Wiring diagram of a private house. Do-it-yourself wiring installation: how to correctly perform electrical work. Determining the cross section of the cores

Make electrical wiring in the house on your own - It is a simple matter, but it requires care and scrupulousness.. If you approach this matter responsibly, the wiring will serve you for many years and will be guaranteed to be safe.

The article is intended for the average developer who is puzzled by eternal questions: where to start this complex and incomprehensible electrician, how it will all happen, when you can start, where to look, who to invite ...

The arrangement of electrical communications is the most important stage in the construction of a private house. It is quite obvious that it is impossible to start the installation of electrical wiring without detailed design, and this statement applies not only to buildings under construction, but also to those that are being reconstructed and overhauled. Not only the functionality of all volatile devices and household appliances depends on the quality of planning and execution of electrical work, but also the safety of people. The owner, like no one else, is interested in thorough preparation, so saving here is not worth either time or money.

The most optimal solution, of course, would be to order a project from a specialized organization, especially since well-designed documentation will help you calmly carry on a conversation with Rostekhnadzor and business entities, and put the facility into operation. The power supply project is the only document according to which electrical installation can be carried out, its main purpose is to ensure the safety and efficiency of wiring already at the development stage. In fact, this is a whole package of documents containing the full amount of necessary information:

• wiring diagrams, characteristics of conductors;
• installation methods and types of connection of all elements;
• indication of all equipment, specification of consumers;
• location and features of wiring products;
• load calculations...

Even if the owner of the dwelling turned to professionals, he must provide the engineers with a technical task, which means that he must first sort out many issues on his own. Now we will not try to make an “official” electrical project of a country house on our own, but we will try to outline all the main points, the systematization of which will help you:

• competently answer the questions of designers;
• calculate the required power, redistribute the limited energy resource;
• plan the order of electrical work and synchronize them with general construction;
• predict your expenses;
• competently inspect hired specialists, or set to work yourself.

In general, our task is to completely eliminate the possibility of unpleasant surprises and to keep everything under our control in any situation.

Terms of Reference - the starting point of design

Conventionally, the power supply of a country house is divided into three main parts: wiring in a residential building, organization of communications on the street, connection of outbuildings. Each of these directions should be considered separately and have its own electrical circuit, its own working drawings. To solve this problem, it is necessary to set yourself (or designers) a technical task. This is the original plan, which shows all the power consumers of the house and outbuildings, lighting devices, simplified routes for communications. As a rule, the preparation of the terms of reference is the result of the joint work of the designer, the customer and the contractor performing electrical work.

Drawing up a technical task and a project on it will allow:

• take into account all points of electrical outlets so that every household appliance or unit is powered;
• arrange sockets and switches in convenient places for use, and junction boxes in places accessible for maintenance;
• calculate the total power consumption.

We need to first create separate drawings of each floor of the house and each room, where all partitions, door blocks with the opening direction of the canvas, furniture elements, large stationary appliances (TVs, a computer, an electric fireplace, a refrigerator, indoor units of split systems, a boiler, a jacuzzi) are schematically depicted. etc.). A prerequisite is the binding of consumers to the building envelope, so you should either complete the construction of internal partitions, or make an accurate and final layout of the layout directly on the site, determine the level of the finished floor. Only after that it is possible to take measurements and make complete plans for the premises, where we will mark all the outputs, each socket, switch, lamp.

Special attention is paid to low-voltage networks - high-frequency TV, the Internet, video surveillance, motion and presence sensors, stationary audio systems.

In some cases, local drawings are made for units that are especially loaded in design and electrical terms (concrete walls, multi-level ceilings in separate rooms).

A very important point. For the correct preparation of the terms of reference, it is necessary to have passports for all major consumers, this is the only way to get reliable information about the dimensions of the products, how they are connected, power, etc. For example, you should know in advance how many switching positions the chandelier in the living room will have (determines the number of conductor), or, for example, the specification of the hob (determines the cable cross-section, type and location of the terminal).

At this stage, it is necessary to take care not only of internal communications. We must not forget about: pumping stations; systems of cleaning, conditioning, ventilation; street lighting and outdoor sockets; anti-icing systems for gutters, steps; control and automation systems; backup/autonomous power supply.

When all consumers are known, the total load is calculated by simply summing the capacities. If the allocated energy resources are not enough, it is necessary to review the equipment of the house, to choose more economical appliances. In extreme cases, you can continue to develop the project, and on its basis, ask the electricity supplier for a larger limit.

Based on the terms of reference, you can make a list of the necessary sockets, switches, multi-post frames. We recommend creating a general list by product type, and several smaller lists for each room.

Once again, we note that the terms of reference cannot be drawn up while sitting at the table, more than half of this work is done by the homeowner "in the field" - with a tape measure in his hands, and the whole family over his shoulder.

We make a circuit diagram of the power supply

The circuit diagram is a very important and very complex part of the project, which is developed by specialists from electrical laboratories. This document is fundamental in planning and conducting electrical work, in the preparation of working drawings.

Our task is to create a simplified power supply scheme that will help us see the big picture of the power supply at home. In fact, it can be a visual drawing, a drawing with symbols, which will resemble a tree with a root in the form of a main switchboard and branches ending in separate sockets or lamps. The trunk is a highway, where the branches are disconnected - these will be additional shields or distribution (junction) boxes. Cables that go directly from the shield to the device can be knocked out of the common canvas. You can include circuit breakers and residual current devices in the circuit, then it will look something like this:

If the electrics at home are very complex, then it makes sense to make a power circuit diagram and your own lighting circuit, since they are always bred separately in the house.

If the power supply of the cottage is three-phase, then we make three different schemes. At the same time, in order to achieve a power balance, on the basis of the terms of reference (capacity of consumers), it is necessary to evenly distribute the load on each of the phases - proportionally group devices and units.

Making working drawings

A working drawing is a document according to which an electrician at the facility performs cabling. If the project is more focused on justifying the choice and agreeing on certain technical solutions, then working documents are intended for the implementation of this project. This is a hybrid of technical specifications drawings and a schematic diagram. The working drawing is developed on the basis of the technical design and with strict observance of the requirements of the EMP.

Here you need maximum detail for each room, sometimes they create their own working drawing for a specific wall. Separately, it is necessary to depict a working floor plan, which shows highways and inputs to specific rooms.

What should be indicated in the drawing:

1. Output points with reference to walls, floor, ceiling; single and multi-gang sockets; switches, lamps.
2. The lines indicate which lighting groups a particular switch key is responsible for.
3. Locations of junction boxes and trunk points, group shields.
4. Wire paths.
5. Mark and section of conductors.
6. Connecting a group to a particular phase.
7. Arrangement of low-current circuits.

Do not forget to give the exact name of the room or node for which the plan was made.

When making a working drawing, apply color highlighting, mark groups and individual consumers with numbers, make notes and explanations. Network lines are applied to the plan with thicker lines than for drawing building elements and stationary equipment. The number of conductors in one line is indicated by short oblique serif strokes right on it. There is a generally accepted set of symbols, as well as established requirements for numbers and inscriptions used in electrical drawings. They are displayed in GOST 21.614-88.

We determine the methods of laying cables

Depending on the structure of the building and the types of finishes, it is necessary to determine the methods of laying cables. For a private house, there are two main options:

• by gender
• along the ceiling

Wiring in the floor is possible if the screed has not yet been poured. The method has a number of advantages, among which we can note a more economical consumption of cables. Ceiling mounting is possible if suspended structures are used. This wiring option allows for future general construction work to carry out safe drilling of floors, makes it possible to perform installation regardless of the type and condition of the floor. For wooden houses, open wiring is often used in channels or on insulators, including along walls.

To select the route for each line, you must:

• conduct a thorough inspection of the structure and technical condition of the building;
• plan ways to bypass / cross obstacles and technical communications;
• develop ways to move to different rooms/floors/outdoors.

We count the power cable

Now that we have the exact location and specifics of the electrical outlets, the communication routes have been determined, a decision has been made on the laying method, we have a schematic diagram and a working drawing on hand (which means we know where the junction boxes will be and which consumers are powered from them) – we can accurately calculate the required amount of each type of cable.

In a private house, there must be grounding - therefore, it is necessary to use a three-core wire with a soft copper conductor in double insulation. For sockets, wires with a core cross section of 2.5 mm 2 are suitable, 1.5 squares are used for lighting, for powerful consumers (with connection to terminals) and powering intermediate shields (floor, for separate buildings), cables of 4 mm 2 or even by 6 mm 2. Note that the following consumers are traditionally connected directly to the shields, bypassing the boxes:

• engineering units and systems (pumping stations, air conditioners, heated floors, cleaning and anti-icing systems);
• powerful household appliances (oven, hob, boiler, washing machine, dishwasher, electric boilers and heaters).

Using a tape measure, measure the length of each conductor:

• from the shield to the junction box;
• from the shield to the consumer (with direct connection);
• from the box to the power consumer, to the switch, to the lighting device.

You should take into account the supply of wire for output from walls and junction boxes - from 15 to 25 cm, and the supply of wire near the electrical panel - up to 1 meter (with a large number of wires, some of them have to be run into the box from below, and some - from above).

We compile a list of all wires for each room, give the name of the group or device in numbers, designate them in accordance with the markings specified in the working draft. The work seems unnecessary and tedious, but it still has to be done at the stage of preparation and cabling.

Summing up the indicators, we get the need for cable and wire products of various types. The same figures show how much protective corrugation, insulating pipes or cable ducts will need to be bought.

Planning a switchboard

As we have already said, there can be several shields in a private house, this is the main input and distribution device, as well as simplified shields for floors and auxiliary buildings. Each of them is assembled according to approximately the same principle, contains a similar set of elements.

The number of installation products here can be very diverse, but you should always give preference to boxes with several spare "places".

For high-quality arrangement of shields, their design should be carefully worked out. To do this, a special wiring diagram is created for each input-distribution device. The procedure is as follows:

1. We make a list of all incoming wires.
2. We indicate the load and the maximum current strength for each of them.
3. We select for all positions of the list the automatic protection device corresponding to the characteristics.
4. For several consumer groups, we select residual current devices, but a fire protection RCD is installed on the entire system.
5. We make a working drawing.
6. We make a list of necessary protection devices and components.

Examples of electrical panel diagrams:

1 - introductory machine; 2 - counter; 3 - zero bus; 4 - ground bus; 5-9 - differential automata; 10 - automatic for lighting

1 - introductory machine; 2 - counter; 3 - fire RCD; 4 - common zero bus; 5, 6, 12 - automata for lighting; 7 - RCD for consumers 2, 3, 4; 8, 9, 10 - machines for consumers 2, 3, 4; 11 - additional zero bus; 13 - differential machine; 14 - RCD for circuits 5, 6, 7; 15, 16, 17 - machines for consumers 5, 6, 7; 18 - additional zero bus; 19 - ground bus (conductors from lighting can also come here)

Attention! Switching of low-voltage networks cannot be carried out in power panels; separate boxes must be used for them.

We plan to install electrical wiring

The main task of this stage is to coordinate the arrangement of power supply with other construction works. The second point is to logically organize the activities of the installer; optimize the supply of materials, the use of special tools and fixtures; properly prepare the workplace.

Electrical work begins at the stage of rough general construction operations, as a rule, in parallel with them. For example, the wiring of cables on the floor is carried out before the installation of screeds, but on the walls that are plastered, it would be more rational to finish the rough finish, cut the strobes - then run the wires and fix the sockets. When sheathing walls and ceilings using frames, the cables are carried out before the installation of the cladding and remain in the cavity, and then holes are cut out for the installation boxes, and the ends are pulled out. Open wiring is made over the finishes. The mechanisms of electrical installation products are mounted after the main painting and facing works; frames of sockets and switches, lighting fixtures are installed after finishing.

Electrical work is the least mechanized in construction, but some points can be optimized. For example, you can order a factory-made complete input-distribution device, carry out a number of preparatory works in advance (marking, cutting and marking cables, pulling conductors into a protective corrugation, making strobes, installing line fastening elements in place, installing installation boxes, stripping and crimp ends). Many of these jobs can be outsourced to less qualified personnel.

In capital construction, measured pieces of wires from one box are switched on a special preparation line, and then they are dragged to the installation boxes (nodal method). The second option is “beam”, when an electrical installation product is connected to the prepared wire (cut off, stripped and crimped) at the stand, and then the cable is pulled to the junction box. In low-rise individual construction, due to the relatively small amount of work, these operations are not subject to industrialization, however, all of them must be carried out in accordance with applicable regulatory documents, such as PUE or SNiP 3.05.06-85 "Electrical devices".

In a private house, manipulations to organize input will be mandatory. The developer has a lot of questions about the arrangement of grounding. We list the stages of installation of the "internal" in chronological order (some operations can be performed simultaneously), for auxiliary buildings and street consumers, the order of their implementation does not change:

1. Marking the locations of installation products and the paths of the lines.
2. Cutting strobes and niches for installation and distribution boxes, preparing channels.
3. Making passages to various rooms.
4. Installation of boxes, socket boxes, boxes for ASU.
5. Preparing cables for installation.
6. Wiring and fixing power wires along their routes, marking conductors.
7. Installation of lighting circuits.
8. Wiring of low-voltage networks.
9. Preparation, switching of conductors in junction boxes.
10. Assembly of switchboards, switching.
11. System health check.
12. Installation of electroadjusting mechanisms.
13. The second check, commissioning.
14. Installation of facades for sockets and switches.
15. Installation and connection of lighting devices, household appliances.
16. Connection of various power units, autonomous power supply devices and ATS.
17. Connection of low-current consumers (antennas, fire and security sensors, routers and modems, elements of audio systems).

This is how we saw the planning of work on the design and installation of electrical networks of a country house. Of course, we were not able to cover all the nuances, but we hope that you were able to gather some useful information. In subsequent publications, we will continue the "electric" theme.

Installing wiring in a private house is a laborious process, but nevertheless, even a novice electrician can do it! If you are determined to do all the calculation work yourself and have all the necessary tools at hand, or just want to control a working electrician, then we will look at the whole process from A to Z. To make the technology understandable even for beginners (dummies, so to speak), we will consider step by step how to do the wiring in the house with your own hands.

The process consists of several main steps:

• choice of laying method (open, hidden);
• creating a schema;
• marking work;
• choice of constituent elements;
• direct wiring;
• obtaining permission to connect to the local power grid.

Using the example of a new house, consider how to independently conduct electrical wiring.

Selecting the type of electrical installation

The first thing to start with is to decide on the method of mounting the line. Today, open and hidden type wiring is used. it is a fastening of all constituent elements over finished walls (routes are laid in special cable channels).

The advantage is:

• the damaged area can be repaired without any problems (no need to cut the wallpaper, destroy the plastered walls, etc.);
• simpler installation and preparatory work (not needed in the house);
• convenient to add new branching points.

The disadvantages of this installation method are one - very often it does not fit into the overall interior of the rooms, since the cable channels do not have a very attractive appearance.

In places for installing junction boxes, switches and sockets, we make round recesses with a puncher with a crown (we select the depth and diameter of the strobe in accordance with the dimensions of the products). Depending on the type of walls, we choose a diamond or pobedit crown (for concrete) or a crown for wood and drywall.

You can see how to make strobes for electrical wiring in the house in the video below:

Step 2 - Attaching Junction Boxes

Boxes and socket boxes are installed in wells (the so-called round strobes). For their installation, it is recommended to use screws with dowels or a layer of asbestos (about 2 mm). After securely fixing the boxes, we move on.

You can clearly see the process of installing the socket box in the following video:

Step 3 - Installing the cable

The gate is cleaned from the remnants of dust, stones and other foreign objects, primed or spilled with water, after which it is necessary to lay the cable in it. For fixing electrical wiring, it is recommended to use plaster or alabaster. Those who do not want to deal with the solution can fix the wire with dowel clamps.

The tacking step is about 40 cm. We talked about the rest in the corresponding article, which we strongly recommend reading!

Step 4 - Connecting outlets and switches

As soon as the plaster completely hardens (in about a day), it must be carefully rubbed with a grater. After that, you can proceed to the installation of sockets and switches.

Obtaining permission to connect to the local power grid

First you need to pass acceptance tests (technical inspection of the facility where the electrical installation was carried out). If the result turns out to be positive, you will be issued a “Connection Permission Certificate”, on the basis of which the Electricity Owner must connect your residential facility.

The rules for connecting to the network are described in RF PP 861 of December 27, 2004 and its numerous editions (updated until 2015).

The power supply company is obliged to connect to the power grid for objects with a capacity of up to 15 kW, regardless of whether it has such an opportunity. Connection with a dedicated power of up to 15 kW, and a line length of not more than 500 meters costs 550 rubles. For this money you will receive

In the article we will talk about how an electrician is made in a house with our own hands, wiring diagrams will also be considered. If a couple of decades ago, the loads on the electrical networks of cities and even villages were insignificant, but today the picture is the opposite. A lot of high-power household appliances - washing machines, multicookers, split systems and more.

The load on the electrical networks has increased many times over. And if the city has some reserve, then there is no such thing in the wiring of a private house, therefore, an increase in the load leads to the fact that the wires do not withstand and begin to collapse. Therefore, the question is that the electrician in the apartment and the house with their own hands should not only be repaired, but also completely changed.

Previously, they did wiring in houses according to the simplest scheme - a switch and an outlet for each room, but in modern conditions this turns out to be too little - you want to turn on three chargers, and a laptop, and a TV, and so on. To independently make wiring in the house, you need to know certain rules and standards that should be followed during installation. You will also learn how the wiring diagram is made, how to breed it correctly with your own hands and the requirements for it.

Regulations

Building materials and all activities of builders are regulated by certain rules and requirements, they are called GOST and SNiP. The Electrical Installation Rules (hereinafter PUE) also apply to electrical wiring in houses and structures. It is this regulatory document that prescribes all the requirements for electrical equipment, thoroughly indicating what to do with it and how. All electrics in the apartment and house are connected to the voltage with their own hands only after all checks for a short circuit have been carried out.

Requirements for electrical wiring in private houses and apartments

In the event that you decide to independently make electrical wiring in your home, you must carefully study all the requirements for it. But the main attention should be paid to the following points:

1. The main components of electrical wiring (distribution boxes, switches, sockets, meters) must be made easily accessible. It is quite simple to install the wiring in the house with your own hands. Electricity, however, is demanding in terms of safety. But all the rules can be easily observed.
2. Switches according to the PUE must be performed at a level of 0.6-1.5 meters from the floor surface. And you need to pay attention to the fact that when opening the doors they should not create an obstacle. For example, if the door opens to the right, then the switch must be located on the left. And if the door opens to the left, then the switch is mounted on the right. The cable must be laid to the switch from above.
3. Sockets are mounted at a level of 0.5-0.8 meters from the floor surface. The fact is that at this level it is necessary to have it for safety purposes when the house is flooded. Moreover, a distance of at least 0.5 m must be maintained from a gas or electric stove, heating radiators, pipes (and other grounded items). Wires go to all sockets from the bottom up. This is how it is done by hand. Wiring diagrams are given in the article.
4. For every 6 sq. m. area of ​​the room should be one outlet. An exception is the kitchen, in which as many sockets are mounted as necessary (based on the number of household appliances located in it). It is forbidden to install sockets in the toilet, but it is allowed in the bathroom, only if there is an isolation through a transformer (220 volts are supplied to the primary winding, the same amount is removed from the secondary). The transformer is installed outside the bathroom.
5. Before starting work, you need to make a wiring plan, clearly indicate its location in the walls. Please note that all wires must be either horizontal or vertical - but not diagonally or in a broken line. So the wiring in the house should not be done with your own hands. The wiring diagram of all devices must take this feature into account.
6. There must be a certain distance from ceilings, pipes and other obstacles. For example, from the beams you need to maintain a distance of 5-10 cm, from the cornices - the same amount. About 15 cm must be maintained from the ceiling, and 15-20 cm from the floor. If we are talking about vertical surfaces, then there should be at least 10 cm from door and window openings. But between the gas pipe and the wiring, it is necessary to maintain a distance of more than 0.4 m.
7. External or hidden wiring should not touch the metal parts of any structures.
8. If several wires run in parallel, the distance must be maintained between them over three millimeters. An alternative option is to hide each wire in a protective box or corrugation. So the electrician is mounted in the house with his own hands. Schemes should be designed with this in mind.
9. Connecting and distributing wires should be in special junction boxes. All joints must be carefully insulated, and one feature must be taken into account - it is forbidden to connect copper and aluminum wires. If you make wiring from copper wire, then you make it all out of it, there should not be any sections of aluminum.
10. Grounding (including zero wires) must be fixed to all devices using bolted connections.

These are the requirements that all electricians ask for. You can draw up wiring diagrams with your own hands only if you take into account all these rules and regulations.

house wiring project

First of all, you need to create a wiring project, it all starts with it. From it will be repelled in the future during the installation. Of course, it will be much better if it is made for you by experienced technicians who have been doing this for more than one year. But if you have experience, go for it.

But keep in mind that your own safety depends on how the project is made. You definitely need to know what symbols are used when drawing up diagrams and projects. It is worth noting that Russian standards are quite different from European or American ones, so you should not use foreign schemes in our country. All the electrics in the house are designed with their own hands (the diagrams are given in the article) at the initial stage.

Draw a plan of a house or apartment, mark on it the places where sockets, switches, chandeliers, etc. will be installed. The number of electrical appliances was mentioned a little lower. At this stage, the main goal is to create a diagram on which all the places for mounting devices will be indicated. The second part is to outline the places for laying wires around the apartment. Of course, you need to know where the household appliances will be.

Wiring

Then make the wiring of all wires. And if creating a scheme with the location of consumers is a simple matter, at this stage of work it is worth dwelling in more detail. Three types of connections and wiring can be used:

1. Consistent.
2. Parallel.
3. Mixed.

The third one is considered the most attractive from the point of view of saving materials.

An electrician is made in the house with his own hands (mixed-type circuits) with the highest possible efficiency. To make your work easier, ungroup:

1. Lighting corridors, residential premises, kitchens.
2. Bathroom and toilet (lighting).
3. Sockets in living rooms, corridors.
4. Sockets in the kitchen.
5. Electric stove socket (if necessary).

Please note that this is the simplest option for grouping electricity consumers. The fewer groups, the less materials will be used up. The above example is the simplest and most economical. It can be complicated: literally to every outlet, for example, to bring electrical wiring. You begin to realize a little about how to conduct an electrician in a private house with your own hands.

To simplify the laying of electrical wiring, it can be mounted under the floor (for sockets). In the case of overhead lighting, installation in floor slabs can be carried out. Ideal for the "lazy" way - there is no need to ditch the walls and ceiling. Moreover, on the plan diagram, this type of wiring must be marked with dotted lines.

Current consumption calculation

Be sure to take into account the strength of the current that will flow through the network. There is a simple formula for this: current strength is the ratio of the total power of all consumers to voltage (we can say that this is a constant, since the voltage standard in our country is 220 Volts). Let's say you have the following consumers:

1. 2000W electric kettle.
2. A dozen incandescent lamps, each 60 watts (600 watts in total).
3. 1000W microwave oven.
4. Refrigerator with a power of 400 W.

The voltage in the network is 220 V, the total power is 2000 + 600 + 1000 + 400, that is, 4000 watts. Dividing this value by the voltage in the network, we get 16.5 A. But if you look at the practical data, then in apartments and houses the maximum current consumption rarely reaches 25 Amperes.

According to this parameter, it is necessary to select all materials for installation. In particular, it depends on the strength of the current Please note that you must always take a margin of 25%. In other words, if you calculated a current consumption of 16 A, you cannot install a fuse with the same tripping current value. It is necessary to choose a standard value greater than the calculated one.

Wire brands for use in homes

Now about how the electrician is mounted in the house. The cable (PUE rules regulate all its parameters) must be selected based on current characteristics. It is desirable that the wiring in the house or apartment be made of the following materials:

1. Wire brand VVG-5X6. This wire consists of five cores, each has a cross section of 6 square meters. mm. It is widely used for houses that have a three-phase network to connect the light box to the main one.
2. VVG-2X6 has two cores with a cross section of 6 square meters. mm. It is widely used for single-phase power houses to connect the light box and the main one.
3. The wire brand VVG-3X2.5 has three cores, each with a cross section of 2.5 square meters. mm. It is used to connect lighting boards with junction boxes. Also from boxes to sockets.
4. Brand VVG-3X1.5 has three cores, each with a cross section of 1.5 square meters. mm. It is used to connect switches and lighting lamps.
5. The brand is three-core, the cross section of each core is 4 square meters. mm. It is used to connect electric stoves.

Material counts

Now consider what components (including small ones) the electrical wiring in the house consists of. Do-it-yourself project, wiring, installation, is carried out quickly enough. True, you will have to try pretty hard to count the number of wires as accurately as possible. To do this, according to the plan, go through the apartment with a tape measure. After taking measurements, add four meters on top - the stock will not be superfluous.

At the entrance to the house, all the wires from the house are placed to it. It installs automatic switches. Please note that the machines must have a maximum tripping current of 16 or 20 Amps. must be connected via a separate circuit breaker. With a power of up to 7 kW, a 32 A automatic machine is used, with a larger one - by 63 A.

After counting the number of junction boxes and sockets, there is nothing complicated in this matter, this is done according to the scheme drawn up earlier. In the future, you will need various "little things", for example, insulating tape, lugs, tubes, cable channels, boxes, thermal insulation, and others. Now it’s worth talking about what tools do the wiring in the house with your own hands. The scheme is considered in some detail.

Work tools

When carrying out, always follow the safety rules. In order not to get confused, it is better to do it yourself, but if you have a partner, then help should be minimal - give, bring, do not interfere. You will need the following tool:

1. Multimeter.
2. Perforator.
3. Bulgarian.
4. Screwdriver.
5. Pliers.
6. Wire cutters.
7. Curly and flat screwdrivers.
8. Level.

If you are doing repairs in an old apartment and changing the wiring at the same time, you need to pull out all the cables so that they do not interfere. For this work, a special electrical wiring detection sensor is useful.

Marking the location of the wires

On the wall, put marks along which you will lay the wires. Pay attention to whether the position of the wires complies with the rules. After the places for the passage of electrical cables have been marked, sockets, boxes, shields and switches can be marked. Please note that in new apartments there is a niche for installing a shield. And in old houses, shields are simply attached to the wall.

Wall chasing

First of all, install a special nozzle on the puncher and drill holes for installing junction boxes, switches and sockets. To lay wires, it is necessary to make grooves in the walls - strobes. They are made using a grinder or a perforator. Whichever method you choose, dirt and dust will suffice. The groove should have a depth of 2 cm. As for the width, it should be enough to lay all the wires. As you understand, do-it-yourself wiring is a simple matter, it is more difficult to make installation from a physical point of view.

Separate story with the ceiling. If you plan to make a hinged one, then simply install all the wires on the floor. This is the easiest way. A little more difficult is to make a shallow strobe. And one more - to hide in the ceiling. For example, in panel houses, such ceilings are used in which there are internal voids. Therefore, two holes are enough to lay the wires. And the last thing is punching holes in the corners of the rooms to bring the wires to the central shield. After proceeding to closed (you will have to ditch the walls) or open methods.

Conclusion

The most important thing in the installation of electrical wiring in houses and apartments is to adhere to all the rules and regulations in accordance with GOST, SNiP, PUE. So you can not only achieve maximum efficiency from electrical wiring, but also reliability, durability, and most importantly - safety. And try to use only high-quality materials during installation. For example, it is desirable to use copper wires - they have a much longer service life (better conductivity, they heat up less).