The simplest shelters include open and closed slots (Fig. 3). The cracks are built by the population themselves using improvised local materials. The simplest shelters have reliable protective properties. Thus, an open slot reduces the probability of damage by a shock wave, light radiation and penetrating radiation by 1.5-2 times, and reduces the possibility of exposure in the zone of radioactive contamination by 2-3 times. The overlapped gap protects completely from light radiation, from a shock wave - 2.5-3 times, from penetrating radiation and radioactive radiation - 200-300 times.
The gap is initially arranged open. It is a zigzag trench in the form of several straight sections with a length of no more than 15 m. Its depth is 1.8-2 m, the width along the top is 1.1-1.2 m and along the bottom up to 0.8 m. The length of the gap is determined from the calculation 0.5-0.6 m per person. The normal slot capacity is 10-15 people, the largest is 50 people. The construction of the gap begins with a breakdown and tracing - marking its plan on the ground. First, the base line is hung, and the total length of the slot is plotted on it. Then, to the left and to the right, half the dimensions of the width of the gap along the top are deposited. In places of fractures, pegs are hammered, tracing cords are pulled between them and grooves 5-7 cm deep are torn off. As they deepen, the slopes of the slot are gradually trimmed and brought to the required size. In the future, the walls of the gap are strengthened with boards, poles, reeds or other improvised materials. Then the gap is covered with logs, sleepers or small-sized reinforced concrete slabs. A layer of waterproofing is laid on top of the coating, using roofing felt, roofing felt, vinyl chloride film, or a layer of crumpled clay is laid, and then a layer of soil 50-60 cm thick. separating the sheltered room with a curtain of dense fabric. An exhaust duct is installed for ventilation. A drainage groove is broken along the floor with a drainage well located at the entrance to the gap.
Conclusion
This paper considers a range of issues related to the accumulation of the fund of civil defense protective structures, their maintenance, operation and use in peacetime and wartime.
The problem of engineering protection of the population, in terms of providing it with protective structures, has always been relevant throughout the entire period of formation and development of civil defense. Depending on the type and degree of military threats and dangers, it underwent certain quantitative and qualitative changes, the categories of the population sheltered in protective structures and the degree of protection in these structures were specified.
The main measures to improve the efficiency of engineering protection of the population in the near future are defined by the "Fundamentals of a unified state policy in the field of civil defense for the period up to 2010", approved by the President of the Russian Federation on January 5
2004 No. Pr-12. These are:
improving the engineering protection of the population, improving the maintenance and use of civil defense protective structures in peacetime;
maintaining readiness of protective structures of civil defense,
ensuring the protection of workers and employees (working shifts) of the most important facilities and the population from hazards;
adaptation in peacetime and in a threatened period of buried rooms, subways and other structures of underground space for sheltering the population;
preparation for the construction of the missing protective structures of civil defense with simplified internal equipment and shelters of the simplest type during the threatened period.
Further improvement of engineering protection should be inextricably linked with the development of new approaches to its organization, taking into account modern conditions and requirements. Today's approaches are based on the "Basic Principles for the Protection of the Population from Weapons of Mass Destruction", adopted in 1963. For more than 45 years since the adoption of these principles, there have been significant changes in the forms and methods of conducting modern wars, the socio-economic conditions and capabilities of our state. This objectively causes the need to reconsider the views on the protection of the population at the place of work and residence in large cities and outside them, the development of new types of protective structures with protective properties that are adequate to modern threats and dangers.
Theme 1.12
Collective protection means
4 study question
General characteristics of the simplest shelters
In the system of protecting the population, the construction of simple shelters such as cracks is of particular importance. The slot may be open or closed.
Open and closed slots are designed to protect against:
- shock wave of a nuclear explosion;
- light radiation of a nuclear explosion;
- penetrating radiation from a nuclear explosion;
- exposure as a result of radiation contamination of the area;
- direct contact with clothing and skin of radioactive, toxic substances and bacterial agents (only covered);
- destruction by debris collapsing rear.
The gap is a ditch 200 cm deep, 120 cm wide at the top and 80 cm along the bottom. The length is determined by the number of sheltered. A slot for 10 people usually has a length of 8–10 m. It is recommended to equip 7 places for sitting and 3 for lying in it. The construction of the gap is carried out in 2 stages: first, an open gap is torn off and equipped, and then it is blocked. The gap is covered with logs with a diameter of 18–20 cm, beams, reinforced concrete slabs and other durable materials. On top of this overlap, waterproofing is laid from roofing felt, polyethylene film or a layer of soft clay 20–30 cm thick, a layer of soil 50–60 cm thick is poured and covered with turf (Fig. 4.1).
Along one of the walls, the cracks arrange a bench for sitting, and in the walls there are niches for storing food and barrels of water.
A slot for 20–40 people is built in the form of several straight sections located at right angles to each other. The length of each section is not more than 10 meters, and the length of the gap is determined at the rate of at least 0.5–0.6 m per sheltered person.
The entrances to the slot are arranged at a right angle to the first straight section. In slots with a capacity of up to 20 people. make one entrance, and more than 20 - two at opposite ends.
The entrance to the gap is closed with a curtain made of dense fabric.
For ventilation, supply and exhaust ducts (or one exhaust duct) are equipped. A drainage groove is broken along the floor with a drainage well located at the entrance to the gap.
Some indicators of the protective properties of open and closed slots
Reducing the probability of defeat:
- The shock wave of a nuclear explosion:
- in an open slot - 1.5-2 times;
- in a closed gap - 2.5-3 times;
- Light radiation from a nuclear explosion:
- in an open slot - 1.5-2 times;
- in a closed gap - 100%;
- Penetrating radiation from a nuclear explosion:
- in an open slot - 1.5-2 times;
- in a closed slot - 200-300 times (with a thickness of soil sprinkling of 60-70 cm).
- Irradiation as a result of radioactive contamination of the area:
- in an open slot - 2-3 times (after decontamination - 20 times or more);
- in a closed slot - 200-300 times.
Slots, including those blocked, do not provide protection against:
- toxic substances;
- bacterial agents.
When using them in case of chemical or bacteriological contamination, personal protective equipment should be used:
- in blocked cracks - respiratory organs (usually only them);
- in open crevices - respiratory organs and skin.
Conclusions on the fourth educational question
1. The use of the simplest shelters is extremely important in the system of protecting the population from the damaging factors of weapons of mass destruction, conventional weapons and man-made emergencies. This is mainly due to the possibility of circumstances under which the use of anti-radiation shelters, and even more so civil defense shelters, will be impossible (lack of PRU and shelters, their inaccessibility or occupancy).
2. Since gaps, including those blocked, do not provide protection from toxic substances and bacteriological agents, being in them is possible only in personal respiratory and skin protection equipment.
An open slot on the compartment: 1-water well; 2- poles.
Open gap. The simplest shelter for personnel. Protects completely from small arms fire, shell fragments, mortar mines and air bombs; partially protects against the shock wave of an explosion of conventional and nuclear weapons (reduces the radius of damage by a shock wave by 1.5-2 times). Protects from the light radiation of a nuclear explosion, reduces the level of radioactive exposure by 3-4 times (when the personnel are located lying at the bottom of the gap). With a direct hit by a projectile, mine, grenade, the degree of protection is 0.
An open target is a section of a trench 150 cm deep. It can be torn off as an independent structure, or adjacent to the trench, a trench for equipment or artillery. If there is time and energy, cool clothes and a bench for sitting can be arranged. If the slot is arranged as an independent structure, then on one side at an angle of 90 degrees, a descent from the surface into the slot with five to six steps is equipped.
The capacity of the gap is not regulated, but in all cases its length cannot be less than 3 meters and it must accommodate at least 1/3 of the number of personnel of the squad. The volume of excavated soil is 7 cubic meters. meters. Labor intensity 12 people / hour.
Covered gap. It differs from an open slot in that it has an overlap of poles or knurling and sprinkling with soil. The closed gap protects completely from small arms fire, shell fragments, mortar mines and air bombs; protects against the shock wave of an explosion of conventional and nuclear weapons (reduces the radius of damage by a shock wave by 3-4 times). Fully protects against light radiation from a nuclear explosion, reduces the level of radioactive exposure by 10-12 times, protects against the damaging effects of incendiary weapons and drop-liquid toxic substances (such as mustard gas, lewisite). Protects completely in case of direct hit by hand grenades, grenade launchers such as GP-25 (grenade launcher), AGS-17, shells up to 45 mm caliber, mortar mines up to 50 mm caliber.
The protective properties of the gap can be increased by the second and third layers of overlap and increase in the protective soil thickness. In this case, the gap will be able to protect against a direct hit by projectiles up to 55-76 mm caliber, mortar mines up to 82 mm caliber, striking elements of cluster bombs.
If there is time and effort, cool clothes are arranged in the slot intended to accommodate the crew of a tank, armored personnel carrier or infantry fighting vehicle, bunk beds are arranged for one person and a simple stove is installed. In this case, one person lying down and one or two sitting can be placed in the slot, and the slot is used not only for shelter, but also for resting personnel.
In a number of modern instructions for fortification, such a gap is often referred to as a "dugout to the compartment" (to some extent, such a name is legitimate). The volume of excavated soil is 13.5 cubic meters. m. Labor intensity 20-28 people / hour. Consumption of poles 0.5 cubic meters. meters or knurling 2.4 cu. m, fortification wire 4 kg.
Read full synopsisWhat is forbidden to do sheltered in a shelter
a) smoke and drink alcohol; bring (bring) pets into the facility; bring flammable substances, explosive substances and substances with a strong or pungent odor, bulky things;
b) there are no restrictions; lead a normal life;
c) make noise, talk loudly, walk unnecessarily, open doors and leave the building; use light sources with open flames
What is the procedure for carrying out rescue operations in case of damage to a shelter with sheltered people?
b) turn off the damaged water supply, gas pipeline, power supply networks, sewerage passing through the shelter or near it,
c) turn off the damaged power supply networks passing through the shelter or near it
Name the main ways of opening the affected shelters.
b) clearing of debris from the main entrance; clearing of littered heads (hatches) of emergency exits; arrangement of openings in the walls or ceilings of littered shelters; arrangement of openings in the walls of shelters from underground workings.
c) through a punched hole in the ceiling of the shelter; the withdrawal of people through neighboring basements after punching an opening in the wall of the shelter adjacent to these premises.
How is the evacuation of sheltered people carried out?
b) make rescue formations in the following sequence: first, those who cannot go out on their own, and children, are brought to the surface, then the rest are evacuated.
c) transport
What is the purpose of anti-radiation shelters?
b) provide protection against hazardous chemicals;
c) provide protection against natural disasters
What premises are suitable for anti-radiation shelters?
b) with the presence of solid walls, ceilings and doors, the presence of hermetic structures and filter-ventilation devices
c) in the first floors of stone buildings, cellars
Explain the arrangement of stand-alone anti-radiation shelters.
b) a place to sit;
c) place to stay
Name the simplest types of shelters.
b) cellars, underground passages;
c) basements of industrial, residential and public buildings;
When in shelters of the simplest type, is it necessary to use personal protective equipment?
How will you choose a place for the construction of the simplest shelters?
b) The simplest shelters such as cracks, trenches, trenches, dugouts, dugouts
c) a place is chosen near housing or work
Explain the arrangement of open and closed slits?
b) The gap can be open and blocked. It is a ditch 1.8-2m deep, 1-1.2m wide at the top, 0.8m at the bottom. Usually the gap is built for 10-40 people. A bench for sitting is arranged along one of the walls, and niches for storing food and drinking water containers in the walls. Under the floor, the slots arrange a drainage groove with a catchment well.
c) Slots are arranged in the form of straight sections located at an angle to each other, the length of each of which is not more than 10 m. Entrances are made at right angles to the adjacent section. The device of the slot begins with its breakdown and tracing. To break the gap in the places of its kinks, pegs are hammered, between which a rope (trace cord) is pulled. Tracing consists in digging small grooves (grooves) along the stretched rope, indicating the contours of the gap. After that, the sod between the trace lines is removed and set aside. Tear off the middle section first. As it deepens, its walls are gradually leveled to the desired size, making them inclined.
Bibliography
Atamanyuk V.G. etc. Civil Defense: A Textbook for High Schools. - M.: Higher. school, 1986. - 207 p.
Belov S.V. Life safety / Ed. S.V. Belova. - M .: Higher. school, 2006. - 448 p.
Kukin P.P., Lapin V.L. and others. Life safety: Textbook for universities. - M .: Higher School, 2002. - 319 p.
Mazurin E.P., Aizman R.I. Civil defense. Ed. ARTA. 2011.
Rudenko A.P. and others. Educational and methodological manual for conducting classes in civil defense with the population not employed in the production sector. - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1988. - 192 p.
Rusak O.N. , Malayan K.R. , Zanko N.G. Life safety: Textbook for universities. - St. Petersburg: Lan, 2000. - 448 p.
Semenov S.N. and others. Conducting classes in civil defense: Methodological guide. - M.: Higher school, 1990. - 96 p.
Shubin E.P. Civil Defense / Ed. E. P. Shubina. - M.: Enlightenment, 1991. - 223 p.
Shelters of the simplest type
The simplest shelters include cracks, open and covered. The cracks are built by the population themselves using improvised materials.
The simplest shelters have fairly reliable protective properties. Thus, an open slot reduces the probability of damage by a shock wave, light radiation and penetrating radiation by 1.2 - 2 times, and increases protection against radiation in the zone of radiation contamination by 2 - 3 times. The overlapped gap completely protects against light radiation, reduces the impact of the shock wave - by 2.5 - 3 times, and penetrating radiation and radioactive radiation - by 200 - 300 times. It also protects against direct contact with clothing and skin of radioactive toxic substances and biological agents.
The place for the construction of slots is chosen in areas that are not flooded, that is, the distance to the slot from ground buildings should be 15–20 m higher than their height, in an area that is not flooded by melt and rainwater.
The gap is initially arranged open. It is a zigzag trench in the form of several straight sections no more than 15 m long. Depth - 1.8 - 2 m, width along the top - 1.1 - 1.2 m, along the bottom - up to 0.8 m. The length of the gap is determined at the rate of 0.5 - 0.6 m per person. The usual slot capacity is 10 - 15 people, the largest is 50 people.
slot construction start with staking and tracing(designation) of its plan on the ground. First, the baseline is hung, and the total length of the gap is plotted on it. Then, to the left and to the right, half the dimensions of the width of the gap along the top are laid aside. In places of fractures, pegs are hammered, tracing cords are pulled between them and grooves 5–7 cm deep are torn off.
The excerpt begins not across the entire width, but somewhat retreating inward from the trace line. As they deepen, the slopes of the slot are gradually trimmed and brought to the required size.
In the future, the walls of the gap are strengthened with boards, poles, reeds or other improvised materials. Then the gap is covered with logs, sleepers or small-sized reinforced concrete slabs, and a layer of waterproofing is placed on top, using roofing felt, roofing material, vinyl chloride film, or a layer of clay is laid, and then a layer of soil 50 - 60 cm thick.
Drainage ditches are made around the gap.
The entrance is made from one or two sides at a right angle to the gap and equipped with a hermetic door and a vestibule, separating the place for those hiding with a curtain of dense fabric. For ventilation, supply and exhaust ducts (or one exhaust duct) are equipped.
A drainage ditch is dug under the floor with an inclination to the drainage channel located at the entrance.
Depending on the width of the gap, benches for sitting and stands for water tanks are arranged along one or both walls.
