Diabetes mellitus causes symptoms treatment prevention. Diabetes mellitus: a sentence or a real opportunity to change your lifestyle? Causes and mechanism of development

According to statistics, every 3 people in the world can be diagnosed with diabetes mellitus by doctors. This disease is on a par with such pathologies threatening humanity as oncology, AIDS. Despite the fact that diabetes mellitus is a well-studied disease, in order to make an accurate diagnosis, it is necessary to undergo a complete examination of the body - in medicine, several types and degrees of pathology are distinguished.

Diabetes mellitus - the essence of the disease

Violation of metabolic processes relating to carbohydrates and water is classified in medicine as diabetes mellitus. For this reason, there are violations in the work of the pancreas, which produces the hormone insulin - it is actively involved in the processing of sugar in the body. It is insulin that promotes the processing of sugar into glucose, otherwise sugar accumulates in the blood, is excreted through the urinary tract (with urine), in this state the body tissues are not able to retain water in their cells - it also begins to be excreted from the body.

Diabetes mellitus is an increased content of sugar and glucose in the blood, but a catastrophic lack of these elements in the cells of organ tissues.

The disease can be congenital (we are talking about aggravated heredity) or acquired. The severity of the development of diabetes mellitus does not depend on this, patients still suffer from a lack of insulin, against which pustular skin diseases, atherosclerosis, hypertension, diseases of the kidneys and nervous system develop, and vision deteriorates.

Disease pathogenesis

The pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus is a very conditional thing, because doctors only partially recognize it. Considering that there are two main types of the disease under consideration, which are radically different from each other, it is impossible to speak of an unconditional mechanism for the development of pathology. Nevertheless, the basis of pathogenesis is taken hyperglycemic index. What it is?

hyperglycemia- a condition in which the sugar entering the body is not processed into glucose due to an insufficient amount of insulin produced by the pancreas. In turn, this leads to a lack of glucose in the cells of the organs - insulin simply stops interacting with the cells.

Why do doctors accept this explanation of the mechanism of development of diabetes as the only true one? Because other diseases can lead to a hyperglycemic state. These include:

• hyperthyroidism;
• adrenal tumor - it produces hormones that have the opposite effect on insulin;
• hyperfunction of the adrenal glands;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• glucagonoma;
• somatostatinoma;
• transient hyperglycemia is a short-term accumulation of sugar in the blood.

Important:not every hyperglycemia can be considered unconditional diabetes mellitus - only that which develops against the background of a primary violation of insulin action.

When diagnosing hyperglycemia in a patient, doctors must differentiate the above diseases - if they are diagnosed, then diabetes mellitus in this case will be conditional, temporary. After curing the underlying disease, the work of the pancreas and the action of insulin are restored.

Types of Diabetes

The division of the disease under consideration into two main types is an important task. Each of them has not only distinctive characteristics, even treatment in the initial stage of diabetes will occur according to completely different schemes. But the longer the patient lives with diagnosed diabetes, the less noticeable the signs of its types become, and the treatment usually comes down to the same scheme.

Type 1 diabetes

He is called insulin dependent diabetes, it is considered a rather serious disease and patients are forced to adhere to a strict diet all their lives. Type 1 diabetes is the destruction of pancreatic cells by the body itself. Patients with this diagnosis are forced to constantly inject themselves with insulin, and since it is destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract, the effect will be only from injections.
Important:it is impossible to completely get rid of the pathology, but in medicine there have been cases when recovery happened - patients adhered to special conditions and natural raw food.

Type 2 diabetes

This type of disease is considered non-insulin dependent, develops in people of the older age category (after 40 years) with obesity. What happens is that the body's cells are overwhelmed with nutrients and lose sensitivity to insulin.
The appointment of insulin injections in such patients is not mandatory, and only a specialist can determine the appropriateness of such treatment. Most often, patients with type 2 diabetes are prescribed a strict diet, as a result of which the weight will decrease gradually (no more than 3 kg per month). As a last resort.

If the diet does not give positive dynamics, sugar-lowering pills may be prescribed. Insulin is prescribed in the most extreme case, when the pathology begins to pose a danger to the life of the patient.

Degrees of diabetes

This differentiation helps to quickly understand what happens to the patient at different stages of the disease. Such a classification is needed by doctors who can make the right decision about treatment in an emergency.

1 degree. This is the most favorable course of the disease in question - the glucose level is not higher than 7 mmol / l, glucose is not excreted in the urine, blood counts remain within the normal range. The patient does not have any complications of diabetes mellitus, it is compensated with the help of diet and special medications.

2 degree. Diabetes mellitus becomes partially compensated, the patient has signs of complications. There is damage to some organs - for example, vision, kidneys, blood vessels suffer.

3 degree. This degree of diabetes mellitus is not treatable with medications and diet, glucose is actively excreted in the urine, and its level is 14 mmol / l. The 3rd degree of diabetes mellitus is characterized by clear signs of complications - vision is rapidly decreasing, numbness of the upper / lower extremities is actively developing, stable high blood pressure (hypertension) is diagnosed.

4 degree. The most severe course of diabetes mellitus is characterized by a high level of glucose - up to 25 mmol / l, both glucose and protein are excreted in the urine, the condition is not corrected by any drugs. With this degree of the disease in question, gangrene of the lower extremities, diabetic ulcers are often diagnosed.

Symptoms of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus never "starts" at lightning speed - it is characterized by a gradual increase in symptoms, a long development. The first signs of the disease in question include:

1. Intense thirst that is almost impossible to quench. Patients with diabetes consume up to 5-7 liters of fluid per day.
2. Dryness of the skin and recurrent itching, which is often referred to as nervous manifestations.
3. Constant dry mouth, no matter how much liquid the patient drinks per day.
4. Hyperhidrosis is excessive sweating, especially on the palms.
5. Weight variability - a person either rapidly loses weight without any diets, or quickly gains weight.
6. Muscle weakness - patients at the earliest stage of development of diabetes note fatigue, the inability to perform any physical work.
7. Prolonged healing of skin wounds - even an ordinary scratch can develop into a purulent wound.
8. Pustular processes are often noted on the skin for no apparent reason.

Note:even if any one of the above signs is present, you need to seek help from specialists as soon as possible - most likely the patient will be diagnosed with diabetes mellitus.
But even if the disease in question has been diagnosed and is amenable to therapeutic correction, the development of complicated diabetes is also possible. Its symptoms include:

1. Regular and dizzy.
2. Increased blood pressure - at certain points, the indicators can reach.
3. Walking is disturbed, pain is constantly present in the lower extremities.
4. Liver enlargement - this syndrome is considered a complication only if it was absent before the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
5. Severe swelling of the face and.
6. Significant decrease in the sensitivity of the feet.
7. Progressive loss of visual acuity.
8. A clearly perceptible smell of acetone begins to emanate from the patient.

Causes of diabetes

Doctors have identified several factors that can lead to the development of the disease in question. These include:

1. Heredity. This factor does not at all mean the birth of a child with existing diabetes mellitus, there is simply such a predisposition. Other risk factors should be kept to a minimum.
2. Viral infections. Influenza, rubella, epidemic hepatitis and chicken pox - these infections can become a "push" to the development of diabetes, especially if the patient is at risk for the disease in question.
3. Obesity. In order to avoid the first signs of diabetes, it is enough to reduce weight.
4. Some diseases. Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), pancreatic cancer, pathological processes in other glandular organs can lead to damage to the cells that produce insulin.

In addition, the body should be protected from nervous stress, depression and nervous conditions - this can serve as a kind of trigger in the development of diabetes.

Important:the older a person becomes, the higher the likelihood of the disease in question. According to statistics, every 10 years the chances of developing diabetes double.

Diagnosis of diabetes

If there are suspicions of diabetes mellitus, then it is necessary to undergo a full examination - for this you will need to pass several tests, use instrumental methods of examination. The list of diagnostic measures for diabetes mellitus includes:

1. A laboratory study of blood for the presence of glucose in it - fasting glycemia is determined.
2. Test determination of glucose tolerance - the examination is done after taking glucose.
3. The dynamics of the development of the disease is monitored - glycemia is measured several times a day.
4. General analysis of urine for the presence of protein, glucose and leukocytes in it (normally, these components are absent).
5. Laboratory study of urine analysis for the presence of acetone in it.
6. A blood test for the presence of glycosylated hemoglobin in it - this indicator determines the level of development of complications of diabetes mellitus.
7. A biochemical blood test - a doctor can determine the degree of functioning of the liver and kidneys against the background of progressive diabetes.
8. Reberg's test is carried out - the degree of damage to the kidneys and urinary tract is determined in case of diagnosed diabetes mellitus.
9. Blood test to determine the level of endogenous insulin.
10. Ophthalmologist consultation and eye examination.
11. Ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs.
12. Electrocardiogram - monitors the work of the heart against the background of diabetes mellitus.
13. Studies aimed at determining the level of damage to the vessels of the lower extremities - this allows you to prevent the development of diabetic foot.

Patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus or suspected of having this disease should also be examined by narrow specialists as part of diagnostic measures. Physicians required to attend:

• endocrinologist;
• ophthalmologist;
• cardiologist;
• vascular surgeon;
• neuropathologist.

Blood sugar levels

One of the most important indicators of the state of health in diabetes mellitus, which can serve as a diagnostic of the functioning of organs and systems, is the level of sugar in the blood. It is from this indicator that doctors “repel” into conducting more specialized diagnostics and prescribing treatment. There is a clear value that will indicate to the patient and the doctor the state of carbohydrate metabolism.

Note:in order to exclude false positive results, it is necessary not only to measure the level of sugar in the blood, but also to conduct a glucose tolerance test (a blood sample with a sugar load).

To take a blood sample with a sugar load, you must first take a regular blood test for sugar, then take 75 grams of soluble glucose (sold in pharmacies) and retake the test 1 or 2 hours later. The norms are given in the table (measurement value - mmol / l):
After passing two analyzes, it is necessary to determine the following values:

• The hyperglycemic coefficient is the ratio of the glucose level one hour after a glucose load to the fasting blood glucose level. Normally, the indicator should not exceed 1.7.
• The hypoglycemic coefficient is the ratio of the blood glucose level 2 hours after a sugar load to the fasting blood glucose level. Normally, the indicator should not exceed 1.3.

Possible complications of diabetes

In fact, diabetes mellitus does not pose a danger to the health and life of the patient, but with the development of complications, the most unfortunate consequences are possible, leading to disruption of normal life.

diabetic coma

The symptoms of a diabetic coma grow rapidly, at lightning speed - you can not hesitate for a minute, and leaving the patient in this state directly threatens his life. The most dangerous sign is a violation of a person’s consciousness, which is characterized by his depression, lethargy of the patient.
The most commonly diagnosed ketoacidotic coma is a condition triggered by the accumulation of toxic substances. At the same time, nerve cells fall under the destructive effect of toxic substances, and the main, and sometimes the only, symptom of ketoacidotic coma is a stable, intense smell of acetone from the patient.

The second most common type of coma is hypoglycemic, which can be triggered by an overdose of insulin. The patient has the following symptoms:

• clouding of consciousness - a semi-conscious state;
• the face and palms are covered with cold sweat - its amount is quite large and noticeable to the naked eye;
• a rapid/critical decrease in blood glucose levels is recorded.

There are other types of diabetic coma, but they are extremely rare.

Unstable blood pressure

Blood pressure indicators can become a determinant of the severity of the development of the disease in question. For example, if a constant increase in pressure is noted during regular measurement of pressure, then this may indicate the occurrence of one of the most dangerous complications - diabetic nephropathy (the kidneys do not work). Often, doctors recommend that patients with diagnosed diabetes regularly measure blood pressure in the lower extremities - its decrease indicates damage to the vessels of the legs.

Edema in diabetes

They indicate the development of heart failure and nephropathy. With constant edema, accompanied by instability in blood sugar levels, it is urgent to seek help from doctors - the situation is very serious and at any time the kidneys can completely fail or myocardial infarction can occur.

Trophic ulcers

They occur only in those patients who have been struggling with diabetes for a long time and develop, first of all, on the feet (there is the concept of "diabetic foot"). The problem is that people do not pay attention to the first signs of the considered complication of diabetes - corns, accompanied by pain in the legs and their swelling. Patients go to the doctor when the foot becomes pronounced red, swelling reaches a maximum (the patient cannot stand on his foot and put on shoes).

Gangrene

A very serious complication that develops against the background of damage to large and small blood vessels. Most often, gangrene is diagnosed on the lower extremities, is not treatable and almost always leads to amputation of the legs (but there are exceptions).

Prevention of complications of diabetes

If the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus has already been approved by a doctor, then every effort must be made to prevent the development of its complications. Living with the disease in question is quite realistic, and living fully, but only if there are no serious complications. Preventive measures include:

• weight control- if the patient feels that he is gaining extra pounds, then you need to contact a nutritionist and get advice on compiling a rational menu;
• constant physical activity- about how intense they should be, the attending physician will tell;
• constant monitoring of blood pressure.

Diabetes mellitus is recognized as an incurable disease, but if type 2 diabetes is diagnosed, then there are chances for a complete recovery - you just need to choose a diet aimed at normalizing carbohydrate metabolism. The main task of a patient with the disease in question is to prevent the development of complications, which pose a real danger to human health and life. You will receive more detailed information about diagnostic methods, types, stages and treatment of diabetes mellitus by watching this video review:

Tsygankova Yana Alexandrovna, medical observer, therapist of the highest qualification category

The phenomenon is much more insidious. Unfortunately, it cannot be cured. But it can be prevented. In this article, we will not talk about how terrible the consequences of diabetes are.

We will talk about prevention, the first symptoms of diabetes and how to detect the disease at the very beginning. Tells endocrinologist of the Chernihiv City Polyclinic No. 3 Olena Piskun.

If all diseases in our country were not called romantic ancient Greek phrases, then it would be much easier to understand their essence. After all, the wise Greeks encrypted in the names not only the essence of the disease, but also its symptoms. For example, the disease "diabetes mellitus" could be translated only as "a person losing sugar."

The essence of the disease lies in the dysfunction of the pancreas, which cannot produce enough insulin. Why do we need insulin?

We are losing him!

Imagine the cells of the body as some spheres with closed doors. Glucose accumulates around the cells, but cannot get inside without the help of insulin. It serves as a key to the cage doors. Glucose, in turn, is necessary for cells to exist, like gasoline is needed for a car to drive.

What happens in a situation where there is little or no insulin at all? Here the food enters the body, then complex carbohydrates are processed into monosaccharides (mainly into glucose) and, being absorbed through the walls of the intestine into the blood, are carried throughout the body. It seems like there is glucose and everything is fine, but it cannot get into the cells without insulin. As a result, cells starve, but blood sugar levels rise.

Head as an indicator

Where does glucose go if there is no insulin and it cannot enter the cells? Part of it interacts with insulin-independent tissues that absorb sugar from the blood, despite the absence of insulin, and if there is too much sugar, then they absorb it in excess.

First of all, the brain, nerve endings and nerve cells act as such sugar absorbers. Yes, yes, that is why the first symptoms of diabetes are heaviness in the head, fatigue, fatigue, impaired attention, a cataract or clouding of the lens of the eye appears a little later, vision deteriorates (a white veil appears before the eyes).

Glycemic index. Who needs it?

The glycemic index reflects the rate at which a particular product is broken down in our body and converted into glucose. Glucose itself is taken as a standard and, accordingly, is equated to 100 units. For all other foods, the glycemic index (GI) varies from 0 to 100 or more, depending on how quickly they are absorbed.

If a product is assigned a low glycemic index, it means that when it is consumed, blood sugar levels rise slowly. The higher the glycemic index, the faster the rise in blood sugar after eating the food and the higher the immediate blood sugar level after eating the food.

Heredity. There are observations that type 1 diabetes is inherited with a probability of 3-7% through the mother and with a probability of 10% through the father. If both parents are sick, the risk of the disease increases several times and is up to 70%. Type 2 diabetes is inherited with a probability of 80% both maternal and paternal, and if both parents suffer from non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, the probability of its manifestation in children approaches 100%, but, as a rule, in adulthood. Well, in this case, doctors differ only in the percentage, otherwise they are in solidarity: heredity is the main factor in the onset of diabetes.

Obesity. From the point of view of the development of diabetes, it is especially dangerous if the body mass index is more than 30 kg / m2 and obesity is of an abdominal nature, that is, the shape of the body takes the form of an apple. Waist circumference is important. The risk of diabetes increases with a waist circumference in men more than 102 cm, in women more than 88 cm. It turns out that a wasp waist is not only a tribute to fashion, but also a sure way to protect yourself from diabetes. This factor, fortunately, can be neutralized if a person, aware of the full extent of the danger, fights overweight (and wins this fight). The best prescription from doctors in this case is to give up a sedentary lifestyle. Just 30 minutes of exercise a day or 3 hours a week can work wonders.

Diseases of the pancreas. Pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, diseases of other endocrine glands - everything that provokes pancreatic dysfunction contributes to the development of diabetes. By the way, often physical trauma can contribute to damage to the pancreas.

Viral infections. Rubella, chickenpox, epidemic hepatitis, and some other illnesses, including the flu, increase the risk of diabetes. These infections play the role of a trigger, as if provoking the disease. Clearly, for most people, the flu will not be the onset of diabetes. But if this is an obese person with aggravated heredity, then even a simple virus poses a threat to him. A person with no family history of diabetics can get the flu and other infectious diseases many times, and is much less likely to develop diabetes than a person with a hereditary predisposition to diabetes. So the combination of risk factors increases the risk of the disease several times.

Prescribed in the genes, diabetes may not manifest itself if it is not triggered by one of the following factors: nervous stress, sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet, lack of opportunity to breathe fresh air and spend time in nature. All these "urban" troubles only increase the risk. Add to this the increase in life expectancy (the highest incidence of diabetes was recorded in people over 65), and we get huge statistics on the number of diabetic patients.

Diabetes young and old

There are two types of diabetes. What are their features?

1st type. insulin dependent.

This disease is most often genetically determined, it can manifest itself at any age, more often at a young age (even in the first months of life). In the first type, pancreatic cells are destroyed, leading to absolute insulin deficiency. Which, in turn, leads to high blood sugar levels, constant thirst and weight loss (despite the fact that the appetite is usually good). The first type of diabetes is treated only with subcutaneous injections of insulin.

You also need a special diet and a minimum of nervous shocks.

2nd type. Insulin independent.

This type of disease usually develops over the years. Most often it is diagnosed in adulthood. In type 2 diabetics, only relative insulin deficiency develops, i.e. pancreatic insulin is produced in sufficient quantities, but the sensitivity of cell receptors is impaired, which leads to impaired carbohydrate metabolism, high blood glucose levels.

The cause, and at the same time the symptom of this type of diabetes, is often obesity. Such diabetes is kept under control with glucose-lowering pills, diet and, again, the right lifestyle.

Myths and facts about diabetes

If a child is given a lot of sweets, he will develop diabetes..

It is not true. As we have already found out, the amount of sugar in foods does not directly affect blood sugar. In the case of children, it is necessary to understand whether they have a hereditary predisposition to the disease. If there is, then it is necessary to draw up a menu based on the indicators of the glycemic index of products. If the hereditary factor is excluded, then there is a need in the form of prevention to maintain a healthy body weight and a healthy mentality of the child. But the amount of sweets he ate did not affect the development of diabetes.

Have infectious diabetes.

This is a 100% myth, which is the result of misinformation. Unfortunately, a large number of materials are replete with allegations that diabetes can be “caught” through dishes or physical contact with a sick person, as well as through the blood of a diabetic.

This is absolute nonsense. Diabetes is a dysfunction of the pancreas. And that's it! It's not about the quality of blood, not about viral bacteria, but about specific features (or acquired diseases) of the body.

But ordinary flu can also provoke diabetes, but only if a person already has a predisposition to diabetes.

Diabetes is dangerous for the legs.

Indeed, the most is a disease of the feet, the so-called "diabetic foot". Most often, a similar phenomenon can be seen in type 2 diabetics with 15-20 years of experience. Funnel-like wounds first appear on the surface of the feet, which eventually grow and turn into an ulcer.

Diabetes destroys the nervous system and blood vessels. The foot is the part of the body that constantly experiences increased stress and is often injured. And in conditions of impaired blood circulation, the protective function of tissues is reduced, and any minor injury (abrasion, abrasion) can lead to a long-term non-healing wound.

Diet for type 2 diabetes

Breakfast:

Eggs - 2 pcs., hard boiled

Boiled meat with stewed zucchini

Coffee or tea with milk

Butter (10 g) and 2 slices of rye bread

Dinner:

Soup-pickle fish or meat broth with meatballs

Low-fat boiled meat with stewed cabbage

Compote of fresh apples or jelly

afternoon tea:

Bran cheesecake

Rosehip tincture or tea with lemon

Dinner:

Cabbage rolls with meat or marinated cod

Chamomile tea or infusion

For the night:

Yogurt or apple

What it is?

The concept " diabetes"It is customary to designate a group of endocrine diseases that develop as a result of an absolute or relative lack of a hormone in the body insulin . In view of this condition, the patient manifests hyperglycemia - a significant increase in the amount of glucose in human blood. Diabetes is characterized by a chronic course. In the course of the development of the disease, a metabolic disorder occurs in general: fatty , proteinaceous , carbohydrate , mineral and water-salt exchange. According to WHO statistics, approximately 150 million people in the world suffer from diabetes. By the way, not only people suffer from diabetes, but also some animals, for example, cats.

The meaning of the word "diabetes" from the Greek language is "expiration". Therefore, the concept of "diabetes mellitus" means "losing sugar." In this case, the main symptom of the disease is displayed - the excretion of sugar in the urine. To date, there are many studies on the causes of this disease, but the causes of the manifestation of the disease and the occurrence of its complications in the future have not yet been finally established.

Types of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus sometimes also occurs in humans as one of the manifestations of the underlying disease. In this case, we are talking about symptomatic diabetes , which can occur against the background of a lesion thyroid or pancreatic , adrenal glands , . In addition, this form of diabetes develops as a consequence of treatment with certain drugs. And if the treatment of the underlying disease is successful, then diabetes is cured.

Diabetes mellitus is usually divided into two forms: it is type 1 diabetes , that is, insulin dependent , as well as type 2 diabetes , that is insulin independent .

Type 1 diabetes mellitus most often occurs in young people: as a rule, most of these patients are under the age of thirty. Approximately 10-15% of the total number of diabetic patients suffer from this form of the disease. Diabetes mellitus in children is manifested mainly in this form.

Type 1 diabetes is caused by damage to the pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin. Very often, people get sick with this type of diabetes after viral illnesses -, viral hepatitis , . Type 1 diabetes often occurs as autoimmune diseaseb due to a defect in the body's immune system. As a rule, a person suffering from the first type of diabetes manifests unhealthy thinness. The level of sugar in the blood rises noticeably. Patients with type 1 diabetes depend on constant insulin injections, which become life-saving.

Among diabetics, in general, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus predominate. At the same time, about 15% of patients with this form of the disease have a normal weight, and all the rest suffer from overweight.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops as a consequence of a fundamentally different cause. In this case, the beta cells produce enough or too much insulin, but the tissues in the body lose the ability to receive its specific signal. In this case, insulin injections are not required for the patient's survival, but sometimes they are prescribed in order to control the patient's blood sugar.

Causes of diabetes

The main cause of diabetes is impaired carbohydrate metabolism , which manifests itself due to the inability of the pancreas to produce the right amount of the hormone insulin or to produce insulin of the required quality. There are many hypotheses regarding the causes of this condition. It is well known that diabetes is a non-contagious disease. There is a theory that the cause of the disease is genetic defects. It has been proven that a higher risk of developing the disease occurs in those people whose close relatives had diabetes. People who have been diagnosed with diabetes in both parents are especially likely to be affected.

As another significant factor that directly affects the possibility of diabetes, experts define . In this case, a person has the opportunity to adjust his own weight, so this issue should be taken seriously.

Another provoking factor is a number of diseases, the result of which is the defeat beta cells . First of all, it is about diseases of other endocrine glands , pancreatic cancer .

Viral infections can serve as a trigger for the onset of diabetes. Viral infections do not “trigger” diabetes in every case. However, people who have a hereditary predisposition to diabetes and other predisposing factors have a much higher risk of getting sick due to infection.

In addition, as a factor predisposing to the disease, doctors determine and emotional stress. Older people should be aware of the possibility of developing diabetes: the older a person becomes, the greater the likelihood of the disease.

At the same time, the assumption of many that those who like to constantly eat a lot of sugar and sugary foods are at risk of developing diabetes is confirmed in terms of the high likelihood of obesity in such people.

In more rare cases, diabetes mellitus in children and adults occurs as a consequence of certain hormonal disorders in the body, as well as damage to the pancreas due to alcohol abuse or taking certain medications.

Another of the assumptions indicates the viral nature of diabetes. So, type 1 diabetes can manifest itself due to viral damage to the beta cells of the pancreas, which produces insulin. In response, the immune system produces , which are called insular .

However, until today there are many unclear points in the issue of determining the causes of diabetes.

Symptoms of Diabetes

Symptoms of diabetes mellitus, first of all, are manifested by too intense urine production. A person begins to urinate not only often, but also a lot (a phenomenon called polyuria ). In view of this phenomenon, the patient has a very. Excreted with urine glucose , the person also loses calories. Therefore, a sign of diabetes will also be too much appetite due to the constant feeling of hunger.

As symptoms of diabetes, other unpleasant phenomena occur: severe fatigue, the presence of itching in the perineum. The patient may freeze limbs, visual acuity gradually decreases.

The disease progresses, and the following signs of diabetes appear. The patient notes that his wounds heal much worse, gradually the vital activity of the organism is oppressed as a whole.

It is important to consider that the main signs of diabetes that every person should pay attention to are the loss of vitality, the constant feeling of thirst, the rapid excretion of the fluid consumed from the body with urine.

However, at first, the symptoms of diabetes mellitus may not appear at all, and the disease can only be determined by laboratory tests. If the disease does not manifest itself, and a slightly elevated sugar content is found in the blood and its presence in the urine takes place, then the person is diagnosed pre-diabetic condition . It is typical for a very large number of people, and after ten to fifteen years they develop type 2 diabetes. Insulin in this case does not perform the function of splitting carbohydrates . As a result, too little glucose, which is a source of energy, enters the bloodstream.

Diagnosis of diabetes

Diabetes mellitus manifests itself gradually in a person, therefore, doctors distinguish three periods of its development. In people who are prone to the disease due to the presence of certain risk factors, the so-called period prediabetes . If glucose is already assimilated with disturbances, but signs of the disease do not yet appear, then the patient is diagnosed with a period latent diabetes mellitus . The third period is the development of the disease itself.

For the diagnosis of diabetes in children and adults, laboratory tests are of particular importance. When examining urine, it is found acetone and sugar . The fastest method of establishing a diagnosis is considered to be a blood test, in which the glucose content is determined. It is also the most reliable diagnostic method.

A higher accuracy of research is guaranteed by an oral glucose tolerance test. Initially, it is necessary to determine what level of glucose in the patient's blood is present on an empty stomach. After that, a person should drink a glass of water, in which 75 grams of glucose are first dissolved. Two hours later, a second measurement is taken. If the result of the glucose content was from 3.3 to 7.0 mmol / l, then glucose tolerance is impaired, with a result of more than 11.1 mmol / l, the patient is diagnosed with diabetes.

In addition, during the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, a blood test is performed for glycohemoglobins in order to determine the average blood sugar level over a long period (about 3 months). This method is also used to determine how effective diabetes treatment has been over the past three months.

Treatment of diabetes

Doctors prescribe complex treatment for diabetes mellitus in order to maintain normal blood glucose levels. In this case, it is important to bear in mind that no hyperglycemia , that is, an increase in the level of sugar, nor hypoglycemia , that is, its fall.

Throughout the day, the glucose content should remain at approximately the same level. This support helps prevent life-threatening complications of diabetes. Therefore, it is very important that the person himself carefully control his own condition and be as disciplined as possible in the treatment of the disease. Glucometer - This is a specially designed device that makes it possible to independently measure the level of glucose in the blood. To perform the analysis, you should take a drop of blood from your finger and apply it to the test strip.

It is important that treatment of diabetes mellitus in children and adults begin as soon as the person is diagnosed. The doctor determines the methods of treating diabetes mellitus, taking into account what type of diabetes the patient has.

For the treatment of type 1 diabetes, it is important to provide lifelong hormone replacement therapy. To do this, every day a patient who is diagnosed with the first type of diabetes must inject insulin. There are no other treatment options in this case. Until the role of insulin was identified by scientists in 1921, there was no cure for diabetes.

There is a special classification of insulin based on where the drug comes from and how long it lasts. Distinguish bullish , pork and human insulin. Due to the discovery of a number of side effects, bovine insulin is used less frequently today. Pork insulin is the closest in structure to human insulin. The difference lies in one . The duration of insulin exposure is short , average , long .

As a rule, the patient produces an injection of insulin approximately 20-30 minutes before eating. It is injected into the thigh, upper arm, or abdomen subcutaneously, and the injection site should be alternated with each injection.

When insulin enters the bloodstream, it stimulates the transfer of glucose from the blood into the tissues. If there was an overdose, it is fraught with hypoglycemia. The symptoms of this condition are as follows: the patient has trembling, increased sweating, the heartbeat quickens, the person feels severe weakness. In this state, a person should quickly increase the level of glucose by consuming a few tablespoons of sugar or a glass of sweet water.

The insulin regimen for each patient should be selected exclusively by a specialist, taking into account all the characteristics of the body, as well as his lifestyle. The selection of daily doses of insulin is made so that it corresponds to the physiological norm. Two-thirds of the hormone dose is taken in the morning and afternoon, one-third in the afternoon and at night. There are several different injection regimens, the appropriateness of which is determined by the doctor. Adjustment of insulin doses is possible depending on a number of factors ( , physical loads, features of carbohydrate metabolism). An important role in determining the optimal insulin regimen is assigned to self-measurement of glucose levels and keeping records of self-monitoring.

In this case, an appropriate diet for diabetes is very necessary. It is important that the patient eat according to a special scheme: three main meals and three additional ones. Nutrition in diabetes occurs taking into account the fact that the content of glucose in the blood is most strongly increased by carbohydrates. However, severe restriction of their use is not required. Under the condition of a normal body weight of a person, it is important to take into account the amount of carbohydrates in order to choose the right dose of insulin.

If a person is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, then at the beginning of the disease, you can not take medication at all. In this case, a diet for diabetes is important, which involves minimizing the consumption of simple carbohydrates and a competent approach to physical activity. If diabetes progresses, drug therapy is required. The doctor prescribes treatment with hypoglycemic drugs. He selects suitable drugs from derivatives sulfonylurea , prandial regulators of glycemia . Help increase tissue insulin sensitivity biguanides (drugs also reduce intestinal absorption of glucose) and thiazolidinediones . In the absence of the effect of treatment with these drugs, patients are prescribed insulin therapy.

In diabetes, folk recipes are also practiced, which stimulate a decrease in blood sugar levels. For this purpose, decoctions of herbs with such properties are used. These are blueberry leaves, bean leaves, laurel leaves, juniper and wild rose fruits, burdock root, stinging nettle leaves, etc. Herbal decoctions are taken several times a day before meals.

Nutrition for diabetes

For the sick 1st type the main treatment for diabetes is insulin injections, and the diet serves as an essential supplement, while for patients type 2 diabetes - A diet-based diet is the main treatment. Since the development of diabetes mellitus disrupts the normal functioning of pancreas, leading to a decrease in its production of insulin, which is involved in the absorption of sugar by the body, then proper nutrition and diet are of great importance. The diet for diabetes mellitus is used to normalize carbohydrate metabolism and to prevent disorders of fat metabolism.

What should be the food:

• frequent and regular meals (preferably 4-5 times per day, at about the same time), it is desirable to evenly distribute the intake of carbohydrates over meals;
• food intake should be rich macro- and trace elements (zinc, calcium, phosphorus, potassium), as well as vitamins (vitamins of groups B, A, P, ascorbic acid, retinol, riboflavin,);
• food should be varied;
• sugar worth replacing sorbitol, xylitol, fructose, or saccharin , which can be added to cooked food and drinks;
• can be consumed up to 1.5 liters liquids per day;
• preference should be given to hard-to-digest carbohydrates (vegetables, wholemeal bread), foods containing fiber (raw vegetables, beans, peas, oats), and limit the consumption of foods rich in food - egg yolks, liver, kidneys;
• the diet must be strictly observed so as not to provoke the development or exacerbation of the disease.

The diet for diabetes does not prohibit, and in some cases recommends eating the following foods in the diet:

• black or special diabetic bread (200-300 gr. per day);
• vegetable soups, cabbage soup, okroshka, beetroot;
• soups cooked in meat broth can be consumed 2 times a week;
• lean meat (beef, veal, rabbit), poultry (turkey, chicken), fish (perch, cod, pike) (about 100-150 grams per day) boiled, baked or aspic;
• useful dishes from cereals (buckwheat, oatmeal, millet), and pasta, legumes can be consumed every other day;
• potatoes, carrots and beets - no more than 200 gr. in a day;
• other vegetables - cabbage, including cauliflower, cucumbers, spinach, tomatoes, eggplants, as well as greens, can be consumed without restrictions;
• eggs can be no more than 2 pieces per day;
• 200-300 gr. on the day of apples, oranges, lemons, it is possible in the form of juices with pulp;
• fermented milk products (kefir, yogurt) - 1-2 glasses a day, and cheese, milk and sour cream - with the permission of a doctor;
• low-fat cottage cheese is recommended to use daily for 150-200 gr. per day in any form;
• from fats per day, you can consume up to 40 g of unsalted butter and vegetable oil.

From drinks it is allowed to drink black, green tea, weak, juices, compotes from sour berries with the addition of xylitol or sorbitol, rosehip broth, from mineral waters - Narzan, Essentuki.

People with diabetes should limit their intake easily digestible carbohydrates . Such products include sugar, honey, jam, confectionery, sweets, chocolate. The use of cakes, muffins, fruits - bananas, raisins, grapes - is strictly limited. In addition, it is worth minimizing the use fatty foods , primarily fat, vegetable and butter, fatty meat, sausage, mayonnaise. In addition, it is better to exclude fried, spicy, spicy and smoked dishes, spicy snacks, salted and pickled vegetables, cream, and alcohol from the diet. Table salt per day can be consumed no more than 12 grams.

Diet for diabetes

Diet in diabetes must be followed without fail. Features of nutrition in diabetes mellitus in this case imply the normalization of carbohydrate metabolism in the human body and, at the same time, facilitating the functioning of the pancreas. The diet excludes easily digestible carbohydrates, limits the use of . People with diabetes need to eat a lot of vegetables, but at the same time limit cholesterol-containing foods and salt. Food should be baked and boiled.

A patient with diabetes is recommended to eat a lot of cabbage, tomatoes, zucchini, herbs, cucumbers, beets. Instead of sugar, diabetics can eat xylitol, sorbitol, fructose. At the same time, it is necessary to limit the amount of potatoes, bread, cereals, carrots, fats, honey.

It is forbidden to eat confectionery sweets, chocolate, sweets, jam, bananas, spicy, smoked, lamb and pork fat, mustard, alcohol, grapes, raisins.

Eating should always be at the same time, meals should not be skipped. The food should contain a lot of fiber. To do this, periodically include legumes, rice, oats, buckwheat in the diet. A person with diabetes should drink plenty of fluids every day.

Diet number 9

Nutritionists have developed a special diet recommended as the main diet for diabetes. The peculiarity of diet No. 9 is that it can be adapted to the individual tastes of the patient, adding or excluding some dishes as desired. The diet for diabetes mellitus creates conditions for the normalization of carbohydrate metabolism, contributes to the preservation of the patient's working capacity, and is developed taking into account the severity of the disease, concomitant diseases, weight, and energy costs. There is also diet number 9a, which is used as the basis for compiling a diet for mild form of diabetes. And also in forms with concomitant obesity of varying degrees in patients who do not receive insulin, and No. 9b, with an increased protein intake, for patients with severe diabetes who receive insulin treatment for diabetes mellitus and have additional physical activity. Severe form often complicated by diseases of the liver, gallbladder, pancreas.

Diet number 9 includes the following diet:

• First breakfast (before work, 7 am): buckwheat porridge, meat pate, or low-fat cottage cheese; xylitol tea, bread and butter.
• Lunch (at lunchtime, 12 noon): cottage cheese, 1 glass of kefir.
• Dinner (after work, 5 p.m.): vegetable soup, potatoes with boiled meat, one apple or orange. Or: pureed cabbage soup, boiled meat with stewed carrots, xylitol tea.
• Dinner (20 pm): boiled fish with cabbage, or potato zrazy, rosehip broth.
• Before going to bed, one glass of kefir or yogurt.

Prevention of diabetes

Prevention of diabetes involves maintaining the most healthy lifestyle. You should prevent the appearance of extra pounds, constantly do exercises and play sports. Everyone should reduce their consumption of fat and sweets to some extent. If a person is already forty years old or there have been cases of diabetes in his family, then the prevention of diabetes mellitus involves regular checking of blood sugar levels.

You need to try every day to eat a lot of fruits and vegetables, include in the diet more foods high in complex carbohydrates. It is equally important to monitor how much salt and sugar is included in the daily diet - in this case, abuse is not allowed. The diet should be rich in vitamin-containing foods.

In addition, for the prevention of diabetes, it is important to constantly be in a state of mental balance, to avoid stressful situations. In addition, a violation of carbohydrate metabolism manifests itself as a result of high blood pressure, so it is very important to prevent such a condition in advance.

Complications of diabetes

Of particular danger to human health and life are the complications of diabetes, which manifest themselves if the treatment of diabetes mellitus is not carried out, or it is carried out incorrectly. These complications often result in death. It is customary to distinguish between acute complications of diabetes that develop rapidly in a patient, as well as late complications that occur several years later.

Education: She graduated from the Rivne State Basic Medical College with a degree in Pharmacy. Graduated from the Vinnitsa State Medical University. M.I. Pirogov and an internship based on it.

Work experience: From 2003 to 2013 she worked as a pharmacist and head of a pharmacy kiosk. Awarded with certificates and distinctions for long-term and conscientious work. Articles on medical topics were published in local publications (newspapers) and on various Internet portals.

Diabetes mellitus is a disease that occurs due to partial or complete insufficiency of the hormone insulin. The work of cells producing this hormone is disrupted by several external or internal factors.

The causes of diabetes vary depending on its form. In total, 10 factors can be identified that contribute to the occurrence of this disease in humans. It should be borne in mind that when several factors are combined at the same time, the likelihood that the symptoms of the disease will appear increases significantly.

genetic predisposition

The likelihood of developing diabetes mellitus (DM) increases more than 6 times if the family has close relatives suffering from this disease. Scientists have discovered antigens and protective antigens that form a predisposition to the onset of this disease. A certain combination of such antigens can dramatically increase the likelihood of an illness.

It must be understood that it is not the disease itself that is inherited, but the predisposition to it. Diabetes of both types is transmitted polygenically, which means that without the presence of other risk factors, the disease cannot manifest itself.

The predisposition to type 1 diabetes is passed down through the generation, in a recessive way. To type 2 diabetes, the predisposition is transmitted much easier - along the dominant path, the symptoms of the disease may appear in the next generation. An organism that has inherited such traits ceases to recognize insulin, or it begins to be produced in smaller quantities. Also, it has been proven that the risk of a child inheriting the disease increases if it was diagnosed in relatives on the paternal side. It has been proven that the development of the disease in representatives of the Caucasian race is significantly higher than in Hispanics, Asians or blacks.

Obesity

The most common risk factor for DM is obesity. So, the 1st degree of obesity increases the chances of getting sick by 2 times, the 2nd - by 5, the 3rd - by 10 times. You need to be especially careful for people whose body mass index exceeds 30. It should be borne in mind that abdominal obesity is common
a symptom of diabetes, and occurs not only in women, but also in men.

There is a direct relationship between the risk level of diabetes and waist size. So, in women it should not exceed 88 cm, in men - 102 cm. With obesity, the ability of cells to interact with insulin at the level of adipose tissues is impaired, which subsequently leads to their partial or complete immunity. It is possible to reduce the impact of this factor and the possibility of developing diabetes, if you start an active fight against excess weight and abandon a sedentary lifestyle.

Various diseases

The likelihood of acquiring diabetes mellitus increases significantly in the presence of diseases that contribute to pancreatic dysfunction. These
diseases entail the destruction of beta cells that help produce insulin. Physical trauma can also disrupt the functioning of the gland. Radiation exposure also leads to a disruption in the functioning of the endocrine system, as a result of which, the former liquidators of the Chernobyl accident are at risk of developing diabetes.

Reduce the body's sensitivity to insulin can: coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension. It has been proven that sclerotic changes in the vessels of the pancreas apparatus contribute to the deterioration of its nutrition, which in turn causes disruptions in the production and transportation of insulin. Autoimmune diseases can also contribute to the appearance of diabetes: chronic insufficiency of the adrenal cortex and autoimmune thyroiditis.

Arterial hypertension and diabetes are considered interrelated pathologies. The appearance of one disease often entails symptoms of the appearance of the second. Hormonal diseases can also lead to the development of secondary diabetes mellitus: diffuse toxic goiter, Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome, pheochromocytoma, acromegaly. Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome is more common in women than in men.

Infection

A viral infection (mumps, chicken pox, rubella, hepatitis) can provoke the development of the disease. In this case, the virus is the impetus for the onset of symptoms of diabetes. Penetrating into the body, the infection can lead to disruption of the pancreas or to the destruction of its cells. So, in some viruses, the cells are in many ways similar to the cells of the pancreas. During the fight against infection, the body may mistakenly destroy pancreatic cells. Passed rubella increases the likelihood of the disease by 25%.

Medication

Some drugs have a diabetogenic effect.
Symptoms of diabetes may appear after taking:

• anticancer drugs;
• glucocorticoid synthetic hormones;
• parts of antihypertensive drugs;
• diuretics, in particular thiazide diuretics.

Long-term use of medications for asthma, rheumatic and skin diseases, glomerulonephritis, coloproctitis, and Crohn's disease can lead to symptoms of diabetes. Also, the intake of dietary supplements containing a large amount of selenium can provoke the appearance of this disease.

Alcoholism

A common factor that provokes the development of diabetes in men and women is alcohol abuse. The systematic intake of alcohol contributes to the death of beta cells.

Pregnancy

Carrying a child is a huge stress for the female body. During this difficult period for many women, gestational diabetes can develop. Pregnancy hormones produced by the placenta increase blood sugar levels. The load on the pancreas increases and it becomes unable to produce enough insulin.

The symptoms of gestational diabetes are similar to the normal course of pregnancy (thirst, fatigue, frequent urination, etc.). For many women, it goes unnoticed until it leads to serious consequences. The disease causes great harm to the body of the expectant mother and child, but, in most cases, disappears immediately after childbirth.

After pregnancy, some women are at an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The risk group includes:

• women who have had gestational diabetes;
• those who, during the bearing of a child, had a body weight that significantly exceeded the permissible norm;
• women who have given birth to a child weighing more than 4 kg;
• mothers who gave birth to children with congenital malformations;
• those who had a frozen pregnancy or a stillborn baby.

Lifestyle

It has been scientifically proven that people who lead a sedentary lifestyle are 3 times more likely to develop symptoms of diabetes than more active people. In people with low physical activity, the use of glucose by tissues decreases over time. A sedentary lifestyle contributes to obesity, which entails a real chain reaction that significantly increases the risk of diabetes.

Nervous stress.

Chronic stress negatively affects the state of the nervous system and can serve as a trigger that provokes the development of diabetes. As a result of a strong nervous shock, adrenaline and glucocorticoid hormones are produced in large quantities, which can destroy not only insulin, but also those cells that produce it. As a result, the production of insulin decreases and the sensitivity of body tissues to this hormone decreases, which leads to the onset of diabetes.

Age

Scientists have calculated that every ten years of life, the risk of developing symptoms of diabetes doubles. The highest incidence of diabetes is recorded in men and women over 60 years of age. The fact is that with age, the secretion of incretins and insulin begins to decrease, and the sensitivity of tissues to it decreases.

Myths about the causes of diabetes

Many caring parents mistakenly believe that if you allow your child to eat a lot of sweets, he will develop diabetes. It must be understood that the amount of sugar in food does not directly affect the amount of sugar in the blood. When compiling a menu for a child, it is necessary to consider whether he has a genetic predisposition to diabetes. If there were cases of this disease in the family, then it is necessary to make a diet based on the glycemic index of the products.

Diabetes mellitus is not an infectious disease, and it is impossible to "catch" it through personal contact or using the patient's dishes. Another myth is that you can get diabetes through the patient's blood. Knowing the causes of the origin of diabetes, you can develop a set of preventive measures for yourself and prevent the development of complications. An active lifestyle, a healthy diet and timely treatment will help to avoid diabetes, even if there is a genetic predisposition.

Diabetes mellitus is a set of metabolic pathologies of the endocrine system, caused by insufficient secretion of insulin. Due to a violation of the breakdown of glucose, the disease is characterized by an increase in its content in the blood - hyperglycemia. High glucose levels over time cause damage to the body, causing irreversible changes in internal organs. Therefore, the urgency of the problem of diabetes is quite high and requires increased attention from doctors and ordinary people.

Varieties of the disease

The disease can be classified according to a number of features, on the basis of which the diagnosis is made. According to the etiological factor, DM happens:

• type 1 diabetes;
• type 2 diabetes;
• pregnancy diabetes (gestational);
• other specific forms.

According to the severity of the course, diabetes can be:

Type 1 diabetes

It develops due to the destruction of the islets of Langerhans - the beta cells of the pancreas. It leads to absolute pancreatic insulin deficiency, therefore it is insulin dependent. It comes to light more often at early and young age, however people of all age groups are ill. Patients with type 1 diabetes take insulin for life as replacement therapy. There are 2 types:

• autoimmune (developing in response to its own antigens);
• idiopathic (non-immune, having a different nature).

Type 2 diabetes

It is caused by a violation of carbohydrate metabolism due to predominant insulin resistance or relative extra-pancreatic insufficiency of the hormone. It is not insulin dependent. Glucose is not absorbed by the body, as the cells do not perceive insulin. T2DM often occurs in adulthood due to excess body weight or physical inactivity. It is corrected by regime measures, diet and hypoglycemic drugs.

Gestational diabetes mellitus

It occurs as a first detected increase in glucose levels in women during pregnancy, spontaneously and without a trace disappearing after childbirth.

Other possible shapes

They are quite rare, but they have an important diagnostic role in the diagnosis.

Causes of the disease

1. Genetically determined predisposition.
2. autoimmune nature.
3. Defects in the functioning of pancreatic cells.
4. Injuries, insufficient oxygen supply (hypoxia) to the pancreas.
5. Drug or toxic organ damage.
6. High carbohydrate foods in large quantities.

Clinical picture

The first signs of diabetes are the manifestation of the main symptoms:

1. Frequent copious urination - polyuria, the predominance of nocturnal diuresis - nocturia. Occurs against the background of elevated glucose levels and an increase in the osmotic pressure of urine.
2. Severe thirst, a significant increase in water consumption during the day - polydipsia. Occurs against the background of dehydration due to loss of fluid in the urine.
3. Increased appetite, constant hunger - polyphagia. Due to metabolic disorders, glucose is not absorbed by the body, even if it is available in excess.
4. Rapid weight loss with a normal diet. Due to increased breakdown of proteins and fats due to the lack of carbohydrates. The most characteristic sign for type 1 diabetes.

Secondary clinical manifestations develop for a long time, have low specificity and diagnostic role:

• weakness, fatigue, headache;
• skin itching, inflammatory rashes;
• decreased visual acuity;
• dryness and smell of acetone from the mouth;
• urination disorders;
• trophic disorders of the limbs.

Possible Complications

A long period without timely diagnosis of the disease leads to dysfunction of many internal organs and their irreversible changes. The most common complications of DM:

• Diabetic lesions of vessels of various calibers - angiopathy. Manifested by damage to the vascular walls, impaired blood clotting, accelerated atherosclerotic changes. Target organs are the heart and vessels of the lower extremities.
• Damage to the vessels of the retina - retinopathy. There is a decrease in visual acuity, in the advanced stage - complete loss.
• Diabetic damage to the vessels of the kidneys - nephropathy. The glomerular filtration rate decreases, which leads to a slowdown in the excretion of toxic metabolic products - renal failure.
• Disorder of nervous activity - neuropathy. The complication leads to a decrease in efficiency, cerebrovascular accidents, deterioration of sensitivity, damage to the cranial nerves.
• Diabetic foot syndrome is a pathology with increased traumatization of the soft tissues of the lower extremities, leading to the development of necrosis.

The norm of glucose in the blood

Prevention methods

In order to avoid morbidity, it is necessary to comply with preventive measures. These include:

1. Identification of possible risk groups: people over 45 years of age, overweight, low physical activity, complicated genetic history, arterial hypertension, high cholesterol and cardiovascular diseases. It is carried out during medical examinations of the organized population by a general practitioner.
2. Risk assessment. People at risk should have their blood glucose checked regularly. With a normal result of the analysis, the frequency of studies is 1 time in 3 years. In the presence of several risk factors at the same time - 1 time per year. The level of glycemia on an empty stomach and after a glucose tolerance test is checked. In older people, the risk of other diseases of the cardiovascular system is assessed.
3. Risk Reduction

Important! A person's health is 50% dependent on himself. A healthy lifestyle as a daily habit will reduce the risk of morbidity and improve the quality of life for years to come.