Vowels after hissing and "c. Letters o, e, e after hissing

Spelling of letters O and Yo after hissing
In order to unmistakably write a dubious vowel (О or Е) after hissing (Ж, Ш, Ш, Ш) and not CLINK, you must first find out in which part of the word the vowel under test is located - in the root, suffix or ending. In addition, if the vowel is in a suffix or ending (in other words, outside the root), then you also need to know what part of speech the checked word belongs to (that is, whether it is a noun, adjective, adverb, verb).

HOW TO CHOOSE A VOwel IN THE ROOT OF A WORD?

1. IN THE ROOT OF THE WORD, under stress, you need to write Yo if the letter E is written in other forms of this word or in cognate words: WHISPER (because it is WHISPERS), BEES (because it is a BEE), BLACK (because it is BLACK), YELLOW (because YELLOW), WALKED (because COMING), etc. This is how most roots are written.
2. If it is not possible to pick up a test word, then after hissing, at the root, under stress, you should write O: SEAM, RUSH, SHORES, HEARTBURN, GOOSEBERRY, BURNER, CLINK, SHUMBLE. There are not very many such words, and they are usually remembered as exceptions.
3. If you have a word of foreign origin in front of you, then you need to write O after the hissing consonant in the root under stress, for example: HOOD, SHOCK, JUGLLE.

HOW TO CHOOSE A VOwel IN THE SUFFIX AND ENDING?

1. In the SUFFIX of a noun, adjective, adverb, the letter O is written under stress: DOG-ONK-A, REED-OV-Y, HOT-O.
2. At the end of the noun and adjective, the letter O is written under stress: DOCTOR-OM, BIG-OH.
3. In the SUFFIXS of verbs, participles and all words formed from verbs, the letter E is written under stress: , NIGHT-YOV-KA, LASH-YONN-Y.

DIFFICULT CASES

Please note that the nouns are STAUGED, condensed milk, overnight and some others are written through the letter Y. The letter Y is written in the suffixes of these words, since they correspond in meaning with the verbs TO STUT, CLEAR and STOVE.

Please note that the words RECHOVKA, SMALL, PLASCHOVKA are written through O. The letter O is written in noun suffixes according to the above rule.

Note that the word BECHEVKA is spelled with the letter Ё. The letter Ё is written because this vowel is part of the root and is verified by the word BECHEVA.

Separately, it is necessary to remember the rule for writing words with the root ZHOG / ZHEG.
If the word is a noun, then you need to write the letter O. For example: STRONG BURN, THE HOUSE IS BURNED. But when the word is a verb, it is written with the letter Y. For example: STRONGLY BURNED HAND, UNKNOWN BURNED HOUSE, AUTHOR BURNS MANUSCRIPTS.

An exercise

1. - And why the hell didn't I go straight to the archers! - Borodavkin exclaimed bitterly. (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
2. He was struck by the silence during the day and the sh_roh during the night. (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
3. The bus stopped, and the driver said: "We've arrived." (A. and B. Strugatsky)
4. At that very moment, a mask appeared before him and put her hand on his shoulder. (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
5. An Orlovet went to them, hoping to feast on sterlets in Staritsa, but found that there "only enough mud." (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
6. ... Looks into the field through the lattice of the window, sees cheerful birds floating freely in the sea of \u200b\u200bair ... (N. M. Karamzin)
7. For some time he listened intently. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
8. Fat, densely green flowering meadows spread below, and behind them, along the yellow sands, a bright river flows (N. M. Karamzin)
9. Soon they made peace, and Erast returned to Moscow, weighed down by debts. (N. M. Karamzin)
10. ... I would bow to him with a smile and say affably: “Hello, dear shepherd_ k. (N. M. Karamzin)
11. ... The sad story of those times when the fierce Tatars and Lithuanians devastated the neighborhood with fire and sword ... (N. M. Karamzin)
12. The enlightened reader knows that Shakespeare and Walter Scott both presented their grave-diggers as cheerful and playful people. (A. S. Pushkin)
13. Dunya sat in a wagon near the hussar, the servant jumped on the beam, the driver whistled and the horses galloped. (A. S. Pushkin)
14. The officer, flushed with wine, play and laughter of his comrades, considered himself severely offended. (A. S. Pushkin)
15. Honorable, but troublesome, and not so much honorable as troublesome, and in the end, not honorable at all, but so ... (A. and B. Strugatsky)
16. At the border of the illuminated space, a car with a tarpaulin top got wet, and next to the car, two in shiny raincoats were bending down to the pavement of a third - in black and wet. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
17. A hefty lipped tall man with rosy cheeks, snapping his fingers on the move and dancing, went to the counter. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
18. Victor took a step back. It was a patient from a leper colony - a "mite", or "bespectacled man", as they were called here for the yellow circles around the eyes - in a dense black bandage that hides the lower half of the face. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
19. Only once did he distinctly and loudly say: “I don’t know.” (A. and B. Strugatsky)
20. And he took out a fountain pen and began to screw the cap on, listening to his feelings with the interest of an outsider, and he was not surprised, feeling pride. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
21. Do you know a toy called "Evil wolf_k"? (A. and B. Strugatsky)
22. Firstly, maybe not with brass knuckles at all, but with a brick, and secondly, you never know where they can give me a skull? They can hang me at any moment, so what, now - do not leave the room? (A. and B. Strugatsky)
23. The two men in cloaks turned at once and looked at Victor from under their pulled-down hoods for a few moments. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
24. Society, at least, would be sweetly scolded, and pale young men with burning eyes would follow you on your heels. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
25. I have a diseased liver, intestinal catarrh_ and something else with my stomach. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
26. "Our psyche with you is not adapted to such schools. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
27. And for a whole minute not a sound was heard, only some kind of rustle, like fog, rustled, crawling over the ground. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
28. - Well, stop! - Sh_ then they said from the darkness and rested against the chest with something familiar. Victor automatically raised his hands. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
29. A jeep drove up to the entrance, the door opened, and in the rain, covered with one raincoat, a young man in glasses and with a briefcase and his lanky companion got out. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
30. Only Teddy could know such words - a shelter rat, a pupil of the port slums_ b. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
31. There were illuminated shop windows and a neon-illuminated entrance to the cinema, where very similar young people of indeterminate sex, in shiny raincoats to the heels, crowded under a canopy. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
32. Mr. President deigned to inflate himself to the last degree, spray flew from his fanged mouth, and I took out a handkerchief and defiantly wiped my cheek, and this was probably the most daring act in my life, except for the case when I fought with three tanks at once. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
33. - Did everyone read my works?
"Yes," said the children's voices. - Read ... Everyone ...
“Great,” Victor said, puzzled. - Flattered, although surprised. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
34. Either they will begin to look at each other embarrassedly, or their faces will light up with understanding, or a certain sigh of relief will sweep through the hall as a sign that the misunderstanding has been clarified. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
35. Diana sensibly judged that Rossheper, with all his abnormal gluttony, could not cope with such a mass of berries alone. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
36. Where is the bungee_, he thought. Where did I put the bungee_? (A. and B. Strugatsky)
37. It was full of people, some semi-familiar men and women, they stood in a circle and clapped their hands, and in the center of the circle Diana danced with that same yellow-faced tan, the owner of an eagle profile. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
38. An investigator came to see me this morning. You see, it’s brutal, my head is cracking, I’m sitting, looking out the window, and then this club appears and begins to sew the case ... (A. and B. Strugatsky)
39. He jumped up, turned on the light and, grimacing from the pain in his eyes, began to feel for his clothes. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
40. Cars with lit headlights crowded in front of the police department. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
The exercise was prepared by N. Gorbanev-Gamaleya and B.A. Panov ("League of Schools")

The Russian language is flexible, strong, rich. Although the spelling of words is not as complicated as, for example, English, it also has many pitfalls. One of these obstacles to the correct writing are words that include the letters o-e-e after hissing. The table O, E, E after hissing in different parts speech.

It would seem that everything is simple. We learned the rule that when we hear about after hissing, we write e. Suddenly, the words “ramrod” or “burn” appear from somewhere. And the last word for some reason, you can also see it in the form of a “burn”. Such deceit can puzzle not only a schoolboy, but also an adult. This happens because the spelling of these vowels after hissing is determined by more than one rule.

It also depends on whether the named vowels are stressed or unstressed, in which part of the word or which part of speech they are written. Under different circumstances, the spelling will be different. You need to know these rules well so as not to be mistaken when you have to write words with such a spelling.

It is easiest to remember when after the hissing there is a sound E under stress. In this case, the letter E is always written. And in adjectives, and in participles, and in all other parts of speech: tin, rustle, Zhenya, egg.

But the words with the shock sound O are no longer so simple. It can be transmitted by the letters both Yo and O. We will dwell on this in more detail later.

Vowels O, Yo, E after hissing

If E or E (which was heard as O) was written in a stressed word, then the letter E is written in an unstressed position after the hissing ones. It does not matter where it stands - in the root, suffixes or endings.

Examples:

whisper - whispers (at the root);
peas - cockerel (in the suffix);
watchman - siskin (at the end).

Some words with an unstressed E just need to be remembered, since it is impossible to check them with a stressed position. For example: lisping, wish, heck.

The letter O in an unstressed position is written after hissing in several cases.

- in some words that came to us from other languages. These words just need to be remembered. Here are a few for example:

majordomo;
Scotland;
banjo;
ranch;
highway.

- if these are complex abbreviated words or in words with the prefix inter-. For example, interregional, intersectoral etc.

- also in words not included in literary norm, but invented by the authors of texts that formed them from existing ones. Example: fresh(from fresh according to the model white).

After hissing and "ts"

If, after hissing, we hear a percussive sound o, then we do not always write what we hear. Sometimes o is written behind a soft h, and after a hard w or w - e. How to determine the correct option?

The stress will always be Yo, when in single-root words there is an alternation after hissing stressed O and unstressed E.

Example:

bees - bee;
whisper - whisper.

If there is no such alternation in the roots of words, then O is written.

Gooseberry;
the seam;
slum;
clink glasses.

In the words that came to Russian from different languages, where the letter ё conveys a special sound from the source language, it is written ё. Example: Schoenberg, Schoenbruni.

The rules do not apply to many common or proper names. The names of rivers and cities, names and surnames are written in accordance with how it is reflected in the documents. John, Pechora, Zhora, Kalachov/Kalachev, Chernyshev/Chernyshov.

Otherwise, it is important to pay attention to which part of the word and which part of speech has the stressed sound O.

When a noun is formed from a verb, then Y is written in suffixes. Example: overnight (overnight). On the contrary, if the noun is formed from other parts of speech, then after the hissing, O will stand: cub, wolf cub etc.

If a word is formed with the suffix ЁР, it will have ё after the sibilants: caretaker, conductor.

There is also such an interesting group of words that are similar in sound, but different in spelling. Nouns are written with O, and verb forms with Y: arson - set on fire; burn - burn.

Spelling e, e, o after hissing and c

Participle

In suffixes under stress in participles we write Yo, in unstressed positions E.

Adverb

In adverb suffixes, the letter O will be written if it is under stress. The unstressed suffix will be with E: fresh, smelly.

The rule does not apply to adverbs yet.

Adjective

In adjective suffixes formed from nouns, we write O.

Adjectives formed from verbs are written in such cases with Y. Example: brocade - gilded (from the verb to gild).

The ending

In most cases, if after the hissing we hear a shock O, then this sound in the letter is transmitted as Y.

But for nouns and adjectives in the endings, O is written under stress, and E without stress.

An exercise

Insert missing letters and mark spellings.

It was fresh ... Sh ... k - this is our ... mu! F…nglör beat off ch…ch…weaving and pushed his shoulder…m J…on. Yes, you mazh ... r in the hood ... no.

Every time I want to open my chest, I fall into a fever and awe. 4. The lake, enclosed by a belt of impenetrable charges ... slei gleamed below. 5. After finishing dinner, everyone settled down around the fire. 6. He screamed at the top of his lungs, looking around and bending his head to the horse's neck. 7. And he said with flashing eyes Guys! Isn't Moscow behind us? Let's die near Moscow as our brothers died...rali. And we promised to die ... and we kept the oath of allegiance in the battle of Borodino. 8. She slowly circles with one foot to the floor with the other. 9. Work! Invisibly wonderful work like sowing prophet ... stet. 10. Snow still lay here and there on this leveled field of the airfield. 11. The flowers looked like bells, but in the bells the calyx always leans towards the ground, and in these calyxes they stood stretched upwards as if they had opened towards the z…re.

2.3. Spelling of vowels after hissing and C

					Table 2.3.

				Exceptions and
				notes

		Cha th, chu do, life,		Some	foreign language words
		shi lo, squint,		origin: bro-
		shcha vel		shyu ra, jury, parachute t,
				fish yu and others, including
				proper names (Zhu li,
				Mkrtchya n, Longue my ave.),
				compound words and
				alphabetic	abbreviations
				(Interbureau, etc.).

After C in a foreign language		Qiu rich, Qiu rupa,
		Tsya vlovsky
veins (surnames,
geographical
ranks, etc.)
At the root of the word after		Number,	qi rkul,	Tsy gangs, Tsy films, Tsy soil
C and in -tion words		qi cl,	tsinovka;	kah, ts y ts and cognate with
		nazi i, acacia i		them words.
In endings and suf-		Fingers, red-		Writing some surnames
fixes after C		faces th,		ly: Vitsi n, Qiqi et al.
		tsy n
After C at the end		Sùtsevy, tor-
	suffixes	gòvce v, finger m
accents
In prepositional		Oh what m, what m
same pronouns what;
in words, moreover, neither

							Exceptions and
							notes
At the root under stress				Bee lka (bee),		In the absence of such
eat if related				comb ska (scratch),		wearing is written O: izzh o-
				black (blacken),		ha, zho ra, slum ba, cho-
another form				peche nka (liver)		porn, kryzho penetrated, rustle,
the same words are spelled E				study ba (educational)		krucho n, sho v, sho k, major r.
						The spelling with O is retained,
						if when changing the form
							or in derivative
							stress passes
						to another syllable (w ò mpol-
						ramrod).
	suffix			Experienced r,
positive -er				zhe r, retoucher r
	verbal			to clear out,		Hacksaw (derived from
fixe -yovyva- and in				uproot;		adjective knife).
suffix			verb-	shorter vka, size
		noun-		wow
nyh -yovk-
	suffix			slain, pre-
			participles	abbreviated; sra-
-yonn- (-yon-) and in suf-				same n, stop n;
		verbal		burnt, smoked
adjectives -yon-,				ny; smoked nose,
as well as in production				ink nka,
words from them				more
	endings			Bake t, save t,		The spelling of su-
				lie t, ignite t		noun burn, sub-
						burn, burn and verbs
						the past tense burned,
						burned, burned, burned.

In unstressed windows				landscape m,
noun-				Wax m,
nyh and adjectives				better, more

In the stressed syllable				Tsò kat,	tsò kol,	Spelling with O is saved in
after C, if pronounced				tsò cat		derivative words and without
the sound is O						stressed syllable: c o cat,
						c about the cat. In foreign
						words About postC can pi-
						to sit in an unstressed syllable:
						gerzo g, palazzo, scherzo.

				Exceptions and
				notes
After C at the end			Ring m, merchant v,
yah and suffixes under			tibia,
accent			tsò vyvat

	unstressed		Jo kei, jo ngler,
foreign words			sho vinùzm, sho ssè,
			sho fer, sho colade
In suffixes, there are			Hook,	It should be remembered that in
significant			jo nok, book nka	surnames	vowels after
				hissing and C are written not-
	suffixes		Hedgehog, penny-	depending	from the given
galelnyh -ov, -on (with			wow, funny	above the rules, in accordance with
runaway Oh)				Wii with spellings in the official
		designation		al documents, for example
		vowel	princess, scabbard -	measures: Pugachev - Tkachov, Shi-
sound under stress			knife	seam - Chernyshev, Shchors, Pe-
after hissing				Chorin, Chopin, Shostakovich
In percussion endings			Ball m, ivy m,
	nouns		alien, big
and adjectives
At the end (in suffix-			Fresh, hot
sah) adverbs			general

Exercise 5. Rewrite the sentences, inserting missing letters and punctuation marks.

Zh ... lud, sad ... flax, heavy ... ly, narc ... ss, gilded ..., sh ... mouths, sh ... rank, cheap ... vyy, c ... vilizats ... I, cat ... lka, slum ... would, h ... a dove, with luggage ... m, night ... vka, bake ... sh, dresses ..., with Andrey Kuzmich ... m, c ... Ghanaian, irrigated ... ny, thing ... howl, boy ... nka, oven ... nka, c ... clone, nothing ... m, Hertz ... govina, sh ... se, night ... vka, f ... ngler, facing ... wat, Ts ... rich, life ... ha, grub ..., Sh ... tlandia, short ... th, red ... th, sh ... lk, plow ... nk , lie ... sh, sch ... naked, armed ... ch ... lka, queens ... n, bee ... ly, many wells ... in, c ... stake, ponch ..., heavy ... ... howling, rushing ... would, curds ... k, burning ... ny, our ... spitting, installation ... r, forbidden ... n, good ..., tomboy ..., sh ... ply, dance ... r, beginning ... s, finger ..., Natalya Tanz ... ra, jump ... to, reeds ... vyy, well done ... wadded, sh ... karny, be well done ... m, length ..., granddaughter ... nok, Upper Pech ... ry, Sh ... suckers, crew ... m, borzh ... mi, protection ... lka, shch ... chka, raincoat ... m.

Exercise 6. Rewrite the text, inserting missing letters and punctuation marks.

Pleasant memories Old Prince Golits ... loved to talk about the summer he spent ... in the villa

near Nice ... th in the south of France ... and. He described in detail the splendid garden with flowers... coward trees and lush rose bushes, an old palace... in which his friends played music in the evenings. Singers… and orc…strangers used to gather here; in their circle one could encounter an outstanding conductor…rum in…holoncellist violinist…m. And what were the nights! Sh...rohi of shady alleys sh...sweat of gloss...twisted magnolia leaves aroma to...paris!

The prince and the duke were invited to a symphony concert. In the first part they listened to "Italian Capriccio" by Ch ... ykovsky and in the second "Ballad" by Sh ... foam.

After Nice…travel through Franz…and then Switzerland Z…rich. On the waters he tried to improve his health and was treated. In Poland, he stayed with the Ts ... vlovskys. There, too, the musicians ... were playing. But the youth preferred the ts…rk to opera music. This did not impress the old aesthete prince, even shocked him.

The return to Russia was marked by a tour along the Crimean coast of the Black Sea, to healing springs. The whole summer is a change of impressions ... smoldering!

But soon there was a revolution ... I had to think about emigration ... and. Prince Golits recalled all this more than once ... and explaining how he then ended up behind

frontier...m away from Russia and why he no longer rests in a villa near Nice...th.

Exercise 7. Come up with a short text rich in words with the spelling being studied. Orally explain the spelling of the vowels after the sibilants in these words.

2.4. Spelling of consonants

					Table 2.4.

					Exceptions and
					notes
Necessary			Cutting (cutting),		Wedding bba (although matchmaker, matchmaker
			hammer bba (mo-		t at), ladder tnitsa (although le-
or choose a relative			loti t), mushroom b ki		z y), hole (although from-
			(mushroom oh)		turn up).
	for the doubt				The rule does not apply
noah consonant stood					is translated into foreign words:
vowel or consonant					abstraction (although abstraction
L, M, N, R					g to sirovatsya), transcription
					(although transcribed).
Writing words with non-			Ac best, bass
verifiable			ketball, wet chi
vowels		determine-		railway station,
		spelling	mund pieces,
Czech dictionary			foot ball

Exceptions and

notes

complex abbreviation

Glavv rach,

genus-

If the first part is difficult-

in other words, if one

house,

zamm ini-

abbreviated word okan-

partly ends, and

Moss o-

chimes

double agreement

starts

Noah, then in this very word

the same co-

write only one co-

vowel: horseman, grouporg

If the base word

score

Crystal - crystal,

ends in two

scoring,

Finn - Finnish, column a -

the same

promise -

column, tons a - five-

nye, then before suf-

promissory,

tone, operetta a - opera-

by fixing they are saved

program

ret ka, mann aya (groats) -

programs

manka, Alla - Alka.

Double Zh is written

in the roots of words

the presence of alternation

reins, yeast, burning, buzzing

zg - zzh, zd - zzh is not written

reap, juniper and single root

double Zh , azzh :vi zzh a

with them

(squeal), arrival zzh aat (arrival).

prefixes

invocation,

It is necessary to distinguish between writing

prefix

dawn,

kind of move

ends, and the root

loosen up,

(prefix on-) and give-

starts with the same

to do

sya (prefix sub-).

same consonant

Writing double co-

Abb reviatu-

Remember suffixes: -ess-

vowels in foreign languages

ra, acc lima-

(poetess a), -is- (actress a),

words determined by

tization, op-

(operetta a),

position

Issimus (Generaliss Imus)

checks

Giant

Spinner ut (although glitter et),

niya words that have in

(giants),

ladder nitsa (although the forest is nka),

pasture

sk lyanka (although glass)

consonants vstv, zdn,

(paste uh)

ndsk, ntsk, stl, stn and

late but (before-

etc., it is necessary to change

building t), ser d-

thread shape

words or

tse (heart ech-

pick up

one-root

taste-

new word to after

n y (taste o-

first or second co-

howl), teaching st-

vowel

standing vowel

st ie)

Exercise 8. Rewrite the words, inserting, where necessary, the missing consonants.

Ak ... horde, ak ... urate, al ... yuminy, ap ... etit, antenna ... a, an ... elate, ap ... el ... yatsiya, ap ... arat, as ... istent, as ... otsiatsia, at ... traction, ball ... he,

After w, h, w, u, the letters u, i, s, e are not written, but the letters y, a, and, e are written, for example: miracle, pike, hour, grove, sorrel, fat, sew, tire, boss.
The letters s, e, yu, i are only allowed in the following cases:

In the few borrowed common nouns: jury, parachute (and derivatives parachute, parachutist, airborne, etc.), brochure (and in all formations from this word: brochure, brochure, brochure, etc.), fichu (outdated, lace scarf), montage (apparatus for raising or lowering liquid by pressure), embouchure (mouthpiece, part of a wind instrument) * shutte ( fungal disease pine seedlings), sheng (Chinese musical instrument, a genus of harmonica).
In borrowed proper names and surnames: Jules, Chun, Saint-Just, Schütz, Sheng Li, I. Avizhius, Čiurlionis, Y. Marcinkyavičius, Levon Mkrtchyan and others, as well as in geographical names: Longjumeau, Kaišiadbris, Pirčiupis (Lithuanian village), Siauliai, Truong Thanh (Vietnamese village), etc.

The use of letters u, i, s, e after hissing in borrowed words is caused by the need to reflect in writing (graphic means) the peculiarity of pronunciation in the word, characteristic of the source language: the letters u, i emphasize the soft pronunciation of the hissing, letters s, e - hard.
If after w, h, w, u under stress is pronounced o, then the letter o is written, without stress it is written e:

In the endings of nouns and adjectives, for example: shoulderb, knifebm, shalashbm, shoulderbm, Fomi-chbm, cloak, mezhby, rein, dushby, candle, sling, alien (alien, alien, oh alien), big (big, big - shbmu, o big), borschbm, fistula, cartilage, Ilyichbm, Kuzmichbm, elder (older, elder, o elder), etc., but without stress: obbrvysh, finish, silly, bag, ignorant, jacket, tornado, porridge, prey, sij, holy, knife, gathering, spectacle, Sivvich, Petrovich, Gnedich, Misha, prickly (prickly, about prickly), larger (big, about bbl), hot (hot, about hot), etc. Also under the accent is written about in the endings of the middle gender short forms adjectives: fresh legend, general assumption, but without stress: the substance is viscous, etc., adverbs: naked, naked (frozen form instrumental nouns), etc. Under stress after nouns hissing in the endings, e is written if the sound [e] is pronounced: kalanchey, candle, reins, tick (genitive case plural from the tower, candle, knife, rein, tick, etc.).
In the suffixes of nouns: -ok, for example: rozhbk, cockerel, hook, borschbk, balychbk, dyachbk, zhenishbk; - onok: bear, mouse, galchbnok, barrel, turkey-shbnok, arapchbnok; -onk-a: book, shirt, hand, money, river; but without stress: ovryzhek, order, cake, little book, etc .; adjective names: -ov-, for example: hedgehog, penny, brocade, canvas, walrus, reed, uzbvy, Fomichbva hat, Kuzmichbva car, but without stress: orange, punchy, pear, guzhevby, melingevsh, cartilage, etc .; -on-, -ok- (with fluent -o-): funny, princess, kishbk; but without stress: earrings, sinful, strishen, needed, must, etc .; adverbs, for example: hot to argue, general to speak, but without stress: to move awkwardly, etc. Exception: still.
After words hissing at the root, o is written if, when the word changes or when other words are formed from the same root, the stress remains constant and o does not alternate with e; obzhbra, gooseberry, zhbm, treshchbtka, slum, thicket, chbkatsya, chbporny, shbv, shbroh, shbry; borzhbm, pizhbn, rozhbn, anchbus, chbmga, dzhbul, chbh, etc., as well as in given names, surnames and geographical names: Ashbt, Zhbrzh, Shblokhov. Shbshin, Chbser, Shbu, Shchbrs, Pechbrin, Pechbra (but the Pechersk Lavra, Melnikov-Pechersky), Izhbra, Chbna, Shbsha, etc. In the words zhor (region, strong biting of fish), zazhbr (special, ice jam during the ice drift, water under the snow when melting), burn (and burn, burn, burn, burn), burn (outdated, canteen), burn row (obsolete), burn (and burn, burn, burn) is written about ( in other formations from this root, before the suffix -a-, it is written and: to gorge, fatten, get fat, etc.).
The letter o after hissing under stress is also written in compound words. For example: ZHOKH (“Journal of General Chemistry”), CHON (special purpose units), SHOM-2 (crushed stone cleaning machine), etc.

The letter o after sibilants is usually stressed, but in a number of borrowed words o is also written in an unstressed syllable. For example: crepe georgette, highway, chocolate, chauvinist, juggler, scottish woman, jockey, shoshbny (Indian tribe), ryncho, bynjo, majordomo, as well as names, surnames and geographical names: Jolid Curie, Jonatyn Swift, Giordino Bruno , Giovanni Boccaccio, Shoty Rustaveli, Shostakbvich, Correggio, Chopin, Sholbn, Sholapur and others.
In all other cases, after w, h, w, u, the letter e (e) is written under stress, although it is pronounced o, namely:

In verbal endings - eat, -et, -eat, -et, for example: lie, lie, bake, bake, slash, slash, burn, burn, burn, burn, pound, pound, etc.

The letter e (ё) is also written in the prepositional case of the pronoun what: on what, about what, with what and in words formed from this form (moreover, useless, nothing at all).

In the verbal suffixes -yovyva-, -yova-, for example: shade, migrate, shade, delimit (delimited, delimited), yeasted, retouched, etc.
In the participle suffix passive voice-yonn- (-yon-) and in words formed from such participles, for example: tense, tense, tension, tense; detached, detachment, softened, softened; simplified, simplicity; scientist, learning; crushed; burnt, burnt.
In the suffix of verbal nouns -yovk-, for example: migration, demarcation, shading. They should be distinguished from nouns that arose from nominal adjectives (they always write -ov- under stress, regardless of the suffix in the adjective: -ov- or -ev-): For example: pear (although pear), gugbvka ( although guzhevdy), knife (although knife and knife), uzbvnik (zhbvy). Also hrychbvka, melo-chbvka (from nouns grunt, trifle with the suffix -ovk-). In the words warbler (songbird), Grrshevka ( locality) and similar ones are written e, since the stress does not fall on the suffix.

In the suffix of borrowed nouns -ёr, for example: conductor, retoucher, trainee, boyfriend.
To write e (e) at the root of a word, one of two conditions is necessary: a) when a word changes or when new words are formed from the same root, the stress goes to another syllable: yellow- (turn yellow), hard (hard), millstones (millstones) , acorn (acorns), wheat (millet), cheap, cheap (cheaper), silk (silky), wool (woolen), lattice, lattice (sieve), alkali (alkaline), whisper (whisper); shuttle (shuttle), bangs (brow); b) the stress does not move to another syllable, but there is an alternation of ё and е in the root: even (odd), report, account (deduction, subtract), burned, set fire, set fire (burn, set fire), walked (walked), chew ( chew), perch (pole), slit (slit), calculation (comb). For a number of words we find both conditions. For example: purse - purse - purse, devil - devil - devilry, cheap - cheaper - cheap, etc.

Different spellings have been introduced for the same-sounding formations from the verb to burn: in nouns it is written about, in verbs - e. For example: severe burn, burn fuel, accusation of arson, underburned brick, heartburn, charcoal burner, gas burner, Prozhogin and burnt face, burnt everything firewood, set fire to a house, burned a lot of fuel, burned a jacket, etc. It is written about and in an adjective if it is formed from a noun. For example, burn disease, burn department of the hospital. The word zhzhenka is written with ё, since this letter is a suffix, not a root. The words vecherka (region, evening rest), “Vechorka” (evening newspaper) are written with ё (correlate with the word evening), but are outdated. vechbr (the day before) should be written with Fr.

And a completely different, but also heart-grabbing impression from the "Concert" Dzhsrdzhtsne (foreign surname) (N. Kuzmin). 2. A broom walks with a hot scratch (scratch) on a raspberry back (A. Tvardovsky). 3. Cold is like a burn (verb ending) to the heart (A. N. Tolstoy). 4. Spirka looked at him with a hard (gesture) grin on the yellow (turn yellow) bilious (bile) face of the painter (V. Panov). 5. Three daughters (A. Griboedov) grow up in a family unprime (chbporno). 6. Where to go from the princesses (in the noun suffix under stress) (A. Griboedov). 7. He flew through the snowdrifts barefoot, in a shirt torn on his stomach (in the noun suffix under stress) and short shorts (in the noun suffix under stress) (I. Bunin). 8. You are upset (verb), my poor Avdey (I. Turgenev). 9. Vladimir Lugovskoy read wonderful poems about a bear (in the suffix of the adjective without stress) bear (in the suffix of the noun under stress) (V. Emelyanov). 10. We clinked (clinked, clinked) for the health of the artists (JI. Tolstoy). 11. But these words did not shock Chachikov (shock) (K. Paustovsky). 12. An unwashed Tatar child walked (verb) ahead (in the suffix of a noun under stress) (V. Lugovskoy). 13. The valley is dotted with warriors, the system flows behind the system (verb) (A. Pushkin). 14. Despite the extraordinary strength of his physical abilities, he [Troekurov] ra: for two he suffered from gluttony (zhor) (A. Pushkin). 15. The ruler is weak and crafty, a bald dandy (dandy), an enemy of labor, inadvertently warmed by fame, then reigned over us (A. Pushkin). 16. But now the crowd hesitated, a whisper (whisper) ran through the hall (A. Pushkin).

Vowels in Russian are not numerous, but there are a lot of spelling rules regarding them. These letters are found in various parts of the word and in combination with various consonants. Vowels after hissing are especially difficult. There are a lot of rules here, we will try to systematize them and bring them concrete examples. The iotated vowel also causes a lot of controversy. After a vowel of this kind, as a rule, a dividing one is written. Usually, the spelling is considered to be the letter that is in a weak position (i.e. under stress), however, in combination with hissing and a strong position, it can raise many questions. Therefore, we will analyze the rules for vowels in both strong and weak positions.

Iotated vowels

First, let's look at what an iotized vowel is. After a vowel, at the beginning of a word, or before a hard or soft sign similar letters are pronounced with the sound [th] at the beginning: [yo] f (hedgehog), lie’ [yo] (lie), plea [ya] yes (pleiade).

This is e, yo, yu, i, as well as and. The last vowel after a vowel has an iotated design, as well as at the beginning of a word, but here or after soft and hard signs - no. For example, Zina [yi] yes (Zinaida), but [and] grief.

E after a vowel, it also gives an ioted sound: po[ye] hal, vo[ye]ny.

Letters a, y after hissing

The use of the term "sibilant consonants" is quite common. What does it mean? These are the sounds that, when articulated, are accompanied by a characteristic hissing design. This is w, w, w, h, c.

It should be said that initially they had a pair of softness or were always hard, but with the development of the language they lost either a pair (for example, [g], [w]) or from primordially hard they became soft ([h]).

This explains the vowel after them. After a vowel, standing hissing, as a rule, does not affect anything. So, after the hissing is always written only a or at(use I or Yu counts gross mistake). For example: Jacqueline, jasmine, creepy, screw, shawl, sorrel, pike, thicket, seagull, heron, tsunami.

This rule does not apply to words of foreign origin, some surnames and toponyms: brochure, Jules, Qianjian, parachute, jury, Kotsyubinsky, Steponavichyus.

Spelling and, s after sibilants

It should be remembered that after all hissing, except c, only a letter is written and. A vowel can be followed by any consonant or another

For example: fat, animal, life, wide, fascist, kids, shield, raincoats, bream, purge, swords, read.

There are exceptions in the rule, they relate to proper names, they can be written s. For example, the Vietnamese name Truong.

And or s in combination with c

Let's figure out which vowels should be written after c. Letter s written in the following cases:

If it is at the end of a noun or adjective. For example: three capitals, brave fellows, short fur, narrow-faced man, pickles.
In proper and common nouns with the suffix -yn or -tsyn-: Tsaritsyno, Golitsyn, fox tail, kunitsyn fur.
In some exception words: gypsy (and all its derivatives), chicken, poke, tiptoe.

In surnames and or s after c is not regulated by the rule, only by title documents, in which the correct spelling is indicated. For example, in the names Kunitsyn, Staritsyn is written s, and Yeltsin or Vitsin must be written through and.

Now let's look at the cases when c required to consume and. These are all those that do not fall under the rules listed above.

Roots of words (except for the exceptions listed in paragraph 3 of the previous rule). For example: figure, circus, cynomolgus, specific, cylinder, Tsiolkovsky, vaccine.
Suffixes of foreign origin: constitution, revolution, organization, interpretation, medicine, routing, calcite.
As a link between parts compound word and in abbreviations it is also written and: All-Russian Central Executive Committee, special interview, blitzinform.

Striking position o, e in combination with hissing

In a strong position to convey the sound [e], after hissing one should write e. For example: pearls, tin, whispers, rustle, crack, rubble, goal, centner, jaw, honor.

Vowels o/e after hissing, they obey their own rules.

First, let's figure out when to write about.

If it is part of the ending of nouns or adjectives (barge, boundary, shoulder, rifle, alien, big), as well as an adverb suffix: hot, fresh.
If is a noun suffix. We list the options for such morphemes: -ok- (friend, circle, pie, jump); -onk- (book, piece of paper, money, girls, boys, barrels); -onok-/-chonok- (barrel, galchonok, hare, badger); -onysh (as a rule, these are colloquial words: zhonysh, baby); -ovk- (raincoat, fighter, small things); -ob- (slum, thicket); -otk- (ratchet) and the last suffix -ovschin- requires an ending a: stabbing.
If -ov- is: penny, walrus, brocade. This also includes nouns derived from these words, ending it -ovka-/-ovnik-: mat, brocade, penny, pear, speech. also the suffix -ov- is often found in surnames. Here it is worth focusing on the documents given at birth. So, Borshov and Borshchev, Khrushchev and Khrushchev, Kumachov or Kumachev can be written.
If it is an adverb or an adjective with the suffinx -small-: small (little), fresh (freshly). These words are colloquial.
If it is fluent in nouns and adverbs: zhor (eat); burn (burn); trouble (rozhon); guts (guts - genitive case).
If the word is borrowed and the vowels after hissing are in its root: joker, shorts, anchovy, major, Joyce (proper names also obey this rule).

When should you write e under stress?

We list the cases when at the root after the hissing one should write e:

Oh and e in an unstressed position

As for spelling about or e in an unstressed position, it is necessary to remember that in a weak position one should write the letter that is heard in a strong one. This applies to both roots: tin - tin; wool - wool; turn yellow - yellow; and suffixes: key, raincoat, scourging; and endings: husband, watchman, redhead.

You should remember foreign words in which it is written in an unstressed position about: majordomo, highway, shock, lecho, Chopin, poncho, banjo and others. Their spelling should be checked against a spelling dictionary.

O and e in combination with c

After the letter c in a weak position about and e are checked by a strong position: to filter - to filter, censorship - censor, workshop - workshop. Also: pepper, fighting, pollen.

Words of foreign origin may contain unstressed about after c: mezzo, scherzo, duke.

clatter is written through about(clatter).