A tie-in to a city highway is the best way to solve the issue of water disposal. If it is not possible to connect to the public network, the owner of a country house has to deal with the arrangement of an autonomous sewer. In addition to the costs of preparation and installation, there is a problem of choice: what type of structure is better to install, how to choose the right site for installation - after all, you need to strictly follow the rules for placing cesspools in private areas. The rules clearly define the types of sewer receivers allowed for the device in different areas, the depth, volume and place where such structures can be installed.
Autonomous cleaning structure for a country house
There are 3 ways to organize the removal of liquid waste, without connecting to a central sewer:
- Sanitary standards allow the installation of a filter cesspool in summer cottages with seasonal residence.
- Airtight, waterproof drain tanks are installed for the maintenance of residential buildings.
- Septic tanks are environmentally friendly and practically waste-free autonomous systems.
Shared sewerage for several sites
Tanks without a bottom
Pits up to 2 - 3 cubic meters are equipped without an impenetrable bottom. Removal mechanism: through the drain installed in the upper quarter of the tank, waste enters the well. Solid particles and dense masses settle, and liquid effluents are discharged into the ground through holes in the side walls and bottom filter bedding.
Pit design with bottom filter
To clean waste at the bottom of the cesspool, according to the norms, a bulk filter pad is installed, consisting of two layers: sand and gravel or crushed stone of medium and large fractions. The thickness of the sandy base is up to 20 - 30 cm, the layer of crushed stone is up to 50 cm. It is irrational to use a fine fraction of crushed stone: fine bedding gets knocked down and prevents the free drainage of liquid.
According to sanitary standards, an unsealed cesspool must be regularly emptied of dense masses accumulating at the bottom. Cleaning is carried out with a frequency of once every 30 - 60 days. The installation of filter pits is strictly limited depending on the amount of waste, the presence of pollutants in the sewer drain.
Sealed cesspools
Sanitary standards allow the installation in a private house with year-round residence only sealed cesspools. These restrictions are due to the following reasons:
- Untreated sewage can penetrate into the aquifer - the water will become undrinkable.
- Leaky pits do not protect the fertile soil layer from contamination with household chemical waste.
Scheme of the device of a sealed concrete pit
The classic cesspool is the most budgetary option for a sewer receiver. It is a dug-in container for collecting liquid waste. Through the sewer drain pipe, effluent enters the tank. After the level rises to the maximum allowable, pumping is performed. For cleaning, special equipment is used; it is forbidden to pump out the liquid on your own.
Septic tanks: autonomous cleaning systems
The only way to build a home sewer without connecting to a common sewer and the need for regular cleaning is autonomous systems. The design of the septic tank - several connected chambers:
Homemade precast concrete septic tank
- Receiver. The liquid entering the sump undergoes primary treatment. Solid masses settle to the bottom.
- Filtration chambers. Biological treatment compartments use bacteria that process liquid waste. The degree of purification at the outlet of the last chamber is up to 98%.
- Filtration well. Treated wastewater is discharged into the ground through a gravel bed. Also, water previously purified in biofilters can be reused as technical water.
Rules for installing filter drain pits
Sanitary norms and rules strictly limit the possibility of constructing a cesspool without a bottom for servicing suburban areas. Such restrictions are associated with design features: when hazardous substances enter the drain, they freely penetrate the soil through the leaky bottom and walls.
When is the arrangement of a pit without a bottom allowed?
Conditions under which a filter cesspool with gravel backfill can be installed in a summer cottage, and placement standards:
- The total average daily volume of liquid waste should not exceed 1 cubic meter. This is an approximate amount sufficient for a family of 2 people.
Construction with asbestos-cement walls and crushed stone bedding
- The house is occupied seasonally. The use of leaky receivers for residential cottages is prohibited. There is a caveat in the rules: a house with an installed heating system is not considered a place of seasonal residence.
- Drainage water should not contain household chemicals.
In fact, it is possible to equip filter pits in summer cottages to serve one toilet, shower. It is impossible to install such a structure for removing waste from a country house, a private house within the city, with permanent residence.
Choice of accommodation
According to the norms for the location of the filter cesspool, the choice of a place on the site where a cesspool can be arranged is limited. Main requirements:
- Setback from the house and neighboring buildings.
- Keeping a distance from the water source.
Distance from the wall - at least 5 m
The optimal distance between the wall of a house or outbuilding and a sewer receiver is from 10 m. The minimum indent is 5 m.
The installation is carried out in a place located below the location of the water intake - a well or a shaft well. The distance from the water intake to the drain reservoir is determined for each site separately, depending on the composition of the soil and the direction of the flow of groundwater.
If the groundwater flows are directed towards the receiver, then it is enough to keep a distance of 10 - 15 m. In the opposite direction, from the sewer to the well or well, the indent should be 40 - 50 m.
Protection against flooding of the tank with rainwater
Be sure to equip a clay inclined castle around the neck of the receiver to divert rainwater.
Requirements for materials of manufacture
The main materials for the manufacture of filter pits:
- Concrete and reinforced concrete factory products. Ready-made perforated rings are used for installation in a structure with a tap through the walls and bottom. Connect the rings with factory locks or seal with a solution if the product is not equipped with a lock. For strength, the connection is reinforced with metal brackets on the inner walls. In the upper part, a sealed cover and a ventilation outlet must be installed.
Installation of reinforced concrete ring
- Brick. There are no strict requirements for the insulation of brickwork in the filter pit. The brick is laid on the mortar with the formation of filter slots to drain the runoff into the ground.
Gap in masonry for drainage
Rules for installing a sealed cesspool
At the legislative level, the following norms are established:
- Depths of installation and volume of sewer receivers.
- The permeability of the materials used and the requirements for insulation.
- Distances from the septic tank to residential buildings, roads, water intake points.
Project for installing a septic tank on the site
Retreat from buildings
A septic tank or cesspool should be located at a distance from other buildings:
- At least 5 m - from the wall or foundation of a residential building. A distance of 5–12 m is considered optimal. At a greater distance, difficulties may arise with the outflow of fluid inside the pipe.
- If there is a bathhouse, a barn or other buildings on the site, then the distance between the walls of the septic tank and the buildings should be from 1 m.
- From the neighbor's fence, it is necessary to observe an indent of 2 - 4 m.
- The minimum distance to the garden, ornamental plants and vegetable garden is from 4 m.
Minimum distance from buildings when installing sewerage
Distance to wells and wells
The distance between sewer facilities and water intake points, natural reservoirs, water pipes is regulated.
When planning, soil analysis is carried out to determine its composition and moisture saturation. Special maps are also used to study the direction of groundwater flows.
A prerequisite: the installation of a sealed septic tank is carried out in a place located below the water intake point. To the selected location, it is necessary to provide an entrance for sewage equipment.
Access to the hatch of the cesspool
The minimum distance between the well, the well and the sealed pit is 10 - 12 m. The indent will have to be increased if the groundwater flow direction is unfavorable: if the flow is directed from the cesspool to the well. In this case, a retreat of 40 - 50 m may be required.
Depending on the density, water permeability and composition of the soil, choose the optimal place to install the receiver:
- With the predominance of sandy rocks, the indentation is increased to 50 m.
- On loams - up to 30 m.
- In clayey rock, a distance of up to 20 m is sufficient.
Retreat from the road and water bodies
It is necessary to retreat at least 5 m from the side of the road adjacent to the site. If there is a reservoir nearby, then a cesspool is dug 30 m from the shore.
Installation depth and tank volume
Among the basic installation standards are the requirements for the depth of installation of a sealed cesspool. To avoid flooding the tank, calculate the dimensions of the pit so that the groundwater level is no higher than 90 cm from the bottom of the tank.
The maximum depth for impermeable tanks is 3 m. The value is set due to the nature of the pumping technique.
Calculation of the depth of the sealed pit structure
Another important requirement is that the bulk of sewage should be below the freezing point of the soil. And at the maximum filling level of the tank to the top cover, there should be a gap of 35 cm.
Construction and insulation requirements
Tanks must be durable and waterproof. Factory containers are made from:
- Polymers: PVC, polypropylene. Easy to install and lightweight polymer tanks are the best choice for a sealed pit. The walls of the products are multi-layered, which reduces the likelihood of freezing and cracking. Factory receivers are equipped in accordance with the norms: a sealed cover is installed, internal steps for maintenance, ventilation outlet in the upper part. A factory pipe is installed in the wall of the plastic container for connecting the sewer inlet. The service life of PVC tanks is from 50 years. The walls of the products are smooth, easy to clean, do not absorb liquid. Additional thermal insulation is not needed.
- Concrete structures with low permeability. Rings, plates and necks for sewer products are made from a special solution, which, after solidification, does not allow moisture to pass through. Concrete pits must be sealed from the outside and the walls insulated.
Reinforced concrete structure with insulating layer
Video: home septic tank rules
All about depth, maintenance cost, piping and chamber volume.
Without the risk of paying a huge fine and ruining relations with neighbors, you can equip a drain hole in the country. To organize sewerage within the city or in a country house with permanent residence, it is better to contact specialists.
