Among sentences 3-10, find a complex sentence with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination of subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.
(3) Something closed in Fedor. (4) It was empty in my head. (5) In the classroom, when he was raised, he got up, confused, not knowing what to say, and the guys had already begun to giggle at him, immediately coming up with the nickname Gloomy Burcheev. (6) But Fedor did not seem to hear this either. (7) His body seemed to have lost the ability to feel, and his soul to feel. (8) After school, he got on the bus and went to the old district.
(9) On one of these visits, an excavator, loading crushed stone into a dump truck, shouted to Fedor:
- (10) Hey man! Take out your pigeon!
Correct answer: 5
Comment:
A complex sentence with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination of subordinate clauses must, firstly, be complex, that is, have subordinating conjunctions; secondly, it is necessary that the subordinate clauses answer different questions, this is precisely the main feature of parallel subordination; thirdly, there should be at least three bases.
Proposition 5 satisfies all these conditions.
[In the classroom, (when raised), he got up, confused, not knowing], (what to tell), and the guys have already started to giggle at him, immediately coming up with the nickname Gloomy Burcheev.
Parentheses indicate simple sentences as part of a complex (COP), italicized bases.
What you need to know:
In a complex sentence, there may be more than one subordinate clause, but two, three, four or more. The clauses are connected not only with the main part of the sentence, but also with each other. This relationship can be of different nature:
Homogeneous submission
Subordination is considered homogeneous, and subordinate clauses are considered homogeneous under two conditions:
- If the clauses refer to the whole main clause or to the same word.
- They are adjectives of the same type.
Example: She knew that the girls looked at the closed door of the room with apprehension, that they felt bound... (Yu. Herman).
[ - = ], (what - =), (what = -)...
NoteThe subordinating union (or allied word) in the second of the homogeneous clauses may be absent, but it is easy to restore it from the first clause, for example: He was no longer afraid, although the thunder crackled as before and (although) lightning slashed the whole sky (A. Chekhov). Pay attention to the absence of a comma between the two subordinate clauses: there is none, since the subordinate clauses are homogeneous and are connected by the union And.
[ = ], (though - =) and ((though) - =).
Heterogeneous (parallel) subordination
If only one of the two conditions of homogeneous subordination is satisfied, and the other is not, then we are dealing with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination.
Thus, the subordinate clauses with heterogeneous subordination either refer to one thing, but at the same time they are subordinate clauses of a different type, or, being subordinate clauses of the same type (usually these are relative clauses), they refer to different words.
Example: When we got up, it was impossible to understand what time it was (A. Chekhov).
(When - =), [then =], (which -).
Sequential submission
With sequential subordination, subordinate clauses are linked together as if in a chain: the first subordinate clause refers to the main clause (this is a subordinate clause of the I degree), the second subordinate clause refers to the first (subordinate clause of the II degree), the third to the second (subordinate clause of the III degree), etc.
Example: It was a beautiful July day, one of those days that happen when the weather has settled for a long time (I. Turgenev).
[ = - ], (which =), (when - =).
With sequential subordination, a confluence of two subordinating unions or a subordinating union and an allied word is possible (what if, what when, what why, etc.). In such cases, the second clause is inside the first.
It so happened that when we were driving, there was not the slightest swell (M. Prishvin).
[ = ], (what, (when - =), =)
Combined submission
In a complex sentence with a large number of subordinate clauses, combined subordination is possible (homogeneous and parallel, homogeneous and sequential, serial and parallel; homogeneous, sequential and parallel).
Example:In the evening, the storm broke out so that it was impossible to hear whether the wind was buzzing or the thunder was rumbling.(I. Goncharov) (consistent and homogeneous subordination)
[ - = ], (what =), (= whether -) or (= -).
(consistent and homogeneous subordination).
Example: To move forward, look back often, otherwise you will forget where you came from and where you need to go.(L. Andreev).
(To =), [ = ], (otherwise - =), (from where - =) and (where =).
(homogeneous, parallel and sequential subordination).
In this chapter:
§one. Types of subordination in NGN with several subordinate clauses
There can be more than one subordinate clause in NGN. In this case, it is important to understand how all parts of a complex sentence are interconnected, what is subordinate to what. Three types are possible:
1) consistent submission,
2) parallel subordination,
3) homogeneous subordination.
Sequential submission
With consistent subordination, a chain of sentences is formed: the first clause is subordinate to the main clause, the second clause is subordinate to the first clause, and so on. With this type of subordination, each subordinate clause is the main one for the subsequent subordinate clause.
I'm afraid that Anna will be late for the exam, which should start early in the morning.
Scheme: [ ... ], (conjunction what...), (connection word which the…).
With sequential subordination, the subordinate clause related to the main one is called the subordinate clause of the first degree, and the next subordinate clause is called the subordinate clause of the second degree, etc.
Parallel subordination
If subordinate clauses of different types belong to one main clause, then a parallel subordination is formed. With this type of subordination, both subordinate clauses belong to the same main one. It is important that these clauses are of different types and they answer different questions.
When the teacher came in, the children stood up to greet her.
Scheme: (union word when...), [ ... ], (conjunction to …).
Homogeneous submission
If subordinate clauses are sentences of the same type and refer to the same member of the main clause or to the entire main clause as a whole, then a homogeneous subordination is formed. With homogeneous subordination, the subordinate clauses answer the same question.
I suddenly felt how the tension subsided and how easy it became in my soul.
Scheme: [ ... ], (conjunction how...) and (conjunction how …).
Subordinate explanatory sentences are similar to homogeneous members of the sentence, they are interconnected by the union and. Both subordinate clauses refer to the member of the sentence in the main clause. There is no comma between them.
It is important that with homogeneous subordination, unions or allied words can be omitted, which is typical for sentences with several subordinate clauses.
test of strength
Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.
Final test
Is it true that there can be more than one subordinate clause in NGN?
What is the name of subordination when the first subordinate clause is subordinate to the main clause, the second - to the first, etc.?
- sequential submission
- homogeneous subordination
- parallel subordination
What is the name of subordination when different types of clauses belong to the same main clause?
- sequential submission
- homogeneous subordination
- parallel subordination
What is the name of subordination when the subordinate clauses are sentences of the same type and refer to the same member of the main clause or to the entire main clause as a whole?
- sequential submission
- homogeneous subordination
- parallel subordination
When the performance ended, the children clapped to make the artists feel their gratitude.?
- sequential submission
- parallel subordination
- homogeneous subordination
What is subordination in a sentence: I think that in the next episode, the hero will save the girl he is in love with.?
- sequential submission
- parallel subordination
- homogeneous subordination
What is subordination in a sentence: I heard the door slam and the people in the hallway talking.?
- sequential submission
- parallel subordination
- homogeneous subordination
What is subordination in a sentence: I think that my brother will be happy with my gift and that I made a very good choice.?
- sequential submission
- parallel subordination
- homogeneous subordination
Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses there are two main types: 1) all subordinate clauses are attached directly to the main clause; 2) the first clause is attached to the main clause, the second - to the first clause, etc.
I. Clauses that are attached directly to the main clause can be homogeneous and heterogeneous.
1. Homogeneous adventitious, like homogeneous members, have the same meaning, answer the same question and depend on one word in the main clause. Between themselves, homogeneous clauses can be connected by coordinating unions or union-free (only with the help of intonation). For example:
1) [But sad to think], (which is in vain was us youth is given), (what changed her all the time), (that deceived us she is)... (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (conjunction what),(union what),(union what)...
2) [Dersu said], (what it's not clouds, it's fog) and what tomorrow it will be a sunny day and even hot) (V. Arseniev).[vb], (what) and (what).
The connection of homogeneous clauses with the main clause is called uniform subordination.
It should be borne in mind that with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, it is possible to skip the union or allied in the second (third) clause, for example:
(Where is the cheerful sickle walked) and ( fell ear), [now everything is empty] (F. Tyutchev).(where) and ("), ["].
2. Heterogeneous clauses have different meanings, answer different questions, or depend on different words in the sentence. For example:
(If I have one hundred lives), [ they would not satisfy all the thirst for knowledge], ( which burns me) (V. Bryusov)- (conjunction if),[n.], (s. word which).
The connection of heterogeneous clauses with the main clause is called parallel submission.
II. The second type of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses includes those in which the clauses form a chain: the first clause refers to the main clause (subordinate clause of the 1st degree), the second clause refers to the clause of the 1st degree (subordinate clause of the 2nd degree) etc. For example:
[She was horrified"], (when found out), (that the letter was father) (F. Dostoevsky)- , (With. when verb), (p. what).
Such a connection is called consistent submission.
With sequential subordination, one subordinate clause can be inside another; in this case, two subordinating unions may be nearby: what and if anything and when what and because etc. (for punctuation marks at the junction of conjunctions, see the section “Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with two or more subordinate clauses”). For example:
[The water collapsed so scary], (what, (when the soldiers fled below), after them already flew raging streams) (M. Bulgakov).
[uk.sl. so + adv.], (what, (when),").
In complex sentences with three or more subordinate clauses, there may be more complex combinations of subordinate clauses, for example:
(Who in young age not tied yourself with strong ties with an external and beautiful cause, or at least with simple, but honest and useful work), [ he can count his youth without a trace lost], (as if fun she is neither passed) and how much would happy memories she is neither left).
(who), [pronoun.], (however), (however). (A complex sentence with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination).
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2. Indicate the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.
4. Draw up a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) questions from the main to the subordinate clauses, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is conditional), characterize the means of communication (unions or allied words), determine the types of subordinate clauses (definitive, explanatory and etc.).
5. Determine the type of subordination of subordinate clauses (homogeneous, parallel, sequential).
An example of parsing a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
1) [Look up at the pale green, star-studded sky, (on which there is neither a cloud nor a spot), and understand], (why is the summer warm air immovable), (why nature is on guard) (A. Chekhov).
[n., (vill. on which), vb.], (vill. why),(vill. why).
will determine. explain. explain.
Narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination: 1st subordinate clause - attributive clause (the clause depends on the noun sky, answers the question which?, on which); 2nd and 3rd subordinate clauses - subordinate explanatory clauses (depend on the verb understand answer the question what?, join with an allied word why).
2) [Any man knows], (that he have to do not that, ( what separates him with people), otherwise), ( what connects him with them) (L. Tolstoy).
[vb], (conjunction what local, (s.el. what), places.), (s.el.chto).
explain. place-determined place-determined
Narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with serial and parallel subordination: 1st subordinate clause - subordinate explanatory clause (depends on the verb knows answers the question what?, joins union what), 2nd and 3rd clauses - pronoun-defining clauses (each of them depends on the pronoun then, answers the question what (that)?, joins with an allied word what).
.one. Associative compound sentence
Associative compound sentence - this is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are combined into one whole in meaning and intonation, without the help of unions or allied words: [Habit over us given]: [replacement happiness she is](A. Pushkin).
The semantic relations between simple sentences in allied and are expressed in different ways. In allied sentences, unions take part in their expression, therefore the semantic relations here are more definite and clear. For example, union so expresses the consequence because- the reason if- condition, but- opposition, etc.
The semantic relations between simple sentences are less clearly expressed than in the union. In terms of semantic relationships, and often in terms of intonation, some are closer to complex ones, others to complex ones. However, often the same non-union compound sentence in meaning, it can be brought closer to both a complex and a complex sentence. Wed, for example: Searchlights lit up- it became light around; Searchlights were lit, and it became light around; When the spotlights came on, it became light all around.
Meaningful relationships in non-union complex sentences depend on the content of the simple sentences included in them and are expressed in oral speech by intonation, and in writing by various punctuation marks (see the section “Punctuation marks in non-union complex sentence»).
AT non-union complex sentences The following types of semantic relations between simple sentences (parts) are possible:
I. enumeration(lists some facts, events, phenomena):
[I_ did not see you for a whole week], [I didn't hear you for a long time] (A. Chekhov) -, .
Such non-union complex sentences approach compound sentences with a connecting union and.
Like their synonymous compound sentences, non-union complex sentences can express the value 1) simultaneity enumerated events and 2) their sequences.
1) \ Bemep howl plaintively and quietly], [in the darkness neighing horses], [from the tabor floated tender and passionate song- thought] (M. Gorky) -,,.
stirred ], [fluttered half asleep birdie] (V. Garshin)- ,.
Associative compound sentences with enumerative relations may consist of two sentences, or may include three or more simple sentences.
II. Causal(the second sentence reveals the reason for what the first says):
[I unhappy]: [everyday guests] (A. Chekhov). Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with complex subordinate causes.
III. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the first one):
1) [Items were lost form]: [ everything merged first into gray, then into a dark mass] (I. Goncharov)-
2) [Like all Moscow, your father is like that]: [would like he is a son-in-law with stars and ranks] (A. Griboyedov)-
Such non-union sentences are synonymous with sentences with an explanatory conjunction. namely.
IV. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the word in the first part that has the meaning of speech, thought, feeling or perception, or the word that indicates these processes: listened, looked, looked back etc.; in the second case, we can talk about the omission of words like see, hear etc.):
1) [Nastya during the story remembered]: [she has from yesterday remained whole intact cast iron boiled potatoes] (M. Prishvin)- :.
2) [I came to my senses, Tatyana looks]: [bear No]... (A. Pushkin)- :.
Such non-union sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with explanatory clauses. (remembered that ...; looks (and sees that) ...).
V. Comparative-adversative relations (the content of the second sentence is compared with the content of the first or opposed to it):
1) [All happy family looks like and each other], [each unhappy family unhappy but in its own way] (L. Tolstoy)- ,.
2) [Chin followed to him]- [he service suddenly left] (A. Griboyedov)- - .
Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with compound sentences with adversative conjunctions ah, but.
VI. Conditionally temporary(the first sentence indicates the time or condition for the implementation of what is said in the second):
1) [Do you like to ride] - [love and sleigh carry] (proverb)- - .
2) [see you with Gorky]- [talk with him] (A. Chekhov)--.
Such sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with subordinate conditions or tense.
VII. Consequences(the second sentence names the consequence of what the first says):
[Small the rain sows since morning]- [it's impossible to get out] (I. Turgenev)- ^TT
