Compound verbs in Russian. Little secrets of Russian verbs or three important times

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Verbs in the indicative mood describe actions that are happening, have happened or will actually happen.

Verbs in the indicative mood change with tenses. In the present and future tense, the end vowel of the indefinite stem is sometimes cut off, for example: see - see.

In the indicative mood verbs imperfect form have three tenses: present, past and future compound, and perfective verbs have two tenses: past and future simple.

Conditional verbs denote actions that are desired or possible under certain conditions.

The conditional mood of the verb is formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb with the help of a suffix -l- and particles would (b). This particle can stand after the verb and before it, can be separated from the verb by other words.

Verbs in the conditional mood change by number and in the singular by gender.

Verbs in imperative mood express an impulse to action, an order, a request. They are usually used in the form of the 2nd person, do not change over time. Forms of the imperative mood are formed from the basis of the present or future simple tense with the help of the suffix -and- or null suffix. Verbs in the imperative mood in the singular have null ending, and in the plural - -those. Sometimes a particle is added to imperative verbs -ka(e.g. read on), which somewhat softens the order.

Verb type

The imperfect aspect denotes the action in its course, without indicating the boundary of the action (answers the question “what to do?”) ( draw, sing).
The perfect form denotes an action limited by a limit (answers the question “what to do?”) ( draw, sing).

There are verbs that do not have paired forms of another kind:

to belong, to roam(only imperfect view);
burst out, feel(only perfect view).

There are verbs that combine the meaning of imperfect and perfect form - two-part verbs ( command, promise, hurt, execute, many verbs in -ing).

verb gender

The gender of a verb, like that of nouns, can be masculine, feminine, or neuter. The verb shows a sign of gender only in the past tense, the gender of the verb is determined by the ending ( did, did, did) .

Voice of the verb

The voice of a verb can be active or passive. The active voice is used when the described object performs an action (for example: "The student is reading a book."). Passive voice is used when an action is performed on an object ("The book is being read by the student").

Verb conjugations

Conjugation is the change of verbs in the present and future simple tenses in persons and numbers (similar to declension for nouns). Conjugations (conjugation as a category) are also called groups of verbs, the endings of which, with changes in the present and future simple tenses, change in the same way for persons and numbers. The conjugation is not considered a "grammatical feature" of the verb.

Regular conjugations

There are two conjugations (two categories of verbs): I and II.

The conjugation is determined as follows - if the verb is in the form of the 3rd person plural shock ending -ut, -ut, then this is the verb of the I conjugation. If the shock ending -at, -yat, then it is a verb of II conjugation. Only if the endings of the 3rd person plural are unstressed, the following technique is used. Keep in mind that it is not effective for verbs with the mentioned stress endings!

The second conjugation includes those verbs with an unstressed personal ending in which:

The infinitive ends in -it (carry, saw, spend etc.), except for verbs shave, lay, rare verbs be based(“to build, to build”) and be ruffled("to vacillate, to sway, to swell"). (Verbs be based and sway are used only in the form of the 3rd person singular and plural, other forms are not used.)
Exception verbs whose infinitive ends in -et (watch, see, endure, hate, offend, depend, twirl) and on -at (drive, hold, hear, breathe).

All other verbs with unstressed personal endings belong to the I conjugation.

Prefixed verbs derived from non-prefixed ones belong to the same type of conjugation as non-prefixed ones ( chase - catch up - overtake - drive out etc. - II conjugation). Verbs with -sya (-ss) are of the same type of conjugation as without -sya (-ss) (chase - chase- II conjugation). Conjugation is a constant feature of the verb.

Irregular conjugations

The Russian language also has heterogeneous verbs, in which some forms are formed according to I conjugation, and others - according to II. These include:

run away, which has all the forms, like the verbs of the II conjugation (run - run - run - run - run), except for the 3rd person plural. numbers - run (according to I conjugation);
to want, a verb that has singular forms. numbers (I want - you want - you want) according to I conjugation, and many others. numbers (want - want - want) according to II conjugation.
honor- changes according to the II conjugation (honor - honor - honor - honor - honor), except for the 3rd person plural. numbers (honor), although there is also a form of honor, which is now used less often than it is honored;
glimpse(“to dawn, to glow a little”) - has all the forms, as in the verbs of the II conjugation (breezhu - breezes - breezes - breezes - breezes), except for the 3rd person plural. numbers - squeal (according to I conjugation). In I-II persons, it is used extremely rarely: “You will glimmer with a timid silhouette // You will glimmer at random with a prayer” (Svetik Fomicheva).

Verbs there is, get bored, to give, create, be(and their prefix derivatives: overeat, to eat, pass, give away, betray, recreate and etc.).

Verb be also idiosyncratic. Conjugate it ( esm - esi - is - esme - este - essence) is practically not used in modern Russian. Used verb there is(verb 3 l., singular according to the ancient conjugation) for all forms of the verb to be in the present tense. Old Russian form of the 2nd person singular. h. thou art preserved as archaism in epics as part of a stable expression goy thou(be healthy). AT book style sometimes the third person plural form is used. h. essence. The future tense is formed from another root: will be - will be - will be - will be - will be - will be.

Verbs are conjugated (change in persons and numbers) only in the present and future tenses. Moreover, if the form of the future tense is complex (in imperfective verbs), then only auxiliary be, and the main verb is in the infinitive. Verbs in the past tense do not conjugate (do not change by person), but they do change by gender and number: he took, she is took, it took, they have taken.

Not all verbs have a full set of personal forms in the conjugation paradigm. There are so-called insufficient verbs (

A verb is a part of speech denoting a process and expressing this meaning in terms of aspect, voice, mood, tense, and person; the verb also has the categories of number and - in the past forms. temp. and the subjunctive mood - the category of gender.

The meaning of the process is characteristic of all verbs, regardless of their lexical meaning. The verb represents both a process (a procedural attribute) and actions (to run, load, dig), and states (to lie, sleep, suffer), and relationships (to have, prevail, belong).

Note. When defining the meaning of a verb as a part of speech, the concepts of "process" and "action" can be used. In this case, the concept of "action" is interpreted in a grammatically generalized sense (in contrast to the more specific content of the concept of "action", when the difference between an active action and a passive state is meant).

The verb has the following form classes:

1) conjugated forms, that is, representing the change of the verb in persons, tenses, moods, numbers and (in the past tense and subjunctive) genders;

2) infinitive;

3) participles and participles.

Morphological categories of the verb differ in the composition of the forms they cover. The categories of aspect and voice are inherent in all forms of the verb, including participles and gerunds. The remaining morphological categories of the verb are inherent only to certain classes of forms.

The category of time is inherent only in the forms of will express. incl., but is absent in the forms of the exiled. and command. incl. (participles and gerunds have a specific characteristic in terms of the category of time). The category of a person is characteristic of the forms of expression. incl. (except for the forms of past time) and the forms will command. incl. Do not have the category of person form soslugat. incl., infinitive, participles and participles.

The category of number is characteristic of all forms of the verb, except for the forms of the infinitive and gerunds. The category of the genus is inherent - in units. hours - only forms past. temp. and exiled. inc.; in participles, the category of gender refers to those morphological categories that associate participles with adjectives.

Russian grammar.

And verbs. In the new issue of Literacy, we have collected for you seven forms of verbs that do not actually exist, but they are still actively used.

For those who are preparing for the main school exam

Correctly: he will come

Let's start right away with a great universal confusion: with the verb "go", in which the letter "Y" suddenly appears in some derivatives, or more precisely, in the form of the future tense of the verb "come" (just in case). There are two problems in our example. Some diligently write "come" because they remember "go" well, but it's still different forms verbs, and they need to be distinguished. And others seem to have heard something about the letter “Y” in this word and begin to insert it everywhere: come, come, come. In fact, "Y" exists only in the infinitive, that is, in the initial form of the word - "come." So correct option: "to come", but "will come". For example, “they will come to visit us”, “you will like it”.

Correctly: I will win / I can win

We suspect that everyone knows about “winning” and “winning”. There are no such words. Sometimes in a conversation you can automatically make this ridiculous mistake, and then frantically sort through suitable options trying to find the right one. If you want to say that you can win in a difficult confrontation, then "I will win", "I can win" or "I will be able to win" is correct. Forgive me, they didn’t come up with other, shorter options in Russian.

Correctly: I can convince

You might have guessed that not only the verb “to win” is deprived of the future tense in the first person singular. We will refer to the similar ones: to convince (and to be convinced), to feel, to be weird, to find oneself, and so on. Rosenthal calls such verbs "insufficient", that is, those that are limited in formation or use of personal forms. In order to talk about yourself in a future form, you should use the so-called descriptive constructions with these verbs: “I want to see for myself”, “I can convince”, “I will not be weird”, “I will win”. So remember and be ready to answer in any form.

Correctly: put it here

Meet the verb "lay down", the brother "call" and the neighbor of "theirs", "grapefruit" and "expresso". The eternal scourge of the Russian language, which, alas, is not so easy to deal with. But with frequent repetition and desire, everything is possible. So, remember that the verb "lay down" does not exist in nature. Once and for all we forget about this word, and if we use it, then only with prefixes (“put”, “attach”, “lay out”). Note that the listed verbs mean an action in the past or in the future. Instead of “lay down”, we use the beautiful verb “put”, which, by the way, on the contrary, is used without prefixes. The verb “lay down” should not be confused with the verb “lay down”: on the contrary, it exists and is very often used without any prefixes, for example, when we are going to go to bed (“I go to bed”).

Correctly: Who did win?

And again these "and brief"! They are not there when they are really needed, and exactly the opposite. An error occurs when we pronounce a word very quickly, and the sound “win” is heard in speech, but this should not be reflected in writing. The Russian language certainly does not belong to the languages \u200b\u200bwith the rule "as it is heard, so it is written", you know. In the verb "to win" in all forms, including the infinitive, "Y" is not written anywhere. Except for the imperative ending ("win" and "win").

Correctly: plant children

At the phrase "to plant children" all the parents must have shuddered. The phrase is really wrong and sounds frightening to say the least. Although the verb "to sit down", do not fall, still lives in some dictionaries marked "colloquial". From which it follows that it is not worth talking to a literate person like that. It will be correct to “plant”, whether it be cucumbers in the country, cacti at home, guests at the table or a child on his knees.

Correctly: Have you already made a move/moved?

“Like” in the meaning of “make a move” (for example, in board game) is a children's error in speech, which, unfortunately, can also be heard from adults. We propose to uproot it once and for all, as well as to correct the children around you in time. The verb “look like” has two definitions: firstly, to walk for a while (“walked around the terrace and went into the house”), and secondly, to be like someone (“the son looked like his father”). Agree that in a board game "like" sounds inappropriate. And during a game of checkers, it’s quite possible to say “I made a move, it’s your turn” or “I already left, but did you leave?”

initial form

The initial form of the verb in Russian is the infinitive (indefinite form), denoting an action regardless of the subject and, therefore, having no changeable categories of person, gender and number.

View

In Russian, verbs are either perfective or imperfective. Perfective verbs have additional meanings associated with the limitation of the action: completeness, result ( wrap up, learn), Start ( play, fly, sleep), one-time ( splash, shout). Imperfective verbs do not have additional limit values and indicate a long or regularly repeated action ( swim, grow, smile).

Pledge

In the modern grammar of the Russian language, the question of the category of voice is controversial: in this moment There are two theories of voice - two voice (passive and active voices) and three voices (passive, active and reflexive voices). All researchers agree that the category of voice in Russian is related to the semantics of the verb and its syntactic function in a sentence. The voice of the verb expresses the relationship of the action to its subject and object. The school curriculum considers a returnable pledge, the form of which expresses the coincidence of the subject and object of the action, that is, the focus of the action on its producer: wash, dress.

Transitivity

The category of transitivity (intransitivity) expresses the syntactic properties of the verb: the presence or absence of a direct object. A transitive verb has the meaning of an action directly directed at an object, which, in this case, is a direct object:

girl reading a book.

An intransitive verb can only carry an indirect object, since it denotes an action that does not go directly to the object:

It's snowing outside.

Mood

Verbs in the indicative mood denote actions that have happened, are happening or will actually happen:

So all my brilliant hopes collapsed! (A. S. Pushkin)

are flying cranes in spring. We are the plows we are setting up. (M. M. Prishvin)

Follow me, my reader, and only me, and I I'll show you have such love!(M. A. Bulgakov)

The indicative mood is associated with the inflected category of tense of the verb.

Verbs in the imperative mood denote an impulse to action (order, request, etc.). Usually verbs in the imperative mood are used in the form of the second person, conveying an appeal to the interlocutors:

She won't die know!
She will not die, Russia.
They will jump - believe!
Its fields are golden.
(Z. N. Gippius)

Less commonly used are the first and third person forms. Forms of the first person indicate a call to action of persons, including the speaker, and the third person - of persons not participating in the conversation:

- Let's go! Danko shouted and rushed forward to his place, holding his burning heart high and illuminating the way for people.(M. Gorky)

Let be always will sun,
Let be always will sky,
Let be always will mother,
May I always be.
(L. I. Oshanin)

Verbs in the conditional mood denote actions that do not occur in reality, but are desired or possible under certain conditions:

I b forever forgot taverns
And poetry would write abandoned.
Only b gently touch the hand
And your hair color in autumn.
(S. A. Yesenin)

In some sources, the conditional mood is called the subjunctive.

Time

The category of time expresses the relation of action to the moment of speech. In Russian, three tenses are distinguished for verbs in the indicative mood: past, present and future. Perfective verbs have past and future tense forms, and imperfective verbs have past, present and future tense forms: I did - I will do, I did - I do - I will do.

Number

The number category of the verb expresses the correlation of the action with one or more persons. In Russian, a verb can be singular or plural in any mood and in any tense. By numbers, only the infinitive does not change.

Face

Verbs in the first person refer to the speaker (or a group of persons on whose behalf the statement is made), verbs in the second person refer to the interlocutor (or interlocutors), in the third person - to persons or objects not participating in speech: think (think), think (think), think (think).

According to persons, verbs in the indicative mood in the present and future tenses, as well as verbs in the imperative mood can change. Writing unstressed personal endings of verbs is related to the verb conjugation system and can be difficult.

Conjugation

Conjugation is the change of the verb in persons and numbers. There are two types of verb conjugation in Russian. The verbs of the first conjugation have the ending -UT, -YUT in the third person plural, the verbs of the second conjugation - -AT, -YAT. If the personal ending is unstressed, the conjugation of the verb is determined by the suffix before the infinitive. The second conjugation includes verbs with the suffix AND (ending in -IT): heat and th, lep and be and exception verbs DRIVE, HOLD, BREATHE, HEAR, SEE, TURN, DEPEND, HATE, OFFEND, LOOK, BE SUFFERED. The first conjugation includes verbs with other vowels in the suffixes - A, I, E, U, O (ending in -AT, -YAT, -ET, -UT, -OT): groina th, seI th, rede th, smellat th, they sayabout be and exception verbs SHAVING, SETTING, SETTING, BURNING.

“The word “verb” - what part of speech?”, “What is a verb?”, “Why is it necessary in Russian?” — questions frequently asked not only by foreigners, but also by Russian speakers. It is not difficult to answer them, but for this you will have to study a large number of information.

The verb as a part of speech in Russian is considered one of its main components. Without it, it is almost impossible to make a full-fledged proposal. Despite the fact that perfect time to study the analysis of the verb as a part of speech - grade 3, many adults acquire the desire and ability to learn Russian too late, and they have to start from the basics already at an older age.

In addition to the obvious disadvantages (you have to master grammar from scratch instead of building your literacy around existing knowledge), this learning model also has advantages: an adult - and this article was created just for adults, and not for third-graders - can explain much more useful and interesting.

general information

A verb is a part of speech that denotes the action of an object or phenomenon. He answers the questions "What to do?" and “What to do?”, and in the sentence it functions as a predicate, subject, or, in rare cases, minor member. Take, for example, the following sentence: "Hurry - make people laugh."

The first verb in it - "hurry" - is the subject, and the second - "make laugh" - is the predicate.

With the help of verbs in a sentence or text, any action, event, phenomenon is expressed, dynamics, changes are transmitted. The abundance of verbs is typical for a text-narrative, saturated with frequently changing events.

Infinitive

The infinitive is the indefinite form of the verb. It is also called the initial form. Sometimes also a dictionary, because it is she who is given in explanatory, spelling and other dictionaries. Previously, the infinitive was called the indefinite mood of the verb, but today this term has completely fallen out of use.

Most often, the infinitive is formed by adding the suffix "-t" to the root of the word. For example: read, draw, decide, surprise, give, take.

Words whose roots end in consonants most often have the suffix "-ti": grow, go, graze, shake.

Words with stems ending in "-g" or "-k" change the most. The last letter of the root and the first letter of the suffix seem to merge, forming "-h-". For example, in the following verbs: I can - can, flow - flow, bake - oven, shear - cut.

Verb Features

The verb as a part of speech has a certain set of features. Knowing these signs is very helpful in spelling. Without them, it is also impossible to parse the verb as a part of speech or simply give the word a grammatical description. Here they are full list:

Face.
Number.
Time.
Mood.
Pledge.
Conjugation.
Recurrence.

Some of these signs are not changeable: aspect, conjugation, recurrence. Others may change during conjugation. Each of these features will be explained in detail later in the article. To know how to parse a verb as a part of speech, it is necessary to understand and distinguish all these features. It is more convenient and efficient to disassemble them separately and in order.

Face

The verb as a part of speech can exist in the first, second and third person.

Face	Explanation	Examples
First	The first person implies that the action is performed by the speaker or speakers or on the speaker or speakers. Verbs in the first person are combined with the pronouns "I" and/or "we".	I write, read, draw, teach, work, make friends.
Second	The second person is used when the action is performed by the addressee or addressees of the replica. Verbs in the second person are combined with the pronouns "you" and/or "you".	You write, you read, you draw, you teach, you work, you make friends.
Third	The third person is used when it means that the action is performed by a person or object not participating in the conversation, by someone outside or outsiders. Verbs in the third person are combined with the pronouns "he", "she", "it", "they".	Writes, reads, draws, teaches, works, makes friends.

The person of the verb cannot be determined if it is used in the past tense, since there is absolutely no difference between the forms in different faces: I read, you read, he read.

Number

The number of a verb as a part of speech can be either singular or plural.

The number of the verb can be determined in any tense, since the difference between the singular and plural forms is always preserved.

Time

In Russian, as in any other, there are three tenses: past, present and future. There are two types of temporal forms in the past and future tenses: perfect and imperfect.

Time	Explanation	Example
past perfect	Describes an action that was started and completed in the past	Yesterday I read a very interesting story
Past imperfect	Describes an action that was started but not completed in the past	Last year I did a lot of photography
The present	Describes an action that takes place in this moment	The political situation in the world is becoming more calm
Future Perfect	Describes an action that will start and finish (or just finish) in the future	The office worker will finish the report by nine o'clock in the evening
Future imperfect	It is also called complex future tense. Describes an action that will begin in the future, but it is not known when it will be completed or if it will be completed at all.

It is quite easy to distinguish one or another aspect tense form of a verb in Russian. In all times and numbers, the differences between them are preserved.

Mood

A verb as a part of speech can exist in three moods: indicative, conditional and imperative.

Only indicative allows you to use all possible persons, numbers and tenses of verbs. In the conditional mood, only the past tense is possible, and in the imperative, only the second person.

View

This topic has already been indirectly touched upon before, but only briefly, in a nutshell: verbs as part of speech are perfect and imperfective. If we analyze this topic in more detail, we can find out the following.

There are also verbs that belong to both types at once. For example, the verb "promise". "What have you been doing?" - promised. "What did you do?" also promised.

Genus

The verb as a part of speech in Russian is feminine, masculine or neuter.

The gender of a verb can only be determined if it is used in the singular form of the third person of the past tense. It is impossible to determine the gender in the present and future tenses: he does, she does, it does.

Pledge

In Russian, there is an active and passive voice.

It is believed that the passive voice is a bulky, heavy construction. Except when its use is necessary and cannot be replaced by the active voice, it is best avoided, especially when working on artwork.

Conjugation

In Russian, verbs can be of the first or second conjugation. Each of them has certain grammatical features and serves to use the correct verb endings. With how to parse a verb as a part of speech, also arises less problems if its conjugation is known. It is determined at the end: on “-it” - the second conjugation, everything else - the first, with rare exceptions.

recurrence

Reflexive verbs in Russian contain the postfix “-s” or “-sya” and imply that a person, object or phenomenon performs an action on itself: wash, smile, rejoice, dress, wake up, comb your hair, get acquainted, like, seem.