Central Federal District. Population of the Central Federal District Central Federal District

1. Population.

The Central Federal District is the largest in Russia in terms of population - 37,121,812 people. (26.16% of the Russian Federation), including: urban - 29,994,175 people, rural - 7,127,637 people (as of January 1, 2012).

2. National composition:

Russians - 34 million 703 thousand 066 people. (91.32%)

Ukrainians - 756 thousand 087 people. (1.99%)

Persons who did not indicate nationality - 736 thousand 020 people. (1.93%)

Tatars - 288 thousand 216 people. (0.77%)

Armenians - 249 thousand 220 people. (0.66%)

Belarusians - 186 thousand 326 people. (0.49%)

Azerbaijanis - 161 thousand 859 people. (0.43%)

Jews - 103 thousand 710 people. (0.27%)

Georgians - 80 thousand 651 people. (0.21%)

Moldovans - 67 thousand 811 people. (0.18%)

Mordva - 67 thousand 497 people. (0.18%)

Tajiks - 46 thousand 738 people. (0.12%)

Chuvash - 46 thousand 101 people. (0.12%)

Gypsies - 45 thousand 858 people. (0.12%)

Uzbeks - 38 thousand 676 people. (0.1%)

Germans - 33 thousand 190 people. (0.09%)

Chechens - 28 thousand 861 people. (0.08%)

Ossetians - 17 thousand 655 people. (0.05%)

Persons of other nationalities - 17 thousand 270 people. (0.05%)

Koreans - 16 thousand 720 people. (0.04%)

As of January 1, 2010, the number of men was 65.6 million, women - 76.3 million.

The sex ratio has not changed over the past year: by the beginning of 2010, there were 1,162 women per 1,000 men.

The numerical excess of women over men in the population is observed from the age of 29 and increases with age. This unfavorable ratio has developed due to the continuing high level of premature mortality of men.

In Novgorod, Ivanovo, Tula, Yaroslavl, Tver, Vladimir, Smolensk, Nizhny Novgorod regions, St. Petersburg, there are 1246-1221 women per 1000 men. Only in the Kamchatka Territory and the Chukotka Autonomous District there are fewer women: there are 986-949 women per 1,000 men.

According to international criteria, the population is considered old if the proportion of people aged 65 years and over in the entire population exceeds 7%.

At present, almost every eighth Russian, i.e. 12.9% of the country's residents are aged 65 or over.

The process of demographic aging of the population is much more characteristic of women. In the structure of the population of the above ages, women make up more than two thirds (68.7%).

The average age of the country's inhabitants is 38.9 years (in 2009 - 38.8 years), men - 36.2 years (36.1), women - 41.2 years (41.1)

The average age of the population over 40 years old is noted in 28 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the highest age is in the regions of the European part of Russia: in Tula, Ryazan, Tambov, Voronezh, Pskov, Tver, Penza, etc. St. Petersburg and Moscow - 42.2 - 41.1 years.

The number of children and adolescents under 16 is 7.9 million people, or 25.6% less than those older than working age. The predominance of older people takes place in 62 subjects of the Russian Federation, the largest: in the Tula region and St. Petersburg - 2 times, Ryazan and Voronezh regions - 1.9 times, Tambov, Leningrad, Ivanovo, Penza, Pskov , Yaroslavl regions, Moscow - 1.8 times.

The population at the age of 0-15 has been declining for 18 years (1990-2007). In 2008, due to the growth in the number of births, the number of births in this age group slightly increased - by 44 thousand, or 0.2%, in 2009 - by 313 thousand, or 1.4%.

The lowest proportion of children aged 0-15 in the total population is observed in Moscow and St. Petersburg - 13.0-12.9% (in Russia as a whole - 16.1%).

The lowest level of unemployment corresponding to ILO criteria is observed in the Central Federal District.

Table 1 Population density in the Central Economic Region of the Russian Federation

Administrative-territorial unit	Territory, sq. km	Population, pers.	including the population	Population density, thousand people Per 1 sq. km
Urban	rural

Bryansk region
Vladimir region
Ivanovo region
Kaluga region
Kostroma region
Moscow region
Oryol Region
Ryazan Oblast
Smolensk region
Tver region
Tula region
Yaroslavl region
TOTAL for the region

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Central Federal District
Federal District of the Russian Federation

Educated	May 13, 2000
FO Center
Territory - area	650,205 km² (3.8% of RF)
Population	↗ 39,378,059 people (2019) (26.83% of Russia)
Density	60.56 people/km²
Number of subjects	18
Number of cities	310
The volume of prom. production	1300 billion rubles (2002)
per capita income	RUB 22,267 (2016)
GRP	RUB 24,135 billion (2016)
GRP per capita	RUB 616,366/person (2016)
Plenipotentiary	Shchegolev, Igor Olegovich
Official site	cfo.gov.ru

Central Federal District(CFD) - a federal district in the west. Formed by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000.

The district does not have republics in its composition among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - only regions and a city of federal significance, the capital of Russia, which is the administrative center and largest city of the district, are represented in it.

The Central Federal District has no access to the oceans or any sea. It is the largest among the federal districts in terms of the number of subjects and population.

Geography

The territory of the district is 650,205 km², that is, 3.8% of the territory of the Russian Federation, which is more than the largest state located entirely in Europe.

Located on the East European Plain; there are Valdai, Smolensk-Moscow and Central Russian uplands, Meshcherskaya and Oka-Donskaya lowlands. The highest point is 347 meters (Top of Valdai).

External borders: in the west with , in the southwest with . Internal borders: in the south with the Southern, in the east with the Volga, in the north with the North-Western federal districts.

The largest rivers (tributaries in brackets): Volga (Oka), Don (Voronezh), Dnieper (Desna, Seim), Zapadnaya Dvina. There is no access to the sea.

Natural zones (from north to south): mixed forest, broad-leaved forest, forest-steppe, steppe.

Climate: Moderately continental, average temperature in January is from -7 to -14°C, in July - from +16 to +22°C.

Natural resources: iron ore (Kursk magnetic anomaly) - reserves of 40 billion tons (60% of the Russian one), phosphorites (25%), bauxites (15%), brown coal - production of 1.5 million tons, cement raw materials (25% ), granite (open pit mining, 2 quarries in the Bogucharsky and Pavlovsky districts of the Voronezh region), ocher, peat, timber, black soil, water resources.

The length of railways is 17,291 km (19.9% of Russian), paved highways - 117,926 km (22.3%).

From a historical, economic and natural-climatic point of view, it is divided into two subregions - the Non-Chernozem and the Chernozem. In weather forecasts, the district is often abbreviated as Center of Russia or Central Russia.

District Composition


№	Flag	Subject of the federation	Area, km²	Population, people	admin. center
1			27 134	↘ 1 547 418
2			34 857	↘ 1 200 187
3			29 084	↘ 1 365 805
4			52 216	↘ 2 327 821
5			21 437	↘ 1 004 180
6			29 777	↘ 1 009 377
7			60 211	↘ 637 267
8			29 997	↘ 1 107 041
9			24 047	↘ 1 144 035
10			2561	↗ 12 615 279
11			44 329	↗ 7 599 647
12			24 652	↘ 739 467	Eagle
13			39 605	↘ 1 114 137
14			49 779	↘ 942 363
15			34 462	↘ 1 015 966
16			84 201	↘ 1 269 636
17			25 679	↘ 1 478 818
18			36 177	↘ 1 259 612

General Map

Cities with population:

- 12 615 279 people - 1,054,111 people - from 500 000 people up to 999 999 people - from 300 000 people up to 499,999 people - from 150 000 people up to 299,999 people

Settlements of the Central Federal District

Population

The Central Federal District has the highest population density in Russia - 60.56 people / km² (2019). The district is the largest in Russia in terms of population - 39,378,059 people (2019) (26.83% of the Russian Federation). The share of the urban population is 82.06%. Also in the Central Federal District, the largest share of the Russian population (89.06% in 2010). This is the only federal district where there is not a single national subject of the federation. It consists mainly of small but densely populated areas, about half of the population lives in and.

Population
1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995
37 920 000	↗ 38 018 468	↗ 38 154 938	↘ 38 138 535	↘ 38 134 933	↘ 38 088 155	↗ 38 115 279
1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002
↗ 38 188 510	↗ 38 233 707	↗ 38 283 655	↗ 38 311 159	↘ 38 227 656	↘ 38 175 094	↘ 38 000 651
2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
↘ 37 946 810	↘ 37 733 471	↘ 37 545 831	↘ 37 356 361	↘ 37 218 058	↘ 37 150 741	↘ 37 121 812
2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
↗ 38 427 539	↗ 38 445 765	↗ 38 537 608	↗ 38 678 913	↗ 38 819 874	↗ 38 951 479	↗ 39 104 319
2017	2018	2019
↗ 39 209 582	↗ 39 311 413	↗ 39 378 059

Birth rate (number of births per 1000 population)
1970	1975	1980	1985	1990	1995	1996	1997	1998
12,5	↗ 13,0	↗ 13,4	↗ 13,8	↘ 11,2	↘ 7,9	↘ 7,7	↘ 7,3	↗ 7,5

1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
↘ 7,2	↗ 7,7	↗ 8,0	↗ 8,5	↗ 8,7	↗ 9,0	↘ 8,8	↗ 9,0	↗ 9,7

2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
↗ 10,3	↗ 10,8	↘ 10,7	↗ 10,8	↗ 11,4	→ 11,4	↗ 11,5

Mortality (number of deaths per 1000 population)
1970	1975	1980	1985	1990	1995	1996	1997	1998
9,5	↗ 10,7	↗ 12,3	↗ 13,0	↗ 13,1	↗ 17,1	↘ 16,1	↘ 15,8	↗ 15,8

1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
↗ 17,0	↗ 17,5	↗ 18,0	↗ 18,5	↘ 17,9	↘ 17,4	↗ 17,4	↘ 16,7	↘ 16,1

2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
↗ 16,1	↘ 15,5	↘ 15,2	↘ 14,0	↘ 13,9	↘ 13,7	↗ 13,7

Natural population growth (per 1000 population, sign (-) means natural population decline)
1970	1975	1980	1985	1990	1995	1996	1997	1998
3,0	↘ 2,3	↘ 1,1	↘ 0,8	↘ -1,9	↘ -9,2	↗ -8,4	↘ -8,5	↗ -8,3

1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
↘ -9,8	→ -9,8	↘ -10,0	→ -10,0	↗ -9,2	↗ -8,4	↘ -8,6	↗ -7,7	↗ -6,4

2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
↗ -5,8	↗ -4,7	↗ -4,5	↗ -3,2	↗ -2,5	↗ -2,3	↗ -2,2	↗ -1,7	↘ -1,8

2017
↘ -2,4

Life expectancy at birth (number of years)
1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998
69,5	↘ 69,2	↘ 68,3	↘ 65,6	↘ 64,2	↗ 64,9	↗ 66,5	↗ 67,4	↗ 67,6

1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
↘ 66,4	↘ 66,1	↘ 65,8	↘ 65,6	↗ 65,7	↗ 66,1	↗ 66,3	↗ 67,3	↗ 68,1

2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013
↗ 68,5	↗ 69,4	↗ 69,9	↗ 71,2	↗ 71,4	↗ 71,9

National composition

National composition, according to the 2010 census: Total - 38,427,539 people.

Russians - 34,240,603 (89.10%)
Ukrainians - 514,919 (1.34%)
Armenians - 270,996 (0.71%)
Tatars - 265,913 (0.69%)
Azerbaijanis - 132,312 (0.34%)
Belarusians - 128,742 (0.34%)
Uzbeks - 90,652 (0.24%)
Jews - 69,409 (0.18%)
Moldovans - 65,645 (0.17%)
Georgians - 63,612 (0.17%)
Tajiks - 62,785 (0.16%)
Mordva - 51,826 (0.13%)
Gypsies - 49,535 (0.13%)
Chuvash - 40,157 (0.10%)
Kyrgyz - 29,269 (0.08%)
Chechens - 25,734 (0.07%)
Germans - 25,219 (0.07%)
Koreans - 21,779 (0.06%)
Ossetians - 19,203 (0.05%)
Lezgins - 17,843 (0.05%)
Kazakhs - 17,608 (0.05%)
Turks - 15,322 (0.04%)
Bashkirs - 15,249 (0.04%)
Yezidis - 13,727 (0.04%)
Avars - 12,887 (0.03%)
Dargins - 10,095 (0.03%)
Persons who did not indicate their nationality - 1 million 944 thousand 531 people. (5.06%)
Persons of other nationalities - 2 million 260 thousand 631 people. (5.88%)

According to the 2002 census, the population of the Central Federal District is 38 million 000 thousand 651 people. National composition:

Russians - 34 million 703 thousand 066 people. (91.32%)
Ukrainians - 756 thousand 087 people. (1.99%)
Persons who did not indicate their nationality - 736 thousand 020 people. (1.93%)
Tatars - 288 thousand 216 people. (0.77%)
Armenians - 249 thousand 220 people. (0.66%)
Belarusians - 186 thousand 326 people. (0.49%)
Azerbaijanis - 161 thousand 859 people. (0.43%)
Jews - 103 thousand 710 people. (0.27%)
Georgians - 80 thousand 651 people. (0.21%)
Moldovans - 67 thousand 811 people. (0.18%)
Mordva - 67 thousand 497 people. (0.18%)
Tajiks - 46 thousand 738 people. (0.12%)
Chuvash - 46 thousand 101 people (0.12%)
Gypsies - 45 thousand 858 people. (0.12%)
Uzbeks - 38 thousand 676 people. (0.1%)
Germans - 33 thousand 190 people. (0.09%)
Chechens - 28 thousand 861 people. (0.08%)
Ossetians - 17 thousand 655 people. (0.05%)
Persons of other nationalities - 17 thousand 270 people. (0.05%)
Koreans - 16 thousand 720 people. (0.04%)

Languages

Ethno-linguistic composition is dominated by the following groups and families:

Indo-European family - 35,525,282 people. (92.45%)
1. Slavic group - 34,903,814 (90.83%)
2. Armenian group - 271,281 (0.71%)
3. Iranian group - 105,149 (0.27%)
4. Romance group - 70,074 (0.18%)
5. Indo-European Jews - 69,409 (0.18%)
6. Indo-Aryan group - 52,105 (0.14%)
Altai family - 646,955 (1.68%)
1. Turkic group - 636,673 (1.66%)
2. Mongolian group - 9974 (0.02%)
North Caucasian family - 113,329 (0.29%)
Ural family - 84,798 (0.22%)
1. Finno-Ugric group - 84,667 (0.22%)
Kartvelian family - 63,629 (0.17%)
Koreans - 21,779 (0.06%)
Semitic-Hamitic family - 7977 (0.02%)

Big cities

Settlements with a population of more than 200 thousand people

	↗ 12 615 279
	↗ 1 054 111
	↗ 609 828
	↗ 539 789
	↘ 509 420
	↘ 479 105
	↗ 490 047
	↗ 449 556

	↗ 304 245
	↘ 291 663
	↘ 276 064
	↗ 254 748
	↗ 224 533
	↗ 223 360
	↗ 222 739
	↗ 207 349

GRP and economy of the Central Federal District

Gross regional product in the Central Federal District
№	Subject	GRP (billion rubles) 2017	in %	GRP per capita population (thousand rubles/person) 2017
1	*	15 724,9	59,58	1 263,7
2		3803,0	14,15	509,5
3		865,2	3,62	370,6
4		785,6	3,02	506,4
5		555,9	2,10	371,7
6		510,6	1,90	402,6
7		498,0	2,01	431,8
8		417,1	1,47	411,6
9		415,6	1,58	300,3
10		387,6	1,48	346,3
11		384,0	1,50	297,6
12		360,6	1,39	320,8
13		307,7	1,19	253,1
14		300,6	1,52	289,8
15		281,9	1,13	296,3
16		214,3	0,91	285,4
17		185,8	0,75	182,4
18		165,9	0,69	256,8
18.000001	Total	26 164,3	100,00	472,2

The total GRP of the Central Federal District in 2017 amounted to 26 trillion 164 billion rubles. During the specified period, the share of Moscow and the Moscow Region accounted for 74.63% or 3/4 of the GRP of the district, the share of 6 regions of the Central Black Earth Region - 11.66% of the GRP, the remaining 10 regions of the Central Federal District - 13.71% of the GRP of the district.

(*GRP of Moscow is not real, due to the fact that the largest enterprises from other subjects of the Russian Federation are registered in Moscow, which give Moscow an increase in GRP, and not the region where the products themselves are produced, the real GRP of Moscow cannot currently be calculated.)

Plenipotentiaries of the President of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District

Poltavchenko, Georgy Sergeevich (May 18, 2000 / March 26, 2004 / May 14, 2008 - August 31, 2011)
Govorun, Oleg Markovich (September 6, 2011 - May 21, 2012)
Beglov, Alexander Dmitrievich (May 23, 2012 - December 25, 2017)
Gordeev, Alexey Vasilievich (December 25, 2017 - May 18, 2018)
Shchegolev Igor Olegovich (since June 26, 2018, No. 367)

Sources

Central Federal District // Chepalyga A. L., Chepalyga G. I. Regions of Russia: A Handbook. - 2nd ed., corrected. and additional - M.: Dashkov i K°, 2004. - 100 p. - S. 26-39. ISBN 5-94798-490-3

Notes

Information on the availability and distribution of land in the Russian Federation as of 01/01/2017 (in the context of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation) // Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography (Rosreestr)
Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (Russian). Retrieved 31 July 2019.
Gross regional product by constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 1998-2016 (Russian)(xls). Rosstat.
Gross regional product per capita for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 1998-2016 MS Excel document
Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2018 (Russian). Date of access 25 July 2018. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018.
Demographic situation in modern Russia
Permanent population as of January 1 (people) 1990-2013
All-Russian population census 2002. Volume. 1, Table 4 (indefinite) . Archived from the original on February 3, 2012.
Population census 2010. Population of Russia, federal districts, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, urban districts, municipal districts, urban and rural settlements (Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Date of treatment September 25, 2013. Archived from the original on April 28, 2013.
Table 33. Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2014 (indefinite) . Date of access 2 August 2014. Archived from the original on 2 August 2014.
Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2015 (indefinite) . Retrieved 6 August 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015.
Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2016
Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2017 (Russian)(July 31, 2017). Date of access 31 July 2017. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017.
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
4.22. Birth rate, mortality and natural increase of the population in the subjects of the Russian Federation
4.6. Birth rate, mortality and natural increase of the population in the subjects of the Russian Federation
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2011
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2012
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2013
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2014
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
5.13. Birth rate, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
4.22. Birth rate, mortality and natural increase of the population in the subjects of the Russian Federation
4.6. Birth rate, mortality and natural increase of the population in the subjects of the Russian Federation
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2011
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2012
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2013
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2014
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2015
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriages, divorce rates for January-December 2016
Birth, death, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2017
Life expectancy at birth, years, year, annual value, total population, both sexes
Life expectancy at birth
All-Russian population census 2010. Official results with expanded lists by national composition of the population and by region: see.
Gross regional product by constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 1998-2016 (indefinite) (.xlsx). Federal State Statistics Service (March 2, 2018). - Official statistics. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 18, 2000 No. 894 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District"
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 26, 2004 No. 415 “On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District”
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 14, 2008 No. 789 “On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District”
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 31, 2011 No. 1130 “On Poltavchenko G.S.”
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 6, 2011 No. 1163 “On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District”
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 21, 2012 No. 656 "On the Minister of Regional Development of the Russian Federation"
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 23, 2012 No. 704 “On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District”
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 25, 2017 No. 624 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the North-Western Federal District"
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 25, 2017 No. 625 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District"
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 18, 2018 No. 225 “On the Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation”
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 26, 2018 No. 367 "On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal District"

is the most densely populated part of Russia. The population density is 57.5 people/km2. Center - Moscow. In terms of area, it occupies about 4% of the territory of the Russian Federation and concentrates 25% of the country's population, of which half is concentrated in Moscow metropolitan region.

The district is not accidentally named Central. This name characterizes not only its geographical position in the center of the country, but also its historical function as the core of the Russian state, the center of economic, political, cultural life.

The Central District has the largest personnel training centers, research institutes, design organizations, science cities, so it is characterized by a high concentration of qualified personnel, which explains the high level of development of science-intensive industries (Table 1).

Table 1. Geography of engineering industries in the Central Federal District

Industry name and composition	Manufactured products	Accommodation centers
instrumentation	Devices, means of communication	Moscow region, Smolensk
machine tool industry		Ryazan, Moscow region
transport engineering	Buses, riverboats, diesel-engineering, car-building	Golitsyno, Likino-Dulyovo, Tver, Tula, Vladimir, Bryansk, Moscow region
automotive	Trucks and cars, engines, spare parts	Moscow region, Smolensk, Tver, Ivanovo. Yaroslavl, Yartsevo (Smolensk region)
electronic computer technology	Consumer electronics, electrical engineering	Smolensk, Moscow region
mining, power equipment, agricultural engineering	Equipment, metal structures, agricultural machinery	Kursk, Voronezh, Lipetsk, Tambov, Yelets, Michurinsk

It is a developed industrial and agricultural area.

Ferrous metallurgy uses the natural wealth of the district - the iron ores of the Kursk magnetic anomaly. In terms of geological reserves, the KMA field ranks first in the world. The shallow occurrence of ores (from 35 to 500 m) allows their development in open pits. The extraction of ores by KML is 40% of the total extraction of iron ores in the CIS countries.

Lebedinsky Mining and Processing Plant is located in the Belgorod Region. It produces a powdered ore concentrate, 2/3 consisting of iron oxide. From here, the concentrate is sent to metallurgical plants in the form of sinter or pellets.

OJSC Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works in Lipetsk specializes in iron and steel smelting. It takes the 3rd place in Russia in terms of output after the Cherepovets (Vologda region) and Magnitogorsk (Chelyabinsk region) plants.

OAO Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant is located in Stary Oskol (Belgorod Region). It produces steel by the direct reduction of iron.

The most valuable wealth of the district is soils - chernozems. The humus content in them ranges from 4 to 12%, and the chernozem horizon itself reaches 1 m or more. These are the most fertile soils in Russia, so the district belongs to the main agricultural regions of the country. A significant part of its territory is occupied by fields of grain, industrial and fodder crops: rye and wheat, millet and buckwheat, corn, barley, oats, silage grasses, sugar beet, sunflower. Animal husbandry, horticulture and vegetable growing are developed.

The agro-industrial complex of the district specializes in the production of marketable grain, flour, cereals, granulated sugar, butter, starch, canned fruits and vegetables.

Indicators of the Central Federal District

Administrative-territorial composition: Moscow, Belgorod, Bryansk, Vladimir, Voronezh, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kursk, Lipetsk, Moscow, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tambov, Tver, Tula, Yaroslavl regions.

Territory - 652.7 thousand km 2. Population - 37.1 million people.

The administrative center is Moscow.

The Central Federal District unites the Central and Central Black Earth economic regions.

The territory of the Okrug belongs to Central Russia with a relative unity of natural, geographical, demographic and economic features of development, which is characteristic of the region.

Table 2. The share of economic indicators of the Central Federal District in the national

Branches of specialization of the industrial production of the district on the basis of the coefficient of localization are highlighted in Table. 3.

The Central Federal District, in accordance with the calculations of the localization coefficient (Table 3), specializes in the following types of economic activity: manufacturing, including the production of food products, including drinks, and tobacco, textile and clothing production, production of leather, leather goods and shoe production, pulp and paper production, publishing and printing, chemical production, production of rubber and plastic products, production of other non-metallic mineral products, production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment, and other industries; production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.

Table 3. Specialization of industrial production in the Central Federal District

The Central Federal District (CFD) is a metropolitan region, leading in terms of population, economic and social development, having a complex differentiated economic structure and a dense network of railways and roads.

Districts of the Central Federal District

According to natural conditions, location and development of productive forces on the territory of the district, the Central and Central Black Earth economic regions are distinguished.

Central economic region

Composition of the district(13 subjects of the federation) - Moscow, Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Vladimir, Ryazan, Tula, Orel, Bryansk, Kaluga, Smolensk, Tver regions.

In terms of the number of subjects of the federation, this is the largest region, it also stands out in terms of population.

There are no significant mineral reserves in the region that could determine the development of its economy. Fuel reserves are presented in the Moscow region lignite basin, low quality coals, but can be used as coking and power. There are insignificant deposits of peat in the territories of the Tver, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Yaroslavl and Moscow regions. Oil and gas areas have been discovered in the Yaroslavl region, which are not yet being developed.

Mineral raw materials are represented by a few iron ore deposits in the Tula and Oryol regions. The Kosogorsky metallurgical plant (XV-XVII centuries) was founded on the use of Tula ores. There are deposits of industrial phosphorites in the Bryansk and Moscow regions.

All natural resources are mainly of intra-district significance.

Population. The central region is the leader in terms of population density (more than 60 people / km 2), but there are significant differences. The maximum concentration of the population is reached within the Moscow agglomeration (excluding Moscow - 140 people/km2), while in the Kostroma region the average density is only 13 people/km2.

The share of the urban population is 83.1%. The Moscow agglomeration, the largest in Russia, was formed in the region. Moscow, as it were, prevented the growth of other cities, so there are few large urban settlements in the region: Yaroslavl (620 thousand people), Ryazan (530 thousand people), Tula (520 thousand people). The main nationality of all subjects is Russian. In some places, compact residence of other peoples is noted: in the Tver region - Karelians, in the Ryazan region - Mordovians and Tatars, in the regions bordering Belarus with Smolensk and Bryansk regions - Belarusians.

Economy. The presence of highly qualified labor resources and a large number of research and design institutes has always determined the development of knowledge-intensive and labor-intensive industries in the region, including the military-industrial complex.

Tertiary sector. Moscow is undoubtedly the largest banking center of the country. The boards of all major Russian banks are concentrated here, there is a large branch network. All this leads to the fact that this industry comes to the forefront in the region. Income received from financial transactions is ahead of all other areas of management. An additional resource leading to the strengthening of the role of the Center is the implementation state functions Moscow. Placement in the city of the Presidential Administration, the Government, the Federal Assembly entails the concentration of various industries, firms and management structures.

Industry. Mechanical engineering is the main industry of the region. At one time, the automotive industry, machine tool building, instrument making, electrical engineering, electronics, and aircraft building were developed here. The first locomotive building and car building enterprises appeared in the region, then their number increased.

The center of the automotive industry is Moscow, where the ZIL production association is located, specializing in the production of medium-duty trucks.

The Center has many factories producing equipment for various industries (clothing, chemical, energy, building materials, woodworking). The main centers of machine tool building are Moscow, Kolomna, Ryazan. Instrumentation is developed in Moscow (plants Energopribor, Fizpribor, Manometr, watch factories), Ryazan, Vladimir, Smolensk. Electrical engineering is developed in Moscow, it is represented by the Moskabel, Dynamo factories and factories in Yaroslavl, Kaluga and the Vladimir region.

The branch of specialization is also chemical production. Among the branches of chemistry that work on their own resources, we should mention the production of phosphate fertilizers (Voskresensk and Polpino). Factories for the production of plastics, chemical fibers and threads, synthetic rubber, nitrogen fertilizers (Tula region), and detergents operate on imported oil and gas (there are three refineries in the region). The centers for the production of synthetic rubber are Yaroslavl and Efremov.

Ferrous metallurgy is represented by a full-cycle enterprise in Tula, an iron foundry in Kosaya Gora (Tula region), as well as a number of conversion plants in Moscow, Elektrostal, Orel.

The central region is characterized by a strong printing industry, which is also a market specialization industry. Large printing plants are located in Moscow, supplying all regions of the country with their products.

The textile industry, once a leader in the area, is experiencing a decline in production. It is caused by the massive import of cheaper products from abroad, the lack of raw materials left outside of Russia, and the disappearance of state orders. All these reasons led to the shutdown of many enterprises.

Most of the other industries meet the internal needs of the Central Economic Region: electric power industry, food industry, non-ferrous metallurgy, construction complex.

Agriculture. Climatic conditions in combination with different soils make it possible to grow cereals with a short vegetation period, fodder crops, and potatoes in the northern regions. In the southern regions, winter wheat ripens, a lot of potatoes are planted on black earth soils, and sugar beet is planted in the very south. In animal husbandry, dairy and beef cattle breeding is represented. There are many poultry and pig farms in the area. The suburban type of economy, which combines vegetable growing, potato growing with dairy and meat cattle breeding and pig breeding, has received significant development.

Transport characterized by a huge scale of transportation of goods and passengers. Historically, a radial-ring transport network has developed in focus with Moscow. 11 electrified railways diverge from Moscow, connecting the Central District with all parts of the country. Several federal highways pass through Moscow. Moscow is the country's largest aviation hub. Oil and gas pipelines pass through the Central District.

The Moscow river port can receive cargo going through a system of channels from five seas.

The Central Economic Region is a major tourist region of the country.

Currently, the most important factors for the development of the region are:

an increase in the role of the financial and credit sphere (banks), the rapid formation of small and medium-sized businesses in the transition to a market economy;
structural restructuring in the economy, in which traditional production on the basis of military-industrial complex enterprises is preserved.

Central Black Earth economic region

Composition of the district(five subjects of the federation) - Kursk, Belgorod, Voronezh, Lipetsk, Tambov regions.

Conditions for the development of the economy. The specialization of the region is connected with its own resources of iron ore (KM A ores are the first in the country). There are deposits of phosphorites in the Kursk region.

Non-metallic minerals are represented by foundry sands, deposits of cement raw materials, chalk and limestone (Belgorod region).

Soils in the north are podzolic and gray podzolic in the rest are fertile chernozems.

Limitations are determined by water scarcity and lack of energy capacity. Naturally, the territory is favorable for the cultivation of many agricultural crops.

Population. The coefficient of natural population decline is somewhat lower than in the Central region and reaches 6-8°/00. The population density is relatively high - 46 people / km 2. At the same time, there is almost no differentiation by territory. The district is one of the few that can be called mono-ethnic. The share of Russians ranges from 92% in the Belgorod region to 98% in the Tambov region.

Economy. Ferrous metallurgy. The Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) located in the area is the largest iron ore basin in the country (the ore contains up to 60% iron). The Kursk-Orlovsky district (Mikhailovskoye deposit) and the Starooskolsky district (Lebedinskoye and Stoilenskoye deposits) stand out. Enriched ore is largely sent outside the region, as well as to local enterprises in Lipetsk and Stary Oskol (a plant for the direct reduction of iron from ores has been built). Among other industries, one can single out mechanical engineering (machine-tool building - Voronezh, Lipetsk, tractor building - Lipetsk, agricultural engineering - Voronezh, Tambov, Michurinsk, Kursk; heavy engineering and aircraft building). Chemistry: production of synthetic rubber and tires in Voronezh, synthetic fibers in Kursk, dyes in Tambov, detergents in Shebekino.

Agro-industrial complex. Sugar beet (the first place in the country), sunflower (the third place in the country), cereals, potatoes, vegetables, fruit and berry crops are cultivated in the region. Livestock breeding is dominated by dairy and meat cattle breeding and pig breeding. In terms of meat production per capita, the district ranks first in the country (about 55 kg), in milk production - in second place after the Volga-Vyatka region. Almost all products are processed within the region. There are flour-grinding, milk-canning mixed fodder, sugar and starch-treatment enterprises, plants for the production of vegetable and animal oils. The country's largest Alekseevsky ether plant began to produce the most famous brand of sunflower oil "Sloboda".

Further development of the region is connected with the increase in agricultural production and the development of KMA iron ore deposits.

The Central Federal District was formed by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 849 dated May 13, 2000.

The Central Federal District includes 18 subjects of the Russian Federation: Belgorod, Bryansk, Vladimir, Voronezh, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kursk, Lipetsk, Moscow, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tambov, Tver, Tula, Yaroslavl regions and the city of Moscow. The center of the Central Federal District is the city of Moscow (the area is 1.1 thousand km2, the population as of January 1, 2007 is 10.4 million people).

The territory of the Central Federal District is 650.7 km2 or 3.8% of the territory of Russia. The Okrug is the most populated in Russia (37.3 million people), while 78.8% of the population lives in cities.

By , as well as by the number of inhabitants, the Central Federal District ranks first among the federal districts: 57.2 people. per km2. The maximum population density is in Moscow (9,571.6 people per km2) and the Moscow Region (141.7 people per km2), the lowest population density is in the Kostroma (13.2) and Tver (19.3) regions.
The Central Federal District belongs to highly urbanized regions: almost three quarters of the population lives in 40 large cities.

The largest cities of the central federal district are Moscow, Voronezh, Yaroslavl, Ryazan, Tula, Lipetsk, Ivanovo, Bryansk, Tver, Kursk. The number of other cities does not exceed 440,000 people. In total, there are 300 cities in the district.

The territory of the Central Federal District is located in several natural zones - coniferous, mixed and deciduous forests,. The predominant part of the territory belongs to the basins of the Volga and Don rivers.

The main natural wealth of the Central Federal District is the iron ores of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, which ranks first in the world in terms of geological reserves and first in Russia in terms of balance reserves. The shallow occurrence and high quality of ores determine the efficiency of their extraction. Of the other types of mineral resources in the district, there are large reserves of chalk, limestone, refractory and brick clay, marl, as well as building, glass and molding sands. The Central Federal District is not rich in fuel and energy resources. Fuel reserves are represented by the brown coal basin, which is located on the territory of 5 regions - Tver, Smolensk, Kaluga, Tula and Ryazan. The balance reserves of coal are about 4 billion tons, the depth of occurrence is up to 60 meters, the thickness of the seams is 20-46 meters, the mining and geological and hydrological conditions are unfavorable. Moscow Region coals are of low quality (low calorific value, high ash content and sulfur content). There are peat deposits in the northern and central parts of the district. The discovery of oil fields is predicted in the Ivanovo, Kostroma and Yaroslavl regions.

The specialization of the economy of the Central Federal District is territorially differentiated. The south of the okrug (Central Chernozem economic region) specializes in mining, metallurgical, some branches of mechanical engineering and chemistry, as well as intensive agricultural production. In the north and in the center (Central Economic Region), highly developed diversified machine building and metalworking, the chemical industry, various industries, and some branches of light industry predominate.

The leading sectors in the structure of the industrial complex of the Central Federal District are mechanical engineering and metalworking. The region has developed rocket and space industry, aircraft industry, electronic and radio industry, railway engineering, production of precision machines, machine tools with numerical control, robotics. An important sector of the region's specialization is the chemical industry, represented not only by the production of fertilizers, but also by the chemistry of organic synthesis (synthetic resins, plastics, lavsan, etc.). The district produces up to 30% of light industry products, occupies a leading position in the country in the production of cotton, linen, woolen and silk fabrics. The food industry is widely developed, in which the sugar, flour-grinding, oil-processing, meat, alcohol, confectionery, fruit and vegetable and tobacco-shag industries are in the lead.

The Central Federal District is one of the largest producers of printed products, a significant share of which is produced at printing plants in Moscow and the Moscow Region, in Tver, Yaroslavl, Ryazan.

The Central Federal District leads among the federal districts in all major indicators of socio-economic development. Only in terms of the total volume of industrial production is it somewhat inferior. The Moscow Region (Moscow and the Moscow Region) occupies a leading position in the Okrug's economy, providing 84% of federal budget revenues. The Okrug stands out for the country's most significant territorial differentiation of monetary incomes of the population (ten-fold between Moscow and the Kaluga Region).

On the territory of the Central Federal District is the largest economic, political, scientific and cultural center of Russia - its capital. Moscow is the largest financial center of Russia, the most important transport hub providing a wide range of transport services. Here, the country's highest level of development of the service sector, wholesale and oriented to the area of concentration of consumer demand, has been achieved. The information and communication services sector is rapidly developing in the city. In the sphere of industrial production in Moscow, the leading role is played by science-intensive industries, the automotive industry, machine tool building, as well as the electric power industry, the production of building materials, and various sectors of the light and food industries.

Among other districts, the cities of Voronezh, Tula and Yaroslavl stand out.

UDC 332.143 L. A. EFIMOVA

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev"

CENTRAL FEDERAL DISTRICT OF RUSSIA: ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC SITUATION AND PRIORITY DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT

The article deals with the analysis of indicators that characterize the development trends of the subjects of the Central Federal District of Russia. The results of the conducted research allow to substantiate the need for an active state policy to increase the welfare of the population, the development of regions and the country. The most important factors contributing to the development of the socio-economic sphere are considered. Numerical indicators of the economic state of the Central Federal District are given. It is noted that in the district, in comparison with other regions of the country, the processes of formation of an innovative economy are more active. The conditions conducive to the development of agriculture are characterized. The data of the industry development dynamics in the Central Federal District are given. The features characteristic of the district's agriculture are listed. An analysis of the economic state of the Central Federal District made it possible to identify priority areas for the development of regions.

Economy, Central Federal District, gross regional product, socio-economic indicators, priority areas of development.

The articles considers the analysis of the indicators characterizing the development tendencies of the subjects of the Central federal district of Russia. The results of the carried out investigations allow substantiate the necessity of the active governmental policy on increasing the welfare of the population, development of regions of the country. There are considered the most important factors promoting the development of the social-economic sphere. There are given numerical indicators of the economic state of the Central federal district. It is pointed out that in the district comparing with other regions of the country processes of establishment of the innovation economy run more actively. There are characterized the conditions promoting the agriculture development. There are given the data of the branch development dynamics in the Central federal district. The analysis of the economic state of the Central federal district allowed singling out the priority directions of development of regions.

Economics, Central federal district, gross regional product, social-economic indicators, priority directions of development.

At present, in world practice, targeted measures of the state to regulate activities, assess trends and prospects for the development of regions have received general recognition. To analyze the economic state of individual territorial units of the country, the value of the gross regional product (GRP) is used, the share of which in the Central Federal District is almost 35% of the total Russian volume (figure).

The Central Federal District (CFD) was established in 2000 in accordance with paragraph 14 of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 13, 2000 No. 849 “On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the federal

district”, consists of 18 subjects and plays a significant role in the life of the country, is a leader in the main indicators of socio-economic development.

The following important factors contribute to the development of the socio-economic sphere of the Central Federal District: favorable economic and geographical position, developed infrastructure, existing production, human, scientific and technical potential. The Okrug occupies the central part of the East European Plain and unites the Central and Central Black Earth economic regions of Russia. The area of the territory is 650.3 thousand km2 or 3.8% of the territory of the Russian Federation.

The structure of the gross regional product of Russia in 2012 by federal districts: 1 - Central; 2 - Northwestern; 3 - South; 4 - North Caucasian; 5 - Privolzhsky; 6 - Ural; 7 - Siberian; 8 - Far East

In the territorial division of labor in the Central Federal District, science-intensive and labor-intensive

capacious branches of mechanical engineering, ferrous metallurgy, chemical, printing, light industry, food industry, production of building materials. But the limited reserves of fuel and energy and mineral resources make the development of the Okrug's economy dependent on the supply of fuel, raw materials and components from other regions of Russia, countries of near and far abroad.

The share of wholesale and retail trade accounts for 27% (the largest share) of the GRP of the subjects of the Central Federal District, manufacturing - 16% in the Kaluga and Tula regions, transport and communications - 10.5% in the Oryol and Bryansk regions, agriculture - up to 3% in Belgorod, Tambov and Kursk, education - 2.8% in Oryol, healthcare - 3.7% in mainly Ivanovo region (Table 1).

Table 1

The structure of the gross regional product of the subjects of the Central Federal District and the Russian Federation in 2012

Subjects of the Central Federal District

a i o la a

her 8th 3rd 3rd

Russian Federation Central Federal District

Belgorod Region Bryansk Region Vladimir Region Voronezh Region City of Moscow Ivanovo Region Kaluga Region Kostroma Region Kursk Region Lipetsk Region Moscow Region Oryol Region Ryazan Region Smolensk Region Tambov Region Tver Region Tula Region

Yaroslavl region_

17,3 6,9 6,1 13,8 0,1

15.2 9,3 2,0 14,5 8,7 6,6

10,9 0,8 16,0 0,1 0,4 0,6 0,0 0,3 0,4 0,1 12,3 0,9 0,2 0,1 0,3 0,5 0,0 0,3 0,4 0,1

21.9 13,1 21,1 34,1 26,7

7.8 13,5 10,5 6,5 6,7

15,2 23,2 13,9 18,6

5.5 14,1 9,2 10,7 10,9

6.2 11,3 14,3 10,0 9,5

4.6 4,8 4,4 4,3 5,1 5,1 4,6

14.3 22,2 26,1 27,9

34.7 31,5 20,2 28,0

According to the Federal State Statistics Service, the share of the Central Federal District in the structure of fixed assets of the economy is 27.7%; , and the volume of taxes and fees to the federal budget - 45%.

The Okrug is the largest in Russia: 38.8 million people live in it. or 26.5% of the total population,

the population density is high and amounts to 59.7 people/km2 (the national average is 8.4 people/km2). The population is distributed unevenly across the territory of the Okrug: in the Tula region, the density is 64 people/km2, in the Kostroma region - 12 people/km2).

The Central Federal District is one of the most urbanized in Russia. The settlement structure of the district is dominated by the urban population, whose share from 1990 to 2013 ranged from 64.1% in the Lipetsk region to 98.9% in Moscow, the number of rural residents

decreased by 3% and amounted to about 7 million. 49.7% of the population lives in Moscow and the Moscow region. Such significant differences are explained by natural and climatic conditions and the socio-economic level of development.

The age composition of the Russian population is characterized by gender disproportion. In the Central Federal District, the numerical predominance of women over men remains: there are 1,179 women per 1,000 men (in the Ivanovo, Tula, Yaroslavl, Tver, Vladimir and Smolensk regions - 1,246 women) and is 1.5% higher than the average Russian value.

The highest rates of natural population decline, more than twice the average for Russia, were noted in Tula (14.7), Ivanovo (13.3), Tver (14.9), Smolensk (13.3), Tambov and Ryazan (11.5 and 12.9) regions, and the lowest - in Moscow (4.1 per 1000 population).

Since 2006, the birth rate has increased by 27%, while mortality has decreased by 18% as a result of the implementation of the national priority project "Health". The maximum birth rate was noted in the Belgorod, Bryansk, Moscow and Tver regions - 11.1 people / 1000 people. population, in the Yaroslavl region and Moscow - 11, the minimum in the Tula - 9.6 and Tambov regions - 9.3.

The average age of the population exceeds the average Russian value of 40 years (for men - 36.2 years, women - 41.2 years), and is noted in the Tula, Ryazan, Tambov, Voronezh, Tver-

The population growth rate is observed, which is 1.7% due to positive dynamics in Moscow with an increase of 35%, Belgorod - 11.8% and Moscow regions -6.5%. The largest reduction was noted in Ivanovo (20.8%), Tver (20.7%) and Tambov (19.1%) regions due to natural population decline (Table 2). In 2012, in these territories, the natural attrition rate was 2.5 thousand people/1000 people. . Negative indicators of natural increase are noted in all subjects of the Central Federal District.

oblasts and the city of Moscow. The structure of the middle-aged population is dominated by women (68.7%).

The county's life expectancy at birth rose to 71.5 years. There is more favorable dynamics among the male population with a decrease in mortality in working age. The highest mortality rates were noted in the following regions: Tverskaya - 20, Tula - 19.5, Smolenskaya - 19.2, Ivanovo - 18.6 and Vladimirskaya - 18.4 people/1000 people. population. The lowest mortality was observed in Moscow - 11.4 and the Belgorod region - 14.5 people/1000 people. population.

The natural decline was partially offset by the migration influx of residents from other subjects of the Russian Federation, countries of near and far abroad. But the difficult demographic situation among the regions of the Central Federal District remains in the Tula region with a coefficient

table 2

Dynamics of fertility, mortality and life expectancy in the Central

federal district

Population,

Birth rate (number of births per 1000 population)

Mortality (number of deaths per 1000 population)

Natural population decline per 1000 people. population

Life expectancy at birth, years_

2010 2011 2012 2013

38115.3 38188,5 38233,7 38283,7 38311,2 38227,7 38175,1

37946.8 37773,5 37545,8

11,2 7,9 7,7 7,3 7,5 7,2 7,7 8,0 8,5

17.0 17,5 18,0 18,5

15.2 14,0 13,9 13,7

8.3 9,8 9,8 10,0 10,0 9,2

reproduction of the population, equal to 0.592.

The basis for the formation of the labor resources of the region is the able-bodied population, the number of which in 1990-2009. tended to increase (most intensively in 1997-2003). In 2013, the number of able-bodied residents amounted to almost 25 million people. with a predominance of the population of older age (> 45 years) and younger working age (18 ... 28 years).

The demographic situation affected the economically active population. In 2013, the economically active population of the Central Central Federal District amounted to almost 20 million people, having decreased in dynamics by almost 5%, including 19.0 million people employed in the economy. (employment rate - 67.9%). Statistics show that over 1.3 million people are employed in agricultural production.

Under the influence of the financial and economic crisis, the unemployment rate increased by 8.6 percentage points and amounted to 3% of the economically active population of the district. The highest unemployment rate was registered in the Orel, Bryansk, Voronezh, Ryazan and Yaroslavl regions, the lowest - in the Moscow region and the Lipetsk region.

In the Okrug, in comparison with other regions of the country, the processes of formation of the innovative economy are more active. This is evidenced by structural changes in employment, characterized by the outflow of labor from manufacturing industries to industries associated with the development of trade and the service sector.

Favorable natural and climatic conditions of the district contribute to the development of agriculture. The maximum share of sown areas is made up of grain crops, which are grown by 40.5 thousand peasant (farmer) households and individual entrepreneurs and 7.9 thousand agricultural organizations of the Central Federal District. In terms of gross grain harvest, the district ranks third in Russia (after the Southern and Volga regions).

The federal district specializes in the production of vegetable crops and potato growing. The main crops of wheat fall on the chernozem Oryol, Tula, Ryazan, Lipetsk, Belgorod, Voronezh and Tambov regions. These regions also account for the bulk of cereal crops: in the arid regions of the southeast, millet is grown, in

western with a sufficient amount of incoming moisture - buckwheat. Of industrial crops, the most important is the production of flax in the Tver, Smolensk, Yaroslavl and sugar beets in the Kursk, Belgorod and Lipetsk regions.

Sunflower crops are most common in drought-resistant areas of the Voronezh and Tambov regions. In the Central Chernozem region, horticulture is developed (most of all in the Lipetsk and Tambov regions). The district accounts for 68% of the country's gross flax harvest, 52.6% of sugar beet, 33% of potatoes, 22% of grain, 16.3% of sunflower seeds and more than 30% of vegetables. The need for vegetable oil, sugar and potatoes is fully satisfied.

Animal husbandry is represented by dairy and beef cattle breeding, pig breeding and poultry farming. The district produces 18.3% of milk from the total milk yield in Russia, and 16.5% of the production of cattle for slaughter in live weight, 21% of eggs, over 25% of meat production. Among the main food products of own production, taking into account medical consumption standards, the Central Federal District is provided with meat and meat products by 36%, milk and dairy products - by 43%, eggs - by 72%, bread products - by 52%, vegetables - by 77%.

An analysis of the dynamics of the development of agriculture in the Central Federal District showed that the southern regions (Belgorod, Voronezh, Lipetsk, Kursk and Tambov) make the greatest contribution to ensuring the country's food security. Moscow, Vladimir and Yaroslavl regions, despite less favorable climatic conditions, have a significant share in the structure of agricultural production of the district (13.8%, 4.4%, 3.7%, respectively). About 60% of consumed meat and meat products, 27% of milk and dairy products, 16% of eggs are imported from other subjects of the Russian Federation and abroad.

The district's agriculture is characterized by the following features: discrepancy between the capacities processing agricultural raw materials and the volume of agricultural production; low level of technical equipment of processing enterprises; insufficient level of infrastructure development in the countryside. These features were reflected in the wages and incomes of the population of the CFD regions (Table 3).

Table 3

Dynamics of indicators characterizing the development of the regions of the Central Federal District of Russia

Regions Area, thousand km2 Average annual population, thousand people Average annual number of people employed in the economy, thousand people Average per capita cash income, rub. Average monthly accrued wages of employees, rub. Gross regional product per capita, thousand rubles

2003 2008 2012 2003 2008 2012 2003 2008 2012 2003 2008 2012 2003 2008 2012

Russia 17099 144648.6 142742.4 143201.7 65979.2 68473.6 67968.3 5167.0 14864.0 23058.0 5498.5 17290.1 26628.9 74.9 239.0 316.6

Central Federal District 652.7 37955.9 38236.7 38608.3 18056.8 19016.9 18814.1 7189.0 18590.0 29721.0 5872.8 20665.7 32466.0 94.5 341.3 420.1

Belgorod region 27.1 1512.9 1523.2 1538.5 668.3 679.9 700.1 3357.0 12749.0 21563.0 4468.6 13508.5 20002.1 50.3 208.7 333.5

Bryansk Region 34.9 1367.6 1298.8 1259.1 602.3 608.2 559.6 3136.0 10083.0 17422.0 3316.0 10220.1 16530.0 31.9 96.5 141.7

Vladimir Region 29.0 1514.8 1462.4 1426.9 714.2 705.1 698.6 2837.0 9480.0 16136.0 4024.6 12126.1 18343.4 40.9 121.4 178.5

Voronezh Region 52.4 2370.9 2341.7 2330.9 1065.9 1064.7 1057.9 3381.0 10587.0 18885.0 3549.1 11490.2 19538.1 42.3 126.2 191.6

Moscow 2.5 10461.3 11234.2 11918.1 5999.3 6593.2 6567.7 16711.0 31940.0 48622.0 8611.6 30552.1 50628.2 210, 786.4 865.6

Ivanovo Region 23.9 1137.8 1077.7 1051.5 476.1 496.5 492.1 2292.0 8343.0 15930.0 3254.6 10208.8 16998.1 29.2 80.8 120.3

Kaluga Region 29.9 1035.1 1016.7 1006.9 480.0 481.6 489.6 3335.0 11612.0 20621.0 4489.3 14085.2 23709.6 47.2 149.8 232.3

Kostroma Region 60.1 728.8 680.6 660.3 325.2 324.1 310.5 3094.0 9608.0 15808.0 3869.3 11456.9 16895.5 40.7 116.7 167.8

Kursk Region 29.8 1222.2 1147.6 1120.4 591.6 591.9 580.0 3373.0 11524.0 18808.0 3973.7 11437.4 18690.0 46.1 144.8 207.7

Lipetsk Region 24.1 1208.2 1184.3 1164.1 556.4 546.1 543.8 3557.0 12085.0 19777.0 4394.8 13372.4 19416.6 79.8 222.6 244.5

Moscow Region 44.4 6644.1 6926.7 7001.6 2582.8 2946.9 2933.9 4409.0 19047.0 29699.0 6071.2 21502.8 32302.5 62.3 245.9 313.6

Oryol region 24.7 852.7 802.0 778.5 411.9 407.5 393.3 3231.0 10027.0 16762.0 3563.5 11152.2 16888.0 49.3 117.9 167.1

Ryazan Region 39.6 1217.0 1171.1 1146.5 532.7 513.9 501.9 3306.0 11215.0 17664.0 4028.1 12686.3 19098.4 49.0 129.3 182.9

Smolensk Region 49.8 1042.5 1004.9 977.8 480.2 481.7 490.8 3712.0 11222.0 18250.0 4173.3 12050.7 17941.6 47.2 124.2 186.6

Tambov Region 34.3 1168.1 1112.1 1079.2 502.2 507.1 507.0 3412.0 11145.0 17470.0 3303.6 10295.7 16866.3 40.2 109.7 167.8

Tver Region 84.1 1456.7 1381.2 1338.2 630.6 612.0 580.9 3016.0 10803.0 17247.0 4267.9 13064.7 20246.1 47.3 139.9 188.5

Tula Region 25.7 1659.5 1582.2 1538.5 770.7 785.1 766.3 3378.0 11227.0 19291.0 4205.5 12994.1 20121.3 43.6 148.5 176.1

Yaroslavl region 36.4 1355.7 1289.3 1271.3 666.3 671.3 639.9 4273.0 12816.0 18513.0 4952.1 13802.9 20397.0 67.8 163.7 224.3

An analysis of the economic state of the Central Federal District made it possible to identify the following priority areas of development:

development of industry through the reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing facilities;

pursuing a rational demographic policy, since raising the living standards of the population of the country and the district will increase the birth rate in the region and the level of development of human capital;

meeting the needs of the population in high-quality domestic food products, sustainable development of rural areas, increasing employment and living standards in the countryside;

improving the quality of vocational education, taking into account the needs of the economy and the labor market;

consistent implementation of a unified state policy in the field of healthcare as a result of the implementation of measures to reduce the incidence and increase the life expectancy of the population;

creation of a single cultural space of the district by ensuring equal access to the cultural values of the population of different territories and different ethnic groups;

expanding the participation of Russian science in priority areas of scientific research;

development of physical culture and sports;

creation of conditions necessary for the formation and development of a young person as a person;

improving the quality of professional staff and the quality of life through the modernization and development of the social sphere;

development of the housing sector and housing and communal services by providing state support to citizens living and working in rural areas;

introduction of innovative technologies

gy in the spheres of industry, energy, transport and agro-industrial complex;

state financial support for agricultural producers and processing industries of the agro-industrial complex.

strengthening its own raw material base, creating a state system of information and consulting services for producers;

improvement of the system of financial relations between the state and agricultural producers when creating a credit fund on favorable terms, and in agricultural areas - financial and industrial groups of agrarian direction;

agricultural financing

state organizations with the direction of allocated funds for the implementation of effective programs for the development of the agro-industrial complex;

attraction of investments for the development of the most promising areas of the economy.

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2. Russian statistical yearbook. 2013: stat. Sat. - M.: Rosstat, 2013.

3. Russia in numbers. 2013: stat. Sat. -M.: Rosstat, 2013. - 573 p.

4. Efimova L. A. The demographic situation in Russia: state and priority directions of development // Regional economy: Theory and practice.

2013. - No. 6 (285) - S. 54-58.

5. Efimova L. A. Labor market in Russia: state and prospects: monograph. - M.: RGAU Publishing House - MSHA, 2014. - 169 p.

The article was received by the editors on 01/12/15. Efimova Larisa Alexandrovna, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Accounting Е-mail: [email protected]