Do you know how ticks become infected with encephalitis? Taiga spring-summer encephalitis Taiga encephalitis how infection occurs

Brief historical data. In certain areas, according to natural focality, spring-summer encephalitis has undoubtedly occurred since ancient times.

In 1935, the Soviet researcher A. G. Panov gave the first clinical description of this disease, and in 1937, complex expeditions working in the taiga regions of Eastern Siberia under the leadership and participation of E. N. Pavlovsky, A. L. Smorodintsev, L. A. Zilber, V.D. Solovyov and others, the issues of epidemiology, clinical picture and prevention of this disease were studied in detail. The isolated strains of the pathogen - a filterable virus - were then subjected to careful study. Recently, methods for specific prevention of the disease using a viral vaccine have been developed.

Etiology. The disease is caused by a special type of filterable virus (Encephalophilus silvestris), pathogenic for humans, as well as for some species of monkeys. Heating to 100° and the action of various disinfectants stops the vital activity of the virus; The pathogen is unstable when released into the external environment.

Epidemiology. Tick-borne spring-summer encephalitis is characterized by pronounced natural focality, i.e., its spread requires a certain set of climatic and soil conditions, the presence of appropriate vegetation and landscape of the area, providing the possibility of the existence of infection carriers - pasture ticks.

Tick-borne encephalitis occurs not only among residents of taiga regions, but also in other areas that are natural foci of infection; Economic development of forest areas in these areas may be accompanied by the emergence of disease cases.

Pathogenesis and pathological anatomy. Spreading through the bloodstream from the site of a human bite by an infected tick, the filtered virus - the causative agent of the disease - quickly reaches the cells of the central nervous system, penetrates them and causes degenerative changes.

The nerve cells of the anterior horns of the cervical spinal cord and the nucleus of the medulla oblongata are especially severely affected; along with necrotic and dystrophic changes in the nerve cells, a picture of neuronophagia develops. Clinical picture. The incubation period lasts on average about 2 weeks with fluctuations from 8 to 20 days. The disease begins acutely. After a slight chill, the temperature rises within a day to 39.5-40° and remains at these numbers for 5-7 days. At the end of the febrile period, the temperature drops critically or with accelerated lysis. In approximately one third of all cases, the temperature curve is two-wave.

During the first 2-3 days of the illness, sharp headaches, weakness throughout the body, and repeated vomiting are observed. When examining the patient, attention is drawn to the hyperemia of the face and conjunctiva. In severe cases, consciousness is darkened, meningeal phenomena are noted (stiff neck, Kernig and Brudzinski symptoms). In the blood of patients there is aneosinophilia and lymphopenia. Lethargy, drowsiness of patients, and relative bradycardia are common.

The cerebrospinal fluid is transparent, flows out under increased pressure, the content of protein and formed elements in it is increased compared to the norm; Pandey's reaction is positive. Meningeal forms of the disease are not uncommon.

In some patients, from the 2-3rd day of the disease, flaccid paralysis of the upper limbs and neck muscles develops.

In severe cases of the disease, pathological phenomena such as unclear speech, choking, difficulty swallowing are observed, depending on damage to the nuclei of the IX, X, XII pairs of cranial nerves in the brain stem.

After the temperature drops, a period of recovery begins, but not all patients fully restore motor functions - a number of people who have suffered spring-summer encephalitis are left with persistent paralysis.

Sometimes tick-borne encephalitis occurs in atypical and very mild forms, but even with them the development of persistent flaccid paralysis is possible.

The transferred disease leaves a strong immunity.

Forecast. Most patients have a favorable prognosis for life. Lethal outcome is observed in 1-1.5% of cases; it may occur on the 4-5th day of illness or after a decrease in temperature. In some cases, paralysis of the muscles of the neck and the entire shoulder girdle develops (65).

Diagnosis. Taking into account epidemiological data (stay of the sick person in the focus of encephalitis, tick bites) and the clinical picture (acute onset with fever, meningeal phenomena, the nature of the cerebrospinal fluid, the development of flaccid paralysis of the upper limbs and neck from the 2-4th day of the disease, as well as bulbar disorders in severe cases), tick-borne encephalitis is recognized.

When making a differential diagnosis, one should keep in mind epidemic meningitis, poliomyelitis, typhus, North Asian rickettsiosis (tick-borne typhus).

Among the laboratory methods for confirming the diagnosis, virological studies have been developed: complement fixation reaction, detection of virus-neutralizing antibodies in the patient’s blood serum.

Treatment. Currently, for the treatment of tick-borne encephalitis, a specific antiserum is used (administered in the early stages of the disease, 40-50 ml per day intramuscularly for 2-3 days, with the first injection according to the method described on page 73).

This serum is obtained by immunizing horses with a culture of a filterable virus - the causative agent of the disease.

Among the auxiliary means, intravenous infusions of 40% glucose solution daily, 40 ml, oral antihistamine diphenhydramine 0.05 g 3 times a day for 5-6 days, intramuscular injections of vitamin Bi-thiamine bromide 0.01-0.015 g one are recommended once a day for 10-12 days.

Each patient needs careful individual care. Prescribe easily digestible, high-calorie semi-liquid food, rich in vitamins, especially C and B complex.

A convalescent person can be allowed to get out of bed no earlier than 2 weeks after the temperature drops.

With the development of flaccid paralysis, it is necessary to use physiotherapy and strictly dosed physical therapy.

Prevention. All persons working in natural foci of tick-borne (spring-summer) encephalitis must inspect the body 2 times a day and destroy attached ticks; and also inspect linen and clothing. If you lubricate the skin with vegetable oil or petroleum jelly in the place where the tick has attached itself, you can easily remove it.

To protect against tick bites, you need to wear special overalls that tightly cover your neck and hands; The jumpsuit is sewn tightly at the back and has a double row of buttons at the front. The cuffs and collar of the overalls are lubricated with substances that repel ticks (dimethyl phthalate or other repellent liquids). Rubber boots must be worn; if they are not available, trousers must be tucked into leather boots. In places where people camp, they burn grass and fallen leaves and take all measures to exterminate rodents. Areas infested with ticks should be treated with DDT or hexachlorane dusts from airplanes.

Vaccinations play an auxiliary role in the prevention of spring-summer encephalitis: a specific vaccine containing a weakened pathogen - a filterable tick-borne encephalitis virus killed by formaldehyde - is injected subcutaneously. The vaccine is administered in 2-3 ml doses at intervals of 7 days; Duration of immunity is up to 1 year. It is necessary to provide health education to people living in areas where this infection is naturally concentrated.

2. Summer-autumn mosquito, Japanese, encephalitis (Encephalitis japonica)

The disease is caused by a special type of filterable virus (Encephalophilus japonicus), which is transmitted to a healthy person when bitten by a mosquito. Six different species of mosquitoes serve as carriers and reservoirs of infection. The disease is predominantly widespread in Japan; isolated cases of summer-autumn encephalitis have been reported in the Far Eastern regions of the USSR. The period of late summer and early autumn, when maximum mosquito production occurs, is the season for mosquito encephalitis. Diseases in domestic animals caused by the bites of infected mosquitoes have been observed.

When a person is bitten by an infected mosquito, the filtered virus enters the bloodstream. The incubation period is 10-15 days. During the first 5 days of illness, the pathogen can circulate in the patient’s blood and be contained in the cerebrospinal fluid.

The central nervous system is selectively affected by the virus with the development of edema and acute inflammatory changes in both the white and gray matter of the brain. Usually the meninges are also affected. At the onset of the disease, after chills, the temperature quickly rises, reaching 40-40.5°. Then sharp headaches, general fatigue, meningeal and encephalitic symptoms appear, and consciousness is often darkened.

In some patients, pronounced general intoxication and cerebral phenomena may occur with a picture of comatose states or with motor restlessness. The clinical course of the disease is short-lived, its symptoms develop very acutely. Blood tests reveal relative lymphopenia and aneosinophilia. In the cerebrospinal fluid, increased pressure, increased cytosis and an increase in the amount of protein are detected.

If the course of the disease is favorable, the temperature drops by the 5-6th day, and the patient begins to recover. In severe cases, death can occur. Due to the lack of specific treatment, mortality is high.

Sometimes mild atypical and erased forms of encephalitis are observed, which are of no small importance in epidemiology. When making a diagnosis, it is necessary to take into account the stay in an endemic area, the season, the presence of mosquito bites and clinical symptoms with mandatory monitoring of cerebrospinal fluid.

Laboratory diagnostic methods include complement fixation reactions and the determination of virus-neutralizing antibodies in blood serum and cerebrospinal fluid.

All patients are subject to mandatory hospitalization.

Treatment. Attempts have been made to use the antiserum obtained by immunizing horses with a culture of the pathogen for treatment (40-50 ml per day subcutaneously); however, due to its lack of effectiveness, symptomatic therapy (intravenous infusions of glucose, subcutaneous infusions of saline, intravenous vitamins) has remained important to this day. It is advisable to prescribe proserin orally - 0.015 g 2 times a day. For swallowing disorders, nutritional enemas are used.

Prevention consists of applying measures to individually protect people from mosquitoes (see “Malaria” and “Pappataci Fever”), oiling reservoirs in mosquito breeding areas, and destroying the latter by spraying powders and emulsions of DDT or hexachlorane. Extensive clearing of the area near populated areas and human settlements is necessary.

In foci of infection, all persons at risk of infection are vaccinated with a vaccine prepared from the brains of mice infected with a standard strain of the summer-autumn encephalitis virus; in this vaccine the virus is killed by formaldehyde.

- (encephalitis acarinarum orientalis; synonym: Far Eastern encephalitis, Russian spring-summer encephalitis, taiga encephalitis, endemic spring encephalitis) acute viral naturally focal infectious disease with transmissible (through ixodid... ... Large medical dictionary

TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS- (syn.: taiga encephalitis, spring-summer encephalitis) is an acute viral disease characterized by damage to the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord with the development of paresis and paralysis. The causative agent is an arbovirus. It is heat labile, sensitive to...

See Spring-summer tick-borne encephalitis... Large medical dictionary

Tick-borne encephalitis, spring-summer, taiga- Caused by neurotropic viruses from the arbovirus group. Ixodid ticks are carriers and carriers of the infection. The incubation period after a bite by an infected tick is from 2 to 20 days, more often from 7 to 14 days, with nutritional infection - from... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

FAR EASTERN ENCEPHALITIS- (taiga, spring-summer, tick-borne, Russian encephalitis) – a naturally focal neuroinfection. The disease began to be registered in 1932 in connection with the development of the taiga zone of the Far East. In 1935 A.G. Panov established its nosological independence and... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

Same as tick-borne encephalitis. * * * TAIGA ENCEPHALITIS TAIGA ENCEPHALITIS, the same as tick-borne encephalitis (see TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS) ... Encyclopedic Dictionary

Tick-borne encephalitis: infection, signs and methods of protection- Tick-borne encephalitis (spring-summer type encephalitis, taiga encephalitis) is a viral infection that affects the central and peripheral nervous system. Severe complications of acute infection can result in paralysis and death.… … Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

- (taiga, spring-summer encephalitis), an acute viral disease with pronounced natural focality. Characteristic is brain damage with the development of paralysis. The source of the virus is various animals, the carrier is ticks. Serotherapy is used. * * * … Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (taiga spring-summer encephalitis), an acute viral disease with pronounced natural focality. Characteristic is brain damage with the development of paralysis. The source of the virus is various animals, the carrier is ticks. Serotherapy is used... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

26.02.2019

Taiga encephalitis is a seasonal disease of an infectious nature, which is manifested by fever, damage to the central nervous system and the occurrence of meningeal symptoms.

The peak incidence occurs in the spring-autumn period, starting in April.

Visiting the taiga or forest belt is unsafe for human health and carries a real threat of contracting encephalitis. The disease is widespread in Western Siberia, the Urals and the Far East.

How to recognize the taiga tick?

The taiga tick belongs to insects, subspecies arthropods, family Ixodid ticks. The pathogen lives in the grass, and as the ambient temperature warms, its activity also increases.

The tick's body is divided into 2 sections:

• gnathosoma with the oral cavity and Haller's organs - a cluster of olfactory receptors that detect the approach of a warm-blooded organism. In the area of ​​the tick's oral cavity there is a proboscis with a capsule with prickly parts at the end. They are the ones who damage the skin before the bite;
• idiosoma - an abdomen with numerous legs, on which there are suction cups that help the tick attach to the victim.

The dense chitinous covering of the body of the taiga tick makes it invulnerable to compression. By its color, you can determine the degree of saturation with blood and the region of residence.

Pathogenesis of taiga encephalitis

The causative agent of taiga encephalitis is a virus of the Flavivirus family. The vector of infection and the natural reservoir is the taiga tick. Additional carriers can be small rodents, predators and birds.

People aged 20-40 years are often affected. Human infection occurs in the following ways:

1. Introduction of the virus during a tick bite.
2. An attempt to independently remove (crushing) an insect after its attachment.
3. Eating raw milk from cows or goats without proper heat treatment. A characteristic feature of encephalitis infection in this way is the group manifestation of symptoms of the disease.
4. By airborne droplets while working with biological material in the laboratory in violation of safety rules.

The taiga tick can be the causative agent of tick-borne encephalitis. The virus, having entered the body, begins to actively multiply and circulate through the bloodstream. This is manifested by an increase in body temperature. At this time, the immune system reacts, trying to absorb the virus into phagocytes.

The incubation period without clinical manifestations lasts 5-7 days. In case of insufficient protection, the virus penetrates the blood-brain barrier into the brain, where it further multiplies. This is manifested by a second wave of temperature rise to hectic levels.

A special feature is that fever does not respond to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and persists for a long period. In brain cells, the virus causes inflammatory changes, edema and tissue swelling. The immune system is designed in such a way that it perceives altered brain cells as foreign. The mechanism of absorption of these cellular structures by proteins and immunoglobulins of the body begins to be launched.

Development of taiga encephalitis: forms of the disease

The causative agent of taiga encephalitis can cause the following forms of the disease:

1. The febrile form does not affect the central parts of the nervous system. It is characterized by an increase in general body temperature to high values ​​and pronounced general clinical symptoms - weakness, lethargy, apathy, tachycardia, confusion, nausea and vomiting without relief and sleep disturbance.
2. The meningeal form affects the brain and its membranes, manifests itself with a severe clinical course and is accompanied by impaired consciousness, tonic-clonic seizures, visual and auditory hallucinations, hydrocephalus and epileptic manifestations.
3. The polyradiculoneuritic form is accompanied by damage to the cerebral cortex in combination with damage to the peripheral nerves. Clinically, this is manifested by paresthesia and sensory disturbances.
4. The meningoencephalitic form affects the membranes of the brain and leads to meningitis. Proceeds with impaired consciousness up to a coma.

In addition to taiga encephalitis, the pathogen causes other pathologies:

• Kemerovo fever manifests itself asymptomatically. Sometimes rashes in the form of blisters with serous contents are visible on the body;
• boreliosis and Lyme disease - affects the nervous and cardiovascular systems. Motor functions of the limbs are affected;
• tularemia – localization of the pathological process in the lymph nodes, spleen and spread of the virus with lymph flow throughout the body, which leads to generalization of the disease.

Clinical manifestations

The incubation period of this disease ranges from 10 to 14 days, but sometimes extends to 31 days. This difference in the duration of this period may be due to the nature of the taiga tick bite. The longer the tick stuck to the victim, the more virus entered the body. In this case, the incubation period will be significantly shorter.

In the clinical picture, several syndromes are distinguished:

• general infectious;
• meningeal;
• brain damage syndrome.

The disease develops acutely with a sudden increase in temperature to 39 degrees. The patient is excited, the skin is pale, there is an increased heart rate, headache, and nausea. Vomiting usually does not bring relief. Depending on the localization of inflammatory processes in the brain, the clinical picture also differs.

Symptoms of taiga encephalitis

Diagnosis of encephalitis

For a correct and quick diagnosis at the first stage, it is important to take into account the patient’s complaints, data on the medical history and information obtained during a physical examination. In addition to complaints, the following criteria are characteristic of taiga encephalitis:

• sudden onset of illness against the background of complete health with a rise in body temperature to high numbers;
• sometimes the phenomena of the prodromal period are pronounced - the day before the onset of the disease, a person notices weakness, headache, malaise, muscle pain in the neck and collar area of ​​low intensity;
• a two-wave hyperthermic reaction, in which the second wave coincides with the multiplication of the virus.

It is necessary to clarify with the patient whether he was in an endemic focus of taiga encephalitis in the spring or summer, and whether he consumed raw milk shortly before the onset of symptoms.

Laboratory research methods

From clinical and biochemical tests, it is worth paying attention to the following indicators:

1. Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), moderate leukocytosis with increased neutrophil levels and thrombocytopenia.
2. The presence of protein and casts in the urine.
3. Increased C-reactive protein in the blood.
4. Determination of virus-specific immunoglobulins type M based on the phagocytic activity method. A high concentration indicates the viral nature of the disease.
5. Detection of an increased amount of immunoglobulins class G.
6. Viral RNA determination by polymerase chain reaction

Instrumental methods

Among the instrumental methods, doctors use:

• magnetic resonance imaging;
• puncture of the spinal canal followed by examination of the cerebrospinal fluid;
• computed tomography;
• electroencephalography;
• examination of the fundus to detect small pinpoint hemorrhages;
• electrocardiography and echocardiography to identify possible damage to the heart muscle;
• neurosonography.

Drug treatment

Patients diagnosed with taiga encephalitis are subject to emergency hospitalization with strict bed rest for 5 days until the general body temperature normalizes.

Failure to provide qualified medical care in a timely manner entails the development of irreversible complications associated with necrotic changes in the cerebral cortex. From medications, patients receive:

1. Human serum immunoglobulin against taiga encephalitis virus.
2. Detoxification therapy to remove toxins from the body without disturbing the acid-base balance.
3. For cerebral edema or increased intracranial pressure, diuretics are used.
4. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used for hyperthermia and severe pain.
5. In severe cases of taiga encephalitis and an active inflammatory process, glucocorticosteroid therapy is prescribed.
6. Prescribed drugs that improve microcirculation and blood supply to the brain.
7. In severe forms, in case of bacterial infection, antimicrobial drugs are used.
8. Sometimes neuroprotectors, antihistamines and antiplatelet agents are prescribed.

Prevention

Preventive measures are as follows:

• three-time vaccination with an interval of 10 days and subsequent revaccination six months later in regions with a high probability of taiga encephalitis;
• avoid visiting the forest belt during tick activity;
• cover exposed skin with clothing;
• do not consume raw milk without proper heat treatment;
• carry out timely destruction of ticks using chemicals;
• Carry out a thorough inspection of clothing and personal belongings for tick attachment after a walk in the park or forest.

If you find a taiga tick, you should not try to remove it yourself, as there is a possibility of harming yourself even more. It is important to immediately consult a doctor, who will remove the insect, send it to the laboratory for examination and arrange an emergency exchange for the administration of serum or vaccine.

With the arrival of spring, the population visits forest areas to collect birch sap, the first flowers, and organize leisure time, while forgetting about precautions. Visiting suburbs and forested areas always carries the risk of a tick bite, which causes an outbreak of tick-borne encephalitis.

“Tick-borne encephalitis is a serious disease in which inflammation of the brain occurs. Its causative agent is the smallest organism from the group of viruses, which can only be seen with the help of an electron microscope, which gives a magnification of tens and hundreds of thousands of times. The size of the tick-borne encephalitis virus is 30 millimicrons." This tiny organism lives in the body of a forest tick for up to 4 years. The tick is the main custodian of the pathogen in nature and the main source of human infection. Therefore, the disease was called “Tick-borne encephalitis”.

q Viral infection is transmitted mainly by ticks q Seasonality - spring - summer q Affects the nervous system q In the absence of proper prevention and treatment, leads to disability (80%) q Mortality ranges from 2% to 20%

Ticks are most active in spring and summer (in some areas in autumn). At this time, while in nature (it doesn’t matter - in the forest, at a country house, or while fishing) you need to be extremely careful: - try to walk along paths, away from tall grass and bushes; - you should put a scarf or cap on your head, and it is best to walk in a jacket with a hood, trousers should be tucked into boots or pressed with elastic bands to the ankle;

- self and mutual examinations when leaving the forest, returning home - it is necessary to undress and carefully examine the skin to see if a tick has attached itself somewhere; - Possibility of infection - consumption of raw milk from goats or cows (boiling kills the virus within 2 minutes).

Immunoglobulin protects against infection for several weeks (up to a month). If you are bitten by a tick after a few days, you do not need to give the injection again. Immunoglobulin should also be administered to a vaccinated person if there are a lot of ticks attached.

Simultaneously take cycloferon 4 tablets on the first day, 2 tablets for 2, 4, 6 days of preventive treatment.

Self-help and mutual assistance (if you are not in the city) is to remove a tick: first lubricate the bite site with fat (vaseline, sunflower oil), after 15 minutes, carefully pull it out with a loop made of thread, swaying from side to side.

Avoid destroying the tick as it may become infected with a virus! Treat the bite site with iodine or alcohol.

People whose work involves being in the forest (surveyors, foresters, summer residents) should be vaccinated against tick-borne encephalitis. Without vaccination, you will not be allowed to work.

Vaccinated people get sick less often; in case of illness, they have mild forms. The full course of vaccination consists of 3 vaccinations, so it is best to get 2 vaccinations in the fall, and the last - 3rd vaccination - in the spring, 2 weeks before going into the forest. You can be vaccinated according to a shortened schedule - two vaccinations, but the effectiveness of such vaccination is lower. To maintain immunity to tick-borne encephalitis, it is necessary to repeat the vaccination next spring. Revaccination every 3 years.

The spread of ticks, carriers of the encephalitis virus, has recently been on the rise, including those associated with human economic activity (it would be better to say mismanagement - the organization of spontaneous landfills and garbage heaps) and an increase in the number of mice carrying ticks. Visiting suburbs and forested areas is always associated with the risk of a tick bite and tick-borne encephalitis. There are some simple folk ways to repel ticks.

There is experience in the highly effective use of impregnation of clothing with exhaust gases from diesel engines of cars and tractors for 30 seconds. After this treatment, ticks are not found on clothes for 4-5 hours. The natural enemy of ticks is forest ants. The acid they produce is a natural repellent and can be used to protect against ticks. Formic alcohol, which, after being diluted 20-30 times with water, can be used to treat clothing and the skin of the lower extremities before visiting forests, country houses and recreational areas. The smell of formic alcohol repels ticks.

In a forest area, you can resort to a different method of treating clothing, skin, and limbs with this product. You can put your palms in an anthill of red ants for a few seconds and then use them to treat the legs of your trousers, as mites live mainly on bushes and in grassy areas no higher than 70 cm above the ground. The technique should be repeated several times, and the sleeves and collar of clothing can be treated for greater reliability of protective measures.

Of course, all of the above does not exclude the possibility of using repellents sold in pharmacies. But if they are not there, do not neglect our simple but very effective remedies.

What is encephalitis? Tick-borne Encephalitis is a viral natural focal disease with a predominant lesion of the central nervous system Komariny

Scheme of life cycles of ticks 3 2 16000 eggs 2. Blood-sucked female, laying eggs 3. Larva.

Methods of infection Tick bite Tick saliva contains blood thinners and painkillers Crushing and rubbing the attached tick Eating infected raw goat and cow milk

Conditions of infection Visiting the forest 1. The tick sits on blades of grass or trees. 2. Can't fly or jump. 3. Can cling to prey. 4. May fall on her. Introducing ticks by animals (dogs, cats) Introducing ticks by people (on clothes, with flowers, branches)

How does the disease develop? 1. Incubation period - 1.5 -2 weeks 2. Damage to the cerebral cortex (soft membrane and gray matter) several days 3. Inflammation of the entire brain (white matter) Symptoms: - headaches - vomiting - loss of consciousness (up to coma) - body t 39 -40 C.

Complications of tick-borne encephalitis Fatal outcome (death) In 30-60% of those who have recovered from 2% to 20% Flaccid paralysis of the limbs Complete paralysis of the left limb Impaired activity of the neck muscles

First aid for a tick bite: What to do? 1. Lubricate the attached tick with fat (vaseline, cream, sunflower oil) 2. Wait 12-20 minutes 3. Using a thread loop or tweezers, carefully pull the tick out, shaking it from side to side 4. Try not to destroy the tick 5. Burn or pour the removed tick boiling water 6. Treat the bite area with alcohol, iodine, hydrogen peroxide, etc. 7. Wash your hands Do not do this! You should not crush a tick, as you can become infected with the virus contained in its internal organs

Prevention of tick-borne encephalitis Wearing special clothing in the forest Self- and mutual examinations at the exit from the forest and at rest stops Boiling raw goat and cow milk Using liquid and aerosol preparations to combat insects

kaya chesfi eci aktika Spil rof p tiv provka go ivi evo Pr mlesh alita ncef e iya) nat cci (va Children under 10 years old free

Where is malaria common? Malaria is common in Asia, Africa and Central and South America. In approximately 100 countries; approximately 40% of the world's population is at risk of developing malaria. If you are going to any of these countries, be sure to take precautions.

Kills people... This infection threatens almost a third of the world's population. More than 2 million people die from malaria every year around the world. In Africa alone, every twentieth child dies due to malaria or its consequences, and 1,500 women in childbirth die every day. For example, in India, the incidence of malaria has increased 70-fold over the past 20 years, reaching a record figure of 50 million cases per year.