Fire detectors. Types of fire alarms and communications Fire communications and alarms at airport facilities

Fire communications and alarms are organized to quickly and accurately receive fire messages, call additional forces in a timely manner, maintain communication with units on the way and at the fire site, communicate between units on fire, transfer information to officials about the progress of fire extinguishing, for everyday operational communications between departments and officials.

The central fire communication point is connected to the city automatic telephone exchange (ATS) by special lines.

Fire alarm systems are used to detect and notify the location of a fire. The combined fire and security alarm system performs the functions of protecting objects from unauthorized persons and fire alarms.

The main elements of a fire and fire alarm system: fire detectors, receiving stations, communication lines, power supplies, sound or light signaling devices (Fig. 15.2).

According to the method of connecting the detectors to the receiving station, beam (radial) and loop (ring) systems are distinguished (Fig. 15.3).

Rice. 15.2. Fire alarm installation diagram

Rice. 15.3 Scheme of the device of electrical fire alarm systems:

a- radial (radial); b- loop (ring); 1 - announcers - sensors; 2 - receiving station; 3 - battery backup power supply; 4 - mains power supply; 5 - switching system from one power supply to another; 6 - wiring

Fire detectors can be automatic and manual. Depending on the activation parameter of the fire detector, they are: thermal, smoke, light, combined, ultrasonic and manual.

Heat detectors are triggered when the ambient temperature rises, smoke detectors - when smoke appears, light detectors - in the presence of an open fire, combined - when the temperature rises and smoke appears, ultrasonic - when the ultrasonic field changes under the influence of fire, manual - when turned on manually.

According to the design, fire detectors are of normal design, explosion-proof, intrinsically safe, sealed. According to the principle of operation, they are divided into maximum, triggered at a certain value of the absolute value of the controlled parameter, and differential, responding only to the rate of change of the parameter and triggered at a certain value.

Fire detectors are characterized by sensitivity, inertia, coverage area, noise immunity, design.

Automatic fire detectors send signals based on various principles of closing an electrical circuit (changes in the electrical conductivity of bodies, contact potential difference, ferromagnetic properties of materials, changes in the linear dimensions of solids, physical parameters of liquids, gases, etc.).

Thermal detectors of differential action of the DPS-OZ type operate on the principle of a different increase in thermo-EMF in blackened and silver-plated layers of thermocouples. They are triggered by a rapid temperature increase (at a speed of 30 ° / s), have an estimated service area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room up to 30 m 2 and can be used in explosive rooms.

For signaling from manual and heat detectors, receiving stations of the TLO-30 / 2M type (alarming, beam, optical) for 30 beams are used with a radial scheme for connecting detectors of the PICL-7 type with the station.

The performance of multiple heat detectors is checked at least once a year with a portable heat source (150 W electric lamp with a reflector). The detector is operational if it is triggered no later than 3 minutes from the moment a heat source is brought to it.

Smoke detectors are divided into photoelectric and ionization. Photoelectric detectors (IDF-1M, DIP-1) operate on the principle of scattering of thermal radiation by smoke particles. Ionization - use the effect of weakening the ionization of the air interelectrode gap with smoke.

For example, an alarm smoke fire installation of the SDPU-1 type is designed to detect smoke, followed by the supply of light and sound signals and control of external electrical circuits of automatic fire extinguishing devices. It is designed for 10 beams of the electrical network with 10 detectors connected to each beam. The 220 V network is insured by battery power.

Combined heat and smoke detectors have a sensitive element in the form of an ionization chamber (to respond to smoke) and thermistors (to respond to heat). The response temperature is 50-80 ° C. The estimated service area is 100 m 2.

Smoke and combined detectors are checked at least once a month with portable sources of smoke and heat. The detector response time is not more than 10 s. Install them in rooms in which there is no dust, vapors of acids and alkalis.

In light detectors, the photoelectric effect is used to detect a fire, i.e. conversion of light energy into electrical energy. In the premises where such detectors are installed, there should be no sources of ultraviolet and radioactive radiation, open flames, working welding machines, etc. Light detectors are checked by the flame of a candle or match.

An ultrasonic detector (for example, Ficus-MP) is designed to spatially detect a fire and give an alarm. Such detectors are inertialess and serve a large area (up to 1000 m 2), but they are expensive and have the possibility of false alarms.

Thermal and lighting - in rooms with equipment and pipelines for pumping, producing and storing varnishes, paints, solvents, GZH, flammable liquids, for testing internal combustion engines and fuel equipment, filling cylinders with combustible gases.

Smoke - in rooms for electronic computers, electronic regulators, control machines of automatic telephone exchanges, radio equipment.

Thermal and smoke - installed in places where cables are laid, in rooms for transformers, distribution and switchboard devices of enterprises servicing cars, in which products made of wood, synthetic resins and fibers, polymeric materials, celluloid, rubber, textile materials, etc. P.

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Purpose and tasks of the communication service of the GPS EMERCOM of Russia

The communication service is organized in accordance with the Radio Communications Manual Order of the Russian Emergencies Ministry dated December 26, 2018 No. 633.

It includes subdivisions and mobile facilities designed to carry out communications functions in the garrison.

The direct management of the use and maintenance of the garrison communications equipment is carried out by the head of the communications service, who is appointed on the basis of the order of the head of the UGPS of the subject of the Russian Federation, in the local garrison of the PO - by order of the head of the GPS unit.

The communication service can be created on a permanent regular basis or on a non-standard basis.

The communications services (non-standard communications services) of the garrisons include full-time communications units and individual communications specialists of the corresponding control centers (points) and communication centers of the State Fire Service, as well as special repair units, maintenance and repair posts and mobile communications workshops.

The main task of the communication service of the State Fire Service is the organization of communication in the prevention of fires and in extinguishing fires.

Means and organization of communication

Communication system and its main elements

The communication system is the most important component of the control system infrastructure and, together with the automated control system, forms the technical basis for informatization and control automation. The communication system should cover all structural subdivisions of the Directorate and be built on the basis of stationary and mobile communication centers, taking into account the integrated use of technical means that ensure force control.

The means of communication include:

• communication technology;
• measuring equipment, chargers and rectifiers, sources and power supply units;
• wire line means;
• signal means of communication (sound, lighting).

Communication means are the main elements of mobile and stationary objects and communication facilities.

Mobile communication objects include means of communication mounted on vehicles.

Stationary communication objects include stationary communication nodes, amplifying and relay points.

Communication facilities include stationary antenna-mast and feeder devices, permanent cable and overhead communication lines.

A fixed communication center is a complex of communication facilities, communication lines and channels, combined in a certain order and designed to manage the daily activities of the Department, its structural divisions and solve other problems.

The structure of stationary communication objects may include technical systems and power supply systems.

The technical systems of stationary communication facilities include air supply, heat supply and heating systems, systems of remote and automatic control and monitoring of technical devices.

The power supply systems of stationary communication facilities include: transformer substations, backup power supply installations, cable electrical network, switchgear, lighting systems, ground loops.

The mobile communication center is designed to organize the operational management of the structural divisions of the Office in organizing fire extinguishing and conducting related emergency rescue operations, providing information support to the fire extinguishing manager and interacting with higher authorities of the FPS.

Stationary and mobile communication nodes (points) of the Administration are:

• Unified duty - dispatching service "Rescue Service 01";
• Point of contact of the special fire department;
• Mobile communications node.

Communication in the Directorate is built on the basis of wire and radio communication networks by creating an extensive network of fixed and mobile communication centers equipped with communication facilities, in accordance with their purpose.

The wire communication network of the garrison is organized on the basis of local and intercity communication lines of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Communications and Informatization, wire communication channels of federal executive authorities and other organizations using their line-cable structures.

The Directorate's wired communication network includes:

• linear and cable structures;
• long-distance telephone communication network;
• intrazonal (city) telephone network;
• a telephone communication network on special lines allocated for a single emergency telephone;
• a network of non-switched (dedicated) telephone lines designed to connect the EDDS "Rescue Service 01" and communication points of special fire departments with life support services and especially important facilities;
• fax network.

Radio communication in the Department is organized on the principle of a combination of radio networks and radio directions and provides:

• operational management of the forces of the Directorate;
• communication with fire trucks and structural subdivisions of the Department;
• mutual exchange of messages between the structural subdivisions of the Department in the organization of fire extinguishing;
• duplication (reservation) of wire communication channels.

When the duty guard (shift, department) leaves for classes, to check the fire regime, etc. radio communication is established by the head of the guard (shift leader, squad leader) within his radio network.

When the duty guard (shift, department) leaves for classes and exercises on the “Alarm” signal, radio communication is established within the general radio network, as well as upon receipt of a message about a fire (accident).

The sentinels from among the employees of the duty guard (shift), sent to patrol along the established route, maintain contact with the radiotelephone operator (dispatcher) of the special fire department in which they serve, along the entire route along the route of the patrol, i.e. are marked on the radio station from each object.

When a fire is detected at the facility, the sentinels immediately report this via a portable radio station directly to the communication point of the special fire department in which they serve.

Employees from among the engineering and inspection staff of the fire prevention group of special fire departments maintain contact with the radiotelephonist (dispatcher) of the special fire department in which they serve, by phone (from each object, section or sector) or by radio station. The portable radio stations of the engineering and inspector staff are in receive mode. After the end of the working hours of employees from among the engineering and inspection staff of the fire prevention group of special fire departments working on the day shift schedule, as well as on the days off of these employees, wearable radio stations assigned to the employees of the engineering and inspection staff of the fire prevention group can be used by sentinels from the number of employees on duty guard (shift).

When the guard on duty (shift, department) leaves on the “Alarm” signal, the senior official in charge of the guard (shift, department) establishes a connection with the dispatcher of the EDDS “Rescue Service 01”.

When the duty guard (shift, department) leaves for classes, to check the fire regime, etc. the senior official in charge of the guard (shift, department) establishes contact with the radiotelephonist (dispatcher) of the communication point directly of his special fire department.

On the way, the senior officer in charge of the guard (shift, squad) can establish contact with the squads following him and transmit the necessary information to the squad commanders.

Upon arrival at the place of the call, the senior official in charge of the guard (shift, department) informs the dispatcher of the EDDS "Rescue Service 01" about the arrival, the situation according to external signs and the initial measures taken.

The commanders of the departments (head of the guard) of the subsequent units inform the dispatcher of the EDDS "Rescue Service 01" about their arrival in the order of arrival at the place of call.

When working at the place of organization of fire extinguishing, liquidation of an accident, communication with the EDDS "Rescue Service 01" is established only by the head of the fire extinguishing (RTP) or the head of the fire fighting headquarters (NSh). All other subscribers of the radio network communicate with the EDDS "Rescue Service 01" only by order of the RTP or NSh.

Radio communication at the place of organization of fire extinguishing is organized in accordance with the scheme "Organization of radio communication on fire" (Appendix No. 5).

Communication types

Communication according to its functional purpose is divided into the following types:

• notification communication (provides transmission and reception of messages about fires, accidents, other emergencies);
• operational dispatch communications (ensures the transfer of orders to the structural divisions of the Directorate, the timely dispatch of forces and means to the place of organization of fire extinguishing, emergency rescue operations, obtaining information from the places of organization of fire extinguishing, emergency rescue operations, transfer of information received to officials, organizations and city services, receiving messages about the departures of duty units and communication with fire trucks on the way, transmitting orders for the redeployment of equipment);
• communication in the organization of fire extinguishing, emergency rescue operations (provides clear and uninterrupted control of forces, their interaction and transmission of information from the place of organization of fire extinguishing, emergency rescue operations);
• administrative and managerial communications (includes all types of communications not related to the performance of operational and tactical tasks).

The notification communication ensures the transmission of messages about fires, accidents from applicants and automatic fire and security fire alarm devices to the EDDS "Rescue Service 01" and communication points of special fire departments.

Communication notification provides:

• connection of EDDS "Rescue Service 01" with the city telephone exchange by incoming trunk lines designed specifically for receiving notifications about fires, accidents via special trunk lines by dialing the two-digit number "01";
• receiving notifications from automatic fire and security fire alarm equipment installed at the most important facilities located in the area of ​​departure of a special fire department;
• connection by direct wire lines of EDDS "Rescue Service 01", PSC with the most important protected objects;
• connection by direct wire lines of the EDDS "Rescue Service 01" with the internal affairs bodies and private security units to receive messages about fires (operations of the alarm system, alarm system);
• connection of the personnel of the Office, equipped with radio communications with the EDDS "Rescue Service 01" or PSC via radio channels.

Operational dispatching communication provides:

• direct telephone and radio communication of EDDS "Rescue Service 01" with PSC;
• radio communication EDDS "Rescue Service 01" or PSC with fire trucks en route;
• direct telephone connection with life support services.

Communication in the organization of fire fighting, emergency rescue operations is intended to control forces, ensure their interaction and exchange of information.

To control the forces in organizing fire extinguishing, conducting emergency rescue operations, communication is established between the RTP and the operational headquarters, the head of logistics, the heads of fire extinguishing sections, emergency rescue operations and, if necessary, with fire trucks. Communication during the organization of fire extinguishing, carrying out emergency rescue operations ensures the management of the work of the departments of the Department and the receipt of information from them about the situation on the fire, accident.

To provide control, radio stations and loud-speaking installations of cars, as well as portable radio stations, telephone sets and automatic telephone exchanges, mobile phones, intercoms, electromegaphones are used.

For interaction between units working on a fire, conducting emergency rescue operations, a connection is established between the heads of units. In this case, portable radio stations, mobile telephones, intercoms and communication devices are used.

If it is impossible to use means of communication, control signals are used.

To ensure the transfer of information from the place of organizing fire extinguishing, conducting emergency rescue operations, communication is established between the RTP, the operational headquarters and the EDDS "Rescue Service 01" (PSCH) using the city telephone network or radio stations of fire trucks, communication and lighting vehicles, operational vehicles. At the same time, information is exchanged between the EDDS "Rescue Service 01" (PSCH) and departments of the Department located at the place of fire extinguishing and along the way, transmission of messages about the situation and the course of fire extinguishing; call for additional forces and means; transfer of RTP requirements to life support services.

When using radio communications on a fire, the RTP is obliged to ensure that all subscribers comply with the rules of radio exchange.

When the operational headquarters uses the subscriber telephone network, it is necessary to switch the subscriber's telephone line to the telephone set of the headquarters.

To ensure reliable communication when organizing fire extinguishing in underground structures in conditions of shielding of radio waves, the object’s telephone connection, loud-speaking notification installations, including megaphones, and mine-rescue communication equipment are used.

Administrative and managerial communication is intended to ensure the administrative and managerial activities of the Department.

For administrative and managerial communications, as a rule, urban, rural and departmental telephone networks and radio networks are used. If necessary, means of operational communications can be used, provided that this does not prejudice the performance of operational-tactical tasks.

Organization of activities of EDDS Rescue Service 01

The EDDS "Rescue Service 01" is entrusted with the following functions:

• receiving notifications about fires, accidents;
• timely dispatch of departments of the Department to the places of extinguishing fires or liquidating the consequences of accidents and natural disasters, and, if necessary, providing temporary relocation of departments, as well as notifying the management of the Department;
• providing operational and dispatching communications with units involved in extinguishing fires, conducting emergency rescue operations;
• transmission and reception of information from the place of work of units;
• ensuring reliable communication with the most important facilities and services interacting with the Directorate, located on the territory of the garrison;
• ensuring operational accounting of the fire equipment of the Directorate, located in the combat crew, in reserve, on assignment.

The EDDS "Rescue Service 01" is responsible for receiving messages and sending fire departments of neighboring cities, districts and individual objects to large fires.

Organization of HR activities

• receiving and recording information about a fire, an accident;
• receiving instructions on the direction of the combat crews of the duty guard (shift) to the place of fire extinguishing, the conduct of emergency rescue operations received from the dispatcher of the EDDS "Rescue Service 01";
• receiving notifications of fires coming from neighboring units of the garrison;
• dispatch of combat crews of the duty guard (shift) of the unit to the place of fire extinguishing, emergency work;
• maintaining communication with the fire trucks of the unit that went to the place of fire extinguishing, as well as when leaving for fire-tactical exercises and other garrison events;
• informing EDDS "Rescue Service 01", as well as officials and organizations about fires, accidents.

Organization and procedure for registering and documenting information on the EDDS "Rescue Service 01", PC.

On the EDDS "Rescue Service 01", the inverter is equipped with special equipment that is necessary to register all received and transmitted messages via radio and wired communication channels.

Control over the quality of the recording is carried out at least six times a day by the technical staff on duty.

The procedure for admission of persons to listening to a magnetic recording is determined by the order of the head of the Department.

The dispatcher (radio telephone operator) of the EDDS "Rescue Service 01", the FC, when accepting and handing over duty, without fail, records information on the acceptance and handover of duty on the equipment.

Responsibilities of communication officials

Head of the garrison

The head of the garrison in the field of organizing the activities of the communications service is obliged to:

• organize and control the work of the communication service and the development of measures for its development and improvement;
• know the structure of communications and the equipment of the garrison subdivisions with the means of communication of the GPS;
• periodically check the readiness and condition of communication facilities;
• control the organization and provision of measures to comply with the rules and security measures when working on communication facilities.

Head of Communication Service

The head of the communications service (non-standard communications service) reports to the head of the UGPS (OGPS), is an official of the garrison and is responsible for organizing communications, constant readiness for the use of technical means, their development, improvement, operation, timely submission of reports, applications for communications and operational -expendable materials.

He is obliged:

• organize communication between the units of the State Border Service, the most important objects of the national economy and life support services;
• ensure the timely development of a plan for the operation of communication facilities, determine the need for funds for the maintenance and operation of communication facilities and monitor their implementation;
• know the state of technical means of communication intended for the needs of the State Fire Service, organize their accounting and distribution by departments;
• analyze the work of the communication service, develop measures to improve it;
• organize special training of the personnel of the garrison, drill and permit admission to independent work on communications equipment and to their maintenance;
• exercise control over the reclamation work;
• organize and control the work of parts of the technical service (for the repair of communication equipment), metrological support of measuring instruments, issues of categorization and write-off of communication equipment;
• provide measures to comply with the rules and security measures when working on communications;
• to summarize and send to the supply authorities reports, requests for communication facilities and operating and consumables, to control the correctness and timeliness of their use.

Garrison Manager

The dispatcher of the garrison is operationally subordinate to the operational duty officer, and for the operation and maintenance of communications equipment - to the head of the communications service.

He is responsible for the work of the duty shift of the NCC to ensure: receiving messages and timely dispatch of units to fires, places of accidents and natural disasters, constant communication with the life support services of the city (facility), clear reception and transmission of orders from the head of the garrison, the operational duty officer for the garrison and the RTP operational accounting of forces and means in the garrison.

The dispatcher of the garrison must:

• know the operational situation in the garrison, the deployment and departure areas of the State Fire Service units, strongholds for extinguishing large fires, especially important objects to which units are sent at the first report of a fire by an increased call number, waterless areas (areas), technical equipment and tactical capabilities of guards, the location of the main stocks of fire extinguishing agents, as well as the location of the garrison units;
• control the operation of communications, recording and information equipment of the garrison and the procedure for their use;
• be able to use the official documentation of the NCC;
• ensure prompt reception of messages about fires, use a tape recorder to record incoming messages;
• to send units of the State Fire Service to fires according to the schedule for the departure of units of the garrison, the order of the RTP, the operational duty officer and the head of the garrison;
• in the event that an increased call number is provided for the facility, or taking into account the current situation on the fire, send additional forces and means;
• maintain contact with the duty unit of the internal affairs body, with the services of the city (facility) interacting with the State Fire Service, and, if necessary, send the forces and means of these services to the area of ​​fire (accident, natural disaster) in accordance with the established procedure;
• take all necessary measures to timely receive information about the situation from the place of work of the State Border Service units;
• to find out with the help of reference documentation, as well as through the relevant services, operational and tactical features, the level of gas contamination, the radiation situation at the fire site and, upon receipt of additional information, immediately report them to the RTP;
• to inform, in accordance with the established procedure, the officials of the garrison about the departure of the units and the situation at their place of work; report to the garrison officer on duty the information received about changes in the operational situation, as well as inform the duty guards (shifts)1 of the State Border Service units about this;
• perform temporary redeployment of the State Border Service units during the departure of guards by increased call numbers in accordance with the established procedure in the garrison;
• control the timeliness of the departure of the State Fire Service units for practical exercises (fire-tactical exercises, classes, training in a heat and smoke chamber, etc.);
• periodically check (at least twice a day) telephone and radio communications with fire departments, city services and facilities, as well as check the clocks located in the premises of the Central Control Center and at the PSC;
• strictly observe safety measures when working with the means of communication installed on the NCC and CPR

Senior Master of Communications NCC

The senior master of communications is directly subordinate to the communications and telesignaling engineer of the NCC.

The senior master of communication is obliged:

• to carry out round-the-clock control over the operation of communications, telesignaling and telemechanics in the garrison;
• to ensure, under the guidance of a communications engineer, the correct technical operation and uninterrupted operation of communication facilities, the rational use of equipment;
• to carry out preparation of communication facilities for operation, technical inspection of individual devices and assemblies, conduct test checks in order to timely detect malfunctions;
• carry out maintenance and repair of communication facilities installed in the center and subdivisions of the software;
• take part in checking the technical condition of communication facilities, acceptance of devices from overhaul, as well as in the acceptance and development of newly commissioned devices;
• keep records and analyze the indicators of the use of communication facilities, take part in the work on their modernization and improvement;
• perform the necessary tests, measurements and other types of work, process and formalize the results obtained in accordance with methodological materials, keep records of them;
• take part in the preparation and execution of technical documentation for the work performed.

Head of the GPS department

The head of the State Border Service subdivision is responsible for the maintenance and operation of the communication facilities of the subordinate subdivision.

He is obliged:

• know the regulatory documents for the operation, maintenance and repair of communications;
• know the availability and technical condition of communication facilities and the rules for their conservation and storage;
• to carry out and require subordinates to comply with security measures when working on communications equipment;
• control the work of persons responsible for the maintenance of communication facilities;
• ensure the timely dispatch of communication equipment for repairs, routine maintenance and receipt from repairs;
• control the maintenance of accounting and technical documentation;
• periodically check the status and readiness of communication facilities.

Dispatcher (radio telephone operator)

The dispatcher (radiotelephonist) of the PSCH reports to the head of the guard of the GPS unit, and in operational terms - to the garrison dispatcher. He is responsible for the clear reception, transmission and registration of messages arriving at the unit's communication point, the timely dispatch of units to fires, accidents and natural disasters.

He is obliged:

• know the operational fire situation in the area of ​​departure of the State Fire Service units, the list of objects for which operational plans and fire extinguishing cards are drawn up or units are sent in case of fire by an increased call number, waterless areas, the location of important and fire hazardous objects, driveways and water sources, as well as the main tactical technical data of fire trucks (ships, trains) available in the garrison;
• be able to quickly receive messages about a fire and use the reference documentation of the PSC;
• check the operation of communication and signaling equipment at the PSC when taking up duty, and also periodically during the process of duty keep them clean and in good order, report all malfunctions to the head of the guard and the garrison dispatcher;
• maintain contact with the services of the area (objects) interacting with the fire department, and, if necessary, send the forces and means of these services to the area of ​​the fire (accident, natural disaster) in accordance with the established procedure;
• upon receipt of messages about the closure of passages, failure of the fire water supply, communication breakdowns and other changes in the operational fire situation, immediately report to the head of the guard and the dispatcher of the garrison;
• when calling by phone, answer: “Fire brigade”;
• having received a message about a fire by phone, without interrupting the conversation, turn on the alarm, and at night and additional lighting of the premises, fill out a ticket for the departure of the guard and its copies according to the number of departing departments, establish the address of the fire, the name and telephone number of the applicant, and if possible – other information about the fire that could affect the successful extinguishing of the fire;
• hand over the permit to the head of the guard, informing him of the available information about the object and the nature of the fire, keep one copy of the permit;
• together with a ticket (token) to leave, hand over to the head of the guard an operational card (plan) for extinguishing a fire (if any have been developed for this object);
• when receiving an “alarm” signal from a fire alarm detector, give a return signal, take the detector tokens, carefully compare the numbers of the tokens with the numbers of the triggered detector and transfer them to the head of the guard;
• upon receipt of an “alarm” signal from the fire alarm installation, arrange the departure of the guard in the same way as when receiving a notice by phone;
• upon receipt of a message about a fire at an object to which automatic dispatch of forces and means is provided for by an increased call number, immediately inform the garrison dispatcher about this;
• on the departure of the guard, the direction of additional forces and means, information received from the place of work of the guard, on the return of the guard, inform the dispatcher of the garrison and officials in the prescribed manner;
• establish and maintain contact with the guard that went to the fire (to the place of an accident, natural disaster, to practical exercises), taking into account the characteristics of the object, find out with the help of reference documentation, as well as through the relevant services, the operational and tactical features of the object, the level of gas contamination, the radiation situation, expected changes in weather conditions, etc. and upon receipt of additional information, immediately report them to the dispatcher of the garrison and the head of the guard;
• take all necessary measures to timely receive information about the situation from the place of work of the State Border Service unit and immediately transmit the received instructions and information to the NCC;
• upon receipt of a notice of a fire outside the area of ​​departure of this unit of the State Fire Service, immediately transfer it to the NCC or to the unit of the State Fire Service, in the protection area of ​​​​which the fire occurred, and report this to the head of the guard;
• record in the log of the point of contact parts of the time of receipt and content of messages (indicating the names of those who reported fires, accidents, natural disasters, failure of hydrants, water supply networks, roads, passages, communications, etc.), orders and messages from the fire site , accidents, natural disasters, time of departure, arrival at the place of call and return of the guard on duty (including classes and exercises), to which of the officials, when and what information was transmitted, what and when was done according to the messages received and in pursuance of the orders received etc.;
• keep records of objects with round-the-clock stay of people (kindergartens, medical institutions, etc.);
• allow only the head of the guard and his direct superiors, as well as persons responsible for the maintenance of communication equipment, to enter the premises of the communication point.

Part-commander

The squad leader reports to the head of the guard, and operationally - to the head of the combat section.

He is responsible for carrying out maintenance, for the technical condition, serviceability and safety of the communications equipment taken out by the communications and lighting vehicle.

He is obliged:

• to know perfectly the tactical and technical data, the device and the procedure for using the communication equipment on board the ASO;
• quickly identify and eliminate malfunctions and damages that occur during the operation of communication facilities;
• study and generalize the causes of malfunctions and failures and take measures to prevent them;
• maintain technical documentation in a timely and correct manner;
• take safety measures when working with communication means;
• to leave on alarm in accordance with the schedule of departure for a fire.

When working on a fire, the commander of the ASO department is obliged to:

• quickly organize uninterrupted radio and wire communications in accordance with the task;
• bring the combat mission to each fighter in the amount necessary for its implementation;
• personally supervise the deployment, movement and operation of funds;
• check the operation of the equipment, the correct laying of the power cable and the inclusion of wired communication lines when deploying communication facilities;
• in case of damage to the means of communication, immediately take measures to eliminate it and report the incident to the chief of staff;
• keep a clear record of issued portable radio stations; constantly monitor the observance by personnel of safety measures when working with electrical installations and means of communication.

Senior firefighter radiotelephonist

The senior firefighter-radio telephone operator working at the radio station in the ASO cabin reports to the squad leader and replaces the squad leader in his absence.

He is responsible for the timely establishment of radio communications with the NCC, combat sites and operational headquarters and the technical condition of the equipment assigned to him,

When the ASO leaves the unit to the place of the call, the senior firefighter-radio telephone operator is obliged to establish communication with the NCC, and report to the squad leader after establishing communication.

When working on a fire, the senior firefighter-radio operator must:

• ensure continuous radio communication with the NCC, combat sites, operational headquarters, transmit and receive radiograms (messages), when transmitting, it is imperative to receive confirmation of the correctness of the received;
• quickly receive radiograms and hand them over to the operational headquarters;
• know the radio communication scheme of the garrison and be able to use the current negotiation tables;
• make tape recordings;
• accurately follow the rules and maintain the established procedure for conducting radio traffic in radio networks;
• turn on, at the direction of the head of the guard (squad commander), ASO amplifying devices;
• in the event of a malfunction of the equipment assigned to him, report to the squad leader and take measures to eliminate it.

The senior firefighter-radio telephone operator, working at the headquarters table, reports to the squad leader and the head of the operational headquarters. He is responsible for the timely inclusion of the telephone in the city network and the connection of the table equipment to the ACO equipment.

Upon arrival at the scene of a fire, the senior firefighter-radiotelephone operator must:

• set the staff table in the specified place;
• connect the telephone to the city telephone network, check and report the phone number to the NCC;
• connect the command table to the equipment of the communication vehicle with a cable and check the operation of the equipment;
• be constantly at the table and monitor incoming signals and messages;
• in the event of a malfunction of the equipment assigned to him, report to the head of the guard (commander of the squad) and take measures to eliminate it;
• make the necessary entries in the workbook (notebook).

Firefighter radiotelephonist

The firefighter-radio telephone operator working on the ACO switchboard is subordinate to the squad leader and is responsible for turning on the switchboard, connecting telephone lines to the car's line panel and connecting subscribers.

He is obliged:

• know the connection diagram, the numbers of combat areas and their telephone numbers, as well as the telephone numbers of the city network used in the fire;
• be constantly at the switchboard, monitor ringing signals;
• when receiving a call, answer: “Communication vehicle” and then connect;
• if the desired subscriber is busy or the line is not working, answer: “Busy” or “Line is not working”;
• after making a connection, make sure that the subscribers are talking;
• monitor clearing signals on the switch;
• in the absence of a conversation, interrogate the subscribers with the word “We have spoken”, after which, if no answer is received, disconnect;
• provide out of turn the line of the RTP, the chief of staff and the dispatcher of the garrison (duty unit). When disconnecting subscribers, the latter must be warned (for example: “I am disconnecting by order of the RTP”);
• in the event of a switchboard malfunction or no response from subscribers, report to the squad leader and take measures to eliminate the malfunction,
• make entries in the hardware log;
• the radiotelephonist working at the switchboard is responsible for issuing and receiving portable radios and maintains an entry in the radio issuing and receiving log.

A radiotelephone operator working with a portable radio station is subordinate to the head of the guard (commander of the squad) and the person at whose disposal he is sent.

He is obliged:

• establish and maintain communication with radio stations operating on fire;
• know the call signs of radio stations working on fire;
• conduct negotiations in compliance with the rules of radio exchange;
• have a pencil and notepad to write on.

The radiotelephonist working with the telephone is subordinate to the head of the guard (commander of the department) and the person at whose disposal he is sent, and is responsible for the serviceability of the telephone, the timely establishment and uninterrupted operation of the communication line.

He is obliged:

• after laying the line and turning on the telephone set, check their serviceability, report to the switch;
• know the subscriber numbers of the switch;
• do not leave the device, waiting for a call signal from the switch;
• when called, answer: “The first section (for example, Ivanov’s section) is listening,” and then enter into a conversation;
• conduct negotiations briefly, without unnecessary words and only on matters of an official nature;
• prevent the use of the phone by unauthorized persons;
• upon receipt of an order by telephone, quickly and accurately convey them to the addressee;
• immediately notify the radiotelephone operator working on the switch about the transfer of the device to a new location and the temporary termination of communication;
• handle the telephone with care and protect it from dust and moisture;
• have a notepad to record messages.

Deputy Head of the Communications Department

The Deputy Head of the Communications Section reports to the Head of the Communications Section.

He is obliged:

• ensure the timely preparation of annual, quarterly, monthly production targets and reports on the repair and manufacture of communications equipment;
• manage the preparation of production, the development of technical documentation, logistics, provision of equipment, tools and components;
• carry out constant monitoring of the quality of repair of communication facilities, manufactured products, their completeness and deadlines;
• introduce new methods and technological processes for the repair and manufacture of communications equipment;
• develop and implement measures for the mechanization of labor-intensive processes and diagnostics of communication equipment;
• exercise control over the correct and rational use of materials, repair kits, electricity, fuel, as well as compliance with safety measures;
• organize accounting of communication facilities at least twice a year;
• in the absence of the head of the communications unit, perform his duties.

Discipline and communication rules

Radio communication rules:

Messaging involves the transmission and reception of telephone messages, radiograms, telegrams, graphic and text images, signals, commands, etc.

According to the content of the messages are divided into operational and service. The exchange of operational messages is carried out on the management of the units of the State Fire Service and life support services in their combat activities. The exchange of official messages is carried out when establishing and checking communications and when resolving issues of the administrative and economic activities of the garrison.

Messaging should be brief. Conducting all sorts of private requests and private negotiations between subscribers is strictly prohibited.

The list of issues on which messages are exchanged in clear text is determined by the head of the UGPS (OGPS).

Establishing a connection is carried out in the form: “Angara! I am Falcon! Answer”, “Falcon! I am Angara! Welcome!”.

If it is necessary to send messages, the caller, after establishing a connection, sends it in the form: “Angara! I am Falcon! Receive the message” (text follows), “I am the Falcon, welcome!”. On receipt of the message, a response is given in the form: "Falcon! I am Angara” (text message repeated) I'm Angara, over!”.

The operator notifies of the end of communication with the words: “End connection”. The transmission of messages should be carried out slowly, clearly, distinctly. It is necessary to speak in a full voice, but not to shout, since the clarity and clarity of the transmission are disturbed by the cry.

With poor audibility and ambiguity, difficult-to-pronounce words are spelled out, with each letter being transmitted as a separate word according to the following table:

The transmission of digital text is carried out according to the following rules:

• two-digit groups 34, 82 are transmitted by voice: thirty-four, eighty-two, etc.;
• three-digit groups 126, 372 - one hundred twenty-six, three hundred seventy-two, etc.;
• four-digit groups 2873, 4594 - twenty-eight seventy-three; forty-five ninety-four, etc.;
• five-digit groups 32481, 76359 - thirty-two four hundred and eighty-one; seventy-six three hundred fifty-nine, etc.;

In case of poor hearing, it is allowed to convey each digit in words: one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, zero.

When transferring from the scene of a fire, it is necessary to adhere to the following exemplary message texts:

• “Arrived at the place of call. Reconnaissance in progress"
• “It burns in the attic of a four-story building. Send an extra ladder.”
• “We arrived at the place of the call, the short circuit of the electrical wires. Send the emergency electrical service.”
• “The fire has been extinguished, dismantling is underway”

Communication quality is assessed according to a five-point system:

• 5-excellent communication (interference is not heard, words are legible);
• 4-good communication (interference is heard, words are legible);
• 3-satisfactory connection (interference is strongly heard, intelligibility is insufficient);
• 2-unsatisfactory communication (noise is so great that words are difficult to understand);
• 1 reception is not possible.

If no response is received from the called subscriber for three consecutive calls within 1-2 minutes, the dispatcher (radio operator) is obliged to report to the NCC about the lack of communication.

All radio stations must operate only on their assigned frequency channels. Work on other frequency channels, with the exception of cases of entry into the radio network of life support services, is prohibited.

The call signs of radio stations are assigned by the technical departments (departments) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Central Internal Affairs Directorate, the Internal Affairs Directorate of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The assignment of arbitrary callsigns is strictly prohibited.

Before starting a transmission, the radio operator, by listening on the frequency of his transmitter, must make sure that this frequency is not occupied by other network subscribers.

Only the main radio stations and radio stations operating at the fire site are allowed to interfere in the radio exchange between two radio stations, if necessary, call additional forces and announce an increased fire number.

It is allowed to check the passage of radio communication only by transmitting the words of the ordinal count: “I give the score for tuning: one, two, three, four, five…”. It is prohibited to check the radio communication channel with an increased call number and through negotiations.

Only persons who have undergone special training and have the appropriate permission from the head of the UGPS (OGPS) are allowed to work at the radio stations of the State Fire Service.

Call handling and receiving information

Call processing is carried out in the prescribed manner by the duty dispatcher (radio telephone operator) of the fire department and includes:

• receiving from the applicant and fixing information about the fire;
• assessment of the information received and making a decision on sending to the place of call forces and means provided for by the departure schedule (plan for attracting forces and means);
• giving an “ALARM” signal;
• preparation and delivery (transfer) to the official heading the guard on duty or the shift on duty (hereinafter referred to as the head of the guard), a ticket to go to the fire, as well as, if necessary, operational fire fighting plans (cards) and other information about the burning object.

When receiving information from the applicant about the fire, the dispatcher on duty should, if possible, fully establish:

• the address of the fire or other information about the place of the fire;
• the presence and nature of the danger to human life and health;
• features of the object on which the fire occurred;
• surname, name, patronymic of the applicant;
• other information (including the applicant's phone number) about the fire that could affect the successful completion of the main combat mission.

The “ALARM” signal is given immediately after the address or other information about the place of the fire is established and the decision to leave is made.

Call processing should be completed in the shortest possible time and not delay departure and following to the fire site.

If necessary and if it is technically possible, information about the fire can be transmitted by the dispatcher to the head of the guard by radio communication during his journey to the place of fire.

Automatic fire alarm installations

Purpose, types, general information about the device and the principle of operation

Automatic fire alarm systems- are a set of fire alarm technical means designed (in the event of a fire) to automatically or manually turn on the “Fire” signal on the addressable control panel (PKP) by means of automatic or manual addressable fire detectors of protected premises.

The most important area of ​​application of fire automatics:

1. Places with mass stay of people.
2. Fire and explosion hazardous industries.
3. Unmanned productions.
4. Aviation, trains, watercraft.

Device:

• fire detectors;
• receiving stations, receiving and control devices (PKP);
• communication lines (loops);
• power sources (main, backup);
• sound and light signaling devices.

The main types of fire detectors:

1. Manual action.
2. Automatic:

– (IP 104-1, IP 105-2/1(ITM)) - are designed to issue an alarm when the air temperature rises to the established norm in order to detect a fire and generate an alarm on the control panel and fire alarm devices.

Principle of operation: when the ambient temperature rises above 72ºС, the circuit breaks and a signal is sent to the control panel.

– (IDF-1M, IP 212-2 (DIP-2)) - designed to detect fire in the premises when smoke appears and to send a signal to the control panel. The principle of operation is based on the registration of light scattered by smoke particles. They consist of an optical unit and a semiconductor amplifier placed in a housing.

– smoke radioisotopes(RID-1, RID-6M) – designed to detect smoke at a controlled object and transmit a signal to the control panel.

– (DIP-1) – designed to detect fires accompanied by the manifestation of smoke or an increase in temperature in enclosed spaces, the climatic conditions of which correspond to the operating conditions of the detector.

ultrasonic- are triggered when the ultrasonic field of the protected premises changes under the influence of fire.

– voluminous– are triggered when the volume in the protected area changes.

Safety precautions when working with communications and fire alarms

The design of fire alarms should be carried out taking into account the possibility of meeting the safety requirements during installation, commissioning, acceptance and operation of the installation, which are set out in the current regulatory and technical documentation for this type of installation.

Grounding and grounding of devices and equipment of installations must be carried out in accordance with the PUE and comply with the requirements of the technical documentation for the equipment.

Additional safety requirements may be imposed on fire alarms, taking into account the conditions of their use.

Places where testing and repair work are carried out should be equipped with warning signs with the meaning “Caution! Other hazards” according to GOST 12.4.026 and an explanatory inscription “Tests are in progress!” or “Repair”, as well as instructions and safety rules. The start and end of testing and repair work must be reported to the fire station of the facility or to the territorial authorities of the State Fire Service.

Before commissioning, the fire alarm must be run-in for at least 1 month. At the same time, all cases of fire alarm activation or control of the automatic start-up of the installation should be recorded by an automatic registration device or in a special log book by duty personnel (with a round-the-clock stay), followed by an analysis of their causes. In the absence of false positives or other violations during this time, the unit switches to automatic operation. If failures continue to occur during the specified period, the installation must be re-adjusted and checked.

signal intercoms

Purpose, device, rules of operation and operation (on the example of Motorolla, TACT 701, TON-16).

Tactical and technical characteristics of radio stations

Motorola P 040 radio station

Description:

Unlike any other type of communication, radio communication allows you to quickly contact both individual users and entire groups of subscribers. This is the power of two-way radio communication. The P-series radios provide essential communications features while being easy to use and cost effective.

Peculiarities:

16 channels (from 01.08.02)
2 programmable keys

Equipment:

1. Transceiver.
2. Battery.
3. Belt attachment.
4. Antenna.
5. Technical description

Functions:

Signaling

P-series radios support the Motorola Private Line™ signaling system. Thanks to the filtering of calls that do not belong to your group, several groups of subscribers can work on the same frequency channel without interfering with each other.

Speech Compression X-Pand and Low Level Expand

This technology includes a compander noise reduction system in pauses (LLE), which explains the high quality. This leads to an increase in the range of radio communication due to noise reduction.

A mode of operation with a headphone and microphones, in which, thanks to VOX, the hands are not occupied.

Selecting the transmit power level

The user of the Motorola P040 radio station can select the power level:

Low power - to increase the operating time on a single battery charge;

High power - to increase the range of radio communication.

Talk timer

This important feature limits the talk time and therefore does not allow a single user to use the communication channel for a long time.

Programmable Frequency Grid

Provides quick and easy transition to a different frequency grid step when working in various systems.

Compact and robust design

The radio is compact, durable and easy to use. The P-series radios meet US military standards for harsh environments and IP54 specifications for rain and dust.

FM Explosion Proof

P-series radios have been Facktory Mutual certified for use in explosive environments.

Expansion of possibilities due to additional functional boards

You can expand the capabilities of your P-series radio by installing one of the following feature boards:

• SmarTrunk II for easy trunking
• Transcrypt encryption to ensure message privacy.

Communication mode directly without repeater

If you are using a repeater, the direct link feature allows you to switch to local link mode at the touch of a button if needed.

Scanning

The P-series radios support scan mode, which allows you to automatically track calls that belong to your group and occur on different frequency channels.

Busy channel lock

This feature prevents users from interrupting the conversation.

Portable radio station TACT 701

Portable tactical radio stations TACT-701 P23 #22 and TACT-701 P45 #22 are new models of TACT-701 radio stations for professional use, which have many standard features and new features. The radio stations have an output power of 5 W and operate in the extended VHF or DTSV frequency band. They are lightweight, highly reliable, compact and easy to handle. All modes of operation of the radio station are displayed through LED indication and sound alarm. The assessment of the state of discharge of the battery is made by pressing a specially programmed button, through an audible message of the level of discharge with a level gradation of four digits. In the event of a deep discharge of the battery, the LED indicator flashes red and every 30 seconds. a triple warning tone sounds to indicate that it needs to be recharged immediately. The choice of one of 16 programmable channels is carried out by simply turning the channel selector knob.

When the “channel notification” function is activated, a voice confirmation sounds in Russian of the current channel number. The message is issued at the time of turning on the radio station and when switching channels.

It is possible to remotely lock and unlock radio stations. Radio stations are programmed through specialized software TACE.464511.003 software. The software runs under Windows OS.

Design reliability

New materials and design features have been used to ensure high reliability and durability.

The body of the radio stations is made of specialized high-strength ABS plastic, rigid cast aluminum frame-chassis. The reliable mechanism of fastening of the accumulator is applied.

User Information

Radio stations have various built-in functions and modes: "automatic scanning"; "monitor" - to listen to the channel without noise reduction; "VOX" - to automatically switch on the transmission by voice; "lonely worker" - for manual confirmation of being in touch on an automatic request; "whisper" - for transmission with normal quality of messages uttered in a low voice; built-in speech compander to improve transmission quality; built-in inverse type scrambler; sensor "falling a person - the horizontal position of the radio station" (optional); three programmable function buttons; built-in electronic serial number (ESN); 3-stage low power setting; switchable frequency grid step. Pressing the programmed Call 1 / Call 2 button transmits a pre-stored DTMF code, 2/5 tone or HDC1200 / HDC2400 compatible code. It is possible to select the “emergency call” function, in this case, when a certain button is pressed, depending on the programmed functions, a siren signal sounds, is sent on the air to a specific number in the emergency identification number (ENI) system, and the environment listening mode is activated. The "Talk around" function allows you to quickly switch to transmission on the receiving frequency to establish communication in simplex mode. Each radio comes with a charger and a 2100 mAh Li-Ion rechargeable battery. designed to operate at temperatures up to -30°C. The operating time of the radio station is up to 15 hours (operating mode reception: transmission: waiting 5:5:90).

Extension

Modification of radios with an internal connector allows you to install additional boards that expand their functionality. Thus, the use of specialized scramblers from various manufacturers in radio stations, for example, UPR 04XK100 (04XK200), allows you to completely close the speech information transmitted over the radio channel.

Signaling

The radios have built-in CTCSS (Tone Squelch), DTCS (Digital Squelch), 2/5 tone encoders/decoders and are compatible with HDC1200 / HDC2400 systems.

Dispatcher (radio telephone operator) reports to the head of the guard of the GPS unit, and operationally - to the garrison dispatcher. He is responsible for the clear reception, transmission and registration of messages arriving at the unit's communication point, the timely dispatch of units to fires, accidents and natural disasters. He is obliged:

know the operational fire situation in the area of ​​departure of the State Fire Service units, the list of objects for which operational plans and fire extinguishing cards are drawn up or units are sent in case of fire by an increased call number, waterless areas, the location of important and fire hazardous objects, passages and water sources, as well as the main tactical technical data of fire trucks (ships, trains) available in the garrison;

be able to quickly receive messages about a fire and use the reference documentation of the PSC;

check the operation of communication and signaling equipment at the PSC when taking up duty, and also periodically during the process of duty keep them clean and in good order, report all malfunctions to the head of the guard and the garrison dispatcher;

maintain contact with the services of the area (objects) interacting with the fire department, and, if necessary, send the forces and means of these services to the area of ​​the fire (accident, natural disaster) in accordance with the established procedure;

upon receipt of messages about the closure of passages, failure of the fire water supply, communication breakdowns and other changes in the operational fire situation, immediately report to the head of the guard and the dispatcher of the garrison;

when calling by phone, answer: "Fire brigade";

having received a message about a fire by phone, without interrupting the conversation, turn on the alarm, and at night and additional lighting of the premises, fill out a ticket for the departure of the guard and its copies according to the number of departing departments, establish the address of the fire, the name and telephone number of the applicant, and if possible - other information about the fire that could affect the successful extinguishing of the fire;

hand over the ticket to the head of the guard, informing him of the available information about the object and the nature of the fire, keep one copy of the ticket;

together with a ticket (token) to leave, hand over to the head of the guard an operational card (plan) for extinguishing a fire (if any have been developed for this object);

when receiving an "alarm" signal from a fire alarm detector, give a return signal, take the detector tokens, carefully check the numbers of the tokens with the numbers of the triggered detector and transfer them to the head of the guard;

upon receipt of an "alarm" signal from the fire alarm installation, arrange the departure of the guard in the same way as when receiving a notice by phone;

upon receipt of a message about a fire at an object to which automatic dispatch of forces and means is provided for by an increased call number, immediately inform the garrison dispatcher about this;

on the departure of the guard, the direction of additional forces and means, information received from the place of work of the guard, on the return of the guard, inform the dispatcher of the garrison and officials in the prescribed manner;

establish and maintain contact with the guard that went to the fire (to the place of an accident, natural disaster, to practical exercises), taking into account the characteristics of the object, find out with the help of reference documentation, as well as through the relevant services, the operational and tactical features of the object, the level of gas contamination, the radiation situation, expected changes in weather conditions, etc. and upon receipt of additional information, immediately report them to the garrison dispatcher and the head of the guard;

take all necessary measures to timely receive information about the situation from the place of work of the State Border Service unit and immediately transmit the received instructions and information to the NCC;

upon receipt of a notice of a fire outside the area of ​​departure of this unit of the State Fire Service, immediately transfer it to the NCC or to the unit of the State Fire Service, in the protection area of ​​​​which the fire occurred, and report this to the head of the guard;

record in the log of the point of contact parts of the time of receipt and content of messages (indicating the names of those who reported fires, accidents, natural disasters, failure of hydrants, water supply networks, roads, passages, communications, etc.), orders and messages from the fire site , accidents, natural disasters, time of departure, arrival at the place of call and return of the guard on duty (including classes and exercises), to which of the officials, when and what information was transmitted, what and when was done according to the messages received and in pursuance of the orders received etc.;

keep records of objects with round-the-clock stay of people (kindergartens, medical institutions, etc.);

allow only the head of the guard and his direct superiors, as well as persons responsible for the maintenance of communication equipment, to enter the premises of the communication point.

Radiotelephonist operating a portable radio, reports to the head of the guard (commander of the squad) and the person at whose disposal he is sent. He is obliged:

establish and maintain communication with radio stations operating on fire;

know the call signs of radio stations working on fire;

have a pencil and notepad to write on.

Radiotelephonist working with telephone, reports to the head of the guard (commander of the department) and the person at whose disposal it is sent, and is responsible for the serviceability of the telephone, the timely establishment and uninterrupted operation of the communication line. He is obliged:

after laying the line and turning on the telephone set, check their serviceability, report to the switch;

know the subscriber numbers of the switch;

do not leave the device, waiting for a call signal from the switch;

when called, answer: "1 section (for example, Ivanov's section) is listening", and then enter into a conversation;

conduct negotiations briefly, without unnecessary words and only on matters of an official nature;

prevent the use of the phone by unauthorized persons;

upon receipt of an order by telephone, quickly and accurately convey them to the addressee;

immediately notify the p / telephone operator working on the switch about the transfer of the device to a new location and the temporary termination of communication;

handle the telephone with care and protect it from dust and moisture;

have a notepad to record messages.

Radio communication rules.

Messaging involves the transmission and reception of telephone messages, radiograms, telegrams, graphic and text images, signals, commands, etc.

According to the content of the messages are divided into operational and service. The exchange of operational messages is carried out on the management of the units of the State Fire Service and life support services in their combat activities. The exchange of official messages is carried out when establishing and checking communications and when resolving issues of the administrative and economic activities of the garrison.

Messaging should be brief. Conducting all sorts of private requests and private negotiations between subscribers is strictly prohibited.

The list of issues on which messages are exchanged in clear text is determined by the head of the UGPS (OGPS).

Establishing a connection is carried out in the form: "Angara! I'm Falcon! Answer", "Falcon! I'm Angara! Over!".

If it is necessary to send messages, the caller, after establishing a connection, sends it in the form: "Angara! I am the Falcon! Accept the message" (the text follows), "I am the Falcon, welcome!". On receipt of the message, a response is given in the form: "Falcon! I am Angara" (repeated message text), I'm Angara, over!".

The operator notifies of the end of communication with the words: "End of Communication". The transmission of messages should be carried out slowly, clearly, distinctly. It is necessary to speak in a full voice, but not to shout, since the clarity and clarity of the transmission are disturbed by the cry.

With poor audibility and ambiguity, difficult-to-pronounce words are spelled out, with each letter being transmitted as a separate word according to the following table:

Three-digit groups 126, 372 - one hundred and twenty-six, three hundred and seventy-two, etc.;

Four-digit groups 2873, 4594 - twenty-eight seventy-three; forty-five ninety-four, etc.;

Five-digit groups 32481, 76359 - thirty two four hundred and eighty one; seventy-six three hundred fifty-nine, etc.;

In case of poor hearing, it is allowed to convey each digit in words: one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, zero.

When transferring from the scene of a fire, it is necessary to adhere to the following exemplary message texts:

- "Arrived at the place of call. Reconnaissance is being carried out"

- "It burns in the attic of a four-story building. Send an additional ladder."

- "Arrived at the place of call, the short circuit of the electrical wires. Send the emergency power supply service."

- "The fire has been extinguished, dismantling is underway"

Communication quality is assessed according to a five-point system:

5-excellent communication (interference is not heard, words are legible);

4-good communication (interference is heard, words are legible);

3-satisfactory connection (interference is strongly heard, intelligibility is insufficient);

2-unsatisfactory communication (noise is so great that words are difficult to understand);

1 reception is not possible.

If no response is received from the called subscriber for three consecutive calls within 1-2 minutes, the dispatcher (radio operator) is obliged to report to the NCC about the lack of communication.

All radio stations must operate only on their assigned frequency channels. Work on other frequency channels, with the exception of cases of entry into the radio network of life support services, is prohibited.

The call signs of radio stations are assigned by the technical departments (departments) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Central Internal Affairs Directorate, the Internal Affairs Directorate of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The assignment of arbitrary callsigns is strictly prohibited.

Before starting a transmission, the radio operator, by listening on the frequency of his transmitter, must make sure that this frequency is not occupied by other network subscribers.

Only the main radio stations and radio stations operating at the fire site are allowed to interfere in the radio exchange between two radio stations, if necessary, call additional forces and announce an increased fire number.

It is allowed to check the passage of radio communication only by transmitting the words of the ordinal count: "I'll give you the count for tuning: one, two, three, four, five...". It is prohibited to check the radio communication channel with an increased call number and through negotiations.

Only persons who have undergone special training and have the appropriate permission from the head of the UGPS (OGPS) are allowed to work at the radio stations of the State Fire Service.

Call processing and receiving information.

Call processing is carried out in the prescribed manner by the duty dispatcher (radio telephone operator) of the fire department and includes:

Receiving from the applicant and fixing information about the fire;

Evaluation of the information received and making a decision on sending forces and means to the place of call, provided for by the departure schedule (plan for attracting forces and means);

Giving signal "ALARM";

Preparation and delivery (transfer) to the official heading the guard on duty or the shift on duty (hereinafter referred to as the head of the guard), a ticket to go to the fire, as well as, if necessary, operational fire fighting plans (cards) and other information about the burning object.

When receiving information from the applicant about the fire, the dispatcher on duty should, if possible, fully establish:

The presence and nature of the danger to human life and health;

Features of the object on which the fire occurred;

Surname, name, patronymic of the applicant;

Other information (including the applicant's phone number) about the fire that could affect the successful completion of the main combat mission.

The "ALARM" signal is given immediately after the establishment of the address or other information about the place of the fire and the decision to leave.

Call processing should be completed in the shortest possible time and not delay departure and following to the fire site.

If necessary and if it is technically possible, information about the fire can be transmitted by the dispatcher to the head of the guard by radio communication during his journey to the place of fire.

Rapid detection and signaling of a fire, timely call of fire departments and fire warning of people in the zone of possible danger, allows you to quickly localize fires, evacuate and take the necessary measures to extinguish the fire. Therefore, enterprises should be provided with communication facilities and fire alarm and warning systems.

To transmit a message about a fire at any time of the day, you can use special and general-purpose telephones, radio communications, and centralized fire alarm installations. Fire warning systems should ensure, in accordance with the developed evacuation plans, the transmission of warning signals simultaneously throughout the house (structure), and, if necessary, sequentially or selectively in its individual parts (section floors). The number of detectors (speakers), their location and power must provide the necessary audibility in all places where people stay. For the transmission of alert texts and evacuation control, it is allowed to use internal radio broadcasting networks. The room from which the fire alarm system is controlled should be located on the lower floors of buildings, at the entrance to the stairwells, in places with round-the-clock stay of duty personnel.

The fastest and most reliable means of detecting signs of fire and signaling a fire is considered to be an automatic fire alarm installation (AUPS), which must work around the clock. Depending on the connection scheme, beam (radial) and ring AUPS are distinguished (Fig. 4.37). The principle of operation of the AUPS is as follows: when at least one of the detectors is triggered, a "Fire" signal is sent to the control panel.

Rice. 4.37. Schemes of radial (a) and ring (b) connections in AUPS: 1 - detectors; 2 - receiving and control device; 3 - power supply from the mains; 4 - emergency power supply unit; 5 - power switching system; 6 - connecting wires

Addressable fire detectors are included only in radial networks; in this case, the place of ignition is determined by the number of the loop (beam) that issued the "Fire" signal. Addressed fire detectors are included in networks of both radial and ring types; the ignition address is determined by the installation location of the detector that issued the "Fire" signal, according to its address number.

At fire and explosion hazardous facilities, AUPS, in addition to signaling a fire, can issue commands to the control circuits of automatic fire extinguishing, smoke removal, fire warning, ventilation, technological and electrical equipment of the facility.

AUPS according to the method of transmitting messages (notifications) about a fire are divided into autonomous and centralized. In autonomous AUPS installations, the "Fire" alarm signal from the detector is sent to the control panel, which is installed in a room with round-the-clock stay of duty personnel. The next one calls the fire brigade's reception post and transmits information. In centralized AUPS, fire alerts from control panels are transmitted via a communication channel (for example, a pager communication channel or a radio channel) to a centralized fire monitoring console.

Manual fire detector

One of the main elements of the AUPS is fire detectors - devices that generate a fire signal. There are manual and automatic fire detectors. The manual fire detector (Fig. 4.38, a) turns on the person who discovered the fire by pressing the start button. They can be used to signal a fire from the company's premises. Inside the building, manual call points are installed as additional technical means of automatic AUPS.

Rice. 4.38. Fire detectors: a - manual IR-P; b - thermal IP-105; c - smoke IPD-1; g - flame detector IP

Automatic fire detectors

They work without human intervention, from the impact on them of factors that accompany a fire: an increase in temperature, the appearance of smoke or flame.

Thermal fire detectors

According to the principle of operation, they are divided into: maximum (IT-B, IT2-B, IP-105, SPTM-70), which are triggered when Pirogovo reaches the air temperature at the place of their installation; differential (Hb 871-20), which respond to the rate of increase of the temperature gradient; maximum differential (IT1-MGB, V-601), which are triggered by one or another prevailing temperature change.

The principles of operation and design of thermal fire detectors can be different: using low-melting materials that are destroyed as a result of exposure to elevated temperatures; using thermoelectromotive force; using the dependence of the electrical resistance of elements on temperature; using temperature deformations of materials; using the dependence of magnetic induction on temperature, etc.

The fire detector IP-105 (see Fig. 4.38, b) is a magnetic contact device with a contact output. It works on the principle of changing magnetic induction under the influence of high temperature. As the air temperature rises, the magnetic field decreases, and when the threshold temperature is reached, the contact located in the sealed chamber opens. In this case, a "Fire" signal is sent to the control panel.

Smoke detectors

Smoke is detected by a photoelectric (optical) or radioisotope method. The principle of operation of the optical fire smoke detector IPD-1 (see Fig. 4.38, c) is based on the registration of scattered light (Tyndall effect). An infrared emitter and receiver located in an optical chamber in such a way that the rays from the emitter cannot reach the receiver directly. In the event of a fire, smoke enters the optical chamber of the detector. Light from the emitter is scattered by smoke particles (Fig. 4.39) and enters the receiver. As a result, a "Fire" signal is generated and fed to the control panel. In a radioisotope smoke detector, the sensitive element is an ionization chamber with a source of a-radiation (Fig. 4.40). The smoke that is generated during a fire reduces the degree of ionization in the chamber and is registered by the detector.

Rice. 4.39. Scattering of the light flux by particles smoke: 1 - source 2 - smoky environment; 3 - smoke particles

Rice. 4.40. Ionization light chamber (emitter) of a radioisotope smoke detector: 1 - anode; 2 - cathode

Flame fire detectors

(IP, IP-P, IP-PB) allow you to quickly identify the source of an open flame. The sensitive photocell of the detector detects flame radiation in the ultraviolet or infrared parts of the spectrum. Combined detectors IPK-1, IPK-2, IPK-3 immediately control two factors that accompany a fire: smoke and temperature.

Fire detectors are characterized by: response threshold - the lowest value of the parameter to which they respond; inertia - the time from the beginning of the factor, is controlled until the moment of operation; protected area - floor area controlled by one detector. In table. 4.13 shows the comparative characteristics of detectors of various types.

Table 4.13.

Separate detectors (sensors) of the security alarm system (for example, ultrasonic, opto-electrical) have high sensitivity and are able to detect the first signs of fire very quickly (rather fire detectors). Therefore, they can combine security and fire functions. However, such detectors can only be additional elements of the AUPS, which enhance the fire safety of the protected object. After all, the burglar alarm works after hours, and the fire alarm works around the clock.

When choosing the type and execution of an automatic fire detector, it is necessary to take into account the purpose of the protected premises, the fire characteristics of the materials it contains, the primary signs of fire and operating conditions in accordance with DBN V.2.5-13-98.

For the correct choice of automatic fire detectors, it is necessary to take into account the features of the destination of the protected premises, the degree of their fire hazard, the specifics of the technological process, the fire characteristics of the materials in the room, the primary signs of a fire and the nature of its possible development. It is also necessary to take into account the availability of automatic fire extinguishing systems and other features of the facility.

The type and design of fire detectors must be selected taking into account the environmental conditions in the protected premises and the class of the explosive or fire hazardous zone.

The number and location of fire detectors depends on the size, shape, working conditions and purpose of the room, the structure of the ceiling (covering) and the height of the ceiling, the presence and type of ventilation, the workload of the room with materials and equipment, as well as on the type and type of fire detectors and in each case are determined by the design organization that has received a license for this type of activity in the prescribed manner.

Fire detectors are installed, as a rule, under the coating (overlap). In some cases, their location on walls, beams, columns, as well as suspension on cables is allowed, provided they are at a distance of no more than 0.3 m from the level of the coating (ceiling) and no more than 0.6 m from the ventilation holes.

In rooms with an equal ceiling, point fire detectors are usually located evenly over the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe ceiling, taking into account the size of the room, as well as the technical parameters of the detectors. Point fire detectors are recommended to be installed according to triangular or square layouts (Fig. 4.41).

Rice. 4.41.

a - the distance between the detectors, b - the distance from the wall to the detector

In some cases, detectors are placed in areas of probable fire, on the paths of convective air flows, and also near fire hazardous equipment.

The distance between the detectors is taken into account the area controlled by one detector. The latter essentially depends on the height of the protected premises. Therefore, the greater the height of the protected room, the smaller the area controlled by the detector. The distance from the detector to the wall, as a rule, is taken to be two times less than the distance between the detectors.

As the practice of operating fire detectors has shown, thermal fire detectors should be used in rooms of low and medium height and relatively small volume. With a room height of 7-9 m, the use of heat detectors is impractical due to the inefficiency of registering a fire.

The threshold temperature for the operation of maximum and maximum differential heat detectors must be at least 20 ° C and not more than 70 ° C higher than the maximum allowable temperature in the room.

Differential heat detectors are effective in rooms where, under normal operating conditions, there is no sudden increase in ambient temperature. Such detectors should not be installed near heat sources that could cause false alarms.

Smoke detectors are installed in rooms where a fire is possible accompanied by a significant release of smoke. When placing them, it is necessary to take into account the paths and speeds of air flows from ventilation systems.

Flame detectors are installed in rooms where there is a possibility of fire with an open flame. Various industrial influences (working welding machines or other sources of ultraviolet or infrared radiation) must be avoided. Flame detectors must be protected from direct sunlight and direct exposure to artificial light sources. When locating flame detectors, it is necessary to take into account their technical characteristics: viewing angle, area protected by the detector, maximum fire detection range (distance from the detector to the most “visible” point by it).

It should be noted that when choosing and placing automatic fire detectors, it is necessary to be guided by the requirements and recommendations of DBN V.2.5-13-98.

Fire communication and signaling play an important role in measures to prevent fires, contribute to their timely detection and call fire departments to the place of the fire, as well as provide management and operational management of fire work. Fire communications can be subdivided into notification communications (timely receipt of calls to fires), dispatch communications (management of forces and means for extinguishing fires) and fire communications (management of fire departments).

For notification of a fire, the most widely used technical means of communication and fire alarms - telephone, electric fire alarm, automatic and non-automatic and radio. Industrial enterprises, households and other facilities with increased fire hazard, as a rule, are equipped with direct telephone communication.

Fire detectors. The most reliable and fastest means of communication for calling the fire brigade is an electrical fire alarm, which consists of the following main parts: detectors installed in industrial buildings or on the territory of an industrial enterprise, farm or warehouse and designed to signal a fire; a receiving station with receiving devices that provide reception of fire signals and fix these signals; linear networks connecting detectors with receiving stations. The receiving station has optical and acoustic alarms.

Electrical fire alarm systems detect the initial stage of a fire (burning) and report the place of its occurrence. Woodworking and furniture companies use highly efficient types of automatic fire alarms, the detectors of which react to smoke, ultraviolet rays of the flame and heat. Automatic signaling systems without the participation of people transmit messages about the fire and the place of its occurrence, and in some cases also automatically turn on stationary fire extinguishing installations. According to the method of actuation, fire detectors are divided into non-automatic - manual (push-button) and automatic.

Manual (non-automatic) detectors Depending on the method of connection with receiving stations, they are divided into beam and stub ring stations. Beam systems are called systems where each detector is connected to the receiving station with a pair of independent wires that form a separate beam. Each beam includes at least three detectors. When a button is pressed on each of these detectors, the receiving station receives a signal indicating the beam number, i.e. the location of the fire.

The electrical fire alarm of a looped ring system differs from a beam one in that the detectors are connected in series into one common ring wire (loop) laid in the ground or mounted on poles. The operation of this system is based on the principle of transmission by the detector of a certain number of pulses (detector code). The stub ring alarm system is used, as a rule, at large industrial enterprises, warehouses, farms and other facilities.

Automatic detectors. Automatic fire detectors for response are divided into heat, smoke, light and combined. There are automatic extinguishing devices that eliminate fires at the moment of their occurrence with water, foam and gas.

Automatic detectors include fire alarm devices, sensors for water and irrigation systems (sprinkler and deluge), fogging devices, automatic fire extinguishing gas installations, water curtains, automatic fire doors, etc. These detectors are included in the lines of beam alarm systems or as sub-detectors in loop systems through code detectors. Switches (detectors) of maximum action have a sensitive element made in the form of a bimetallic diaphragm mounted on a round plastic base and closed with a plastic split casing.