Opening in the bearing wall: the correct device and strengthening with your own hands. We make doors in the load-bearing wall with our own hands. The subtleties of working with a load-bearing wall How to make a doorway to a load-bearing wall

Sometimes for redevelopment in an apartment or a private house, it is necessary to make a new door or window opening. Creating an opening in the load-bearing wall of an apartment brick building is not an easy task. Things are easier with redevelopment in a private house, here everyone is his own boss.

What is a doorway? This is a hole in the wall designed to install the entrance blocks. A fixed fixed element in the interstitial space is called a door frame. Often, an arch is made as a decorating element of the interior.

The device of a doorway in a bearing brick wall

Before starting work, you need to contact a specialist who will make a demonstration project with all the calculations based on the wishes of the client. To implement the project, significant costs are required, which start from the amount of 30 thousand rubles. So if you get down to business, you need to foresee a lot. Independent work on arranging a doorway will help the owner save money - it will cost about 15 thousand rubles.

The device of a new opening

• it must comply with building codes;
• it is desirable to locate the hole in the central part of the supporting structure;
• it is necessary to match the upper part with the cement joint of the masonry;
• the interwall space up to 0.9 m wide does not need reinforcement operations.

When creating an inter-wall space in a supporting wall, it is necessary to correctly create a reinforcement. Important when changing the design of the walls is the safety of life of other residents of the apartment building and the preservation of the structure of the building itself.

Work order

First of all, you need to decide on the place of organization of additional space for entry and exit. It all starts with markup. You need to decide on the width of the hole, and then begin to determine its future location with a pencil. From the outer wall, you need to measure the distance and make a mark - from here we begin to draw the outline of the future intra-wall space.

A thick wall structure is cut on both sides, so markings on the reverse side will also be necessary.

For their exact match, it is necessary to drill several holes according to the pencil marking (Fig. 1). And then on the other side connect all the holes with a pencil line.

The above manipulations should be carried out when using the building level, triangle and ruler.

Since we will make space in the load-bearing wall of a brick house, it is necessary to take care of auxiliary partitions and lintels in advance (Fig. 2).

Removing a wall section

Before starting work, it is necessary to free the supporting wall structure from the plaster layer along the drawn line so that the masonry seams are visible. However, it is necessary to remove the plaster with extreme caution, because most likely, there is wiring under it - damage can lead to the failure of the entire power supply system.

When the seams in place of the future empty space are visible, you can get to work. It is necessary to start removing bricks from the very top. First, the top row of bricks is removed, which will be the width of the entire door space.. A jumper is inserted here, on which the structure will be held.

Further, more holes are made above the jumper. In the resulting hole, it is necessary to mount a beam, which will act as a support. The support beam must be supported with a jack so that the structure does not collapse during operation. The beam and jack will support the weight of the entire wall structure (Fig. 3).

Then all holes are smeared with a concrete solution. After the concrete mixture has dried, you can continue to work on knocking out bricks.

The structure should be strengthened if the width of the door space is more than one meter.

To protect the floor from falling bricks, it is necessary to make flooring from boards. Bricks should be removed with diamond drills to minimize damage to the wall structure.

Violation of brick removal technology can lead to weakening of the structure, its premature wear and deformation.

It should be noted that the space under the door must be made 10-20 centimeters larger than the door or window frame. This gap can be filled with mounting foam.

Strengthening the opening

Strengthening works take the maximum amount of time, as they are painstakingly carried out. The organized empty space under the door or arch must be reinforced with channels. It is advisable to use a channel jumper with vertical posts. Channels are mounted on both sides, which are screwed into the previously installed wooden jumper with the help of bolts (Fig. 4).

If the space in the wall structure has a large width, then it is reinforced not only in the upper part, but also on the sides (Fig. 5).

How to determine the load-bearing wall in a brick house?

The most elementary way to determine the supporting wall is to familiarize yourself with the floor plan of the dwelling. Such a plan is necessarily available in the data sheet or house book. To understand the diagrams and drawings, you need to have little drawing skills. Experience in construction would not be superfluous. Then you can easily distinguish a supporting wall from a regular partition.

Typically, interior walls have a thickness of no more than 18 centimeters. The smallest thickness of the supporting wall is 38 centimeters - three-brick masonry. A four-brick masonry is possible, which forms a wall 51 centimeters thick. Often the thickness of the walls in brick houses is 64 centimeters - a five-brick masonry (Fig. 6).

If the plan could not be found, then you should use the general rules for determining the bearing walls in the house:

• if the walls face the street, we can definitely say that they are supportive;
• walls shared with neighbors;
• the wall thickness is more than 380 mm, as mentioned earlier;
• walls leading to the landing.

Exterior finish

After completing work on the formation of an opening in a brick load-bearing wall, everything must be decoratively finished (Fig. 7). What is needed for this? First of all, you need to decide on the choice of finishing material. Will it be wood, plastic or decorative stone - you decide. Next, you need to show a little imagination and create decorating elements in the formed space of a brick wall.

For self-cladding, you should have basic knowledge in the field of finishing work, and you also need a special tool.

If you need to arrange the space under the door without its presence, then you should use additional boards. It will add elegance to your new room decor and add sophistication to the interior. You can create such a lining yourself.

The opening, made in the form of an arch, looks beautiful. As a rule, arches are round or lancet. To determine the shape of the arch for the client, check out the design catalogs. The most common today is the Byzantine and Greek style. In some cases, the arch can be made backlit.

When the issue of the need to redevelop the premises of a brick house is finally resolved, the owners and workers will have to face the problem of creating new door and window openings. It is difficult, dangerous and very responsible to make such a significant opening in the laying of bricks.

Even before performing work on creating an opening, you should find the wiring, pipes and fittings passing in this place. A compact metal detector will help with this.

If in the place where the opening is planned, there is a chimney, then the reconstruction plan will have to be changed. Wires can be put around the opening. It is necessary to retreat from the detected chimney by at least 30 cm. It is necessary to have information about the status of the wall in which the opening will be made. It can be a load-bearing, non-bearing or stiffening wall.

You can find out that a brick wall is non-bearing by the following signs:

1. It is made as a partition.
2. The project of the house clearly states that it is not load-bearing and has not been reconstructed.

If the experimental wall has a continuation in the overlying floors, then this fact does not yet give grounds to believe that it is a carrier. This is due to the fact that load transfer can occur through beams or lintels that are supported by load-bearing walls. In the case when it is not known for certain about the role of the wall, then the process is carried out on the basis that it can be a carrier.

A non-bearing wall is dismantled in the direction from the ceiling to the floor. This is done to reduce the risk of collapse of its parts. When it is necessary to make an opening in the brick wall of the house up to the ceiling, it is first marked out. The topmost bricks are removed with a hammer and chisel. When removing bricks row by row, do not forget that individual stones may not be linked to the masonry. You need to direct the chisel at an angle of 90 degrees to the wall.

The opening in the wall for the future door needs to be covered with a jumper that transfers pressure to the sections of the walls along the edges of the opening. The future hole is marked on the wall, taking into account a gap of 3 cm on all sides of the future door frame. Above the opening, the outline of the jumper is drawn. It should be wider than the opening
25 cm on both sides. Work begins with gouging out a place for a jumper.

You need to check that the new hole fits the jumper. The fact is that if the bottom of the jumper and the opening do not match, then you need to remove another row of bricks and install it already at this height.

If the wall is thick, then you need to make two jumpers and connect them with cement. The distance between the wall and the mounted lintel is clogged with a cement-sand mortar using a trowel. Work continues according to the already described scenario. At the slightest danger of masonry collapse, it must be dismantled to the ceiling. Then it is restored based on the jumper.

Opening in the bearing wall of the house

When working with a load-bearing wall of a house or a wall in need of reinforcement, look at the pressure that is transmitted through it to the base. You can strengthen the installed floor with the help of "shoes" that lie on both sides of the wall. They lay a thick board, on top of which they put a beam.

A beam for openings with an increased width is prepared and placed against the wall on its two sides in advance, even before the installation of supporting structures, which may further prevent the lintel from being brought up. In all cases, it is necessary to maintain strength characteristics. Work can be carried out if you know the arrangement of coatings and ceilings. It is desirable to lean on a concrete floor, and floors made of wood and drywall are not suitable for this.

For a while, the load-bearing elements of the floor are supported in the place where it rests on the wall in which work is being carried out. In order to comply with safety regulations, the installation of beams is carried out in two passes.

In the load-bearing wall, in place of the beam, you need to make a groove with a depth of half the thickness of the wall. A jumper is mounted and sealed with mortar.

You can repeat the operation with the second half only after the cement mortar has dried.

In a situation with old masonry, the strength of which is insufficient, vertical cuts are made and new slopes are added to the existing masonry. They are made from red brick. The wall and bricks must be moistened with water before laying. The connection with the existing masonry is best done using the spiked ligation of 0.5 bricks.

When the work is completed, loose bricks are strengthened in the wall with mortar. The corners of the structure must be straight. If the masonry of the wall of the house was strong, then it is not necessary to strengthen it. In this case, you only need to make sockets for the support blocks, which are mounted later.

How to make a narrow opening

If the width of the future opening does not exceed 1.2 m, then it belongs to the class of narrow ones. In a good strong masonry, it is performed without the installation of supporting structures. The groove under the beam is made immediately for the entire thickness of the wall. The opening is dismantled after the installation of the beam.

Punching of openings is a set of measures aimed at expanding old or arranging new niches and passages in load-bearing walls and partitions. The sequence of actions depends on the material of the structures; masonry made of small bricks requires special attention. Such work has a direct impact on strength, they are started only after obtaining the appropriate permission from the housing services, ideally they are trusted by professionals. The main nuances of the technology include the creation of systems of additional supports, control over the progress of punching or cutting and strengthening in order to properly distribute the load.

Building codes limit the height of niches and passages in the bearing wall of an apartment brick building to 2.1 m, width - 0.7-2. The requirements become more stringent with increasing load, on the first floors the permissible maximum is 0.9 m. When preparing and agreeing on a project, the following factors are taken into account:

• The presence or absence of weight loads: making an opening in a partition is easier than in load-bearing systems. Taking into account the fact that beams or floor slabs are laid on most of the internal walls in residential MDCs, security requirements are increasing, and strengthening becomes mandatory. The exact purpose is indicated in the technical passport of the house.
• Information about previous redevelopments. According to building codes, doorways on different floors should be located on the same line, the implementation of these works by neighbors reduces the chances of obtaining permission to punch.
• Distances to external walls (permissible minimum is 1 m), columns, ceilings, ventilation ducts, communications and chimneys. In each case, these parameters are different, for these reasons, specialists are involved in the design. In load-bearing structures, openings are located as close to the center as possible.
• The condition of the brick base (if any), the foundation of the house and the degree of wear of the walls and ceilings, the scheme of dressing products, the manifestation or absence of any masonry defects, the service life of the house.

The trim is removed, when selecting sizes, the need for backlash for the door frame is taken into account. The work is started after obtaining the appropriate permit, deviations from the plan are unacceptable. Partitions and openings installed during previous redevelopments are not affected, measures are being taken to remove wiring in the right places and change the wiring of the main communications. In the absence of a plan for their placement in the apartment, a metal detector is used.

Amplification Technology

When working with critical load-bearing structures, a prerequisite for admission is the presence of additional supports supporting a temporary beam that receives and redistributes weight loads. They can be made in the form of brick columns or by installing reliable jacks, steel beams or wooden beams at a short distance from the wall to be punched in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe future opening. After that, through holes are drilled in the right places with a puncher for metal studs supporting a temporary horizontal support.

This method allows you to remove a number of blocks and place a thick wooden beam, a reinforced concrete lintel or a metal channel in the resulting niche. The depth of entry of the horizontal support depends on its height, the standard range varies between 15-30 cm. The lintels are fixed with studs and concrete, and the lower rows are dismantled after the mortar has solidified. Strengthening is a prerequisite, the type, dimensions and thickness of the metal profiles to be laid in the case of load-bearing structures are justified by a calculation that can only be carried out by specialists.

The second, simpler method is to fix two thick (at least 8 mm) corners fixed with reliable metal bolts passing through the masonry. To press them in with diamond saws, two small cuts should be made - to the depth of the supports along the length and taking into account the size of the shelf. To eliminate the risk of mortar spillage, the cracks formed during drilling are smeared with a cement composition. This technology allows you to get a fairly reliable jumper, this method is often chosen when moving openings in their homes.

Support for the upper rows is mandatory, a wall without a lintel quickly collapses and reduces the overall strength of the building. The exception is arches, but they are allowed to be made only in unloaded partitions. When there is doubt about reliability, additional measures are taken. These include filling possible gaps and defects with a cement-polymer mortar, installing a U-shaped frame or corners around the perimeter, or installing 2-3 horizontal shelves. The latter are laid by drilling longitudinal strips with diamond saws and placing corners in the slot. All metal elements are connected by welding or bolts, the joints are cleaned of scale, the surface is treated with anti-corrosion compounds.

Punching sequence

The standard flow of actions after obtaining permission to make changes includes the following steps:

• Protection of the floor and nearby structures from brick breakage, eliminating the risk of damage to communications. At this stage, all unnecessary items and skirting boards are removed, furniture is moved away from the place of the future passage to a distance of 2.5 m, all surfaces are protected from dust.
• Marking and cutting to secure the jumper.
• Installation of supports for unloading load-bearing walls.
• Laying the jumper with subsequent strengthening with concrete. It is permissible to proceed to the next stage only after it has hardened.
• Punching with a perforator or diamond cutting in the direction from top to bottom, followed by a selection of bricks and removal of excess debris.
• Checking the condition of the edges, if necessary, strengthening them.
• Coordination of the correctness of reinforcement, obtaining an act of completion.
• Making changes to the registration certificate at home in the BTI.
• Finishing.

Depending on the type of tool used, the formation of the walls of a new opening or its expansion is carried out by diamond cutting or by punching with a perforator, sledgehammer, wedges and collapsible tongs. The advantage of the first option: when using water-cooled saws, dust is practically not generated, the masonry is not subjected to shock and vibration effects, and the work itself takes a minimum of time. This method is recommended to be chosen when making changes to the supporting structures of the MDK, including due to low noise generation.

The disadvantages of diamond cutting include high prices and the need for expensive equipment; not all construction companies provide such services. Punching of openings is carried out with impact tools (in comparison with diamond saws, a puncher is more affordable).

The sequence of actions as a whole remains unchanged: several holes are drilled under the lintel, weakening the adhesion of the brick → the products are knocked out with a sledgehammer or hammer → all unnecessary protrusions are beaten off, cracks and gaps are filled with cement-sand or polymer mortar → if necessary, the side faces are strengthened → all metal parts are cleaned and painted with anti-corrosion primers.

Holes are created carefully, the drill drill is directed perpendicular to the wall. When working with conventional internal partitions, it is possible to start punching without reinforcement, the best option is to completely disassemble this section and standardly lay the support at the desired height. Bearing structures definitely need to install additional supports, any actions aimed at destroying the masonry are carried out after transferring the load to the beams and the future lintel.

The expansion is carried out according to the same scheme, the only difference is the need to dismantle the old door frame. Given the small volume of bricks to be removed, drilling is recommended to be done with diamond saws. Supporting angles most often need lengthening, in order to avoid risks, it is worth replacing them. With rare exceptions, it is not necessary to place a new jumper for the opening. If the passage width exceeds 0.9 m, it is better to reinforce the new edges with a metal corner.

Cost of work

Estimated prices for these services, excluding the price of building materials, are given in the table:

The above prices do not include the cost of building materials and the cost of their delivery. The conditions for the collection and removal of garbage are also negotiated separately, taking into account standard prices and volumes of broken bricks. Prices for work depend on the purpose of the walls, making changes to loadable structures is more expensive. The correctness of the strengthening is necessarily checked by the housing inspectorate before signing the act of completion, the punching and installation of jumpers is entrusted to firms with the appropriate permit.

We immediately note that the device openings in the main wall the matter is more than responsible, since the structures of the building, which are load-bearing, are affected. In no case should this be done without consulting with specialists and without obtaining permission from the Moscow Housing Inspectorate and approval from the authors of the house!

With such a redevelopment of load-bearing walls, it is important to first go through the approval process, and only after its approval, proceed with the appropriate actions, clearly following the methodology prescribed in the project.

There are 3 types of residential multi-storey buildings in which the possibility of arranging an opening in a load-bearing wall can be considered:

• old brick (Khrushchev, or block aerated concrete);
• panel;
• new monolithic.

The method of transferring or arranging an opening in the main walls for each of the houses is individual.
Such redevelopment of the wall may be necessary in cases of connecting the kitchen and the living room, increasing the window opening or increasing the living space due to the apartment located next door, and so on.
However, carrying out such work without coordination is fraught with adverse consequences:

• destruction of the house or individual structures;
• a fine for arranging an opening without permission;
• repair of the wall and all structures of the building that have suffered as a result of unauthorized unacceptable actions, to be converted to its previous state at its own expense.

So, what kind of opening can be made in a load-bearing wall? Clear general requirements, such as the width of the opening, the amount of indentation from the outer (external) wall, etc., exist only for panel houses due to the fact that they were all built in a standard way.

The answer to the question "is it possible to make a doorway in the load-bearing wall of a brick house?" will depend on the results of the technical survey of the house, the year of construction and other data. The same applies to modern monolithic houses - there are no general clear guidelines, therefore, the maximum width of the openings will vary, based on the individual characteristics of the project of each house.

An important point is the year of construction of the building itself, since any material is subject to wear over time. When arranging a doorway, it is impossible not to take into account the change in loads, therefore, for coordination, it is necessary to strengthen the opening with the corresponding drawings.

Expansion of the opening in the load-bearing wall

The very fact of expanding the opening in the load-bearing wall is a more serious matter than the implementation of redevelopment at the expense of the opening. In this case, strengthening the opening is the primary task of the event, in order to respect your own safety. When enlarging a doorway in a load-bearing wall, it is important to remember a few essential points:

• it is necessary to strengthen the support, this will help the installation of metal structures, which will prevent the destruction of the building;
• coordination is impossible without a technical opinion and preparation of a package of design documents, since such redevelopment is far from possible in all houses.

If you want to increase the doorway in the load-bearing wall in apartments on the top floors, it is much easier to achieve permission, due to the lower load on the main walls. The situation is more complicated with the coordination of such work on the lower floors, since the load is much greater and the walls are not designed for such events.

Moving a doorway in a load-bearing wall

The transfer of the doorway in the load-bearing wall also needs to be coordinated, since the main wall of the building is affected, in addition, all changes must be made to the BTI plans without fail.

First of all, it is necessary to obtain a technical opinion on the availability of such a possibility.
Such work should be carried out with strict compliance with the requirements of housing legislation, fire safety rules and SNiP. If you move the doorway in the load-bearing wall without agreeing and taking into account all the requirements, then this will entail a lot of unpleasant consequences from a fine to returning the apartment to its original form at your own expense.

Coordination of the opening in the load-bearing wall

Getting permission in the process of coordinating the opening in the bearing wall of a brick house is less problematic than in other houses. The thing is that brick houses are more durable, since the walls in them are less dependent on each other. If you are the owner of an apartment in a brick house, for approval you need to contact State Unitary Enterprise Moszhilniiproekt, where, in accordance with applicable law, you will be issued an opinion on the possibility of arranging an opening in the main wall.

Things are different with obtaining permission when agreeing on an opening in the load-bearing wall of a panel house, because in such houses almost every wall has an impressive load. If you arbitrarily build an opening in such a wall, this will weaken it and have a detrimental effect on the structural stability and safety of the entire structure, because all the main walls are interconnected. To coordinate such work and obtain a technical opinion on the possibility of this redevelopment in a panel house, you need to contact GUP MNIITEP (Moscow Research Institute of Typology).

To coordinate the opening in the bearing wall of a monolithic house, you must also contact State Unitary Enterprise Moszhilniiproekt or directly to the authors of the house, which will issue a conclusion on the possibility of legitimizing the opening in the load-bearing wall.

Employees of the Architectural and Design Workshop No. 1 will professionally approach the coordination of the doorway in the load-bearing wall. The quality of work, affordable prices and reasonable terms upon agreement are the main principles of the company.

Conclusion:

The device or transfer of an opening in the main wall is more than responsible, since the supporting structures of the building are affected! In total, there are 3 types of houses in which the possibility of such redevelopment can be considered:

• old brick ones (for approval, contact the State Unitary Enterprise Moszhilniiproekt);
• panel (for approval, contact the State Unitary Enterprise MNIITEP);
• new monolithic ones (you can get permission from the State Unitary Enterprise Moszhilniiproekt or from the authors of the house).

The method of transferring or arranging an opening in the main walls for each of the houses is individual and requires coordination in the indicated authorities.

Questions and answers:

Question: Tell me, is the device of the opening or its transfer considered a redevelopment or reconstruction of the building?

Answer: Remodeling and reconstruction are completely different concepts. Reconstruction includes more global changes than redevelopment (for example, changing the number of storeys, replacing engineering systems, etc.). And redevelopment is a change in the configuration of the room. Accordingly, work on the transfer or arrangement of openings is a redevelopment.

A panel or brick house allows you to improve the layout of a typical apartment, for example, combine a kitchen with a room, or make a doorway between rooms in a more convenient place (and lay an old, inconveniently located one).

However, it must be taken into account that the new doorway in the load-bearing wall not only makes the apartment more comfortable, but also implies a certain responsibility. This means that the owner of the apartment must comply with housing legislation in terms of redevelopment, as well as construction, sanitary, and fire regulations that affect this area.

Coordination of the opening in the load-bearing wall

In order for the redevelopment with an opening in the load-bearing wall to be legal and safe, it should be agreed with the Moscow Housing Inspection, and we recommend that you take care of this before starting work - this way you will avoid a lot of trouble with supervisory authorities, as well as unforeseen costs to eliminate unauthorized changes. Moreover, the consequences of illegal redevelopment can be very serious. Since we are talking about a load-bearing wall, unskilled intervention can damage both it and adjacent structures, and lead to a decrease in their design bearing capacity, and sometimes to partial collapse. We are not talking about cases when the load-bearing wall is completely dismantled: this is an extremely dangerous and irresponsible step!

Decree of the Government of Moscow No. 508, as amended 840, in part 2.2.4 of Appendix 1, classifies the punching of openings in load-bearing walls as an activity that requires the development of design documentation and a technical opinion on the possibility of redevelopment.

Acceptance of openings in load-bearing walls by the commission

It is important to remember that work to strengthen the opening with metal structures is subject to architectural supervision and is accompanied by the execution of acts for hidden work, as well as the execution of a work log. Without providing these documents to the Moscow Housing Inspectorate at the end of the repair, the acceptance committee will not sign the act of completed redevelopment, and it will not be removed from inspection control until you provide the acts. Moreover, the owner may be required to remove the finish to check the metal reinforcement of the opening in the load-bearing wall for compliance with the approved project and current regulations.

Only certified contractors with SRO approval in construction have the right to draw up acts of hidden work.

Examples of redevelopment projects with an opening in the load-bearing wall

1. This redevelopment was carried out in the house of the P-44T series, built before 2007, so the State Unitary Enterprise MNIITEP "gave the go-ahead" to the installation of an opening in the load-bearing wall between the kitchen and the room. The width of the opening is standard 90 cm.

2. A redevelopment project with an opening in the bearing wall and reinforcement with metal profiles, which were a U-shaped frame of channels. Such a powerful reinforcement was due to the significant thickness of the wall of the II-18 series block house.