INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION. METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION

INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION. METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION

INTERSTATE

STANDARD

BROWN, STONE AND ANTHRACITE COALS

Nomenclature of quality indicators

Official publication

Rtiiform 2015 stand

Preface

The goals, basic principles and procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established by GOST 1.0-92 “Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and GOST 1.2-2009 "Interstate standardization system. Interstate standards, rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. Rules for development, adoption, application. updates and cancellations"

Standard information

1 DEVELOPED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TK179 a Solid mineral fuel"

2 INTRODUCED by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology (Rosstandart)

3 ADOPTED by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (protocol dated December 5, 2014 No. 46)

4 By Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated May 20, 2015 No. 397-st, the interstate standard GOST 33130-2014 was put into effect as a national standard of the Russian Federation on April 1, 2016.

5 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME

Information about changes to this standard is published in the annual information index “National Standards”, and the text of changes to the standards is published in the monthly information index “National Standards”. In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, the corresponding notice will be published in the monthly information index “National Standards”. Relevant information, notices and texts are also posted on the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet

© Standardinform. 2015

In the Russian Federation, this standard cannot be reproduced in whole or in part. replicated and distributed as an official publication without permission from the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology

INTERSTATE STANDARD

BROWN COALS AND ANTHRACITE Nomenclature of quality indicators Brown coals, hard coals end anthracite. Product quality Index system

Date of introduction - 2016-04-01

1 Application area

This standard applies to brown, bituminous and raw anthracite coals, sorted. enriched, concentrates, as well as industrial products. sludge and agglomerated fuel from brown coals and lignins. hard coals and anthracites and establishes a range of quality indicators.

The quality indicators established by this standard are used when identifying products and when establishing product quality requirements in regulatory and technical documentation. when confirming compliance, as well as in contracts and shipping documents during product circulation. If detailed characteristics of coals are necessary, taking into account special requirements depending on the areas of use, in agreement with the consumer, additional indicators (not listed in Table 1) are determined in accordance with current standards.

GOST ISO S62-2012 1) Coal and coke. Determination of the yield of volatile substances GOST ISO 589-2012 2 > Coal. Determination of total moisture GOST ISO 1171-2012 3) Solid mineral fuel. Determination of ash content GOST 1186-2014 Coals. Method for determining plastometric indicators GOST 1916-75 Brown coals, hard coals, anthracite, coal briquettes and combustible shale. Methods for determining the content of mineral impurities (rocks) and fines

GOST 1932-93 (ISO 622-81) Solid fuel. Methods for determining phosphorus GOST 2059-95 (ISO 351-96) Solid mineral fuel. Method for determining total sulfur by combustion at high temperature

GOST 2093-82 Solid fuel. Sieve method for determining the particle size distribution GOST 2408.1-95 (ISO 625-96) Solid mineral fuel. Methods for determining carbon and hydrogen

GOST 2408.3-95 (ISO 1994-76) Solid fuel. Methods for determining oxygen GOST 2408.4-95 (ISO 609-96) Solid mineral fuel. Methods for determining carbon and hydrogen by combustion at high temperatures

GOST 3168-93 (ISO 647-74) Solid mineral fuel. Methods for determining the yields of semi-coking products

1 > GOST R 55660-2013 is in force on the territory of the Russian Federation.

e > GOST R 55661-2013 (ISO 1171:2010) is in force on the territory of the Russian Federation.

Official publication

GOST ISO 5068-1-2012) Brown coals and ligites. Determination of moisture content. Part 1. Indirect gravimetric method for determining total moisture

GOST ISO 5068-2-2012 > Brown coals and ligites. Determination of moisture content. Part 2. Indirect gravimetric method for determining moisture in an analytical sample

GOST ISO 5071-1-2013 > Coal-brown and ligite. Determination of the yield of volatile substances in an analytical sample. Part 1: Two Oven Method

GOST 7303-90 Anthracite. Method for determining the volumetric yield of volatile substances GOST ISO 7404-3-2012 > Methods for petrographic analysis of coals. Part 3. Method for determining maceral composition

GOST ISO 7404-5-2012 s) Methods for petrographic analysis of coals. Part 5. Method for microscopic determination of the reflectance index of vitrinite

GOST 8606-93 (ISO 334-92) Solid mineral fuel. Determination of total sulfur. Eschk method

GOST 8858-93 (ISO 1018-75) Brown coals, hard coals and anthracite. Methods for determining maximum moisture capacity

GOST 8930-94 Coals. Method for determining oxidation

GOST 9318-91 (ISO 335-74) Coal. Method for determining sintering ability by

GOST 9326-2002 (ISO 587-97) Solid mineral fuel. Methods for determining chlorine GOST 9517-94 (ISO 5073-85) Solid fuel. Methods for determining the yield of humic acids

GOST 10478-93 (ISO 601-81, ISO 2590-73) Solid fuel. Arsenic determination methods

GOST 10538-87 61 Solid fuel. Methods for determining the chemical composition of ash GOST ISO 11722-2012 71 Solid mineral fuel. Coal. Determination of moisture in an analytical sample for general analysis, dry in a stream of nitrogen

GOST 13324-94 (ISO 349-75) Coals. Method for determining dilatometric parameters in the Audibert-Arnoux device

GOST ISO 11723-2012 e 1 Solid mineral fuel. Determination of arsenic and selenium content. Method using Eschka mixture and hydride formation

GOST 15489.2-93 (ISO 5074-80) Coals. Method for determining the grindability coefficient according to Hardgrove

GOST ISO 15585-2013 Coal. Determination of sintering index

GOST 16126-91 (ISO 502-82) Coal. Gray-King sintering method

GOST ISO 17246-2012 9f Coal. Technical analysis

GOST 20330-91 (ISO 501-81) Coal. Method for determining the swelling index in a crucible GOST 25543-2013 Brown, hard and anthracite coals. Classification by genetic and technological parameters

GOST 28663-90 Brown coals (low-rank coals). Codification

GOST 28743-93 (ISO 333-96) Solid mineral fuel. Methods for determining nitrogen GOST 28974-91 101 Brown, hard and anthracite coals. Methods for the determination of beryllium, boron, manganese, barium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, lead, gallium, vanadium, copper, zinc, molybdenum, yttrium and lanthanum

GOST 29087-91 (ISO 352-81) Solid mineral fuel. Method for determining chlorine by combustion at high temperature

GOST 30313-95 Hard and anthracite coals (medium and high rank coals). Codification

GOST 30404-2013 (ISO 157:1996) Solid mineral fuel. Determination of sulfur forms

GOST 32465-2013 (ISO 19579:2006) Solid mineral fuel. Determination of sulfur using IR electrometry

GOST 32978-2014 (ISO 540:2008) Solid mineral fuel. Determination of fusibility

GOST 32980-2014 (ISO 15237:2003) Solid mineral fuel. Determination of total mercury content

Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of the reference standards in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or using the annual information index “National Standards”, which was published as of January 1 of the current year, and on issues of the monthly information index for the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (changed), then when using this standard you should be guided by the replacing (changed) standard. If the reference standard is canceled without replacement, then the provision to which a reference is made to it is applied in the part that does not affect this reference.

3 Nomenclature of quality indicators

The range of quality indicators for coals and coal products is given in Table 1.

Table 1 - Nomenclature of quality indicators of coals and coal products

Prodopzhemie table 1

End of table 1

Table 8, Table 2 shows quality indicators for different types of coal products. The sign “♦” in Table 2 means that the indicated indicator is determined for a given type of coal product.

Table 2 - Quality indicators for different types of coal products

Prodopzhemie table 2

Continuation of Table 2

End of table 2

UDC 662.7:006.354 MKS 75.160.10

Key words: coal, coal products, quality indicators

Editor I. V. Kirilenko Technical editor V.N. Prusakova Corrector V.I. Varentsovv Computer layout L.A. Circular

Arial typeface.

Handed over for recruitment 07/02/2015. Signed on September 11, 2015. Format 60*64

Usp. oven l. 1.40. Uch "over. l. 0.90. Circulation 35 eo. Zach. 2950.

Published and printed by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "STANDARTINFORM". 123995 M(

GOST R 52911-2013 is in force on the territory of the Russian Federation.

> GOST R 52917-2008 (ISO 11722:1999) is valid not on the territory of the Russian Federation.

ISO S066-2:2007).

3> GOST R 5S660-2013 is valid on the territory of the Russian Federation.

4) GOST R 5S662-2013 (ISO 7404-3:2009) is in force on the territory of the Russian Federation.

*> GOST R 55659-2013 (ISO 7404-5:2009) is in force on the territory of the Russian Federation.

*> GOST R 54237-2010 is also in force on the territory of the Russian Federation.

) GOST R 52917-2008 (ISO 11722:1999) is valid on the territory of the Russian Federation.

ISO 5068-2:2007).

> GOST R 54242-2010 (ISO 11723:2004) is in force on the territory of the Russian Federation.

GOST R 53357-2013 (ISO 17246:2010) is in force on the territory of the Russian Federation.

0 > On the territory of the Russian Federation, GOST R 54239-2010 (ISO 23380:2008) also applies.

Fossil coal is a solid combustible organic rock formed primarily from dead plants as a result of their biochemical, physicochemical and physical changes. Main components: organic matter that carries the combustible and other technological properties of coal, mineral inclusions and moisture.

Changes in the organic matter (OM) of coal in the depths lead to the creation of compounds that ensure the vital activity of plant organisms and transform the OM into substances that are persistent in the fossil state.

The diversity of the composition and properties of coal is due to the composition of the source material and the unequal influence of a complex of geological and genetic factors on the characteristics of the accumulation and subsequent transformation of the original biomass.

Depending on the composition of the starting material, coals are divided into humus, humus-sapropel and sapropel.

Humic coals (humolites) were formed mainly from the transformation product of dead higher plants: cellulose, lignite, hemicellulose, proteins, fats, resins. The products of the transformation of dead lower plants and protozoan animals under anaerobic conditions were the basis for the formation of sapropel coals (sapropelites). If the content of the cellulose-lignin complex in higher plants reaches more than 80%, then in lower plants, such as algae, lignin is practically absent, and the content cellulose does not exceed 20%. The predominant substances in them are proteins, fats, waxes, and resins. The most common ones are humus coals.

Depending on the nature and degree of transformation of OB coals, in accordance with the tradition adopted in the Russian Federation, are divided into three groups: brown, hard and anthracite.

Brown coal is coal of a low stage of metamorphism with a reflectance of bitrinite (huminite) of less than 0.6%, provided that the higher calorific value of the wet, ash-free state of the coal is less than 24 MJ/kg. There are soft and dense varieties of brown coals.

Soft brown coal is earthy, leafy, less often massive and dense, matte and semi-matte, fawn, brown, brown. Its humidity varies between 40-60%. carbon content in organic matter is 63-73%.

Dense brown coal - uniform or banded, streaky, semi-matte and matte, semi-shiny and shiny brown or black with a brown tint. In a piece, coal often has a characteristic conchoidal, splintered, sometimes even fracture. Compared to hard coal, brown coal has a less dense composition, contains less carbon in organic matter, but more oxygen, and is characterized by a high yield of volatile substances. Moisture content ranges from 19 to 44.5%.

In air, brown coal quickly loses free moisture and cracks. Its OM is dominated by humic substances with acidic properties and high hydrophilicity. When treated with alkalis, the yield of humic acids reaches 88% in soft varieties and decreases to 2% in the densest varieties. During dry distillation without air access, a lot of volatile substances are released (33-60%). The yield of primary tar varies from a few to 25% or more. Lower heating value Q i r ranges from 7 to 17 MJ/kg, highest ( Q s daf ) - dry ash-free fuel reaches 29 MJ/kg. The color of the line on an unglazed porcelain plate ranges from brown to black (dense varieties).

Coal is formed at the middle stage of metamorphism with a vitrinite reflectance from 0.4 to 2.59%, provided that the higher calorific value (for the wet ashless state of coal) is equal to or higher than 24 MJ / kg, and the yield of volatile substances (for the dry ashless state of coal ) is equal to 8% or more. Compared to brown coal, it is characterized by a higher degree of carbonization (carbon content reaches 92%), as a rule, by the absence of humic acids. The yield of volatile substances ranges from 8-50%. When heated without air access, the organic matter of coal is sintered to a greater or lesser extent. Sintering property is the most important when assessing the suitability of coal for coke production.

Anthracite belongs to coals of a high stage of metamorphism with a vitrinite reflection index of more than 2.59%, provided that the yield of volatile substances (on a dry, ash-free state of coal) is not less than 9%. When the release of volatile substances is less than 8%, coal with a vitrinite reflection index of 2.20 to 2.59% (classes 22-25) is also classified as anthracite. Anthracite is a dense coal of grayish-black or black-gray color with a metallic sheen and conchoidal fracture. It is characterized by high density (1.42-1.8 g/cm), low electrical resistivity (10-3-10 Ohm-m), high microhardness (300-1470 cu). Anthracite has a low yield of volatile substances: from 1.5 to 9.0%, as a result of which its flame is relatively smokeless. It contains little moisture, and its elemental composition has a low content of oxygen and hydrogen.

The total geological reserves of coal contained in coal-bearing formations of all geological systems are about 14,000 billion tons. They are concentrated in the following countries (in billion tons): Russian Federation - 4731.9 (former USSR - 6800), USA - 3600, China - 1500, Australia - 697, Canada - 547, Germany - 287, South Africa - 206, Great Britain - 189, Poland - 174, India - 125.

2. Applications

It is used mainly in the energy sector and for the production of coke, and to a lesser extent - for gasification and semi-coking, for the production of refined fuel (gas and liquid products) for domestic needs, in transport, in brick production, lime burning and other areas.

In relatively small volumes, coal is used for special technological purposes: the production of thermoanthracite and thermographite, carbon-graphite products, carbon adsorbents, silicon and calcium carbides, carbon-alkali reagents, and rock wax.

The direction of use of various technological brands, groups and subgroups is given in table. 1.

Coal accounts for about 35% of global energy consumption. In 2007 in Russia, about 28% of mined coal was used for energy purposes, 22.8% for coke production, 25.6% in other industries, and 23.8% for domestic needs.

Brown coal is not only an energy fuel, but also a valuable raw material for technological processing. Lignite coke is used to replace metallurgical coke in the production of ferroalloys, phosphorus, and calcium carbide. Granular adsorbents and semi-coke obtained from brown coal are of great importance. Processes for the hydrogenation of brown coals, new methods for their gasification and the production of chemical products have been developed. Brown coals of technological group 1B are raw materials for the production of rock wax used in the paper, textile, leather, woodworking industries, and road construction.

Table 1.

Directions for using upey of various technological brands, groups and subgroups

Brown coal semi-cokes are used as fillers for plastics, various composite materials, as sorbents, ion exchangers, and catalysts. Thermal coal is obtained from coals of technological groups 2B and 3B.

More than 80% of coal coke is used for smelting pig iron. Other coking products, gas, tar are used in the chemical industry (35%), non-ferrous metallurgy (30%), agriculture (23%), construction industry, railway transport, road construction (12%). About 190 types of chemical substances are obtained from coking products. About 90% of manufactured fibers, 60% of plastics, 30% of synthetic rubber are produced on the basis of compounds obtained from the processing of coal. The coke industry is the main supplier of benzene, toluene, xylene, high-boiling aromatic, cyclic, nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds, phenols, unsaturated compounds, naphthalene, anthracene.

Coal tar pitch is used to produce pitch coke, which is used as a component of electrodes in the aluminum industry, as well as in the production of carbon fibers and carbon black.

High electrical conductivity, comparative resistance to oxidation processes, increased resistance to aggressive environments and abrasion determine a wide range of anthracite use in various industries. It is a high-grade fuel, as well as a source material for the production of thermoanthracite, thermographite, carbonizers, carburizers, calcium and silicon carbides, electrodes for the metallurgical industry, carbon adsorbents, colloidal graphite preparations.

3. Coal composition

The main components of coal are organic components and mineral inclusions. Organic components distinguishable under a microscope, with characteristic morphological features, color and reflectance are called microcomponents (macerals). Unlike minerals, they do not have a characteristic crystalline form and a constant chemical composition. The chemical and physical properties of microcomponents change during the carbonization process.

There are four groups of microcomponents: vitrinite, semivitrinite, inertinite and liptinite.

Microcomponents of the vitrinite group They are characterized by a predominantly flat surface, gray color of various shades in reflected light, a weakly expressed microrelief and the ability, with a certain degree of carbonization, to transform into a plastic state. The reflectance index ranges from 0.4 to 4.5%. Microhardness, depending on carbonization and genetic factors, ranges from 200 to 350 MPa.

Microcomponents of the semivitrinite group in terms of physical and chemical properties, they occupy an intermediate position between the microcomponents of the vitripite and inertinite groups. They are characterized by a whitish-gray color of various shades in reflected light and the absence of microrelief. Their reflectance always exceeds the reflectance of vitrinite. Microhardness ranges from 250 to 420 MPa. During coking processes, microcomponents of this group do not transform into a plastic state, but are capable of softening.

Microcomponents of the inertinite group characterized by a high reflectance and a pronounced microrelief. The color varies from white to yellow. Microhardness ranges from 500 to 2300 MPa. Microcomponents of this group do not transform into a plastic state and do not sinter.

Microcomponents of the liptinite group differ from each other according to morphological characteristics. The color of liptinite varies from dark brown, black to dark gray and grey. The reflection rate of this group is the lowest: from 0.21 to 1.59%. Microhardness ranges from 80 to 250 MPa. During coking, microcomponents of this group form a more mobile plastic mass compared to vitrinite.

Mineral inclusions in coals are clay minerals, iron sulfides, carbonates, silicon oxides and others.

Clay minerals on average account for approximately 60-80% of the total minerals associated with coal. Most often they are represented by illite, sericite, montmorillonite, and kaolinite. Halloysite is less common.

Clay minerals are composed of particles up to 100 microns in size. They occur in the form of lenses, interlayers or finely dispersed particles in vitrinite. Often, cavities are made in components with a botanical structure or their individual sections are replaced. Coal seams sometimes contain layers of tonsteins, in which the main rock-forming mineral is kaolinite.

The most common iron sulfides are pyrite, marcasite and melnikovite. The form of their presence in the layers is different and is determined by the conditions of formation. Syngenetic formations occur in the form of individual grains, pseudomorphs from plant remains, nodules, and interlayers. Epigenetic sulfides typically perform cracks.

Carbonates are represented by calcite, siderite, dolomite, and ankerite. Calcite often forms thin layers or fills cracks in coal. Siderite occurs in the form of round or oval formations (oolites) or fills the cavities of plant fragments.

Silicon oxides are represented in coals by quartz, chalcedony, opal and other minerals.

Quartz occurs in the form of small interlayers, rounded and cylindrical grains, and sometimes forms rather large lenses. Chalcedony is found relatively less frequently, usually together with quartz. In the weathering zones of coal in some basins, gypsum is observed filling cracks, less often in the form of nodules.

Other mineral inclusions are mainly iron hydroxides, phosphates, feldspars, and salts.

4. Use of coal in the energy sector.

Coals of all brands and types can be used for combustion. The main indicators of the quality of steam coal are working and hygroscopic moisture, ash content, volatile matter yield, sulfur content, sieve composition, lower calorific value of working fuel, composition and fusibility of ash. For layer combustion, the indicators of mechanical strength and thermal resistance of coal are also regulated, for pulverized coal - grindability.

Industry requirements for thermal coals are regulated by state standards that limit the maximum moisture content, ash content, lump size, and rock content.

Layer combustion imposes the most stringent requirements on fuel. The most important characteristics are sieve composition, caking ability, ash content, release of volatile substances, reactivity and thermal ability of the fuel. Containing both fines and large pieces in coals is undesirable. For standard layer fireboxes, the most suitable pieces of fuel are the following sizes: 6-12 mm (brown coals), 12-25 and 25-50 mm (hard coals).

Flare bed combustion imposes less stringent requirements on the fuel sieve composition. For fireboxes of this type, screenings, raw coals and coals with sizes of 0-25, 0-50 mm are supplied.

Pulverized coal combustion method- basic in large-scale energy and allows you to burn fuel with an ash content of up to 45% and a humidity of up to 55%. Fuel during pulverized coal combustion is pre-ground and dried (for high-moisture coals). Increased requirements for the stability of coal composition, the composition and properties of ash, and the grindability of fuel.

Strict requirements for studying the composition and properties of ash are imposed on coals with low-melting ash, burned in furnaces with liquid slag removal. For pulverized combustion, raw coals, middlings and screenings of all grades are supplied, which are not suitable for coking and other special purposes. The sulfur content of coals is limited. The possibilities for using high-sulfur coals are mainly limited by the content of harmful gases and ash content, fuel consumption, the height of chimneys, and the possibility of identifying sanitary protection zones.

Coals for cement kilns. Requirements for coals intended for cement kilns normalize the content of ash, moisture, the yield of volatile substances, the thickness of the plastic layer, the heat of combustion, lumpiness, the content of fines and mineral impurities.

Coals for lime kilns. The requirements for these coals include restrictions on ash content, moisture, lumpiness, fines content, and grade composition.

Coals for firing bricks. In coals for brick production, ash content, moisture, thickness of the plastic layer, heat of combustion, volatile yield, lumpiness, content of fines and mineral impurities are standardized.

Coals for municipal needs. The requirements for these coals determine the grade composition and groups of coals, the yield of volatile substances, the thickness of the plastic layer, the heat of combustion, humidity, lumpiness, the content of fines and mineral impurities.

5. Testing the quality of coals

All indicators of the composition and properties of coal and their quality characteristics have symbols in the form of alphabetic symbols and indices.

Analyzed states of coal: working (d), analytical (a), dry (d).

Conditional states of coal: dry ash-free (daf), wet ash-free (af), organic matter (o).

All properties and parameters characterizing the quality of coal are determined in accordance with regulatory and methodological documents, a list of which is given in the appendix.

In each working seam, coal lithotypes are macroscopically identified and the average microcomponent composition of the identified lithotypes and the seam as a whole is determined.

Granulometric composition- quantitative characteristics of coal by size of pieces - standardized for all types of use. Coal is divided into size classes by sorting it (screening) on ​​sieves with holes of appropriate sizes.

Mechanical strength coal is studied according to two parameters: the ability of coal to maintain the size of pieces upon impact and upon abrasion. It is necessary when using coals for gasification, obtaining thermoanthracites, in electrode and foundry industries.

Thermal strength coal is characterized by mechanical strength in pieces after heat treatment. It is studied in coals intended for combustion in vehicle furnaces, semi-coking, hydrogenation and the production of foundry electrode anthracites.

Electrical properties serve to evaluate the stages of metamorphism: coals at low stages are dielectrics, at medium stages they are semiconductors, at high stages (anthracites) they are conductors.

Density of coals characterizes its porosity. In its natural state, coal extracted from the depths usually has numerous cracks and includes pores (cavities) of various shapes and sizes. There are real (dr) and apparent (d a), closed and open porosity.

Elemental analysis includes the determination of the content of the following basic elements in organic matter: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and organic sulfur. Since carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are contained in the mineral part of coals, are included in the composition of carbonates, oxides, and are also contained in the hydration water of silicates, the content of these elements is distinguished accordingly: total (c t , H t , o t), in organic matter (c o , H o , o o) and in the mineral part of coals (c m , H m , o m) .

Technical analysis combines the determination of the main indicators of coal quality, provided for by the requirements of regulatory documents for all types of their use. Coal quality indicators include: humidity, ash content, sulfur content, phosphorus content, volatile matter yield, calorific value. In cases where the direction of use of coal from a particular deposit is sufficiently determined, an abbreviated technical analysis is carried out, including determination of only the ash content of coal, moisture content and the yield of volatile substances.

Ash content It is the ratio (in %) of the mass of inorganic residue (ash) obtained after complete combustion of coal to the mass of the coal sample under study. Main components - oxides Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K , oxides are of subordinate importance Ti, P, Mn . The yield and composition of ash depend on the nature of the coal, the conditions of its combustion (primarily on the rate of ashing and the final calcination temperature). Based on the composition of the ash, coals are divided into siliceous ( SiO2 40-70%), alumina ( A 2 O 3 30-45%), ferruginous ( Fe 2 O 3 > 20%), calcareous ( CaO - 20-40%).

Humidity is divided into surface (wetting moisture), maximum ( Wmax moisture capacity of coal, characteristic of its chemical nature, petrographic composition, degree of carbonization), air-dry coal (represented by adsorption bound water and characterizes the porosity and hydrophilic properties of the surface of coal particles) and total (total amount of external moisture and moisture of air-dry coal).

Coal sulfur content. Mass fraction of total sulfur (S t d) in coals varies widely. Based on this value, coals are divided into low-sulfur (up to 1.5%), medium-sulfur (1.5-2.5%). sulfur (2.5-4%) and high-sulfur (more than 4%). Sulfur is part of organic matter, the mineral part of coal, and is sometimes present in elemental form. The following types of sulfur are distinguished: organic (S o), sulfide (S s), sulfate (SSO4).

Release of volatile substances (V) assessed when putting coal on without air access by the rate of decomposition into gas and vapor products and solid non-volatile folds. The composition of volatile products is primary tar (for brown coals) or coal tar (for hard coals). They are made of gases (CO, CO 2, H 2, CH 2) and volatile hydrocarbons and their derivatives, as well as water.

Calorific value of coal (Q) used to compare the thermal properties of coals from different deposits and grades with each other and with other types of fuel. The calorific value is determined by measuring the amount of heat released per unit mass of coal during its complete combustion in a calorimetric bomb in a compressed oxygen environment under standard conditions. By corresponding recalculations of the heat of combustion values, the values ​​of the highest heat of combustion are obtained (Q s) with the exclusion of heat obtained due to acid formation and lower (Q i) heat of combustion with the additional exclusion of heat obtained due to the evaporation of water.

The thermal properties of coals are characterized by caking and coking properties.

Caking ability- the property of coal, when heated without air access, to transform into a plastic state with the formation of a bound non-volatile residue. The property of coals to sinter an inert material with the formation of such a residue is called sintering ability. When coals of a certain petrographic composition and degree of carbonization are heated above 300°C without air access, gas and liquid products are released from them. At a temperature of 500-550°C, the mass hardens and a sintered solid residue is formed - semi-coke. With a further increase in temperature (up to 1000 C and more) in semi-coke the content of oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur decreases, and the carbon content increases. Semi-coke turns into coke. Coals of II-V stages of metamorphism and a certain petrographic composition have sinterability.

Coking ability- the property of crushed coal to sinter with the subsequent formation of coke with a specified size and strength of the pieces. It is studied by direct (laboratory, box and semi-plant coking) and indirect methods.

Group analysis Most often it is used to assess the quality of brown coals, in which, when treated with solvents or chemical reagents, part of the organic mass of coal goes into solutions and some substances obtained from extracts (bitumen, humic acids) are used in various sectors of the national economy. Bitumen extracted from light brown coals with organic solvents (benzene, gasoline, etc.) are mainly represented by waxes and resins. The minimum content of waxy bitumen in brown coals used in industry is 7%. Humic acids of coal are a mixture of acidic high-molecular amorphous dark-colored organic substances with a high degree of oxidation and hydrophilicity, extracted from coal with aqueous alkaline solutions. The yield of humic acids from brown and oxidized coals ranges from zero to 100% of organic mass.

Microelements in coals they are found in both organic and mineral mass. They are represented by compounds of non-ferrous metals, rare and trace elements, the total concentration of which usually does not exceed 1% of the dry mass of coal.
Uranium and germanium are of greatest practical importance for extraction. In addition, gallium, vanadium and others can be extracted along the way.
To determine the content of “minor” elements in coals, spectral, spectrophotometric, activation and atomic absorption methods are used.

Applications

Classification of coals by size of pieces(GOST 19242-73)

Thermobaric conditions of the Earth's interior that led to the formation of coal of certain grades

Mining. GOST R 51591-2000: Brown, hard and anthracite coals. General technical requirements. OKS: Mining and minerals, Coals. GOST standards. Brown, hard and anthracite coals. General technical.... class=text>

GOST R 51591-2000

Brown, hard and anthracite coals. General technical requirements

GOST R 51591-2000
Group A13

STATE STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

BROWN, STONE AND ANTHRACITE COALS
General technical requirements
Brown coals, hard coals and anthracites.
General technical requirements

OKS 75.160.10*
OKP 03 2200

_____________________

* In the index "National Standards" 2004 - OKS 75.160.10 and 73.040. -

Note.

Date of introduction 2001-01-01

Preface

1 DEVELOPED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 179 "Solid Mineral Fuel" (Integrated Research and Design Institute for the Enrichment of Fossil Fuels - IOTT)

2 ADOPTED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT by Resolution of the State Standard of Russia of April 21, 2000 N 116-st

1 Application area

1 Application area

This standard applies to a group of homogeneous products - brown, hard coals and anthracite, as well as products of their enrichment and sorting (hereinafter referred to as coal products) and establishes quality indicators that characterize the safety of products and are subject to mandatory inclusion in the documentation on which the products are manufactured.

2 Normative references

This standard uses references to the following standards:
GOST 8606-93 (ISO 334-92) Solid mineral fuel. Determination of total sulfur. Eschk method
GOST 9326-90 (ISO 587-91) Solid mineral fuel. Methods for determining chlorine
GOST 10478-93 (ISO 601-81, ISO 2590-73) Solid fuel. Arsenic determination methods
GOST 11022-95 (ISO 1171-81) Solid mineral fuel. Methods for determining ash content
GOST 25543-88 Brown, hard and anthracite coals. Classification by genetic and technological parameters

3 Technical requirements

3.1 Classification of coals according to genetic and technological parameters - according to GOST 25543.

3.2 Coal products are divided into sorted and unsorted enriched coal (hereinafter referred to as enriched coal), unenriched sorted coal, raw coal, intermediate product (middling product), screenings and sludge.

3.3 Quality indicators characterizing the safety of coal products are given in Table 1. Standards for these indicators are established in documents for specific products of individual enterprises, but they should not exceed the values ​​​​provided by this standard.
Table 1

3.4 The test methods indicated in Table 1 are arbitration and are subject to inclusion in the documentation regulating the quality of coal products.
It is allowed to use other test methods that are not inferior in accuracy to those specified in Table 1.

System of occupational safety standards. Fire safety. General requirements

System of occupational safety standards. General sanitary and hygienic requirements for air in the working area

System of occupational safety standards. Harmful substances. Classification and general safety requirements

System of occupational safety standards. Production processes. General safety requirements

System of occupational safety standards. Ventilation systems. General requirements

() Solid mineral fuel. Determination of higher calorific value and calculation of lower calorific value

GOST 1137-64 Brown coals, hard coals, anthracite, oil shale and coal briquettes. Quality acceptance rules

GOST 1817-64 Brown coals, hard coals, anthracites, oil shale and briquettes. Collection sample preparation method

GOST 1916-75 Brown coals, hard coals, anthracite, coal briquettes and combustible shale. Methods for determining the mass fraction of mineral impurities (rocks) and fines

Solid fuel. Sieve method for determining particle size distribution

( , ) Solid mineral fuel. Methods for determining the yield of volatile substances

() Solid mineral fuel. Determination of total sulfur. Eschk method

GOST 9326-90 (ISO 587-81) Solid mineral fuel. Methods for determining chlorine

( , ) Solid fuel. Arsenic determination methods

GOST 10742-71 Brown coals, hard coals, anthracite, oil shale and briquettes. Methods of sampling and preparation of samples for laboratory tests

Brown coals, hard coals, anthracite and oil shale. Accelerated methods for moisture determination

() Solid mineral fuel. Methods for determining ash content

GOST 11055-78 Brown coals, hard coals and anthracite. Radiation methods for determining ash content

GOST 11223-88 Brown and hard coals. Sampling method by drilling wells

GOST 19242-73 Brown coals, hard coals and anthracite. Classification by size of pieces

Freight cars of mainline railways with 1520 mm gauge. General requirements for ensuring safety during loading, unloading and shunting operations

GOST 25543-88 Brown, hard and anthracite coals. Classification by genetic and technological parameters

() Solid mineral fuel. Designation of quality indicators and formulas for recalculating analysis results for various fuel conditions

() Solid mineral fuel. Methods for determining moisture

GOST 28663-90 Brown coals (low-rank coals). Codification

GOST 30313-95 Hard and anthracite coals (coals of medium and high ranks). Codification

3 Technical requirements

3.1 Coals of grades B (3B), D and DG are intended for semi-coking and the production of cement, lime, and bricks according toGOST 25543with pieces sizes according toGOST 19242.

3.2 Indicators of ash content, mass fraction of total moisture in the working state of the fuel, the yield of volatile substances and the size of coal pieces must comply with the standards specified in the tables - .

Table 1 - Quality indicators of coals for cement kilns

Table 2 - Quality indicators of coals for lime kilns

Table 3 - Quality indicators of coals for brick production

Table 4 - Quality indicators of coals for semi-coking

3.3 The mass fraction of total sulfur should not exceed in percentage:

4 .5 - Cheremkhovskoye field;