All sciences of economic development consider the organization's own capital as a component of the reproduction process. The authors of all theories recognize its decisive role in market relations. In this regard, not only general, but also specific issues of its use become relevant. Let us consider further in more detail what the equity capital of an enterprise is.

General information

The formation and improvement of the market system led to the emergence of various kinds of economic objects of analysis and accounting. One of them was the enterprise's own capital. Any company that operates separately from the rest, conducts production or other commercial activities, must have certain funds. Equity capital acts as the main source of financing for the functioning of the company.

Characteristic

Today, most businesses are owned by one or more entities. Maintaining documentation that confirms rights and various transactions acts as an accounting subject. Own capital is a set of funds that belong to the owner. They participate in the production process and bring income to the owner. The totality of funds includes sources of resources that differ in economic content, principles of use and formation. With a high proportion of equity capital in the liabilities side of the balance sheet, we can talk about the stability of the financial condition of the entity. For a company to grow, it needs sustainable equity capital. These funds act as a guarantee of the company’s survival in the market.

Classification

Shareholders' equity represents a company's assets minus its liabilities. In accounting it is divided into subclasses:

Structure

Own capital consists of investment and accumulated funds. The first represent contributions from the company's owners. They include the nominal price of preferred and common shares, as well as additional paid-in capital. Investment funds are presented in the balance sheet of a joint-stock company in two parts: additional and authorized capital. The accumulated fund is created over and above what was originally advanced by the owners.

Net worth: formula

The company's sources of funds include, among other things, raised funds. They include loans, borrowings and other debt - the company's obligations to other entities. Passive capital is represented by sources of property, including borrowed and own funds. Assets: the value of property by location and composition - everything that the company possesses, acting as a legal entity. Using these elements, you can create the following equation:

Sk + Fo = A, where

A – assets,

SK – equity capital,

Fo – financial obligations.

In some cases, Sk acts as a residual. In this case, it reflects all the funds that remain with the organization after repayment of obligations. Using the equation, you can determine your net worth. The formula will be as follows:

Sk = A - Fo.

Asset value

The size of Sk is not constant. The amount varies depending on the field of activity and development goals. The adjustment is carried out according to the conditions of profit maximization. The total value of the assets that a company manages is called its balance sheet value. Other concepts are also used:

Efficiency of using SK

In market conditions, analysis of the company's financial position is essential. This is due to the fact that firms gain independence and are fully responsible for the results of production and entrepreneurial activity to the owners and employees. In this regard, return on equity is an economic category that reflects the state of funds during their use. It shows the company's ability to develop itself at a particular moment.

Depending on the functional affiliation, a distinction is made between own working capital and fixed assets. The latter are a set of fixed assets, intangible assets and funds that do not have a specific purpose, but are used in production. Profitability, capital intensity, capital productivity are indicators on the basis of which a general characteristic of the efficiency of circulation of funds is formed.

Profitability

Return on equity is calculated by the ratio of net profit to the average annual value of invested assets. The cost of individual components (borrowed, operating and other funds) can be used as the latter. The main synthetic indicator is the equity ratio. It shows the amount of profit the company receives from every ruble invested in assets.

A general description of the intensity of use of fixed assets is given by the values ​​of capital intensity and capital productivity. The last indicator determines the cost of one product per unit price of fixed capital. Capital intensity reflects the need for funds per unit of cost of the result.

Own working capital and the efficiency of its use deserve special attention. This is due to the fact that the rational implementation of these funds has an impact on increasing production volume, reducing the cost of goods, and increasing the profitability of the company. Assessing the efficiency of using working capital makes it possible to identify additional reserves and contribute to improving key economic indicators.

Velocity of Funds

The following elements are associated with it:

• the minimum required amount of involved (advanced) capital and the payment of funds related to it (dividends, interest, etc.);
• the need for additional revenue and payment for it;
• the amount of costs associated with the possession of commodity material assets and their storage;
• the amount of taxes and so on.

The shorter the turnover time, the more cycles the funds will make. The length of time assets remain in circulation is determined by the complex influence of internal and external factors of different directions. The economic situation in the state, as well as the economic conditions of the entities that are formed in a particular situation, are also of considerable importance. For example, due to inflationary processes and the lack of established relationships with customers and suppliers for most companies, a forced accumulation of inventories occurs. They, in turn, significantly slow down the turnover of funds.

Equity capital is the property of an enterprise that is used to form assets. By analyzing the indicator, financial directors, business owners, and investors draw conclusions about the company’s performance. We will tell you what is included in the organization's equity capital, how to calculate it on the balance sheet and how to analyze the obtained figures.

Own capital - what is it?

Equity capital is the property of an organization owned by it, which is used to form assets.

Foreign sources indicate that the amount of equity capital consists of:

• paid-up capital (received from investors in exchange for shares);
• donated (buildings, land and other material assets donated free of charge);
• retained earnings of the company minus obligations.

Equity Analysis

When analyzing equity capital, it should be taken into account that its volume must be greater than zero. If this requirement is not met, this indicates that the enterprise has an excessive credit burden and low indicators of highly liquid assets.

If a company seeks to be attractive to new investors, then management must ensure that the amount of equity capital is greater than the authorized capital. This ratio will ensure self-sufficiency, and will also make the possibility of an influx of new investments more realistic.

Calculating the amount of equity capital determined using the traditional method is very simple. Within this interpretation equity on the balance sheet is figures corresponding to line 1300 of the balance sheet.

The formula for equity in this case is:

Net worth = p. 1300.

However, if we talk about the interpretation of the essence of equity capital as net assets, in this case the definition equity on the balance sheet is the task is more difficult. Let's study the features of its solution.

Calculation of equity from the balance sheet: the Ministry of Finance method

Having agreed that net assets and equity are one and the same thing, we can determine their essence based on the criteria recorded in Russian regulatory legal acts. There are quite a lot of relevant sources of law. Among those having the widest jurisdiction is Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated August 28, 2014 No. 84n.

In accordance with the method of the Ministry of Finance, the structure of assets accepted for calculation must contain absolutely all assets, with the exception of those that reflect the debt of the founders and shareholders for contributions to the authorized capital of the company.

In turn, obligations must also be taken into account, except for some future income, namely those associated with receiving assistance from the state, as well as the gratuitous receipt of this or that property.

We calculate equity according to the balance sheet lines

Calculating net assets, and therefore equity capital, using the Ministry of Finance method involves the use of information:

From line 1400 of the balance sheet;

Lines 1500;

1600 lines.

You will also need information showing the amount of debts of the founders of the business company (let’s agree to call them DOO), if any (they are reflected by posting Dt 75 Kt 80), as well as deferred income, or DBP (account credit 98).

The structure of the formula for determining net assets and at the same time equity capital is as follows. Necessary:

add the indicators along lines 1400, 1500;

subtract from the number obtained in paragraph 1 those that correspond to the credit of account 98 (for income in the form of assistance from the state and gratuitous receipt of property);

subtract from the number on line 1600 the indicators corresponding to the posting Dt 75 Kt 80;

subtract from the number obtained in step 3 the result from step 2.

Thus, the formula for determining the value of the insurance premium according to the Ministry of Finance method will look like this:

Sk = (line 1600 – DUO) – ((line 1400 + line 1500) – DBP).

What is the optimal amount of equity capital

Owner's equity or net assets must be at least positive. If this is not the case, then the business most likely has significant problems - mainly in terms of the credit load, as well as the sufficiency of highly liquid assets.

It is highly desirable that the amount of equity capital or net assets be higher than the amount of the authorized capital of the company.

This criterion is important, first of all, from the point of view of maintaining the investment attractiveness of the business. A business must pay for itself and ensure an influx of new capital. Net assets of sufficient size are one of the most significant indicators of the quality of a company's business model.

There is one more aspect of the importance of equity capital. If we mean net assets by it, then it must be equal to or exceed the size of the authorized capital. Otherwise, the company, if it is an LLC, is subject to liquidation (Clause 4, Article 90 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Or it will be necessary to increase the authorized capital of the LLC to the amount of net assets. A similar scenario is also possible in relation to JSC (subclause 2, clause 6, article 35 of Law No. 208-FZ).

An organization's equity (equity) is the value of its assets, unencumbered by liabilities. Thus, equity is the difference between assets and liabilities. Equity analysis has the following main objectives:

1) identify the main sources of formation of equity capital and determine the consequences of their changes for the financial stability of the enterprise;

2) establish the organization’s ability to preserve capital;

3) assess the possibility of increasing capital;

4) determine legal, contractual and financial restrictions on the disposal of current and accumulated retained earnings. Own capital can be considered in the following aspects: accounting, financial and legal. Analysis of equity capital involves assessing the initial investment of capital and its subsequent changes associated with additional investments, net profit received, and other reasons due to which an increase (decrease) of equity capital occurs. This aspect of the problem is reflected in the concept of maintaining (preserving) capital, in order to protect the interests of creditors, as well as for an objective assessment by the owners of the final financial result obtained and the possibilities of its distribution.

To analyze and justify the optimal structure of financing funds, you can use the following classification.

Equity Division

To external (through the issue of shares) sources of funds,

Internal (at the expense of part of the profit) sources of funds, as well as

The allocation of bank loans, loans from other organizations, funds received through the issuance of corporate bonds, budgetary allocations, and others, into a separate separate group of borrowed sources of financing allows analysts to take into account specific goals that stand separately for the owners (proprietors, shareholders) of the organization and its creditors.

The following indicators play an important role in the process of justifying the optimal structure of funding:

Return on equity (/?sk)>

Economic profitability (K e).

Financial leverage (capitalization ratio, 11 x).

This set of indicators is used to assess the impact of capital structure on the level of efficiency of a particular investment option. The above indicators are calculated using the following formulas:

where ZK is the amount of borrowed capital, thousand rubles;

SK - the amount of funds from external and internal sources of the organization's own capital, thousand rubles;

P is the amount of profit before interest on borrowed funds and income tax;

P h - the amount of net profit, thousand rubles;

SK+ZK - amount of financing (total capital) thousand rubles.

Indicator return on equity (),

calculated using net profit and after interest payments, can be presented in the following form:

where np is the rate of tax and other similar deductions from the profit of the enterprise, in fractions of a unit;

r is the average weighted interest rate on borrowed funds, in fractions of one.

To determine the degree of impact of the capital structure on the level of efficiency of financing activities, return on equity capital (a target indicator that takes into account the interests of the owners of the organization) can be used as an optimization criterion.

As a criterion for optimizing a general indicator, which, on the one hand, takes into account the interests of the owners of the organization, on the other hand, combines private indicators of profitability and financial risk, you can use the ratio “profitability - financial risk” (PP). This indicator is calculated using the following formula:

where r br is the risk-free rate of return on the financial market, in fractions of one;

– level of financial risk.

The optimal variant of the capital structure is considered to be the one in which the PP indicator will have the greatest value (PP-> max).

Another evaluation criterion that can also be used to optimize the capital structure is payback period (C OK ), characterizing the rate of return on invested capital.

In this case, C 0 to is calculated using the net profit remaining after payment of interest and taxes, according to the formula:

When analyzing equity capital, it is necessary to pay attention to the ratio of inflow and outflow ratios. If the values ​​of the income coefficients exceed the values ​​of the retirement coefficients, it means that the organization is in the process of increasing its own capital, and vice versa.

1.Receipt rate:

2. Attrition rate:

To assess the degree of liquidity of an organization's assets (except for non-profit ones), the report certificate reflects the “Net Assets” indicator (p. 200), which is used to analyze the financial position of the organization.

The procedure for calculating the net assets of an enterprise was approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. Yun and Order of the Federal Commission for the Securities Market No. 03-6/pz dated January 29, 2003.

The assets accepted for calculation include:

All non-current assets of the enterprise reflected in section I of the balance sheet;

Current assets reflected in Section II of the balance sheet, except for the cost in the amount of the actual costs of repurchasing its own shares purchased by the joint-stock company from shareholders for their subsequent resale or cancellation, and the debt of the participants (founders) for contributions to the authorized capital.

The liabilities accepted for calculation include:

All items of section IV of the balance sheet - long-term liabilities to banks and other legal entities - line 590;

Items of section V of the balance sheet - short-term borrowed funds, accounts payable, debt to participants in the payment of income, reserves for future expenses and payments and other short-term liabilities - the sum of lines 610 + 620 +630 + 650 + 660. Article “Income

future periods" (line 640), as well as the articles of Section III are not included in the calculations.

2. Analyze the profitability of securities of Parus LLC. Calculate missing indicators, evaluate their values ​​and dynamics. Determine the impact on the “Earnings per share” indicator of changes in factors: the number of ordinary shares and the amount of net profit and dividends on preferred shares, using the chain substitution method. Write the conclusion.

Growth rate

This is an indicator that reflects the percentage of growth of a statistical value in the current period compared to the previous one.

Let B be the value of the base period, and O be the value of the reporting period.

To calculate the growth rate the following is used formula:

Growth rate = (O/B) * 100%.

81 334 / 55 730 * 100 = 145,9% (>

2 415 / 3 344 * 100 = 72, 2% (< 100% - отрицательная динамика)

20,550 / 19,250 * 100 = 106.7% (> 100% - positive dynamics)

450 / 602 * 100 = 74,7% (< 100% - отрицательная динамика)

420 / 315 * 100 = 133.3% (> 100% - positive dynamics)

Earnings per ordinary share (EPOS)- shows what share of net profit falls on one ordinary share in circulation. Shares outstanding are defined as the difference between the total number of common shares issued and the treasury shares in the portfolio. If the company's capital structure includes preference shares, the amount of dividends paid on preference shares must first be deducted from the net profit. It should be noted that this indicator is one of the most important indicators affecting the market value of a company's shares.

Calculated using the formula: NI - PD/Nos./ = (Net profit - Dividends on preferred shares)/ Number of ordinary shares in circulation. This indicator is calculated only for an annual period.

Dividends per share (DPS) (Dividend yield)- shows the amount of dividends distributed to each ordinary share. Calculated using the formula:

OD/Nos. = Dividends on common shares/ Number of common shares outstanding. This indicator is also calculated only for an annual period.

Coverage ratio dividends (ODS) (Dividend payout)- demonstrates the company’s ability to pay dividends from profits. Shows how many times dividends can be paid from the net profit of the enterprise. Calculated using the formula:

NI - PD/OD. = (Net profit - dividends on preferred shares) / Dividends on ordinary shares. This indicator is calculated only for an annual period.

Total assets per share (TAOS)- shows what share of the enterprise’s assets is owned by the holder of one ordinary share. Calculated using the formula:

TA/Nos. = Total assets/number of common shares.

9 The concept of organization capital. Features of its classification.

Capital is value advanced into production for the purpose of making a profit.

Term "capital" is interpreted ambiguously in the economic literature. On the one hand, capital refers to the sum of share capital, share premium and retained earnings. On the other hand, capital refers to all long-term sources of funds. In the first case, capital is the interest of the owners of the organization. In this case, the amount of capital is calculated as the difference between the valuation of the organization’s assets and its debt to third parties (creditors, the state, its own employees, etc.). Depending on what estimates (prices) are used in the calculation (accounting or market), the amount of capital can be calculated in different ways. This approach is widely accepted among accountants.

Term "capital" often used to characterize the assets of an organization, dividing them into fixed (long-term assets, including work in progress) and working capital (all current assets of the organization) capital. This approach is widespread among economists. There is also a definition of capital as the total value of funds in monetary, tangible and intangible forms invested in the formation of the organization’s assets. In this case, capital is considered as a property complex with the help of which its owner expects to receive income in the future, i.e. something that can generate income in the future. With this interpretation, capital exists in material and value forms. Capital in its material form is called funds. The valuation of funds is called funds. Often the term "capital" used in relation to both sources of funds and assets. With this approach, when characterizing sources, they speak of “passive capital,” and when characterizing assets, they speak of “active capital,” dividing it into fixed capital (long-term assets, including construction in progress) and working capital (this includes all current assets).

In Western literature, capital refers to all sources of funds used to finance assets and operations, including short-term and long-term debt, preferred and ordinary shares (balance sheet liabilities).

10.Equity

Capital is a combination of equity and debt capital. Equity capital is the sum of authorized, reserve and additional capital, as well as retained earnings and targeted financing. Changes in an entity's equity between the beginning and end of the reporting period reflect increases or decreases in its net assets during the period. Under conditions of the dominance of the financial concept of capital, a change in the value of net assets indicates a change in the organization’s own capital, i.e. about the growth or decline of its capitalization over the period. Borrowed capital is loans, borrowings and accounts payable, i.e. obligations of the organization to individuals and legal entities.

Own capital of the organization

Enterprise capital can be viewed from several perspectives. First of all, it is advisable to distinguish between real capital, i.e. existing in the form of means of production, and money capital, i.e. existing in the form of money and used to purchase means of production, as a set of sources of funds to ensure the economic activities of an enterprise. Let us first consider money capital. Funds that support the activities of an enterprise are usually divided into own and borrowed funds. An enterprise's equity represents the value (monetary value) of the enterprise's property, which is entirely owned by it. In accounting, the amount of equity capital is calculated as the difference between the value of all property on the balance sheet, or assets, including amounts unclaimed from various debtors of the enterprise, and all liabilities of the enterprise at a given point in time. The equity capital of an enterprise consists of various sources: authorized or share capital, various contributions and donations, profit, which directly depends on the results of the enterprise's activities. A special role belongs to the authorized capital, which will be discussed in more detail below. Borrowed capital is capital that is attracted by an enterprise from outside in the form of loans, financial assistance, amounts received as collateral, and other external sources for a specific period, under certain conditions, under any guarantees.

11. Borrowed capital of the organization

Borrowed capital- this is capital that is attracted by an enterprise from the outside in the form of loans, financial assistance, amounts received as collateral, and other external sources for a specific period, under certain conditions under any guarantees.

Borrowed capital (enterprise liabilities)

Borrowed capital in the capital structure of an enterprise consists of short- and long-term liabilities.

Long-term liabilities- these are loans and borrowings with a repayment period of more than a year.

Current liabilities- these are liabilities with a maturity of less than 1 year (for example, short-term loans and borrowings, accounts payable).

Differences between equity and debt capital of an enterprise

World practice shows that the cheapest source is debt financing, since creditors are in a more privileged position compared to the owners of the enterprise. They retain the right to a return on their investment, and in the event of bankruptcy, their claims will be satisfied before those of the shareholders. Nevertheless, the uncontrolled growth of debt financing can significantly reduce the financial stability of an enterprise, cause a fall in the market price of its shares, and in case of unfavorable developments, put the enterprise at risk of bankruptcy

The financial stability of an enterprise is its solvency.

12. Loan capital market.

The capital market is a part of the financial market where supply and demand for medium- and long-term borrowed capital is formed. The capital market performs the following functions: Firstly, it unites small, scattered monetary savings of the population, government departments, private businesses, foreign investors and creates large monetary funds. Secondly, it transforms funds into borrowed capital, which provides external sources of financing for the material production of the national economy. Thirdly, it provides loans to government agencies and the population to solve such important tasks as covering the budget deficit, financing part of housing construction, and the like. The credit market allows for the accumulation, movement, distribution and redistribution of borrowed capital between spheres of the economy. The credit market is a mechanism through which relationships are established between enterprises and citizens who need funds, and organizations and citizens who can provide (lend) them under certain conditions. At the same time, the credit market is a synthesis of markets for different means of payment. In countries with developed market economies, credit agreements are mediated, firstly, by credit institutions (commercial banks or other institutions) that borrow and provide loans, and, secondly, by investment or similar organizations that ensure the issuance and movement of various debt obligations that are realized on a special securities market. The functioning of the capital market allows enterprises to solve problems of both the formation of investment resources for the implementation of real investment projects, and effective financial investment (implementation of long-term financial investments). Financial assets that circulate on the capital market tend to be less liquid; They are characterized by the highest level of financial risk and, accordingly, the highest level of profit. It should be noted that this traditional division of financial markets into the money market and the capital market in modern conditions of their functioning is somewhat conditional. This convention is determined by the fact that modern market financial technologies and the conditions for simulating many financial instruments provide a relatively simple and quick way to transform individual short-term financial assets into long-term ones and vice versa. Characterizing certain types of financial markets using both of the characteristics discussed above, it follows that these types of markets are closely interconnected and operate in the same market space. Yes, all types of markets that serve the circulation of financial assets (instruments, services) of different types are at the same time an integral part of both the money market and the capital market. Forms of turnover of funds (financial resources) in the capital market: bank loan; stock; bonds; financial derivatives; commercial papers.

13. Costs of production and sales of products.

The costs of production and sales of products are a set of enterprises’ expenses expressed in monetary terms for the production and sale of products (works, services). They ensure continuity of production and create conditions for the sale of products. In terms of economic content, they express the costs of society, since production is carried out in the interests of society, and the product is produced as a direct social product. Costs vary in composition and structure depending on the industry sector of the enterprise. They are also classified according to the method of attribution to cost, connection with production volume, and degree of homogeneity. Depending on the method of attribution to the cost of production, they are divided into:

Direct - associated with the production of certain types of products, which can be directly and directly included in the cost (raw materials, basic materials, wages of production workers, etc.);

Indirect - associated with the production of various products that cannot be attributed to the cost of a certain type of product (costs of maintaining and operating equipment, repairs of buildings, wages of engineering and technical workers, etc.).

They are included in the cost using special methods determined by industry guidelines on planning, accounting and costing.

Depending on the relationship between costs and production volume, the following are distinguished:

Conditionally fixed expenses are expenses whose value does not change significantly with an increase or decrease in the volume of output, as a result of which their relative value per unit of production changes (costs of heating, lighting, salaries of management personnel, depreciation charges, expenses for administrative and economic needs, etc.);

Conditionally variable costs are values ​​that depend on the volume of production; they grow or decrease in accordance with changes in the volume of output (costs of raw materials, basic materials, fuel, basic wages for production personnel, etc.).

According to the degree of homogeneity, costs are divided into:

Elementary;

Complex.

The elements have the same economic content regardless of their purpose. The purpose of grouping by elements is to identify the costs of production by their types (material costs, depreciation, etc.). The relationship between individual cost elements represents the cost structure of production. Complex costs include several elements and, therefore, are heterogeneous in composition. They are united for a specific economic purpose. Such costs are general plant expenses, losses from defects, costs of maintaining and operating equipment, etc. All costs of production and sales of products constitute the full cost. The composition of costs included in the cost of products (works, services) is currently determined by government decree. The cost of products (works, services) is a valuation of the natural resources, raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, fixed assets, labor resources used in the production process of products (works, services), as well as other costs for its production and sale. According to economic content, costs included in the cost of products (works, services) are grouped into the following elements: material costs; labor costs; contributions for social needs; depreciation of fixed assets; other costs.

14. Expenses and income of organizations.

Organization income - this is an increase in economic benefits as a result of the receipt of assets (cash, other property) and (or) the repayment of liabilities, leading to an increase in the capital of the organization, with the exception of contributions from participants (owners of property).

The economic basis for obtaining economic benefits is the creation of a new value of a product, work, service and its subsequent purchase by the consumer.

The income of the organization, depending on the nature and conditions of its receipt, is divided into income from ordinary activities and other income (Fig. 3.1).

TO income from ordinary activities include revenue from the sale of products and goods, receipts related to the performance of work and provision of services, accounts receivable, rent, license fees and royalties.

Revenue from the sale of goods, works and services refers to funds received into the account or cash register of an organization as a result of receiving economic benefits.

Accounts receivable is the amount of debts owed to the organization by other legal entities and individuals.

In organizations whose subject of activity is the provision of their assets for temporary use for a fee under a lease agreement, revenue is considered to be proceeds from this activity - rent.

In organizations whose subject of activity is the provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property, revenue is considered to be income related to this activity - license payments (including royalties) for the use of intellectual property.

Organization expenses - this is a decrease in economic benefits as a result of the disposal of assets (cash, other property) and (or) the occurrence of liabilities, leading to a decrease in the capital of this organization.

The classification of expenses of organizations depending on their nature and conditions of implementation is presented in table. 3.1.

By economic content The organization's expenses are divided into material, labor and monetary. Material costs are associated with resource support for the financial and economic activities of the organization and include the cost of purchased raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, fuel and electricity, and services of third-party organizations. Labor costs are used to pay the organization’s personnel. Cash expenses represent an outflow of cash. This is the payment of taxes and maintenance of the organization’s cash flow. For example, payments to the bank for cash management services, interest payments on loans.

By method decision making costs are divided into alternative and opportunity costs. Imputed expenses include expenses obligatory for the organization, for example, tax payments, payments to extra-budgetary funds, payment for licenses or membership in professional self-regulatory organizations. The remaining costs are alternative costs, since the organization can choose how to organize the production process.

For example, accounting can be carried out by having your own accounting service, or it can be transferred to another organization. In the first case, the organization bears labor costs, in the second - the costs of paying for the services of a third-party organization.

15.16 Structure and classification of expenses

Organization expenses- this is a decrease in economic benefits as a result of the disposal of assets (cash, other property) and/or the emergence of liabilities, leading to a decrease in the organization’s capital, with the exception of a decrease in contributions by decision of participants (owners of property). An organization's expenses represent the totality of the funds it used, related to assets, if they are capable of generating income in the future, or to liabilities, if this does not happen, that is, the organization's income will decrease. According to the current accounting methodology, disposals of funds are not recognized as expenses of the organization: in connection with the acquisition and creation of non-current assets of fixed assets, intangible assets, etc.); in connection with financial investments (contributions to authorized capital, acquisition of securities of other organizations, etc.); under commission agreements, agency and other similar agreements in favor of the principal, etc.; in the form of an advance payment, a deposit for payment of inventories and other valuables (work, services); in repayment of loans and borrowings received by the organization.

16. Structure and classification of income.

An organization's equity capital refers to the totality of funds available to the company. Or rather, funds belonging to the participants of the organization. How is the amount of an organization’s equity capital determined from the balance sheet data?

How to determine the amount of equity capital?

According to the balance sheet, the amount of the organization’s equity capital corresponds to the balance of line 1300 “Total for Section III,” i.e., the total amount for Section III “Capital and Reserves” of the balance sheet (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated July 2, 2010 No. 66n, clause 66 of the Order of the Ministry of Finance dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n).

Let us recall that the balance of capital and reserves in the balance sheet is determined as follows:

line 1310 “Authorized capital (share capital, authorized capital, contributions of partners)”

line 1320 “Own shares purchased from shareholders”

line 1340 “Revaluation of non-current assets”

line 1350 “Additional capital (without revaluation)”

line 1360 “Reserve capital”

line 1370 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”

It is from the organization's own capital that dividends are paid to participants. And upon termination of the organization’s activities, the size of its equity capital will show the amount of funds that is subject to distribution among participants. However, it is necessary to understand that equity can also be negative. This is possible in the case when an organization operates at a loss and its accumulated value exceeds the sum of other elements of equity capital (authorized, additional, reserve capital).

We talked in more detail about accounting for an organization’s equity capital in a separate section.

Please note that if the calculation of equity capital is made to determine the maximum amount of interest taken into account in expenses on controlled debt, then the amount of equity capital will be equal to the sum of the balance of line 1300 and debts on taxes and fees (