too dry. Agriculture in these areas is possible only with land reclamation.
The location of agricultural production, the composition of cultivated plants, features of farming techniques, and crop productivity largely depend on climatic conditions. The level of agricultural development in the countries of Foreign Asia is relatively low, so crop yields are highly dependent on weather conditions. Based on climatic characteristics, several agroclimatic regions are distinguished in foreign Asia.
Mineral resources of Foreign Asia
The surface of Foreign Asia is represented by vast mountainous territories and lowlands, the areas of which are small. Low-lying areas are located along the outskirts of Asia - these are the eastern and southern coasts. The relief and the main tectonic areas are associated with mineral deposits, in which the subsoil of Foreign Asia is rich. Asia occupies a leading place in the world in terms of reserves of fuel and energy raw materials.
These are, first of all, huge deposits of coal, oil and gas. The subsoil of this part of the world contains the world's reserves of tin, antimony, mercury, graphite, sulfur, muscovite, zirconium, phosphate raw materials, potassium salts, chromites, and tungsten. True, with geographical point However, these resources are distributed unevenly. Coal, iron and manganese ores, and non-metallic minerals were formed within the Chinese and Hindustan platforms. There is a copper belt along the Pacific coast. In the Alpine-Himalayan folded region, ores are predominant.
The decisive role in the international geographical division of labor in Asia is played by oil and gas reserves, which are the main wealth of the region. The main hydrocarbon deposits are concentrated in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and the UAE. Large oil fields have been discovered in the countries of the Malay Archipelago - Indonesia, Malaysia. There is oil and gas in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. The Dead Sea is known for large reserves of salts, and the Iranian Plateau is known for sulfur and non-ferrous metals.
Of all Asian countries greatest variety and mineral reserves are concentrated in the territory of the following states:
- India;
- Indonesia;
- Iran;
- Kazakhstan;
- Türkiye;
- Saudi Arabia.
Note 2
Those mineral deposits that are well known today do not reflect the true picture of the wealth of the subsoil of this region. Ongoing exploration work is discovering new deposits of mineral raw materials. Shelf zones are becoming promising for hydrocarbon production, providing the mining industry with new opportunities.
Different subregions of Asia have their own set of mineral resources.
Western Asia. Here, first of all, the largest oil and gas fields are concentrated, in terms of reserves of which Western Asia is a leader among other regions of the world. According to 1980 data, in this area there are $43 billion tons of oil and more than $20 trillion. cube m of gas. Coal reserves amount to more than $23 billion tons. Ferrous metal ore reserves amount to $14 billion tons and are located in Turkey and Iraq. Reserves of titanium ores in Saudi Arabia and chrome ores in Turkey and Iran, Afghanistan and Oman. Nonmetallic building materials represented by gypsum, the reserves of which amount to $3 billion tons. In some countries of the region there are deposits of precious and ornamental stones, for example, Iranian turquoise, Afghan lapis lazuli, ruby, emerald, rock crystal, aquamarine, marble onyx.
South Asia. It holds a leading position in reserves of muscovite, barite, titanium, pyrite, beryl, graphite, iron and manganese ores. This part also has significant reserves of oil and gas, as well as gold, copper, nickel, and tungsten ores. The most important energy raw material for South Asia is coal, the reserves of which are estimated at $115 billion tons. Total iron ore reserves amount to more than $13.5 billion tons. They are concentrated in India and Pakistan. There are small reserves in Sri Lanka and Nepal. Manganese ores have been mined in India for a long time. There are aluminum and nickel ores in this region. About $30\%$ of the total reserves of mining and chemical raw materials are located here - India, Pakistan, Nepal. Non-metallic raw materials are represented by Indian asbestos - India, gypsum - Pakistan, graphite - Sri Lanka. There are quartz construction sands, dolomites, limestone and marble. Gems There are only diamonds in India.
Southeast Asia. The region ranks 1st in the world in terms of tin reserves and has significant reserves of nickel, cobalt, tungsten, copper, antimony, and barite. In addition, there are oil, gas, bauxite, chromite and other mineral resources. Exploration work for hydrocarbons is carried out on the continental shelf. Of the $36 potential pools, $25 belongs to Indonesia. There are coals in both Indonesia and Vietnam. Ore minerals, the reserves of which amount to more than $1271 million tons, are found in Burma, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Kampuchea. Among the ores of non-ferrous metals, aluminum and copper ores are known - Indonesia, Vietnam, Kampuchea.
Other types of resources in Overseas Asia
Foreign Asia is rich in its superficial waters, but are distributed water resources unevenly across the territory, and the supply decreases from the southeast to the northwest. Water resources are used, usually for irrigation, which helps solve problems associated with drought, soil salinity and wind erosion. In India, for example, $95\%$ of consumed fresh water goes for irrigation. Mountain rivers contain colossal reserves of hydroelectric energy, which is best provided in the humid tropics. Due to the economic backwardness of mountainous areas, the hydropotential of rivers is poorly used. For example, the hydro potential of the rivers of India and Pakistan is used by approximately $10\%$. Large Asian rivers have basins covering hundreds of thousands of square kilometers. They are among the most important types of natural resources.
Another type of resource is soil. The huge size, varied topography and climate were the conditions for the formation of a complex soil cover. In temperate climatic zone formed podzolic, sulfur and brown forest soils. In the steppe regions there are chernozem-like and chestnut soils. In the Mediterranean subtropics, brown soils are dominant, and in monsoon regions, yellow soils and red soils are dominant. Peculiar tropical soils - regur or black soils - formed on the Hindustan Peninsula.
If we talk about forest resources, then Foreign Asia is not rich in them. Per capita forest resources account for only $0.3$ hectares, and the world average is $1.2$ hectares per person. Low availability of forest resources is typical for India, Pakistan, Lebanon, and Singapore. The southeast of the region is best provided with forest resources. Here, the areas of forest resources are not only large, but also accessible, which threatens their existence.
Recreational The region's resources began to be studied and used only in the second half of the 20th century. Attractive for tourists are the warm seas of South-West Asia - Turkey and Southeast Asia - Thailand, Malaysia.
