The predicate is the main member of a sentence, which is usually associated with the subject and answers the questions “what does the subject do?”, “what is the subject?”, “what is the subject?”, “who is he?”, “what is happening?”.
The structure distinguishes between simple verb, compound verb and compound nominal predicates.
A simple verbal predicate is a predicate in which both lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed by one verb form.
A simple verbal predicate can be expressed:
1) with a verb in any conjugated form and in the infinitive form: It was a dark night.
2) a phraseological unit or a combination of words with a single meaning: Petya realized that he was in trouble;
3) combinations of words that are characteristic primarily of colloquial and artistic styles of speech, for example:
Infinitive with the personal form of the same verb and the particle “not” between them: To do she did nothing, did not undertake anything;
Two verbs of the same root with the particle “not” between them: We are waiting, we can’t wait for your return;
4) interjection verbs: Just me on the stairs, and he dives towards me.
A compound predicate consists of two parts, one of which expresses the grammatical meaning of mood, tense, number, etc., and the other carries the main lexical meaning.
Depending on which part of speech is the carrier of lexical meaning, compound verbal and compound nominal predicates are distinguished.
A compound verb predicate consists of an auxiliary component and an infinitive: Writers cannot give in to adversity for a moment.
The role of an auxiliary component can be:
1) verbs denoting the beginning, continuation, end of an action (phase verbs): start, stop, continue, become, begin, finish, etc.
2) verbs denoting the desirability, possibility, impossibility, necessity of action (modal verbs): able, want, able, desire, etc.
3) verbs denoting thought processes, emotional assessment of action (modal verbs): think, hope, love, hate.
4) short adjectives glad, must, ready, inclined, capable, etc. (in the past and future tense in combination with the verb connective “to be”)
5) syntactically indivisible combinations such as burn with desire (desire), be able (to be able), to have the opportunity (to be able), etc.
D: Unfortunately, I am not able to help you;
6) predicative adverbs necessary, impossible, possible, necessary, necessary, etc. (in the past and future tense in combination with the verb connective “to be”)
7) noun such as master, amateur, etc.
A compound nominal predicate consists of
from a linking verb and a nominal part: The family was friendly.
The role of a ligament can be:
1) the verb to be in various forms of mood and tense.
This connective is called abstract and performs only a grammatical role: it expresses the connection with the subject and denotes the categories of tense, mood, number, etc.
In the present tense, this connective may be zero, i.e. not formally expressed: Everything is quiet, calm.
2) verbs with a weakened lexical meaning, used to express both grammatical meaning and partially lexical: become, become, seem, called, considered, done, etc. Such a connective is called semi-abstract: All objects have become distinct.
3) verbs with full lexical meaning, denoting movement, the state of an object: stand, live, walk, sit, be born, etc. Such a connective is called significant:. We left happy.
The nominal part can be expressed:
1) noun
2) adjective
3) adverb
4) a numeral or a combination of a numeral and a noun
5) pronoun
6) participle
7) syntactically indivisible combination
Complicated predicate
Complication of compound verbal and nominal predicates is usually carried out through the use of an additional phase or modal verb in their composition. A complicated predicate (also called a complex predicate) includes three (or more) words and can consist of:
a) from several verbs and represent a complicated compound verbal predicate: I decided to start playing sports;
b) from verbs and names and represent a complicated compound nominal predicate: Yes, I confess, gentlemen,” I really want to be a general.
The predicate is a very important part of the sentence. It is thanks to him that the meaning of what they are trying to convey becomes clear. Of course, there are sentences without this member, but they do not carry the dynamics that are an attribute of the predicate. There are quite a lot of varieties of this part of the sentence in the Russian language, and each is used to convey certain shades of meaning. Let's look at his ways of expression.
The grammatical basis of a sentence
Before talking about the predicate as such, attention should be paid to the predicate, or into which it is included. It is no coincidence that these members of the sentence are called the main ones. After all, the subject and predicate are the main guidelines for the fact that this is not a phrase, but a more complex syntactic unit.
Here's an example:
1. Variegated fish.
2. Nimble and colorful fish scurry between the stones here and there in the shallow water.
In the first case, we have a phrase in which we can distinguish the main and dependent words. However, we do not see any meaning about what kind of fish these are, where they live, what happens to them. Thus, we have a phrase before us. In the second case, we have a proposal. Let's prove it. The basis of the sentence is easily identified: the fish are scurrying around. Here the main idea is already formed, the statement has a finished appearance, and intonation completeness is felt.
Even if you remove all the minor members, the core of the sentence will remain. The fish are scurrying around. This will no longer be a phrase for the reasons listed above.
In addition to the predicate, which will be discussed later, the predicative basis includes a subject. This member of the sentence indicates the subject of speech; it is reported in this syntactic unit.
Predicate: definition of concept
What is a predicate? Its main task is to convey the meaning of what is said about the subject of speech, expressed by the subject.
Types of predicates
Taking into account the meaning in which the predicate is used and its methods of expression, different types of this member of the sentence are distinguished.
Let's look at an example. Cheeks turn red. - The cheeks continue to turn red. - Cheeks become red. All these three sentences convey, in principle, the same idea, but their grammatical meaning and shades of meaning are different. So, in the first sentence the grammatical meaning and semantic load lie on the predicate blush. The second and third sentences are a different matter. Here the grammatical and lexical meaning is conveyed by different words. Predicates consist of two words (continue to blush, become red), one of which (the first) carries a grammatical load, the second (an infinitive in the first case and an adjective in the second) - a semantic one.
Also, all predicates of the Russian language are divided into simple and compound. The first consists of one verb, which carries semantic and grammatical aspects. My sister plays with dolls all evening. Predicate plays- simple.
Another thing is the compound predicate and its methods of expression. At least two words are involved here, one of which describes the grammatical component, and the second - the semantic one (see examples at the beginning of the section).
According to their type, nominal and verbal predicates are distinguished, examples of which will be given in subsequent sections. It is quite simple to distinguish between them: if one of its parts is expressed by any name: a noun, an adjective, a numeral, it will be called a nominal.
The verb predicate and its connection with the subject
Before listing the ways of expressing a nominal and verbal predicate with examples, let’s look at how it is connected to the subject in a sentence.
This can happen by number category: A student writes a dictation. - Pupils write a dictation.
Agreement can also be implemented in number and gender: The student wrote a dictation. - The student was writing a dictation. - The students wrote a dictation.
A special case is when the subject is expressed by a word with the meaning of any quantity. Here it is necessary to take into account the context and put the predicate either in the singular or in the plural. ABOUT clouds float across the bright blue sky. - Many students will remember their school years with gratitude and light sadness. Teaching occupies a special place among specialists. The last sentence is very significant because the subject in it has a collective meaning, so it is necessary to put the predicate only in the singular. These are subjects like majority, society, people, minority and others.
Simple verb predicate
Let's look at ways to express a simple verbal predicate. In it, the semantic and grammatical components are contained in one verb form. Let us make a reservation right away that it is a mistake to say that a simple verbal predicate is just one word, since it can be expressed in a form that involves several words, significant or not.
So, ways to express the predicate with examples:
- Verb in any of the moods. I will go on vacation to the sea (indicative) - I would go on vacation to the sea (conditional) - Go on vacation to the sea (imperative).
- Complex future tense of the verb. I will bake a cake for my birthday (I will bake).
- Verb be, if the presence of something or simply existence matters. Yesterday it rained all day. I have this quality.
- A phraseological unit, if it contains a conjugated form. Olesya finally came to her senses. I find it with almost every child and parent.
Compound verb predicate
Let's look at the compound verbal predicate and its methods of expression. It includes a main part and an auxiliary part. The first contains semantic load and is an infinitive, while the second contains grammatical meaning. Also, the auxiliary part can be endowed with additional shades of meaning. Let's look at what a compound verb predicate means. Examples will help you understand this better.
- Stages of action: beginning, end, duration. I'm going to re-read Pushkin. I'm finishing whitewashing the walls.
- The desire or necessity of action, its possibility. Olga wanted to cut her hair very short. I must warn you about the danger of getting burned.
- Any emotional context. I love walking along the embankment at any time of the year.
As mentioned above, the main part is always an infinitive verb. The auxiliary can be with the meaning of action: must, glad and others, it can also include the words necessary, possible, fun, bitter, loved, good.
Predicate nominal
A compound nominal predicate contains, in addition to the auxiliary part, a nominal predicate. It contains the semantic component. The auxiliary part is responsible for grammatical content and connection with the subject.
Let's look at what such a predicate is and how to express it. If we talk about the auxiliary part, it could be:
- Linking verb to be. Her difference is that in the present tense she becomes zero: She was smart and beautiful. She will be smart and beautiful. She is smart and beautiful.
- Other linking verbs, which, in contrast to be, are endowed with additional meanings: to appear, to be considered, to appear, to become and others.
- Verbs of motion such as sit, come, stand and others. Lisa sat proud and unapproachable.
As for the nominal part, it can be a noun, an adjective, a word of a state category, a participle or an adjective, complete, short in the comparative degree. Andrey was taller than Igor by a whole head. The sky was blue and very clear. A table is a piece of furniture that is so necessary for the household.
Pronouns may also be included in the nominal part. The girl was exactly as he had seen in his dreams. There are also numerals. Ten times ten equals one hundred.
Phraseologisms are often used as a nominal part. Shorokhov was a jack of all trades in construction.
Predicate along with the subject, it is an element of the grammatical basis of the sentence. The predicate denotes the action that the subject performs, as well as its state or attribute, therefore, the predicate answers questions what to do? what to do? what happens to the item? what is the subject? what is he? who is he? As a rule, the predicate is expressed by a verb, but there are other ways of expressing it - noun, adjective, pronoun, participle, etc.
The predicate of the Russian language is represented by three types - simple verbal predicate, compound verb and compound nominal. In order to quickly and correctly determine the type of predicate in a particular case, it is necessary, firstly, to present a diagram of the composition of the predicate, and secondly, to be able to apply the theoretical scheme to specific linguistic material. Let's look at the types of predicates, briefly describe each of them and follow the implementation with an example.
1. Simple verb predicate.
This is the simplest type of predicate - it is expressed by a verb in some mood. For example, he plays; would have come earlier etc. Most often, this type is remembered using the formula: one word in the predicate, which means the predicate is a simple verb. It is not difficult to guess that this formula is erroneous: this type includes predicates that contain 2, 3 or even more words. For example:
He will for a long time recall about the past(future complex).
Let stars forever illuminate your long, long winter journey(imperative mood).
He lost his temper (phraseologism).
They waited, waited And didn't wait (repetition of one verb in different forms).
Spring waited, waited nature(repetition of the same verb forms).
Don't be offended, but it will still be in my opinion(repetition of one verb with the particle not).
I'll go for a walk (a combination of different verbs in the same form).
2. Compound verb predicate.
This predicate is built according to the scheme: auxiliary verb + infinitive. All these elements must be present in the predicate so that we can call it a compound verb! Again, you should not think that this predicate consists of 2 components - there may be more.
He wants to enroll in the Institute.
I'm long could not with them meet.
You must study.
He was looking to have fun.
I was unable to think about it.
Note that phase verbs (those that denote the phase of action) most often act as auxiliary elements - start, continue, become, quit) or modal words ( must, must, wants).
3. Compound nominal predicate.
Such a predicate consists of a linking verb and a nominal part. The most common linking verb be, but you can also find other connections. The nominal part is expressed as an adjective. Noun, adverb, participle, pronoun, etc.
Weather was good.
The book is true Friend.
He has character harder become.
Grass beveled.
Evening quiet.
Error was obvious.
Two by two - four.
This notebook my.
As you can see, determining the type of predicate is not a difficult task; you just need to confidently and completely know the material and, most importantly, be able to navigate it.
website, when copying material in full or in part, a link to the source is required.
Predicate along with the subject, it is an element of the grammatical basis of the sentence. The predicate denotes the action that the subject performs, as well as its state or attribute, therefore, the predicate answers questions what to do? what to do? what happens to the item? what is the subject? what is he? who is he? As a rule, the predicate is expressed by a verb, but there are other ways of expressing it - noun, adjective, pronoun, participle, etc.
The predicate of the Russian language is represented by three types - simple verbal predicate, compound verb and compound nominal. In order to quickly and correctly determine the type of predicate in a particular case, it is necessary, firstly, to present a diagram of the composition of the predicate, and secondly, to be able to apply the theoretical scheme to specific linguistic material. Let's look at the types of predicates, briefly describe each of them and follow the implementation with an example.
1. Simple verb predicate.
This is the simplest type of predicate - it is expressed by a verb in some mood. For example, he plays; would have come earlier etc. Most often, this type is remembered using the formula: one word in the predicate, which means the predicate is a simple verb. It is not difficult to guess that this formula is erroneous: this type includes predicates that contain 2, 3 or even more words. For example:
He will for a long time recall about the past(future complex).
Let stars forever illuminate your long, long winter journey(imperative mood).
He lost his temper (phraseologism).
They waited, waited And didn't wait (repetition of one verb in different forms).
Spring waited, waited nature(repetition of the same verb forms).
Don't be offended, but it will still be in my opinion(repetition of one verb with the particle not).
I'll go for a walk (a combination of different verbs in the same form).
2. Compound verb predicate.
This predicate is built according to the scheme: auxiliary verb + infinitive. All these elements must be present in the predicate so that we can call it a compound verb! Again, you should not think that this predicate consists of 2 components - there may be more.
He wants to enroll in the Institute.
I'm long could not with them meet.
You must study.
He was looking to have fun.
I was unable to think about it.
Note that phase verbs (those that denote the phase of action) most often act as auxiliary elements - start, continue, become, quit) or modal words ( must, must, wants).
3. Compound nominal predicate.
Such a predicate consists of a linking verb and a nominal part. The most common linking verb be, but you can also find other connections. The nominal part is expressed as an adjective. Noun, adverb, participle, pronoun, etc.
Weather was good.
The book is true Friend.
He has character harder become.
Grass beveled.
Evening quiet.
Error was obvious.
Two by two - four.
This notebook my.
As you can see, determining the type of predicate is not a difficult task; you just need to confidently and completely know the material and, most importantly, be able to navigate it.
blog.site, when copying material in full or in part, a link to the original source is required.
When establishing the typology of the predicate, the main features associated with its semantics and methods of formal expression are taken into account.
Semantic core the predicate as a member of a sentence, opposed to the subject, is designation of an action or characteristic in a broad sense. In a two-part sentence, it is through the predicate that the main grammatical meanings of the sentence are expressed - objective modality and syntactic tense. All these specific qualities of the predicate are focused in the verb form, which is the original, elementary type of the predicate. However, in speech reality there is a need for various variations in the ways of expressing the predicate, since the general meaning of the attribute is differentiated as a designation of an action, state, property, quality, belonging, etc., formalized in a certain temporal and modal plan. To convey such content and such syntactic meanings, various combinations of verb words and words of other parts of speech are used. The verbs themselves turn out to be self-sufficient for expressing the required complex of meanings, while other parts of speech are usually combined with verbs, which in this case carry the function of connectives, as a result of which the “predicate essence” is conveyed dismembered: grammatical meanings - through the verb form, and material meanings - through binding member.
All these features of predicates are taken into account when classifying them.
Simple verb predicate
The predicate of a two-part sentence, as the opposite of the subject, contains the general meaning of the attribute (action, state, property, quality, etc.). A typical part of speech to express this meaning is verb. The verb predicate contains both the material meaning of the predicate and the grammatical meaning - tense, mood, person.
A simple verbal predicate is a predicate expressed by a verb. The verbal predicate, formally likened to the subject, is a verb form of any mood, tense and person. A simple verbal predicate can contain various modal particles, usually used in a conversational style: I would go to bed and give the guest peace (B. Pol.); Aunt Katya didn’t want to go until she started crying (A.N.T.); She seemed to love me (L.T.); And you didn’t seem to notice anything? (M.-Sib.).
Predicate, not formally likened to the subject, can be expressed by an infinitive, a verbal interjection, some forms of the imperative mood (with the meaning of condition, concession, wish, obligation, etc.). For example: And the queen laughed and shrugged her shoulders (P.); Here the knight jumped into the saddle and threw the reins (Kr.); So she dropped the snuffbox (Ven.); And if it weren’t for me, you would be smoking in Tver (Gr.); Our brother, think about one thing... (T.). Such ways of expressing the predicate are characteristic of the colloquial style, the syntactic structures of which are especially rich in modal-expressive meanings.
