The history of Russia goes back more than a thousand years, although even before the advent of the state, a variety of tribes lived on its territory. The last ten-century period can be divided into several stages. All the rulers of Russia, from Rurik to Putin, are people who were true sons and daughters of their eras.
The main historical stages of the development of Russia
Historians consider the following classification to be the most convenient:
Board of the Novgorod princes (862-882);
Yaroslav the Wise (1016-1054);
From 1054 to 1068, Izyaslav Yaroslavovich was in power;
From 1068 to 1078, the list of rulers of Russia was replenished with several names at once (Vseslav Bryachislavovich, Izyaslav Yaroslavovich, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod Yaroslavovichi, in 1078 Izyaslav Yaroslavovich ruled again)
The year 1078 was marked by some stabilization in the political arena, until 1093 Vsevolod Yaroslavovich ruled;
Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich was on the throne from 1093 to;
Vladimir, nicknamed Monomakh (1113-1125) - one of the best princes of Kievan Rus;
From 1132 to 1139, Yaropolk Vladimirovich had power.
All the rulers of Russia from Rurik to Putin, who lived and ruled during this period and up to the present, their main task saw in the prosperity of the country and the strengthening of the country's role in the European arena. Another thing is that each of them went to the goal in his own way, sometimes in a completely different direction than his predecessors.
The period of fragmentation of Kievan Rus
During the feudal fragmentation of Russia, changes on the main princely throne were frequent. None of the princes left a serious mark on the history of Russia. By the middle of the XIII century, Kyiv fell into absolute decline. It is worth mentioning only a few princes who ruled in the XII century. So, from 1139 to 1146 prince of Kyiv was Vsevolod Olgovich. In 1146, Igor II was at the helm for two weeks, after which Izyaslav Mstislavovich ruled for three years. Until 1169, such people as Vyacheslav Rurikovich, Rostislav Smolensky, Izyaslav Chernigov, Yuri Dolgoruky, Izyaslav the Third managed to visit the princely throne.
Capital moves to Vladimir
The period of formation of late feudalism in Russia was characterized by several manifestations:
The weakening of the Kyiv princely power;
The emergence of several centers of influence that competed with each other;
Strengthening the influence of the feudal lords.
On the territory of Russia, 2 most major centers influences: Vladimir and Galich. Galich is the most important political center at that time (located on the territory of modern Western Ukraine). It seems interesting to study the list of rulers of Russia who reigned in Vladimir. The importance of this period of history has yet to be assessed by researchers. Of course, the Vladimir period in the development of Russia was not as long as the Kyiv period, but it was after it that the formation of monarchical Russia began. Consider the dates of the reign of all the rulers of Russia of this time. In the first years of this stage in the development of Russia, the rulers changed quite often, there was no stability that would appear later. For more than 5 years, the following princes have been in power in Vladimir:
Andrew (1169-1174);
Vsevolod, son of Andrei (1176-1212);
Georgy Vsevolodovich (1218-1238);
Yaroslav, son of Vsevolod (1238-1246);
Alexander (Nevsky), great commander (1252-1263);
Yaroslav III (1263-1272);
Dmitry I (1276-1283);
Dmitry II (1284-1293);
Andrei Gorodetsky (1293-1304);
Michael "Saint" of Tver (1305-1317).
All the rulers of Russia after the transfer of the capital to Moscow until the appearance of the first tsars
The transfer of the capital from Vladimir to Moscow roughly coincides chronologically with the end of the period of feudal fragmentation of Russia and the strengthening of the main center of political influence. Most of the princes were on the throne longer than the rulers of the Vladimir period. So:
Prince Ivan (1328-1340);
Semyon Ivanovich (1340-1353);
Ivan the Red (1353-1359);
Alexei Byakont (1359-1368);
Dmitry (Donskoy), famous commander (1368- 1389);
Vasily Dmitrievich (1389-1425);
Sophia of Lithuania (1425-1432);
Vasily the Dark (1432-1462);
Ivan III (1462-1505);
Vasily Ivanovich (1505-1533);
Elena Glinskaya (1533-1538);
The decade before 1548 was a difficult period in the history of Russia, when the situation developed in such a way that the princely dynasty actually ended. There was a period of stagnation when boyar families were in power.
The reign of tsars in Russia: the beginning of the monarchy
Historians distinguish three chronological periods in the development of the Russian monarchy: before the accession to the throne of Peter the Great, the reign of Peter the Great and after it. The dates of the reign of all the rulers of Russia from 1548 to the end of the 17th century are as follows:
Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible (1548-1574);
Semyon Kasimovsky (1574-1576);
Ivan the Terrible again (1576-1584);
Fedor (1584-1598).
Tsar Fedor did not have heirs, so she interrupted. - one of the most difficult periods in the history of our country. Rulers changed almost every year. Since 1613, the country has been ruled by the Romanov dynasty:
Mikhail, the first representative of the Romanov dynasty (1613-1645);
Alexei Mikhailovich, son of the first emperor (1645-1676);
He ascended the throne in 1676 and ruled for 6 years;
Sophia, his sister, ruled from 1682 to 1689.
In the 17th century, stability finally came to Russia. The central government has strengthened, reforms are gradually beginning, which have led to the fact that Russia has grown territorially and strengthened, the leading world powers began to reckon with it. The main merit in changing the face of the state belongs to the great Peter I (1689-1725), who simultaneously became the first emperor.
Rulers of Russia after Peter
The reign of Peter the Great is the heyday when the empire acquired its own strong fleet and strengthened the army. All the rulers of Russia, from Rurik to Putin, understood the importance of the armed forces, but few were able to realize the huge potential of the country. An important feature that time was aggressive foreign policy Russia, which manifested itself in the forcible annexation of new regions (Russian-Turkish wars, the Azov campaign).
The chronology of the rulers of Russia from 1725 to 1917 is as follows:
Catherine Skavronskaya (1725-1727);
Peter II (killed in 1730);
Queen Anna (1730-1740);
Ivan Antonovich (1740-1741);
Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761);
Petr Fedorovich (1761-1762);
Catherine the Great (1762-1796);
Pavel Petrovich (1796-1801);
Alexander I (1801-1825);
Nicholas I (1825-1855);
Alexander II (1855 - 1881);
Alexander III (1881-1894);
Nicholas II - the last of the Romanovs, ruled until 1917.
This ends a huge period of development of the state, when the kings were in power. After the October Revolution, a new political structure appeared - the republic.
Russia during the Soviet era and after its collapse
The first few years after the revolution were difficult. Among the rulers of this period, Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky can be distinguished. After the legal registration of the USSR as a state and until 1924, Vladimir Lenin led the country. Further, the chronology of the rulers of Russia looks like this:
Dzhugashvili Joseph Vissarionovich (1924-1953);
Nikita Khrushchev was First Secretary of the CPSU after Stalin's death until 1964;
Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982);
Yuri Andropov (1982-1984);
General Secretary of the CPSU (1984-1985);
Mikhail Gorbachev, the first President of the USSR (1985-1991);
Boris Yeltsin, leader of independent Russia (1991-1999);
The current head of state, Putin, has been the President of Russia since 2000 (with a break of 4 years, when Dmitry Medvedev was in charge of the state)
Who are the rulers of Russia?
All the rulers of Russia from Rurik to Putin, who have been in power for more than thousand years of history states are patriots who wished the flourishing of all the lands of a vast country. Most of the rulers were not random people in this difficult field and each made his own contribution to the development and formation of Russia. All the rulers of Russia, of course, wanted goodness and prosperity for their subjects: the main forces were always directed to strengthening borders, expanding trade, and strengthening defense capabilities.
The Rurikoviches are the descendants of Rurik, who became the first known chronicle prince of ancient Russia. Over time, the Rurik family split into several branches.
Dynasty
The Tale of Bygone Years, written by the monk Nestor, tells the story of the calling of Rurik and his brothers to Russia. The sons of the Novgorod prince Gostomysl died in the wars, and he married one of his daughters to a Varangian-Russian, who gave birth to three sons - Sineus, Rurik and Truvor. They were called by Gostomysl to reign in Russia. It was with them that the Rurik dynasty began in 862, which reigned in Russia until 1598.
First princes
In 879, the summoned prince Rurik died, leaving little son Igor. At the time when he was growing up, Oleg, a relative of the prince through his wife, ruled the principality. He conquered the entire Kiev principality, and also built diplomatic relations with Byzantium. After the death of Oleg in 912, Igor began to reign until he died in 945, leaving two heirs - Gleb and Svyatoslav. However, the eldest (Svyatoslav) was a three-year-old child, and therefore his mother, Princess Olga, took the reign into her own hands.
Having become the ruler, Svyatoslav was more fond of military campaigns, and in one of them he was killed in 972. Svyatoslav left three sons: Yaropolk, Oleg and Vladimir. Yaropolk killed Oleg for the sake of autocracy, while Vladimir first fled to Europe, but later returned, killed Yaropolk and became the ruler. It was he who baptized the people of Kiev in 988, built many cathedrals. He reigned until 1015 and left behind 11 sons. After Vladimir, Yaropolk began to reign, who killed his brothers, and after him Yaroslav the Wise.
Yaroslavichi
Yaroslav the Wise reigned in total from 1015 to 1054 (including breaks). When he died, the unity of the principality was broken. His sons divided Kievan Rus in parts: Svyatoslav received Chernigov, Izyaslav - Kyiv and Novgorod, Vsevolod - Pereyaslavl and the Rostov-Suzdal land. The latter, and later his son Vladimir Monomakh, significantly expand the inherited lands. After the death of Vladimir Monomakh, the disintegration of the unity of the principality is finally established, in each part of which a separate dynasty rules.
Russia specific
Feudal fragmentation is growing due to the ladder of succession to the throne, according to which power was transferred by seniority to the brothers of the prince, while the younger ones were given in cities of less significant importance. After the death of the chief prince, everyone moved by seniority from city to city. This order led to internecine wars. The most powerful princes launched a war for Kyiv. The power of Vladimir Monomakh and his descendants proved to be the most influential. Vladimir Monomakh leaves his possessions to his three sons: Mstislav, Yaropolk and Yuri Dolgoruky. The latter is considered the founder of Moscow.
Moscow's struggle with Tver
One of famous descendants Yuri Dolgoruky was Alexander Nevsky, under whom an independent Moscow principality arises. In an effort to elevate their influence, the descendants of Nevsky begin to fight with Tver. During the reign of a descendant of Alexander Nevsky, the Moscow principality becomes one of the main centers of the unification of Russia, but the Tver principality remains outside its influence.
Creation of the Russian state
After the death of Dmitry Donskoy, power passes to his son Vasily I, who managed to maintain the greatness of the principality. After his death, a dynastic struggle for power begins. However, under the reign of Ivan III, a descendant of Dmitry Donskoy, the Horde yoke ends and the Moscow principality plays a decisive role in this. Under Ivan III, the process of forming a unified Russian state was completed. In 1478, he appropriated the title of "sovereign of all Russia" to himself.
The last Rurikovichs
The last representatives of the Rurik dynasty in power were Ivan the Terrible and his son Fyodor Ivanovich. The latter was not a ruler by nature, and therefore, after the death of Ivan the Terrible, the Boyar Duma essentially controls the state. In 1591 Dmitry, another son of Ivan the Terrible, dies. Dmitry was the last contender for the Russian throne, since Fyodor Ivanovich had no children. In 1598, Fedor Ivanovich also dies, with whom the dynasty of the first Russian rulers, who had been in power for 736 years, is interrupted.
The article mentions only the main and most prominent representatives of the dynasty, but in fact there were much more descendants of Rurik. The Rurikovichs made an invaluable contribution to the development of the Russian state.
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Modern Encyclopedia
RURIKOVICH, descendants of Rurik, a dynasty of Russian princes, including the grand princes of Kyiv, Vladimir, Moscow, and Russian tsars (late 9th-16th centuries; the last Rurikovich from the dynasty of Moscow grand dukes, Tsar Fedor Ivanovich). From the kind of Nizhny Novgorod ... ... Russian history
Rurikovichi- RURIKOVICH, princes, according to chronicles, the descendants of the leader of the Varangians Rurik, who ruled in the 2nd half of the 9th century. in Novgorod. Headed the Old Russian state; great and specific principalities (princes of Kyiv, Vladimir, Ryazan, ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Large encyclopedic Dictionary
Russian princely family, fragmented over time into many branches. The branching begins with St. Vladimir, and the line of the Polotsks, the descendants of Izyaslav Vladimirovich, is separated first of all. After the death of Yaroslav the Wise (1054) his ... ... Biographical Dictionary
- (inosk.) The most ancient Russian nobles (a hint of Rurik, one of the founders of Russia). Wed All of you, gentlemen, are nothing but yesterday's nobles against me, for I come from Rurik. D. P. Tatishchev To the magnates in Vienna, in a dispute about their antiquity ... ... Michelson's Big Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)
Exist., Number of synonyms: 1 dynasty (65) ASIS Synonym Dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary
Russian princely family. shattered over time into many branches. Branching begins with St. Vladimir, at which, first of all, the line of the princes of Polotsk, descendants of Izyaslav Vladimirovich, is separated. After the death of Yaroslav the Wise (1054) his ... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
The dynasty of Russian princes, including the Grand Dukes of Kyiv, Vladimir, Moscow and Russian tsars (late 9th-16th centuries, the last Rurikovich Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich), who were considered descendants of Rurik. Some noble families also belonged to the Rurikovichs ... ... Political science. Vocabulary.
The clan of Russian princes and tsars, who were considered descendants of Rurik, including the great princes of Kyiv, Vladimir, Moscow, Tver, Ryazan (IX XVI centuries); the last Rurikovich from the dynasty of Moscow grand dukes and tsars, Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich. From… … encyclopedic Dictionary
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- Rurikovich, Volodikhin Dmitry Mikhailovich. The Rurik dynasty ruled Russia for seven and a half centuries. The fate of our country is tightly intertwined with the fate of this kind. The personalities belonging to him had a noticeable influence on politics, ...
- Rurikovich, Volodikhin D. The Rurik dynasty ruled Russia for seven and a half centuries. The fate of our country is tightly intertwined with the fate of this kind. The personalities belonging to him had a noticeable influence on politics, ...
The legends associated with his name and the names of his followers date back to the ninth century and last for seven long centuries. In our today's article, the Rurik dynasty will be considered - its family tree with photos and years of rule.
Where did the ancient family come from
The existence of the commander himself and his wife Efanda is still being questioned by most scientists. But some researchers of the origin of Russia claim that the future governor was born between 806 and 808 in the city of Raroga. His name, according to several versions, has Slavic roots and means "falcon".
When Rurik was still a baby, the possessions of his father Godolub were attacked by the Danes, led by Gottfried. The future founder of the royal family turned out to be half an orphan and spent all his childhood in a foreign land with his mother. At the age of 20, he arrived at the court of the Frankish king and received his father's lands from him as a vassal.
Then he was deprived of all land allotments and sent to fight in a squad that helped the Frankish king seize new lands.
According to legend, the dynastic scheme of the complete genealogical tree of the Rurik family with dates and years of reign was seen in a dream by his grandfather, Prince Gostomysl of Novgorod. The theory of the foreign origin of all royal family was refuted by Mikhail Lomonosov. By blood, the future ruler of Novgorod belonged to the Slavs and was invited to his native lands at a fairly respectable age - he was 52 years old.
Second generation of rulers
After the death of Rurik in 879, his son Igor came to power. The situation was complicated by the fact that he was still small to become the ruler of Russia. Oleg, Igor's uncle, was appointed his guardian. He was able to build relationships with byzantine empire and called Kyiv - "the mother of Russian cities." After the death of Oleg, Igor became the ruler of Kyiv. He also managed to do a lot for the benefit of the Russian lands.
But during his reign there were also unsuccessful military campaigns. The most famous of them is the attack of Constantinople from the sea. Faced with the first of the rulers of Russia with the famous "Greek fire", Igor realized that he underestimated the enemy, and was forced to turn the ships back.
The prince died unexpectedly - he had been fighting enemy troops all his life, he died at the hands of his own people - the Drevlyans. Igor's wife, Princess Olga, cruelly avenged her husband and burned the city, turning it into ashes.
Having laid siege to the Drevlyans, the princess ordered them to send her three doves and three sparrows from each house. When her wish was fulfilled, she ordered her warriors to tie tinder to their paws and set it on fire as soon as dusk fell. The warriors carried out the order of the princess and sent the birds back. So the city of Iskorosten was completely burned.
Igor left two sons - Gleb and Svyatoslav. Since the heirs to the princely throne were still small, Olga began to lead the Russian lands. When Svyatoslav, Igor's eldest child, grew up and took the throne, Princess Olga still continued to rule in Russia, since the descendant went on military campaigns for most of his life. In one of them he was killed. Svyatoslav entered his name in history as a great conqueror.
Scheme of the genealogical chronological tree of the Rurik family: Oleg, Vladimir and Yaropolk
In Kyiv, after the death of Svyatoslav, Yaropolk ascended the throne. He began to openly feud with his brother Oleg. Finally, Yaropolk managed to kill his own brother in battle and lead Kyiv. During the battle with his brother, Oleg fell into a ditch and was trampled by horses. But the fratricide did not stay in power for long and was overthrown from the throne of Kyiv by Vladimir.
The history of the genealogy of this prince is extremely interesting: being illegitimate, according to pagan laws, he could still lead Russia.
Upon learning that one brother had killed another, the future ruler of Kyiv gathered his army with the help of his uncle and teacher Dobrynia. Having conquered Polotsk, he decided to marry Rogneda, the bride of Yaropolk. The girl did not want to tie the knot with the “rootless”, which greatly offended the baptist of Russia. He took her as his wife by force, and then killed her entire family in front of the future bride.
Then he sent an army to Kyiv, but decided not to fight directly, but to use a trick. Having lured his brother to supposedly peaceful negotiations, Vladimir set a trap for him and, with the help of his warriors, stabbed him to death with swords. Thus, all power over Russia was concentrated in the hands of the bloody prince. Despite such a cruel past, the Kyiv ruler was able to baptize Russia and spread Christianity throughout all the pagan lands subject to him.
Rurikovichi: the tree of the royal dynasty with dates and surnames - Yaroslav the Wise
After the death of the baptist of Russia in big family again began disputes and civil strife. This time, 4 brothers wanted to head the Kyiv throne at once. Having killed his relatives, Svyatopolk the Accursed, the son of Vladimir and his Greek concubine, began to lead in the capital. But the Accursed One did not manage to stand at the helm of power for long - he was replaced by Yaroslav the Wise. Having won the battle on the Alta River, Yaroslav ascended the princely throne, and declared Svyatopolk a traitor to the family clan.
Yaroslav the Wise decided to radically change the style of government. He intermarried with a European royal family by marrying the Swedish princess Ingigerda. His children were married to Greek and Polish heirs to the throne, his daughters became queens of France and Sweden. Before his death in 1054, Yaroslav the Wise honestly divided the lands between the heirs and bequeathed them not to wage civil wars.
The most important figures in the political arena of that time were his three sons:
- Izyaslav (ruler of Kyiv and Novgorod).
- Vsevolod (Prince of Rostov and Pereyaslavsky).
- Svyatoslav (ruled in Chernigov and Murom).
As a result of their union, a triumvirate was formed, and the three brothers began to reign in their lands. To increase their prestige, they entered into many royal marriages and encouraged families created with noble foreigners and foreign women.
The Rurik dynasty - a complete family tree with years of rule and with a photo: the largest branches
It is impossible to talk about some kind of former unity of the family: the branches of the princely family multiplied and intertwined, including with foreign noble families. The largest of these were:
- Izyaslavichi
- Rostislavichi
- Svyatoslavichi
- Monomakhovichi
Let's take a closer look at each branch.
Izyaslavichi
The founder of the clan was Izyaslav, a descendant of Vladimir and Rogneda. According to legend, Rogneda always dreamed of taking revenge on the prince for forcing her to marry him by force and going to kill her family members. One night she snuck into the bedroom to stab her husband in the heart. But the husband slept lightly and managed to repel the blow. In anger, the ruler wanted to deal with the unfaithful wife, but Izyaslav ran to the screams and stood up for his mother. The father did not dare to kill Rogneda in front of his son, and this saved her life.
Instead, the baptizer of the Slavs sent his wife and child to Polotsk. And so the line of the Rurik dynasty began in Polotsk.
Rostislavichi
After the death of his father, Rostislav could not claim the throne and was an exile. But the warlike spirit and a small army helped him lead Tmutarakan. Rostislav had three sons: Volodar, Vasilko and Rurik. Each of them has achieved considerable success in the military field.
Izyaslav Yaroslavich headed Turov. For this land long years a fierce struggle was waged, as a result of which the prince and his descendants were expelled from their native lands by Vladimir Monomakh. Only Yuri, a distant descendant of the ruler, could restore justice.
Svyatoslavichi
The sons of Svyatoslav fought for a long time for the throne with Izyaslav and Vsevolod. Young and inexperienced warriors were defeated by their uncles and lost power.
Monomakhovichi
The clan was formed from the heir of Monomakh - Vsevolod. All princely power was concentrated in his hands. It was possible to unite all the lands, including Polotsk and Turov, for several years. The "fragile" world collapsed after the death of the ruler.
It is worth noting that Yuri Dolgoruky also came from the Monomakhovich line and later became a "collector of Russian lands."
Numerous offspring of representatives of the royal family
Did you know that some members of the famous family had descendants with 14 children? For example, according to historians, Vladimir Monomakh had 12 children from two wives - and these are only known ones! But everyone was surpassed by his son - Yuri Dolgoruky. The famous founder of Belokamennaya gave birth to 14 successors of the family. Of course, this gave rise to many problems: every child wanted to reign, considered himself truly right and the most important heir to the famous father.
Family genealogical tree of Rurikovich with years and dates of reign: who else belongs to the great dynasty
Among the many prominent figures, it is important to note Ivan Kalita, Ivan the Terrible, Alexander Nevsky and Dmitry Donskoy. The bloody history of the family gave future generations of great rulers, generals and politicians.
The most famous cruel king of his time was Ivan IV the Terrible. There were many stories about his bloody glory and the incredible atrocities of the guardsmen devoted to him. But Ivan IV was able to do a lot of good things for his country. He significantly expanded the territory of Russia, adding Siberia, Astrakhan and Kazan.
Theodore the Blessed was supposed to be his successor, but he was mentally and physically weak, and the tsar simply could not trust him with power over the state.
During the reign of the son of Ivan Vasilyevich, Boris Godunov was the "gray eminence". He took the throne after the death of the heir.
Rurikovich gave the world and great warriors - Alexander Nevsky and Dmitry Donskoy. The first one got its nickname thanks to the victory on the Neva in the famous Battle of the Ice.
And Dmitry Donskoy was able to free Russia from the Mongol invasion.
Who was the last in the family tree of the Rurik dynasty
According to historical data, the last famous dynasty was Fedor Ioannovich. "Blessed" ruled the country purely nominally and in 1589 he passed away. Thus ended the history of the famous family. The era of the Romanovichs began.
Fedor Ioannovich could not leave offspring (his only daughter died at 9 months). But some facts point to the relationship of the two families.
The first Russian tsar from the Romanovich family descended from Filaret - at that time the Patriarch of All Russia. The primate of the church was the cousin of Theodore the Blessed. So, it can be argued that the Rurik branch did not break off, but was continued by new rulers.
Study the history of princely and royal dynasties - difficult task, to which many scientific research. Internecine wars and numerous descendants of the representatives of the old family are still a hot topic for the work of specialists.
During the formation of Russia as the basis of statehood future Russia a lot of large-scale events took place: the victory over the Tatar and Swedish conquerors, baptism, the unification of princely lands and the establishment of contacts with foreigners. An attempt to combine the history of a glorious family and tell about its milestones was made in this article.
