Temperature regulator of heating for a copper. Thermoregulators for heating systems, as well as their connection. Temperature controllers for electric heating boilers: how to choose a device

With the onset of autumn with its dullness, cold winds and monotonous rains, you increasingly begin to think about a soft sweater, a warm cup of tea and a warm and cozy home. Since prehistoric times, man has tried to warm his home and keep it warm. Since then, mankind has found many ways to protect the house from the cold.
Modern builders carry out a whole range of works on the thermal insulation of walls, floors, roofs, and facades, creating, as it were, a thermal shell around the building frame. Building materials that reduce the process of heat transfer are called thermal insulation or heaters. Their main characteristic is thermal conductivity - that is, the ability to transfer heat from warmer to less warm. The lower the thermal conductivity, the more heat is stored.
According to the classification according to GOST, building heat-insulating materials and products are distinguished:

	By type of raw material: 1. Organic 2. Inorganic 3. Mixed		By structure: 1. Fibrous 2. Cellular 3. Grainy (loose)
	By form: 1. Loose 2. Flat 3. Shaped 4. Corded		By flammability: 1. Fireproof 2. Flame retardant 3. Combustible

The combustibility of a material is understood as its ability to self-combust. So fireproof materials are not capable of completely burning on their own (combustibility class NG); slow-burning - they can burn under the direct influence of a flame, but are not able to continue burning without an ignition source or outside its influence (combustibility class G-1, G-2); combustible ones - continue burning on their own even after the ignition source is removed (combustibility class G-3, G-4).

With form and structure, more or less clear. Loose, that is, loose, porous, include mineral wool and perlite sand.
Flat - those that have a flat shape - mats, slabs, blocks.
Shaped - heat-insulating materials, which were shaped in production (cylinder, half-cylinder, segments). Corded - cords and plaits, small section.

From the term " Fibrous"It becomes clear that these materials consist of fibers - filamentous elements (mineral wool).
The cellular structure is characterized by the presence of macropores - cells (gas and foam concretes, gas silicates, as well as foam plastic and foam glass have such a structure).
Granular or loose - differ in the presence of grains - granules or grains of different sizes (perlite sand, powder materials for backfilling)

And now back to the types of thermal insulation materials.
The key indicator for insulation is its basis - raw materials. For the production of certain heaters, various materials are used. As mentioned above, thermal insulation materials are distinguished on an organic basis, on an inorganic basis and on a mixed one.

Thermal insulators based on organic

To understand the terminology, let us recall that the organic basis can be something belonging to the plant or animal world, or a chemical compound, which is based on carbon. So, organic-based heat insulators include materials based on waste from the woodworking industry (sawdust, shavings); waste paper (cellulose); sheep wool; cork and some other natural materials. However, all of them gradually absorb moisture, may lose volume. (compress) and ignite quickly, so they are rarely used in the modern world.

The most popular organic heaters are expanded polystyrene) and polyethylene foam. The latter, to a greater extent, is used for insulating pipes and communications. Reflective heaters, that is, reflective ones (brands Armofol, Ecofol, Porileks, Penofol), one of the components of which is foamed polyethylene, and the second is polished aluminum, are gaining more and more popularity. These heaters are very thin, but effective. Due to the ability of polished aluminum to reflect up to 97-99% of heat and polyethylene (the thickness of the final material is 1-2.5 cm), a kind of thermal barrier is obtained that, according to manufacturers, can replace from 10 to 27 cm of a fibrous heat insulator.

Expanded polystyrene, also called polystyrene, began its journey as a heat-insulating material in the 60s of the 20th century (although it was invented in 1928 in France) and has not changed much since then.
Expanded polystyrene is a white cellular material, consisting of polystyrene plastic mass filled with 98% air, due to which it has high thermal insulation performance, as well as low weight, that is, it does not affect the shrinkage of the foundation and facilitates installation.
The generally accepted designation - PSB - P polystyrene FROM suspension manufactured B in an express way, the additional letter "C" after the abbreviation PSB means FROM self-extinguishing, and F"- facade, the following numbers indicate the thickness of the sheet indicated in centimeters (10, 15, 25, 30, 50).
Expanded polystyrene is a very convenient and popular insulation. However, it has a number of disadvantages, namely:

• comparatively fragile;
• combustible - needs special treatment;
• does not "breathe" - requires additional ventilation;
• insects and rodents easily arrange labyrinths and passages in it - additional means are needed to protect the edges of the insulation to eliminate direct access to pests;
• from direct sunlight, it dries out and crumbles over time - it needs a finishing coat (plaster, paint).

In an attempt to eliminate the shortcomings of the foam was invented - the raw material is the same, but the method of production of the material is different (extrusion method). The result is a material with a uniform, closed-cell structure, very durable (it can even be used as a material for auxiliary structures), light, with a low thermal conductivity, minimal water absorption, frost-resistant, harmless to humans, not subject to decay and resistant to chemicals.
In extruded polystyrene foamIt was possible to eliminate only two drawbacks - poor vapor permeability and high flammability.

Despite the flaws, expanded polystyrene and extruded polystyrene foam are considered almost universal heaters, as they are environmentally friendly, moisture-resistant, resistant to temperature extremes, have practically no shelf life, and are equally suitable for insulating roofs, walls, floors and even facades.

Thermal insulators based on inorganic

Inorganic-based heaters include those heat insulators for the manufacture of which mineral substances were used (rocks, glass, metallurgical slags). As a result of spraying the molten mineral substance, randomly intertwined fibers are formed - mineral wool (mineral wool).

Depending on the initial mineral substance, glass wool (based on glass), stone or basalt wool (based on rocks) and slag wool (based on metallurgical slags) are distinguished.
The main advantages over organic-based heat insulators are: high fire safety, good sound insulation, the ability to pass air and steam, which prevents the formation of condensate, as well as resistance to bioorganisms (mold, fungi, insects, birds, rodents).
Previously, the use of glass wool was widespread in construction, it was used to insulate facades, flat roofs, floors, ceilings, and internal ceilings.
However, glass wool loses its shape and volume faster when compared with other heat insulators, and is “afraid” of moisture, therefore, it loses its characteristics over time.
It is also important to understand that no matter how manufacturers try, it is impossible to completely eliminate the fragility of fiberglass. When it comes into contact with the skin, it causes itching and irritation; when inhaled, it affects the lungs; if it gets into the eyes, it scratches the cornea, which can lead to serious vision problems. Therefore, when working with glass wool, safety precautions are recommended. clothing - pants and a jacket covering the skin, gloves, goggles and a respirator. Now glass wool is more often used to insulate urban communications and to increase sound insulation in rooms.

Stone wool does not differ from glass wool in terms of application, structure and flammability, but has the advantage of low water absorption and slight loss of shape and volume, which has made the use of stone or basalt wool more popular. In addition to insulating floors, walls, pitched and flat roofs, it is used for fire protection of steel columns and beams, air ducts, reinforced concrete partitions. Slag wool is not used in “residential” construction, as it contains sulfur impurities harmful to humans. It is used as a fire-resistant thermal insulation of wagons, tanks, boilers, steam pipes, metal structures.

Thermal insulators on a mixed basis

Thermal insulators from mixed feedstock - those that were produced on the basis of asbestos with the addition of dolomite, vemriculite, perlite.
Such insulators have the consistency of dough (applied to the surface and left to dry completely) or are available in the form of plates and shells. Such materials demonstrate good thermal insulation characteristics, incombustibility, resistance to decay, but asbestos insulation, like polystyrene, does not allow steam and air to pass through, therefore, they require additional ventilation, and like glass wool, they require special during operation. clothing (asbestos dust can cause lung damage, especially in allergy sufferers). The last factor often becomes decisive, and not at all in favor of asbestos heaters.

Written in words above, we summarized in table 1 (we compared the most popular types of heat insulators)

Table 1. Types and characteristics of popular heaters

Even having clarified for yourself the nuances of certain heaters, having come to the store it is difficult to immediately navigate, because many manufacturers offer various means of thermal insulation to the modern buyer. One brand has only one type of product, the other has a whole line of different ones in terms of base, shape, structure, how not to get confused? We suggest that you familiarize yourself with table 2, in which you can find the names of manufacturers by type of insulation or by its purpose (we compared the brands of manufacturers popular in the Saratov region).

Table 2. Heaters and their areas of application

	glass wool	stone wool	Styrofoam	Extruded polystyrene foam
Pitched roof, attic	URSA GEO; URSA TERRA; URSA PUREON	ROCKLITE; TECHNOFLOR; Knauf Insulation Pitched roof; Knauf Insulation Thermo Plate; ROCKWOOL Standard; ROCKWOOL LITE BUTTS; ROCKWOOL ROOT BATTS; ECOROCK ;Baswool Light; ISOVER Frame house	PSB-S	URSA XPS; Penoplex Pitched roof; XPS TECHNONICOL
The roof is flat		TECHNOROOF; ROCKWOOL ROOT BATTS; Baswool Ruf		URSA XPS; Penoplex Comfort Penoplex Uklon
Facade ventilated		BASALITE VENTI; HeatKNAUF; Knauf Insulation Facade; ROCKWOOL VENTY BATTS; Baswool Vent Facade; TECHNOVENT;		Penoplex GEO
Facade "wet"		TECHNOFAS; Knauf Insulation Facade; ROCKWOOL FACADE BUTTS; Baswool Facade	PSB-F	Penoplex Facade; Penoplex Basis; XPS TECHNONICOL
Ground floor, basement		HeatKNAUF	PSB-F	Penoplex Facade; Penoplex Basis
Foundation			PSB-F	URSA XPS; Penoplex Foundation; Penoplex Geo; XPS TECHNONICOL;
Floor	ISOVER Warm home; URSA GEO; URSA PUREON	ROCKLITE; TECHNOFLOR; HeatKNAUF; ROCKWOOL Standard; ECOROCK; Baswool Floor; ISOVER Frame house	PSB-S	URSA XPS; Penoplex GEO; Penoplex Comfort; XPS TECHNONICOL;
Walls	ISOVER Warm house-PLATE; URSA GEO; URSA TERRA; URSA PUREON	ROCKLITE; Knauf Insulation Thermo Plate; HeatKNAUF; ROCKWOOL Standard; ROCKWOOL LITE BUTTS; Baswool Light; Baswool Standard; ISOVER Frame house	PSB-S	URSA XPS; Penoplex Facade; Penoplex Comfort; Penoplex Wall; Penoplex Basis
Balconies, loggias	URSA GEO	ROCKLITE; ROCKWOOL Standard; ROCKWOOL LIGHT BATTS	PSB-S; PSB-F	URSA XPS; Penoplex Comfort; XPS TECHNONICOL;
Frame house	ISOVER Warm house-PLATE	ROCKLIGHT; ROCKWOOL Standard; ROCKWOOL LITE BUTTS; ECOROCK 30; Baswool Light 45; ISOVER Frame house		Penoplex Wall
Rooms with high humidity	URSA GEO	ROCKWOOL insulation; ROCKWOOL LITE BUTTS; ROCKWOOL SAUNA BATTS		Penoplex Comfort

For the right choice of the insulation you need, it is important to clearly understand what you want to get as a result? And what is primary for you, and what is secondary? And we, for our part, tried to help you figure out what are the pros and cons of modern commonly used heaters.

Thermal insulation materials perform one of the most important functions that are necessary to ensure a comfortable existence of a person in his home.

They allow you to protect the house from freezing, heat loss, etc. Without insulation, we would have been very tight. It is not surprising that now all construction organizations have turned to this topic so seriously and are trying to popularize such materials wherever possible. By the way, we recommend.

1 General information

Heaters, if you look at a special GOST, are materials for fencing load-bearing and non-bearing structures of a house.

Their main task is to cut off cold air flows and protect the external structures of the house.

That is, heat-insulating materials are used to prevent hypothermia at home. This applies to almost all of its parts. So, most often, GOST recommends insulating external walls. Are the walls in constant contact with the outside temperature? and the point of contact they have is all over the area.

If the temperature outside is too low, then no brick will be able to withstand it. The wall will gradually freeze and cool. At one point, its temperature will drop so low that the structure will already give cold inside the room.

As a result, you will have to spend simply fabulous amounts on heating, although all this could have been avoided if you used GOST and insulated the walls as it should be.

Similarly, roofing structures also need to be equipped with thermal insulation materials, and it is best to install here. Here, the use of heaters is even more necessary. After all, unlike walls, the roof could never boast of high density.

It's just ramps stuffed onto the boardwalk and a topcoat. Through such structures, cold penetrates much faster. It is not surprising that GOST recommends using heat-insulating materials for roof insulation, which is almost twice as thick as those that need to be installed for wall decoration.

They also insulate foundations, ceilings, balconies, and other similar structures. That is, all elements of buildings that are in contact with the street, and therefore can freeze if the temperature drops.

If everything is done correctly and all the points indicated by GOST were taken into account, then the house will be protected by a kind of thermal cocoon.

The thermal characteristics and properties of the rooms inside it will increase dramatically. It has been proven that competent insulation of the walls alone increases the average temperature in the house by 2-3 degrees.

1.1 How does insulation work?

After all of the above, it may seem to you that insulation is some kind of super-expensive material with incomprehensible thermal insulation properties, but in fact it is not.

Characteristics of heaters are quite trivial. These are just special materials that are almost half air. Far from all heat-insulating representatives that are presented on the modern market have such a structure, but there are enough of them.

First of all, such high thermal insulation characteristics are possible due to thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity of heaters is a parameter that is responsible for the possibility of interaction of the material with the environment, or rather, its temperature.

High thermal conductivity, as specified by GOST, is found in almost all building materials. This means that a material with this characteristic quickly equalizes with the environment in temperature. It quickly gains heat, but also quickly gives it away.

In heaters, the thermal conductivity is extremely low. The average characteristics of all known species indicate that their thermal conductivity is at the level of 0.04-0.045 W / m as in. This indicator indicates that the material does not react at all to external temperature.

That is why it will be very unpleasant to sit on concrete or brick in winter, and you can sit on foam plastic without any problems.

It is these properties that allow heaters to have such characteristics. Due to their low heat transfer, thermal insulation materials protect structures from external temperature, forming a protective barrier against the cold.

2 Types of insulation and their properties

Now we should consider the types of heaters. There is a whole table of thermal insulation materials. You can find it by looking at the current GOST, which is focused on heaters. Just remember that GOST can have its own separate number, and therefore focuses on different parameters.

One GOST will normalize the dimensions of heat-insulating materials, and will also help to calculate the thickness of the insulation, while another document may focus on individual brands of insulation that are used in specialized areas.

It is necessary to select normative documentation very carefully, so as not to make mistakes when making calculations.

Types of thermal insulation can be divided into several subgroups. We will indicate here not all types of heat-insulating materials, but only the most popular ones. Each material has a whole list of its properties, which we will also consider, but only briefly.

So, most often heaters are divided into:

• Organic like ;
• Inorganic.

2.1 Organic insulation

This group includes types of heat-insulating materials, whose properties classify them as organic. There are both wood insulation and polymer insulation or other similar compounds based on recently invented chemical formulas.

Organics has a difference in thermal insulation properties, but it can burn in a fire, and this is already a serious nuance.

There are the following types:

• Arbolite;
• Styrofoam;
• From chipboard;
• polyurethane foam;
• Foam insulation;
• Polyethylene foam;
• From ecowool like.

Arbolite materials are created from wood chips, straw, light fillers and other similar materials.

All these components are kneaded in a mold and poured with cement mortar with special additives. The output is a finished heat-insulating plate, which has excellent heat-insulating properties.

Expanded polystyrene needs no introduction - this is a slab insulation made of polystyrene balls. Very cheap, with surprisingly low thermal conductivity, it is extremely popular in modern construction.

Heaters are rarely made from chipboard, as they are quite expensive, but such solutions are also found. For insulation, chipboard is used from their waste chips, which slightly lightens the weight of the plates and improves their properties.

Polyurethane foam is a newly invented chemical formula. This material is applied to the walls in liquid form, where it solidifies, forming an elastic soft form.

Penoizol is in many ways similar to polyurethane foam. Especially when it comes to application. It is in the same way first kneaded, and then applied with sprinklers.

Only penoizol initially has foam concentrates in its structure. And its properties bring this material closer to modern polyurethane foam.

Foamed polyethylene has unique properties. With extremely low weight and excellent thermal conductivity, the density of the insulation is too low to be used as capital materials.

But the foamed polyethylene serves as a reflective thermal insulation, in conjunction with the foil, and is also an excellent vapor barrier.

Ecowool is produced from waste paper and pulp production, as well as. The properties of ecowool cannot be called outstanding, but it is very cheap, completely safe for humans and weighs almost nothing. The dimensions of ecowool insulation materials allow them to be used almost everywhere.

2.2 Inorganic insulation

GOST refers to inorganic materials all heaters that were created from glass, stone, rocks, etc. Inorganics are more expensive, as more resources have to be spent in their production.

However, her performance is very high. Plus, inorganic materials practically do not burn in a fire. It is also important to consider that it does not matter what sizes of inorganic insulation boards will be used, in any case it will be vapor-permeable, which is also extremely convenient.

The following samples are distinguished:

• Mineral wool;
• Glass wool.

Mineral wool is so popular in modern times that almost every second house is insulated with its help. This is possible due to the unique combination of favorable characteristics.

Low thermal conductivity, convenient dimensions of the final material, hydrophobicity, lightness, incombustibility - these are just some of the useful properties of mineral wool.

The only drawback of stone wool insulation materials is their cost. To create a heater from basalt, and even of high quality, you need to go through a complete process of remelting and isolating stone fibers, and this is not at all cheap.

Glass wool is in many ways similar to the previous sample, only it is produced from glass waste. It is also easy to manipulate, glass wool has good properties, and is not much inferior to other heaters, if you look only at the characteristics table.

Moreover, the fiber sizes of glass wool tend to be larger than those of the same mineral wool, which means that glass wool will better withstand tensile loads.

But she has one extremely unpleasant drawback. Glass wool, being a derivative of glass, can only be mounted in protective equipment.

During installation, the fibers tend to break, which at the microscopic level leads to the formation of small glass particles. These particles can get on the skin, mucous membranes and even the lungs of a person, causing irritation and even illness.

2.3 Choosing a stone wool insulation (video)

External thermal insulation gives a much better effect than warming the house from the inside. In addition to the main functions, the insulation protects the walls from precipitation, mechanical damage, weathering and thus prolongs the life of the entire building. Installation of insulation does not require special knowledge or skills, and most homeowners can easily cope with this task on their own. But in order to do everything as efficiently as possible, you need to know what materials there are for insulating walls from the outside, and how to fix them correctly.

Despite the fact that the operating conditions outside and inside the house are strikingly different, in both cases the same materials can be used. However, when choosing a heater, preference should be given to those options that best meet the following requirements:

• increased resistance to shrinkage;
• resistance to mechanical damage;
• resistance to ultraviolet;
• durability;
• ease of installation;
• resistance to insects and microorganisms.

For wooden houses, the vapor transmission capacity of the insulation is also important, because wooden walls must "breathe". As a rule, finishing coatings for facades are designed for long-term operation, and it is too troublesome and not always advisable to remove them every few years to replace worn-out thermal insulation. At the same time, if the insulation under the finish is compressed, cracked, starts to rot or mice gnaw it, it will no longer be able to retain heat, which means that it will not be possible to do without repair. That is why it is so important that the selected material fully meets the specified criteria.

Types of thermal insulation materials

At the moment, the construction market offers the following materials for home insulation:

All of them differ in technical characteristics, installation technology, have different service life. Moreover, each of them is suitable for outdoor use and has its own advantages. Let's consider these materials in more detail.

Mineral wool is made from fine fibers obtained by melting and pulverizing glass, blast-furnace slag or rocks. Depending on the location of the fibers, the structure of the insulation can be corrugated, vertically layered and horizontally layered, have different density and thickness. Each type of mineral wool has its own characteristics:

Mineral wool is produced in slabs and mats with various coating options - kraft paper, aluminum foil, fiberglass. In terms of cost, basalt insulation is the most expensive, and the higher its density, the more expensive it is.

Benefits of mineral wool:

• the fine-fiber structure promotes the free passage of air and water vapor, so the risk of condensation on the insulated surface is minimal;
• due to the mineral base, the material is not subject to combustion, which means that it is an additional protection for the walls from fire;
• the insulation has a relatively high moisture resistance, and therefore effectively prevents the penetration of dampness into the house;
• mineral wool perfectly absorbs sounds and vibrations, and street noise almost does not penetrate into the insulated room;
• the insulation is lightweight, easy to process, thanks to its elasticity, it quickly restores its shape after crushing during installation;
• in mineral wool microorganisms, insects do not develop, rodents do not like it.

Flaws:

• mineral wool has a tendency to shrink, and the lower the density of the material, the faster the deformation occurs. Rigid basalt slabs are the least susceptible to shrinkage, but due to the high cost, not everyone can afford such thermal insulation;
• when wet for a long time, the insulation is saturated with moisture and loses its thermal insulation qualities;
• microscopic fibers are easily destroyed when squeezing and cutting the material, and then settle on the skin, causing irritation, and can enter the eyes and lungs. Glass wool is considered the most dangerous in this regard, but with other types of mineral wool, at least gloves and a respirator should be used.

Popular brands of mineral wool.

Prices for mineral wool

Styrofoam and XPS

Expanded polystyrene insulations are excellent thermal insulators due to their closed cell structure. Almost 98% of the material is air or an inert gas enclosed in sealed cells, so the insulation weighs very little. Both polystyrene and extruded polystyrene foam practically do not absorb moisture, which means they are excellent for insulating foundations, plinths, basements. When thermally insulating facades, these materials serve as the basis for applying plaster.

Advantages:

• polystyrene foam insulation weighs little and is easy to process during installation, so even a beginner can handle it. In addition, such thermal insulation does not exert a large load on the base, which means that there is no need for additional reinforcement of the supporting structures;
• microorganisms cannot develop in expanded polystyrene, therefore fungi and mold are not afraid of the insulation;
• with proper installation, these materials serve for a long time, especially XPS - up to 50 years;
• polystyrene and EPPS are resistant to soap and saline solutions, alkalis, bleach and other chemically aggressive substances;
• installation does not require the use of protective equipment in the form of a respirator or gloves, since the insulation does not emit toxic fumes or small particles, and does not cause irritation.

Flaws:

• expanded polystyrene refers to vapor-tight materials, and therefore cannot be used for insulating wooden walls;
• the insulation is destroyed upon contact with solvents, drying oil, some types of varnishes, as well as under the influence of sunlight;
• soundproofing properties are much lower than those of mineral wool insulation;
• already at + 30 degrees, polystyrene foam begins to emit harmful substances - toluene, styrene, formaldehyde and others. When burning, the amount of toxic emissions increases significantly.

On the domestic market, EPPS of domestic production - Penoplex and Tepleks, as well as polystyrene foam insulation of the Ursa, GREENPLEX, PRIMAPLEX brands are in great demand.

Styrofoam prices

Styrofoam

Cellulose insulation

Cellulose insulation, which is also called ecowool, is made from paper waste and waste paper. Ecowool consists of 80% cellulose fibers, the remaining 20% ​​are antiseptics and fire retardants. The material is densely stuffed into all irregularities and voids and forms a dense seamless coating with high vapor permeability. Installation of insulation is carried out in two ways - dry and wet-glue, and both options can be performed both manually and using a special installation.

The dry method allows you to perform thermal insulation in a short time and immediately proceed to the finishing. But at the same time, the coating density will not be high enough, which will lead to shrinkage and the appearance of cold bridges. In addition, with dry blowing, a large amount of fine dust is formed and you have to work in a respirator.

The wet-glue method provides better adhesion of the insulation to the base, the layer is much denser and more resistant to shrinkage, which guarantees the durability of the thermal insulation. True, it takes time for the material to dry - from 2 to 3 days, and even more in cold or wet weather. And until the layer is completely dry, you can not start finishing.

Advantages:

• environmental Safety;
• excellent heat and sound insulation properties;
• resistance to bacteria, fungi, insects;
• fire resistance;
• long service life;
• affordable price.

• tendency to shrink;
• high hygroscopicity;
• the complexity of doing the work manually.

polyurethane foam

Polyurethane foam, or PPU, belongs to a new generation of insulation and has improved characteristics compared to traditional materials. It is a liquid polymer mixture, which, after application to the surface, hardens and forms a durable coating with a cellular structure. The components are mixed immediately before starting work, and the finished solution is applied by spraying using a special installation.

Advantages:

• the liquid mixture easily fills all the bumps, cracks, recesses, is conveniently applied in hard-to-reach places;
• the material perfectly retains heat and muffles sounds;
• PPU is resistant to chemically aggressive substances, practically does not absorb water, withstands sudden changes in temperature;
• can be applied to any type of surface - wood, concrete, brick, metal;
• the insulation is very light, therefore it does not require strengthening of the supporting bases;
• the average service life is 25-30 years.

• polyurethane foam is destroyed under the influence of sunlight;
• spraying requires equipment and skills to work with it;
• PPU can not be used in areas that are very hot;
• high cost of material and services of specialists.

wall insulation technology

Thermal insulation of the facade can be performed in different ways, depending on the type of insulation. But for all options, a prerequisite is high-quality preparation of the base, because not a single insulation can stop the processes of destruction of wall materials. Consider the methods of insulation with mineral wool and polystyrene foam boards, as the most popular in frequent construction.

Warming with mineral wool

Exterior walls are cleaned of dirt, peeling plaster or paint. They repair cracks and problem areas, be sure to treat the places affected by the fungus. Small irregularities do not need to be eliminated - the mineral wool insulation is mounted using a frame, so all defects will hide inside. Finally, the walls are covered with a waterproof primer with antiseptic properties so that mold does not develop under the thermal insulation layer.

Step 1. The bars for the frame are cut to the desired length, treated on all sides with antiseptic impregnation and dried in air.

Advice. The cross section of the bars should be selected taking into account the thickness of the heat-insulating layer. That is, if plates with a thickness of 50 mm are laid in one row, the thickness of the frame should be 5-6 cm, with two-layer laying - at least 11 cm. on the rib.

Step 2 On the walls, markings are made for the frame guides strictly according to the level, holes are drilled for fasteners and bars are installed. The distance between the posts should be 10-15 mm less than the width of the insulation board. During the installation process, the location of the elements is controlled by the building level, if necessary, wooden linings are used under the timber so that all the racks are in the same plane.

Step 3. Insulation is inserted into the cells of the frame. To do this, the plates are slightly squeezed along the edges, pressed between the racks and released. The material spreads out on its own and densely fills the space. The insulation must be inserted so that there are no gaps between the plates.

Step 4 After filling all the cells from above, the insulation must be closed with a windproof moisture-proof membrane. The membrane is laid with the marked side outward, the sheets are arranged horizontally, starting from the bottom. A construction stapler is used to fix the membrane. The top sheet is overlapped by 8-10 cm, and it is recommended to glue the joints with adhesive tape.

Step 5. On top of the membrane, wooden slats of a counter-lattice 30-40 mm thick are stuffed to provide an air gap. If this is not done, condensation will accumulate on the insulation, moisture will nourish the wooden frame and the structure will quickly become unusable.

After that, it remains only to mount the finish coating, for example, siding or corrugated board. The finish must completely cover the heat-insulating layer so that precipitation does not fall on the plates. Only under such conditions the material will last long and effectively.

The last step - decorative facade decoration

Insulation with expanded polystyrene

This method of insulation is noticeably different from the previous one. First, the base must be leveled so that the material fits snugly against the surface. Secondly, the installation is carried out without a crate, the plates are attached to the glue and dowels-fungi.

Step 1. Prepared walls are primed with quartz sand, for example, Betokontakt. If the base is porous, the primer is applied in 2 layers.

Step 2 The lower boundary of the thermal insulation is determined and a horizontal line is drawn along the perimeter of the house. Holes for dowels are drilled according to the marking in increments of 20-30 cm and the starting bar is fixed.

Starter bar fixed

Step 3 To fix the insulation, you need a special glue. You can use canned mounting adhesive, such as TYTAN STYRO 753, or a dry adhesive mix (Ceresit CT 83). The mixture is diluted in clean water according to the manufacturer's instructions, mixed until smooth with a mixer at low speed.

They take the first sheet, apply glue on the back side with a continuous strip along the perimeter and in the center. Next, they apply a heater to the wall, resting the bottom edge on the starting profile, check the location with a level, firmly press it to the base.

Step 4 Fix the entire row, tightly joining the sheets together. The next row starts with half a sheet to offset the vertical seams. Excess glue that has come out at the joints is carefully removed with a spatula.

Step 5 When the glue has hardened, each sheet must be fixed with dish-shaped dowels. To do this, carefully drill holes in the wall through the insulation, insert dowels and carefully hammer them with a hammer. 5 fasteners are required per sheet - in each corner and in the center.

Step 6 Next, the adhesive solution is kneaded, applied in a continuous layer on the insulation, a reinforcing fiberglass mesh is laid on top and recessed in the solution. Openings and corners are additionally reinforced with corner profiles.

When the solution dries, the surface is sanded, dusted and plastered with a thin layer. Now it remains only to paint the facade or apply decorative plaster.

Prices for Ceresit glue

Glue Ceresit

Video - Materials for wall insulation outside

Video - Insulation of the facade with foam plastic

Topics with a choice and description of the features of a particular type of insulation are deservedly popular on our portal. These questions become more urgent the higher the growth in energy prices and the desire of homeowners to save on heating. FORUMHOUSE has already talked about and about.

Choosing the best insulation for the walls of the house, which is right for you, we suggest looking at the nuances of insulating a private house from a slightly different angle. To do this, consider the following questions:

• How to start choosing a material.
• What are the types of heaters.
• Is it possible to do without using it.
• Should I use eco-insulators?
• What is lacking in modern means and methods of wall insulation.

Choosing a material

The modern market of thermal insulation materials offers a lot of options and types. Conventionally, they can be divided into artificial (man-made) and natural. Artificial include: mineral wool (stone and glass wool) and polystyrene foam insulation (PPS, or polystyrene, EPPS - extruded polystyrene foam or extruded polystyrene foam), foam glass, sprayed polyurethane foam, ecowool, expanded clay, etc. Natural materials include sawdust, straw, moss, flax, hemp and other eco-materials.

The materials of the second group are most often used by enthusiasts in the construction of environmentally friendly houses.

To determine the type of material, you need to pay attention to the following parameters: thermal conductivity, hygroscopicity, density, flammability class, efficiency, environmental friendliness, durability. You also need to understand in advance what and how you are going to insulate. Those. – choose the scope of the material. To do this, we ask ourselves the question in which structural unit of the house should work. To the materials that are used for and insulation of the foundation (), etc. working in the ground, in an aggressive environment, there are certain requirements. These are non-susceptibility to moisture accumulation, rotting, high compressive strength, thermal efficiency, durability.

The main (perhaps even the only) disadvantage of foams is their flammability (under certain conditions) and limited thermal stability. In the event of a fire, first of all, interior items (furniture, curtains, etc.) burn. Therefore, measures must be taken in advance to protect polystyrene foam (in case it is used for internal insulation) from an open source of fire. To do this, the foam must be covered with a good layer of concrete or plaster. It is better if PPS is used for external insulation. It must also be covered with non-combustible material (concrete, plaster), and not used as an element of a ventilated facade!

In civil housing construction, expanded polystyrenes are widely used for insulation of foundations and flat roofs (EPS). Facades of houses, as the basis for thin-layer plaster, the so-called. "wet facade" (PPS).

• In a number of situations (especially in the field of low-rise housing construction), it is necessary to insulate frame structures, where, instead of rigidity, elastic options mounted by surprise are more technologically advanced. Here, it is most widely used on the basis of stone () or glass fibers - this material combines high manufacturability of installation (no special experience and special professional tools are required) with incombustibility (including fire resistance) and low production cost.

When using mineral wool materials, care must be taken to prevent moisture from entering them. In the event that water enters the insulation, the "pie" of the frame structure and the vapor transparency of the layers should ensure that excess moisture escapes to the outside. Why should steam and waterproofing films and membranes be used correctly?

The above methods are far from the only effective option for warming a room.

Alexey Melnikov

To a lesser extent, such insulation methods are now common as: poured (such as a screed from a solution of polystyrene concrete) and filling options (expanded clay gravel, foam glass chips, aerated concrete block rejection, etc.). Because they, in my opinion, are more appropriate as additional sound insulation in horizontal structures.

44alex FORUMHOUSE user

I would choose perlite for ceilings and for backfilling stone walls, but not under the floor on the ground, because. this is an excellent material in terms of price / thermal conductivity / combustibility / environmental friendliness / service life.

Recently, blown versions of heaters are also gaining popularity. Type of cellulose fiber (the so-called ecowool) or its mineral counterpart. According to Alexey Melnikova, these materials should be used for thermal insulation of hard-to-reach places.

natural materials

It is also necessary to highlight materials based on natural fibers (flax, sea grasses), which are now being promoted under the ideology of ECO-construction. Due to the limited choice and significant price tag, these materials have not yet become widespread.

The main disadvantages of natural materials:

• shrinkage;
• unpredictability of behavior in the long term;
• susceptibility to rodents.

Let's see how true this is.

Russian FORUMHOUSE user

Unexpectedly, the following experiment came out: in the summer they folded substandard linen insulation in the corner, in a stack 1.5 meters high. In winter, a water pipe leaked, which passed nearby. We noticed this only in the summer, i.e. the bottom layer of flax has lain for at least 6 months in water. And here are the results:

• For a material 5 cm thick, under the pressure of the upper layers, only 1 cm sat down;
• The material that had taken in water turned dark and was left to dry until morning. The next morning he regained his form, i.e. again became 5 cm thick;
• Breaking loads have not changed either.

After drying, the linen insulation remained practically unchanged, because the structure of the linen material is fixed by melted lavsan fibers. This structure can be changed only when heated to 160-190 ° C or when the flax is destroyed. And flax, as you know, is still used in plumbing work when sealing water pipes.

Extensive experience has been accumulated abroad in the use of this material. Mice do not eat it, they make passages in it and make their dwellings. To avoid this, appropriate measures are taken - in the form of installing a fine-mesh steel mesh, etc.

SCM FORUMHOUSE user

I believe that the use of sawdust is a very environmentally friendly way to insulate. The main thing is to follow the technology. It is better to fill up sawdust in layers, with careful tamping of each layer with a shovel handle.

Both industrial materials and “folk” materials have pros and cons. “Commercial” materials are a ready-made product with known properties and a certain installation technology, following which you can be sure of the final result. Eco-insulations are more of an experiment, with a possible lower cost (sawdust), you will have to sweat during installation. The construction itself can take time. Again, you can not guarantee 100% of the final result, because. we still have little experience in using such materials in different climatic zones.

Based on the foregoing, we can conclude: any material has the right to life. It all depends on the area of ​​​​its application, the prevalence of one or another type of material in a particular area, its price, thermal characteristics, etc. Hence: when choosing a heater, first of all, it is necessary to build on the economic calculation and the expediency of its use in the long term.

You should also check your tasks with our questionnaire:

• Where will the material be used?
• what is it for;
• what structure needs to be insulated.

Having puzzled with such questions, you will understand which material is suitable specifically for your case and specifically for your building.

Is there a universal heater

If you dream and imagine an “ideal” insulation, with a set of universal properties, then it will be a material whose various characteristics will not be stable - they must change flexibly depending on the operating conditions. In one situation, the material needs strength, high density, rigidity, clear geometry, and increased moisture resistance. In other conditions, it requires vapor transparency, low density (which means it will not work “in the ground”), workability in hard-to-reach places, flexibility, and good environmental friendliness. With all this, an affordable price for the masses remains important. It turns out mutually exclusive requirements. So it is hardly worth chasing after some special and new materials.

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