Research Group "Safety and Reliability"
Construction expertise, Building inspection, Energy audit, Land management, Design
Inspection of the facades of buildings is carried out in order to identify the condition of the facades. Also, the inspection of the facades of buildings is carried out in the emergency condition of the building. The methodology for examining the facades of buildings is reflected in GOST. Various methods are used to inspect building facades.
Construction expertise is a study of certain objects in order to establish their technical condition, identify and display in the conclusion the presence of defects and various kinds of damage.
In the course of such studies, a survey of the facades of buildings can be carried out. This involves examining the outer walls of the building. At the same time, the examination of facades is carried out through the use of a number of special techniques.
A façade survey results in concrete and clear conclusions about whether the building's façade needs to be repaired and, if so, how extensive such repairs should be.
Why is it necessary to inspect building facades?
As a rule, the examination of the walls of buildings and structures is associated with the presence of any controversial issues, the resolution of which is impossible without an expert opinion. Often such disputes are at the judicial stage, and the conclusion of the expert depends on what decision the court will make on the claim.
Such a procedure as an inspection of the facade of the building may be required in the following cases:
- Recognition of a house as emergency is impossible without a construction expertise, within the framework of which the inspection of the facade is carried out. At the same time, its condition, the ability to withstand loads and withstand external influences are clarified;
- When the house receives damage as a result of domestic fires or mechanical impact. In this case, an inspection of the facade is necessary to find out how serious the damage is and what work will be required to fix it. This procedure provides for an assessment of the degree of damage and the necessary costs;
- With structural changes in the structure. The subsidence of the foundation of the building, the impact on it of groundwater or a breakthrough of communications, the detection of its inclination and other similar circumstances require determining the degree of criticality of the changes. To do this, you need to examine the facade and take all the necessary measurements.
In any case, these events serve one purpose - to establish and fix changes in the facade. It may have general deformation as well as damage.
Such damage can be expressed in the form of cracks, chips, the absence of certain fragments, and so on.
At the same time, it is necessary to understand that when resolving disputes related to compensation for harm caused, confirmation of such harm and its extent is always required. Only a survey of the facade can answer these questions and determine the specific conclusions of the city authority or the court. The findings will be presented in the appropriate expert opinion.
How is this survey done?
In expert practice, there are two ways to conduct a survey of facades:
1. Through its visual inspection. In this case, the use of photo and video fixation is mandatory. This will preserve the image of damage to the building and will be useful in preparing the report. In addition, these materials are in all cases attached to the conclusion and serve as confirmation of the objectivity and validity of the expert conclusions.
Despite the apparent primitiveness, a visual examination is important, since it is according to its results that attention is drawn to certain problem areas of the facade;
2. Using special equipment and tools. Thus, measurements of the length, width and depth of mechanical damage - cracks, chips or swelling are carried out. With the help of devices, the structural condition of the walls is assessed, their suitability for further operation.
For example, by means of a sclerometer, the condition and strength qualities of concrete and brickwork are measured. The study is carried out using pulses that are emitted by this equipment.
In general, the inspection of facades in relation to the construction expertise is necessary to resolve questions about the suitability of residential buildings for human habitation, the need for their demolition or repair, the degree of deterioration of buildings, the level of damage caused. The data obtained in the course of such a survey serve as the basis for further calculations and determine the conclusions of the expert.
Inspection of building facades is carried out before the reconstruction or overhaul of enclosing structures. Examination of facades is necessary to assess the technical condition of all elements and determine the strength characteristics of facade wall materials, identify and fix defects, determine the geometric parameters of walls and facade elements.
When installing ventilated facades, it is recommended to carry out verification calculations of building structures. The need for calculations is due to the fact that the total weight of such a facade can give unacceptable loads on the elements and structures of the building, and ultimately you can get into a situation where the insulation and improvement of the appearance of the facade of the building will cause its destruction and require significant costs for restoration and reconstruction .
What is analyzed during the inspection of facades
- Archival and design documentation is being studied.
- The facade of the building is measured.
- The structural scheme of the building is determined.
- Possible deformations and precipitation are identified.
- Possible places for autopsy and sampling are established.
- A detailed and thorough instrumental study of structures and connections is carried out.
- The strength characteristics of materials and the supporting structure of the building are revealed, as well as possible defects are identified.
- If necessary, the foundation and foundation are examined.
- Verification calculations of the bearing elements of the building structures are carried out.
- Carrying out geodetic works.
- An assessment of the reliability of load-bearing structures can be carried out.
- Graphic design of building facade inspection materials
- Development of generalized recommendations for the elimination of detected defects.
The result of the work carried out is the preparation of a technical report on the state of the facade of the building and the possibility of its reconstruction.
When is a building inspection required?
- Examination of facades or an expert assessment of the work performed is carried out upon the fact of the work performed to confirm the quality of work and compliance with project documentation. According to the results of the examination of the newly assembled facade, a “technical report” is issued.
- Monitoring of facades and roofs is carried out in the case when there are obvious defects in the building, such as traces of leaks and soaking of external walls, cracks, loss of individual elements, and monitoring of the state of structures is also carried out during the start of new construction next to the existing building.
- Inspection of the facade for the possibility of installing / fixing additional equipment, or replacing the finishing layers.
- Examination of the facades of brick buildings is carried out, as a rule, in order to determine the integrity of the brickwork, to determine the presence of defects and deformations that may affect the bearing capacity of the building as a whole.
- Thermal imaging inspection of building facades is carried out in order to determine heat losses. Based on such a survey, the causes and places of destruction that affect the heat loss of the entire building.
What will you get after the completion of the inspection of the facade
- Description of the current state.
- Thermal calculation.
- Thermal imaging report.
- Calculation of attachment points of power elements.
- Building materials test report.
- Defective statement (in case of defects).
- Photos and description.
- Conclusions and recommendations for eliminating the violations committed
The result is the preparation of a technical report on the state of the facade of the building and the possibility of its further operation.
As a rule, on the basis of the data obtained as a result of a technical survey of the facade of a building, design engineers make a decision, which is drawn up in the form of a project for changing the appearance of the facade of a house or building. A set of documents, a technical report and a project, must undergo appropriate approvals in the interested services of the city or district and an examination in order to obtain a permit and construction conditions. Thus, the technical conclusion is the initial technical document, at the current time, to start the implementation of actions to change the facade of the building.
The cost of surveying the facade of the building
The cost of surveying the facade of a building depends on a number of parameters. The main parameter is the purpose of the survey - it can be the current state, the occurrence of defects and finding out the reasons for their occurrence, or the need for reconstruction and overhaul. Also, the price depends on the dimensions of the building and the terms of reference, indicating the types of tests and studies.
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During the technical operation of the facade, it is necessary to pay attention to the reliability of fastening of architectural and structural details, which provide static and dynamic resistance to the influence of natural and climatic factors.
The basement is the most humid part of the building due to the impact of atmospheric precipitation, as well as moisture penetrating through the capillaries of the foundation material.
This part of the building is constantly exposed to adverse mechanical stress, which requires the use of durable and frost-resistant materials for the basement.
Cornices, crowning part of the building, divert rain and melt water from the wall and perform an architectural and decorative function similar to other architectural and structural elements of the facade of the building. The facades of the building may also have intermediate cornices, belts, sandriks, performing functions similar to those of the main crowning cornice.
The reliability of the enclosing structures of the building depends on the technical condition of the cornices, corbels, pilasters and other protruding parts of the facade.
The part of the outer wall that continues above the roof is the parapet. The upper plane of the parapet is protected by galvanized steel or factory-made concrete slabs to avoid destruction by atmospheric precipitation.
On the roofs of the building, for the safety of repair work, parapet fences are installed in the form of metal gratings and solid brick walls. It is necessary to observe the tightness of the adjunctions of roofing to the elements of parapet railings.
The architectural and structural elements of the facade are also balconies, loggias, bay windows, which contribute to improving the performance and appearance of the building. Depending on the purpose, balconies have different shapes and sizes. With well-executed waterproofing, balconies protect the walls of the building from moisture. Balconies are under conditions of constant atmospheric action, moisture, alternate freezing and thawing, therefore, before other parts of the building fail, collapse. The most critical part of the balconies is the place where slabs or beams are embedded in the wall of the building, since during operation the place of embedding is subjected to intense temperature and humidity effects. On fig. 3.4 shows the connection of the balcony slab with the outer wall. In the buildings of the 50-60s. 20th century usually, crushed stone from a brick battle served as a filler for concrete, which did not provide the required density and frost resistance of balconies. Due to the low corrosion resistance, the structures of balconies with metal beams turned out to be unjustified.
The edges of the balcony slab are especially susceptible to destruction, freezing from three sides, exposed to moisture and corrosion.
Loggia - a platform surrounded on three sides by walls and a fence. In relation to the main volume of the building, the loggia can be built-in and remote.
Overlapping loggias should provide water drainage from the outer walls of the building. To do this, the floors of the loggias must be made with a slope of 2-3% from the plane of the facade and located 50-70 mm below the floor of the adjacent premises. The floor surface of the loggia is covered with waterproofing. The junctions of the balcony and loggia slabs with the facade wall are protected from leakage by placing the edge of the waterproofing carpet on the wall, covering it with two additional layers of waterproofing 400 mm wide and closing it with a galvanized steel apron.
Fences of loggias and balconies should be high enough in order to comply with safety requirements (at least 1-1.2 m) and made mainly deaf, with railings and flower beds.
A bay window is a part of the premises that is carried beyond the plane of the facade wall, and can serve to accommodate vertical communications - stairs, elevators. The bay window increases the area of the premises, enriches the interior, provides additional insolation, improves lighting conditions. The bay window enriches the shape of the building and serves as an architectural means of shaping the scale of the composition of the facade and its articulation.
During the technical operation of the facade elements, sections of the walls located next to drainpipes, trays, and receiving funnels are subject to thorough inspection. All damaged sections of the finishing layer of the wall must be beaten off and, after identifying and eliminating the cause of damage, restored. In case of weathering, crumbling of fillings of vertical and horizontal joints, as well as destruction of the edges of panels and blocks, it is necessary to inspect the faulty places, fill the joints and restore the broken edges with appropriate materials, after removing the collapsed mortar and carefully caulking the joints with an oiled tourniquet, wiping them with a hard cement mortar with the color of the corrected places to match the color of the wall surfaces.
The facades of buildings are often faced with ceramic tiles, natural stone materials. With poor-quality fastening of the lining with metal staples and cement mortar, they fall out. The reasons for the flaking of the cladding are the ingress of moisture into the seams between the stones and behind the cladding, alternate freezing and thawing.
On facades lined with ceramic tiles, attention should be paid to places where there is swelling of the lining, the exit of individual tiles from the wall plane, the formation of cracks, spalls in the corners of the tile; at the same time, it is necessary to tap the surface of the entire facade, remove weakly adhering tiles and carry out restoration work.
Facades lined with ceramic products are treated with hydrophobic or other special solutions after cleaning.
Facade defects are often associated with atmospheric pollution, which leads to the loss of the original appearance, sooting and tarnishing of their surface. Effective means of cleaning are the use of sandblasting machines, cleaning with wet rags, etc.
To clean facades finished with glazed ceramic tiles, special compositions are used. Facades of buildings should be cleaned and washed within the time limits established depending on the material, the condition of the surfaces of buildings and operating conditions. It is not allowed to clean architectural details, surfaces of plasters made of soft stone by sandblasting. The facades of wooden non-plastered buildings must be periodically painted with vapor-permeable paints or compounds to prevent decay and in accordance with fire regulations. Improving the appearance of the building can be achieved by their high-quality plastering and painting. Painting of facades must be carried out after the repair of walls, parapets, protruding parts and architectural moldings, entrance devices, sandriks, window sills, etc. is completed.
Painting of metal stairs, elements of fastening of power lines and roof fencing should be done with oil paints after 5-6 years, depending on the operating conditions.
Drainage devices of external walls must have the necessary slopes from the walls to ensure the removal of atmospheric water. With a slope from the walls, steel fasteners are placed. On parts that have a slope to the wall, galvanized steel cuffs should be installed tightly adjacent to them at a distance of 5-10 cm from the wall. All steel elements fixed to the wall are regularly painted and protected from corrosion.
It is necessary to systematically check the correct use of balconies, bay windows, loggias, avoiding the placement of bulky and heavy things on them, clutter and pollution.
To prevent the destruction of the edges of the slabs of balconies and loggias, as well as the occurrence of cracks between the slab and the walls due to atmospheric precipitation, a metal drain is installed in a box groove with a width of at least 1.5 of the slab thickness. A metal drain must be led under the waterproofing layer. The slope of the slab of balconies and loggias is at least 3% of the walls of the building with the organization of water drainage with a metal apron or behind an iron plate with a drip, with its removal of 3-5 cm; at the end, the drain is embedded in the body of the panel. In the event of an emergency condition of balconies, loggias and bay windows, the entrances to them must be closed and restoration work carried out, which must be carried out according to the project.
During inspections, it is necessary to pay attention to the absence or faulty execution of interfaces between drains and a waterproofing layer with structures, loosening of fastening and
damage to the fences of balconies and loggias. Damage must be repaired. Destruction of cantilever beams and slabs, chipping of supporting platforms under consoles, delamination and destruction are eliminated during major repairs.
In concreted steel beams, the adhesion strength of concrete to metal is checked. Exfoliated concrete is removed and the protective layer is restored. The location, shape and fastening of the flower boxes must correspond to the architectural design of the building.
Flower boxes and metal railings are painted with weatherproof paints in the color specified in the color scheme of the facade.
Flower boxes are installed on pallets, with a gap of at least 50 mm from the wall. Depending on the materials used for the main structures of balconies and loggias, the minimum duration of their effective operation is 10-40 years.
During operation, it becomes necessary to restore the facade plaster. Defects in the plaster are due to poor quality mortar, work at low temperatures, excessive moisture, etc. In case of minor repair of plaster, cracks are expanded and puttied; in case of significant cracks, the plaster is removed and re-plastered, paying special attention to ensuring the adhesion of the plaster layer to the supporting elements.
The main causes of damage to the appearance of buildings are:
- the use in the same masonry of materials that are heterogeneous in strength, water absorption, frost resistance and durability (silicate brick, cinder blocks, etc.);
- different deformability of load-bearing longitudinal and self-supporting end walls;
- the use of silicate bricks in rooms with high humidity (baths, saunas, swimming pools, showers, washing, etc.);
- weakening of the dressing;
- thickening of seams;
- insufficient support of structures;
- freezing solution;
- moistening of cornices, parapets, architectural details, balconies, loggias, plaster walls;
- violations of technology during winter laying, etc.
Object: residential apartment building
Purpose of the survey: determination of the technical condition of the facade of the house.
Technical means of control used at the facility: DISTO classic/lite laser range finder, Panasonic Lumix digital camera, metric tape measure GOST 7502 - 98, a set of probes.
Documents submitted for consideration: contract for repair and finishing works dated October 25, 2012. Fragments of working documentation.
General provisions The diagnostic examination of the apartment was carried out with the aim of: assessing the quality of the repair work performed; estimates of the amount of repair work performed. The basis for conducting a diagnostic examination is the Agreement on the conduct of an expert diagnostic examination. When performing survey work, the obtained data were taken into account, and photographic fixation of defects and damages was carried out. Diagnostic examination Inspection of building structures of buildings and structures is carried out, as a rule, in three interconnected stages:
- preparation for the survey;
- preliminary (visual) examination;
- detailed (instrumental) examination.
The expert performed an external inspection of the object, with selective fixation on a digital camera, which complies with the requirements of SP 13-102-2003, clause 7.2. The basis of the preliminary examination is the inspection of a building or structure and individual structures using measuring instruments and devices (binoculars, cameras, tape measures, calipers , probes, etc.). Measurement work was carried out in accordance with the requirements of SP 13-102-2003, clause 8.2.1 The purpose of measurement work is to clarify the actual geometric parameters of building structures and their elements, to determine their compliance with the project or deviation from it. Instrumental measurements clarify the spans of structures, their location and pitch in plan, cross-sectional dimensions, height of rooms, marks of characteristic nodes, distances between nodes, etc. Based on the measurement results, plans are drawn up with the actual location of structures, sections of buildings, drawings of working sections of load-bearing structures and junctions of structures and their elements. Classifier of the main types of defects in construction and building materials industry Critical Defect(when performing construction and installation work) - a defect in the presence of which a building, structure, its part or structural element is functionally unsuitable, further work under the conditions of strength and stability is unsafe, or may lead to a decrease in these characteristics during operation. A critical defect is subject to unconditional elimination before the start of subsequent work or with the suspension of work. Major Defect- a defect, in the presence of which the operational characteristics of construction products and their durability are significantly impaired. A significant defect is subject to elimination before its concealment by subsequent works.
In this case, a defect is every single deviation from design decisions or non-compliance with the requirements of the standards.
The expert made a diagnostic examination of a residential apartment building (photo 1, 2) with the determination of the technical condition of the facade of the house in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 3.03.01-87. "Bearing and Enclosing Structures". The survey was carried out by the method of measuring quality control.
When conducting an expert diagnostic examination, it was revealed:
Through cracks and destruction in the corners of bay windows at the level of the parapet and technical floor (photo 3-6).
Expert commentary
The through and non-through cracks found as a result of the survey in the outer walls of brick, in accordance with the classifier of the main types of defects in construction and the building materials industry, are a critical defect. In accordance with the requirements of SNiP 31-02-2001 “Single-apartment residential houses”, Chapter 5, clause 5.1., Structures must comply with the requirements: “The bases and load-bearing structures of the house must be designed and erected in such a way that during its construction and in the design operating conditions excluded the possibility of: - destruction or damage to structures, leading to the need to stop the operation of the house; - unacceptable deterioration in the performance properties of structures or the house as a whole due to deformations or cracks.
The reason for the formation of cracks is the occurrence of deformations and, as a result, stresses in the building envelope. Deformations in building structures arise due to a combination of reasons: design errors; low quality materials used for load-bearing structures; violations of the technology of manufacturing and installation of building structures; non-compliance with the rules for the operation of buildings and structures. During the construction of the walls, mistakes were made in the design and technology of their construction: - vertical and horizontal deformations of the masonry of the outer layer of the outer walls differ significantly from the deformations of the inner layer and ceilings. To compensate for temperature and humidity deformations, vertical expansion joints must be made. Their absence leads to the formation and opening of vertical cracks in the front layer of brickwork. Cracks occur mainly at the corners of the building; - the rules for dressing seams were violated when laying bricks at the corners of bay windows (Fig. 1); - the brickwork at the corners of the bay windows is not sufficiently reinforced; - the concreting of the brickwork at the corners of the bay windows has not been completed (Fig. 2). 
Rice. one 
Rice. 2
The photographs of the roof plans (photo 7-11) indicate the damaged areas, as well as areas subject to destruction:
Destruction of the plaster layer and waterproofing of the walls of the parapet (photo 12-15)
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| Photo 12 | photo 13 |
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| Photo 14 | photo 15 |
Expert commentary The destruction of the plaster layer and waterproofing occurred as a result of the poor quality of the plaster mixture and the work performed.
Cracks and destruction of brickwork and plaster layer in the corners of the building at the level of intermediate floors (photo 16-21)
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| Photo 16 | photo 17 |
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| Photo 18 | photo 19 |
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| Photo 20 | photo 21 |
Expert commentary To compensate for the difference in vertical deformations of the outer and inner layers of the outer walls, as well as the building frame, horizontal expansion joints must be made. Their absence or poor-quality execution leads to the destruction of the brick of the front layer at the level of the floors, as well as the destruction of the finishing layer of the floors. Horizontal expansion joints are either missing or of poor quality.
Expert assessment of the technical condition
In accordance with the provisions of SP 13-102-2003 "Rules for the inspection of load-bearing building structures of buildings and structures", depending on the number of defects and the degree of damage, the technical condition of building structures is assessed in the following categories (see Chapter 3 "Terms and definitions" of the SP 13-102-2003): "Working condition- a category of technical condition of a building structure or a building and a structure as a whole, characterized by the absence of defects and damage that affect the reduction in bearing capacity and serviceability. Working condition- category of technical condition, in which some of the numerically estimated controlled parameters do not meet the requirements of the project, norms and standards, but the existing violations of the requirements, for example, in terms of deformability, and in reinforced concrete and crack resistance, in these specific operating conditions do not lead to a violation of performance, and the bearing capacity of structures, taking into account the influence of existing defects and damage, is ensured. Limited working state- the category of the technical condition of structures, in which there are defects and damages that led to some decrease in the bearing capacity, but there is no danger of sudden destruction and the functioning of the structure is possible by monitoring its condition, duration and operating conditions. Invalid state- a category of technical condition of a building structure or a building and a structure as a whole, characterized by a decrease in bearing capacity and operational characteristics, in which there is a danger to the presence of people and the safety of equipment (it is necessary to carry out safety measures and strengthen structures). Emergency state- the category of the technical condition of the building structure or the building and the structure as a whole, characterized by damage and deformation, indicating the exhaustion of the bearing capacity and the danger of collapse (urgent emergency measures are necessary).
The technical condition of the load-bearing walls of a building made of ceramic bricks in areas with cracking, delamination of the finishing layer and wetting in accordance with the provisions of SP 13-102-2003 is assessed as a limited working condition.
Conclusions on the construction survey of the facade of the building
In accordance with the provisions of SP 13-102-2003, as a result of a visual-instrumental examination, no factors indicating the onset of an emergency state of the building envelope were recorded.
To prevent further destruction of the walls, it is necessary:
- carry out measures to strengthen brickwork in places where cracks form in accordance with the technology of concreting (Fig. 2) or injection of brickwork with polymer-cement compositions or compositions based on liquid glass.
- conduct constant monitoring of the condition of the outer walls by installing beacons.
- in case of detection of progressive destruction of walls under the influence of the difference in deformations of enclosing structures and ceilings, it is necessary to carry out large-scale work to strengthen the outer walls. Work should be carried out in accordance with the developed project.
- work should be carried out to restore the plaster and protective layer of the parapet.
- it is necessary to carry out work to restore the plaster layer and the decorative coating of the basement.
VSN 57-88 (r) Regulations on the technical inspection of residential buildings Type of document: Order of the USSR State Construction Committee dated 07/06/1988 N 191 VSN dated 07/06/1988 N 57-88 (R) Codes of rules for design and construction Adopted body: USSR State Construction Committee Status: Current Type of document: Normative and technical document Effective date: 07/01/1989 Published: official publication, Goskomarchitectura - M .: 1991 - SNiP 3.03.01-87 Supporting and enclosing structures Type of document: Decree of the USSR Gosstroy dated 04.12.1987 N 280 SNiP dated 04.12.1987 N 3.03.01-87 Construction norms and rules of the Russian Federation Adopted body: Gosstroy of the USSR Status: Current Type of document: Normative and technical document Effective date: 07/01/1988 Published: Official publication, Ministry of Construction of Russia, - M .: GP TsPP, 1996 - SP 13-102-2003 Rules for the inspection of load-bearing building structures of buildings and structures Type of document: Decree of the Gosstroy of Russia dated 08/21/2003 N 153 proe designing and construction Adopted body: Gosstroy of Russia Status: Active Type of document: Normative and technical document Effective date: 08/21/2003 Published: official publication, M .: Gosstroy of Russia, State Unitary Enterprise TsPP, 2003 - Classifier of the main types of defects in construction and industry building materials Type of document: Order of Glavgosarkhstroynadzor of Russia dated 11/17/1993 Norms, rules and regulations of state supervision bodies Adopting authority: Glavgosarkhstroynadzor of Russia Status: Active Type of document: Normative and technical document Published: Official publication
Construction Norms and Regulations of the Russian Federation -technical document Effective date: 07/01/1988 Published: official publication, Gosstroy of Russia. - M.: GUP TsPP, 1998 - GOST 26433.2-94 System for ensuring the accuracy of geometric parameters in construction. Rules for measuring the parameters of buildings and structures Type of document: Decree of the Ministry of Construction of Russia dated 04/20/1995 N 18-38 GOST dated 11/17/1994 N 26433.2-94 Accepting body: Gosarchstroynadzor of the RSFSR, MNTKS Status: Active Type of document: Normative and technical document Effective date : 01/01/1996 Published: Official publication, M .: IPK publishing house of standards, 1996 - GOST R 52059-2003 Household services. Services for the repair and construction of housing and other buildings. General specifications Type of document: Decree of the State Standard of Russia dated 05/28/2003 N 162-st GOST R dated 05/28/2003 N 52059-2003 Adopting authority: State Standard of Russia Status: Active Document type: Normative and technical document Effective date: 01/01/2004 Published : official publication, M .: IPK Standards Publishing House, 2003 - On the approval of the Rules for consumer services in the Russian Federation Type of document: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 15.08.1997 N 1025 Adopted body: Government of the Russian Federation Status: Active Type of document: Normative legal act Date beginning of action: 09/04/1997 Published: Rossiyskaya Gazeta, N 166, 08/28/97, Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1997, N 34, art. 3979.
The legal and normative-technical references given and used in drawing up the conclusion are given on the basis of the current documents listed in the specialized reference system "Stroyexpert-code". The license for the PC KODEKS for Windows (network version) is registered with CJSC "Independent Agency for Construction Expertise".
Introduction
Basic definitions
Goals and objectives of the survey
Survey program
Brief description of the examined object
Survey materials
Application. Photos, map of defects and damages
Introduction
The study of the production environment and the technical condition of building structures is an independent area of construction activity. This is the whole complex of issues related to the creation in buildings of normal conditions for the life and work of people and ensuring the operational reliability of buildings. Carrying out repair and restoration work, as well as the development of project documentation for the reconstruction of buildings and structures, directly require surveys.
The most reliable method for obtaining information about the durability and operational reliability of buildings and structures are field surveys.
Basic definitions
Inspection is a set of measures to determine and evaluate the actual values of controlled parameters that characterize the operational state, suitability and performance of the objects of the survey and determine the possibility of their further operation or the need for their restoration and strengthening.
A defect is a separate non-compliance of the design with any parameter established by the project or regulatory document (SNiP, SP, VSE, GOST, TU).
Damage is a malfunction received by a structure during manufacture, transportation, installation or operation.
Evaluation criteria - this is the establishment by the project or regulatory documentation of the quantitative or qualitative value of the parameter of the building structure. (Parameter - strength, deformability, endurance and other normalizing characteristics)
Categories of technical condition - this is the degree of operational suitability of a building structure, or a building, or a structure as a whole. Established depending on the share of the reduction in the bearing capacity and the performance of the structures.
Assessment of the technical condition is the establishment of the degree of damage and the category of the technical condition of building structures or buildings and structures as a whole, based on a comparison of the actual values of quantitative and evaluation characteristics with the value of the same characteristics established by the project or norms.
Reconstruction of buildings - a set of works of organized and technical measures related to changing the main technical and economic indicators of the building in order to change the operating conditions, restore damage from physical and moral deterioration, achieve new goals for the operation of the building.
The physical deterioration of the building is the deterioration of the technical and related operational indicators of the building caused by objective reasons.
Obsolescence of a building is a gradual deviation in time of the main performance indicators of a building from the current level of technical requirements for the operation of buildings and structures.
Strengthening is a set of measures that provide an increase in the bearing capacity and performance of building structures or buildings and structures as a whole, compared with the actual state or design indicators.
Restoration - a set of measures to improve the performance of structures that have come into a limited working state to the level of their original state.
Goals and objectives of the survey
The need for survey work, their volume, composition and nature depend on the specific tasks set. Reasons for testing may include the following:
· the presence of defects and damage to structures (for example, due to force, corrosion, temperature or other influences, including uneven subsidence of foundations), which can reduce the strength, deformation characteristics of structures and worsen the operational state of the building as a whole;
· increase in operational loads and impacts on structures during redevelopment, modernization and increase in the number of storeys of the building;
· reconstruction of buildings even in cases not accompanied by an increase in loads;
· identification of deviations from the project, reducing the bearing capacity and performance of structures;
· lack of design and technical and executive documentation;
· changing the functional purpose of buildings and structures;
· resumption of the interrupted construction of buildings and structures in the absence of conservation or three years after the termination of construction when conservation is carried out;
· deformation of soil foundations;
· the need to monitor and assess the state of structures of buildings located near newly built structures;
· the need to assess the state of building structures exposed to fire, natural disasters or man-made accidents;
· the need to determine the suitability of industrial and public buildings for normal operation, as well as residential buildings for living in them.
In all these cases, the tasks of conducting surveys are to establish the qualitative state of the following main load-bearing structures:
-foundations, grillages and foundation beams;
-walls, columns, pillars;
ceilings and coverings (including: beams, arches, truss and under-rafter trusses, slabs, purlins);
crane beams and trusses;
bonded structures, stiffening elements;
joints, knots, connections and sizes of operation platforms.
The main indicators characterizing the quality of structures are their strength, rigidity and crack resistance.
Inspection of building structures of buildings and structures is carried out, as a rule, in three interconnected stages: preparation for the inspection, preliminary (visual) and detailed inspection. The overall result of the entire complex of survey work is the final document. This may be an act, conclusion or technical calculation with conclusions based on the results of the survey. It is also possible to develop recommendations to ensure the required strength and deformability of structures with the recommended, if necessary, sequence of work.
Survey program
To draw up a program, it is necessary to determine the objectives of the survey, the scope of work usually performed for the most complete collection of information to assess the state of structures. The survey program is drawn up on the basis of design and technical documentation, including working drawings and an explanatory note to them (design loads and impacts, design schemes and static calculations, as well as characteristics of the materials used, work logs, as-built installation diagrams, etc.) . The study of design and technical documentation is carried out in order to take into account the design features and features of the structure, the comparison of which allows you to more accurately draw up a survey program.
The survey program includes the following activities:
· Departure to the place, general assessment of the building;
· Control measurements of building structures;
· Visual inspection of structures, their description, determination of hazard categories, compilation of defective lists and maps, if necessary, photographic fixation of the main (dangerous) or most characteristic defects and damages;
· Determination of the degree of physical deterioration of the structure;
· Production of the necessary openings of interfloor and attic floors, coatings to determine their composition, the state of the need to determine the volumetric weight, the quality of the manufacture of structures. Study of the physical and mechanical characteristics of the main building materials, load-bearing structures;
· Carrying out verification calculations of structures or determining the bearing capacity of structures, taking into account the identified defects and damages and the actual strength characteristics of materials,
· Analysis of the results obtained, assessment of the technical condition of the structure separately and the building as a whole, conclusions, development of recommendations for further trouble-free operation
· If necessary, the development of drawings of reinforcement structures, carrying out verification calculations of structures, taking into account the reinforcement.
Brief description of the surveyed building
The building is residential.
Address: st. 6th Krasnoarmeiskaya, 16.
Overall dimensions: building length: - 37.12 m, height - 14.7 m.
Floors: 4 floors.
On the ground floor there are 11 windows, one arch and three doors.
On the second floor there are 14 windows and two balconies.
There are 16 windows on the third and fourth floors.
Drainage is carried out with the help of external drainpipes (4 pieces on the facade of the building in question).
Materials survey
A preliminary visual inspection was carried out in order to get acquainted with the structure as a whole and obtain first impressions of the state of the structures, as well as to determine the need for urgent temporary fixing of the structures in case of an emergency. First of all, structures that inspire concern are subject to inspection. During visual inspection, all any significant defects and damage to building structures are determined. For brick or masonry, such defects are:
-cracks. Parameters of cracks: width and depth of opening, location, length, angle of inclination, nature of origin;
-areas of destruction of masonry.
mechanical damage to stone or brickwork;
efflorescence on the surface of brickwork;
areas of excessive damage and deformation.
Stone or brick masonry that takes on the load consists of individual stones that are united by a layer of mortar. As a result, the strength of the masonry depends on the strength of the stones (brick), the strength of the solution and the type of stress state. The most rational method for studying the strength of masonry is indirect, according to the established grades of mortar and stone. In this case, destructive (extraction of samples from structures and their subsequent testing) and non-destructive (using ultrasonic devices) methods are used.
Visual inspection revealed the following defects and damage:
1.Soaking was found over almost every window on the fourth floor;
2.Small cracks were found in a small amount;
.In some places there is delamination of the plaster layer with collapse;
The results of the visual inspection were recorded in the form of a defective map applied to a schematic representation of the facade of the building, and deciphered in a table with the legend of the main defects, indicating the location and category of the technical condition.
List of defects and damages
Below are the main defects found during visual inspection, their location and a brief description. All of them are presented on the defect map.
N p / p Name of the element Location Description of the defect or damage Link to the map, photo Category of the danger of the defect or damage 1 Eaves between axes 1-16 Peeling of the plaster layer, without collapse A = 41.25 m2 Map Fig. 1 B2 cornice between axes 3-6 Detachment of the plaster layer, without collapse А=3.79m2Map Fig.8 B4WallUnder the eaves between axes 4-6Soaking, moisturizing, A=4.23m2Map Fig.1B5WallUnder the eaves between axes 8-10 Detachment of the plaster layer, without collapse, A =4.48m2Map Fig.8B6WallUnder the cornice between axes 11-13Soaking, moisture axes5-6Inclined branching crack a=3.0mm, L=1249mmMap Fig.8B9WallAbove 0-3-10 between axes9-10Inclined crack a=1.0mm, L=200mmMap Fig.8B10WallAbove 0-3-11 between axes 10-11 Peeling of the plaster layer with collapse, А=0.1m2Map Fig. 5B11 WallAbove 0-4-11 between axes 10-11 Oblique crack a=1.0mm, L=533mm 6 between axes 5-62 oblique cracks a=2.0mm, L=375mm 0-2-13 between axes 10-11Vertical crack a=5.0mm, L=1124mm Fig. 8B18 Wall To the left of the arch between the axes 4-5 Peeling of the plaster layer with collapse, A=0.3 m2 Map Fig. 8B19 Wall To the right of the arch between the axes 4-5 Fig. 8B20 Wall Between 0-1-7 and D-2 on axis 10 Peeling of the plaster layer with collapse, A=0.4m2Map Fig. 7B21 Wall Under 0-1-2 between axes 2-3 mouth Fig. 8B22 Wall Under 0-1-9 between axes 12-13 Delamination of the plaster layer with collapse, A=0.65m2Map Fig. 4B23 Wall Between D-3 and 0-1-10 on axis 14 from 0-1-11 At the corner on the axis 16 Peeling of the plaster layer without collapse. А=0.9m2 Map Fig. 8B25 Basement windows P1 - P11 In axes 1-1
Determination of the degree of physical wear
Physical deterioration is the loss of the original technical and operational qualities of a structure as a result of the influence of natural and climatic factors, natural changes in the properties of materials and human activities. The physical deterioration of the building is assessed by comparing the signs of physical deterioration identified during visual or instrumental examination with the standard values given in VSN 53-86.
The physical wear of a structure, element or system that has a different degree of wear of individual sections should be determined by the formula
Фк physical wear of a structure, element or system, %;
Fi physical wear of a construction site, element or system, determined by VSN 53-86%;
Pi dimensions (area or length) of the damaged area, m2 or m;
Pk dimensions of the entire structure, m2 or m; number of damaged areas.
Physical wear at the time of its assessment is expressed as the ratio of the cost of objectively necessary repair measures to eliminate damage to the structure, element, system or building as a whole, and their replacement cost.
Table 10 of VSN 53-86 was used to determine the degree of physical wear. If the element has all signs of wear corresponding to a certain range of its values from the table, then the physical wear is taken equal to the upper limit of the interval. If only one of several signs of wear is detected, then physical wear should be taken equal to the lower limit of the interval. If only one attribute corresponds to the interval of physical wear values in the table, physical wear is taken by interpolation depending on the size or nature of the existing damage.
Number of window openings 58 pcs.
Number of doorways 4 pcs.
Number of piers 67 pcs.
The number of window and window sill sections of the wall is 63 pcs.
Wear amount
Wall margins:
1) cracks
F=0.79%+0.63%+2.38%+0.95%=4.75%
) delamination of the plaster layer with collapse
4) soaking
Physical wear of the wall field:
Cornice fields:
) detachment of the plaster layer without collapse
Plinth fields:
) delamination of the plaster layer by collapse
Let us determine the weighted average characteristics of each structural element as a whole
General wear of the front wall of the building
The total physical wear of the facade wall, taking into account the weighted average characteristics of its elements:
Conclusion
As a result of the examination of the facade wall of a residential building at 16, 6th Krasnoarmeiskaya Street, defects characteristic of stone structures were identified and their qualitative assessment was made. After comparing the parameters of these defects with the normative ones given in VSN 53-86 "Rules for assessing the physical wear of residential buildings for brick walls", the physical wear of the facade wall structure was determined, which amounted to 8.1%.
Among the reasons for the occurrence of defects are: unsatisfactory operating conditions of the building, alternate freezing and thawing, aggressive environmental influences, violation of the rules and regulations for the technical operation of the building.
Based on the results of the preliminary assessment of the structure, it can be concluded that the condition of the facade wall being examined does not fully meet the operational requirements for it. In areas where obvious defects have been identified, it is necessary to carry out repair work, namely:
· It is necessary to replace the balcony slabs, because. significant corrosion of the working reinforcement can lead to the collapse of balconies;
· Sealing cracks with acrc? 1.0 mm (between axes 5-6, 8-11, 13-16) by injection (for this, a special installation is used that allows high-pressure injection of the solution to a great depth into the crack, it is recommended to use solutions on polymer binder);
· Drainage of wall sections with moistened plaster at the level of the 4th floor above the window openings;
· After drying, if necessary, beat off loose plaster sections;
· Biocidal treatment of previously soaked sections of the wall is necessary;
· Repair of damaged plaster layer; pre-preparing the surface. At the same time, it should also be taken into account that the imposition of cement-based plaster (modern technology) on lime (existing) is undesirable, since it causes rapid delamination. It is possible to recommend the use of cement-lime mortar;
· In areas of peeling of the plaster layer without wrapping (the entire cornice), it is necessary to remove this layer (beating loose plaster) and plaster the damaged area according to the above recommendations;
· It is necessary to establish, and then eliminate, the reason for laying the air in the basement of the building;
· Restoration of a finishing stone of a socle;
· Perform dust removal, degreasing, priming, then painting the building; in the case of partial painting, carefully select the color and composition of the paint, taking into account the original appearance and the surrounding buildings of the old fund;
· Replacing or painting external weirs;
building technical construction defective
Application
Fig No. 2 Fig No. 3
Fig No. 5 Fig No. 6
List of used literature
1.VSN 53-86. Rules for assessing the physical deterioration of residential buildings.
2.Manual for the inspection of building structures of buildings. JSC "TsNIIPROMZDANIY" M., 1997.
.Accidents of concrete and stone structures. A.Mitzeli.dr., M., Stroyizdat, 1978.
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