Lesson topic: "Vegetative propagation of plants."
Lesson Objectives:
to study the methods of vegetative propagation of flowering plants and learn how to apply the knowledge gained in practice;
show the possibility of using information and communication technologies in a biology lesson.
reveal the meaning of the concepts: brood buds, daughter rosettes, cuttings and their types, layering, root offspring, bud grafting (budding), scion, stock;
describe the importance of grafting in horticulture;
consider the features of vegetative propagation of indoor plants.
development of general educational and communication skills (comparison, analysis, generalization), skills of working with modern computer equipment,;
the formation of practical skills for the implementation of vegetative propagation of indoor plants.
implementation of environmental, labor education;
cultivating respect for the opinions of others.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment- 2 minutes.
Greeting mark absent, finding out the reason for the absence.
II. Poll.
1. By cards.
2. Frontal. – 8 min.
1. What is superfluous in the proposed proposals and why do you think so?
Why did we study the structure of the vegetative organs of plants for several lessons? Is it just to know it? Of course not. This knowledge is of great practical importance in horticulture and floriculture. We will talk about this in class today.
Listen to an excerpt from the diary of an amateur gardener and think about how to help him?
From the diary of an amateur gardener
It's only nine in the morning, and the sun is already hot with might and main. The day promises to be hot. There is not a cloud in the sky, but a rain would not interfere: the second week is waiting for his apple and plum trees, gooseberries and currants. Oh, I love my garden, I admire it every day and worry about it. I have large apples, bulk ones are born, but the currants are small and sour every year. Whether it's a neighbor's business: berries the size of a cherry, sweet, but a lot of something like that! This is a pleasure to collect. I just don't have one, but I want to...
What needs to be done? You will find the answer to this question today in the lesson, the topic of which is “Vegetative propagation of flowering plants”.
Formulation of the purpose of the lesson (voicing the slide).
2. Actualization of previous knowledge (questions to the class) - 2 min
Let's take a look at the theme we wrote down and see what it means. Let's start from the end.
What plants are flowering plants? What else are they called and why?
What two groups can all the organs of flowering plants be divided into? What are vegetative and what are generative organs?
What methods of plant propagation do you know?
What is the fundamental difference between vegetative and sexual reproduction?
You see, you already know almost everything, it remains to get acquainted with the methods by which vegetative propagation of flowering plants is carried out.
Ways of vegetative propagation of flowering plants:
a) "mustache"
b) root cuttings;
c) root suckers;
d) stem cuttings;
e) * layering;
f) * inoculation with a kidney (budding).
* Before the fragment “Reproduction by layering” the teacher’s message:
Unfortunately, when propagating by stem cuttings, it is not always easy to get a new plant: the cuttings are very vulnerable, they can rot, be damaged by diseases and pests. Therefore, in horticulture, another, more reliable method is often used - reproduction by layering.
* Before the fragment “Inoculation by the kidney (budding)”, the teacher’s message:
The following breeding method is quite complex and can be performed with the necessary skills. Not a single gardener can do without it, so follow the order in which the actions are carried out and remember the names.
The final question for this stage of the lesson: “Tell me how to help a gardener who does not have a good currant in any way?
Vegetative propagation of indoor plants
Knowledge of the methods of vegetative propagation of plants is of great importance in indoor floriculture.
Kalanchoe (Bryophyllum) breeds brood buds . They fall from the leaves, take root quickly, and daughter plants soon grow.
Special devices for vegetative reproduction are available in some species. cacti- these are side shoots - "kids" . Sometimes already at an early age they are provided with rudimentary roots.
Indoor plant cyperus multiply dividing an adult plant into parts . An adult plant is divided into several parts with a sharp knife, and each of them is immediately planted in a separate pot. But for this plant there is another interesting breeding method: the top of the shoot can be tilted and lowered into a glass of water. After two weeks, the plant is ready for planting in the soil!
Indoor plant chlorophytum propagated by planting child sockets , which are formed on horizontal shoots, easily take root and quickly begin to grow as independent plants.
Many plants take root when the stem comes into contact with the soil, i.e. multiply layering . One of the shoots is pinned and sprinkled with soil in the middle part. The best time for layering is the beginning of a period of active growth. Propagated in this way Tradescantia, ivy.
One of the most common ways to propagate indoor plants is cuttings . Most often used stem or leaf cuttings depending on the type of plant. Root cuttings houseplants practically do not propagate. When breeding stem cuttings you can use the apical cutting, then the apical bud will grow. But if the cutting is without a top, then it must contain at least one node (a new shoot will not grow from the internode). The stalk must be healthy, without extraneous stains, damage.
Cuttings of some plants can simply be put in water and wait for the roots to appear, and then transplanted into the ground. Such plants include ficuses, Tradescantia. Cuttings of other plants take root more difficult. This, for example, indoor roses. For their rooting, it is better to use a mixture of sand and peat.
They also propagate by stem cuttings. aloe(agave), monstera, fat woman(Money Tree). This is how indoor liana breeds hoya. At the same time, each harvested cutting must have at least two pairs of leaves. It is necessary to cut below the node, since the roots appear at the internodes. Roots in water and in a mixture of sand and peat.
Another type of cuttings are leafy . For a leaf cutting, it is important to correctly determine its age. If the leaf is still very young, then all its strength will be spent on completing growth. If too old, it can easily fade.
A popular indoor plant is easily propagated by leafy cuttings. Saintpaulia (Uzumbar violet). In spring or summer, a leaf with a petiole 2-3 cm long is cut off and placed in water or immediately in the soil (at the same time, it is buried by one third of the leaf blade). After a while, miniature rosettes with leaves grow.
Leaf cuttings can be propagated begonias, gloxinia, as well as sansevieria (pike tail). A sheet of sansevieria is cut across into several parts (5-7 cm long) and planted with an inclination in slightly moist river sand or a special mixture, maintaining an air temperature of 20-22C.
Thus, knowledge of the characteristics of vegetative propagation of plants will allow us to decorate our home, class, school with a variety of indoor plants, create comfort and improve the ecological situation.
IV. Anchoring(performing practical tasks) - 8 min.
Teacher's message.
V. Homework- 2 minutes.
Teacher's message. Open diaries and write down homework §49
Compose a quatrain with the words: branches, neighbors, I will ask, I will plant
VI. Lesson summary- 2 minutes.
Teacher's message. Today in the lesson we studied the methods of vegetative propagation of flowering plants and learned how to apply the knowledge gained in practice.
Grades for the lesson, their commenting.
1. From the listed list, select the structural features and functions characteristic of plant leaves (at least three).
A) form organic substances from inorganic substances in the light
B) absorb water and minerals from the soil
C) protect plants from overheating by evaporating water
D) are a lateral organ of the escape
D) represent the axial organ of the shoot
E) have a cellular structure
Exercise. For each of the layers of leaf cells, select the appropriate characteristics (numbers) and enter them in the table.
The structure of the layers of leaf cells:
1. Holes surrounded by guard cells containing chloroplasts.
2. Consists of colorless cellsreleasing a waxy substance.
3. Consists of loose and dense layers of cells containing chloroplasts.
4. Represented by vessels, sieve tubes and mechanical fibers.
Functions of leaf tissue cells:
1. Tissue cells protect the sheet from damage and external influences.
2. The process of photosynthesis is carried out in tissue cells.
3. In cells, they provide a connection between the leaf and the stem, the movement of organic substances from leaves to the stem, minerals and water - from the stem to the leaf.
4. Cells provide gas exchange and water evaporation.
Exercise. "External structure and attachment of leaves"
What is indicated in the figure by the numbers 1 - 5?
What are the names of the leaves indicated in the figure by the letters A, B, C?
Exercise. "The internal structure of the leaf"
Look at the picture and answer the questions:
What is indicated in the figure by the numbers 1 - 12?
What are the characteristics of leaf skin cells?
What are the functions of columnar tissue in leaf pulp?
What are the functions of spongy tissue in leaf pulp?
Another variant of asexual reproduction is carried out by separating from the body of its part, consisting of a larger or smaller number of cells. They develop into adults. An example is budding in sponges and coelenterates or propagation of plants by shoots, cuttings, bulbs or tubers. This form of asexual reproduction is commonly referred to as vegetative reproduction. Basically, it is similar to the process of regeneration. Vegetative propagation plays an important role in the practice of crop production. Thus, it may happen that a sown plant (for example, an apple tree) has a certain successful combination of traits. In the seeds of this plant, this fortunate combination will almost certainly be broken, since the seeds are formed as a result of sexual reproduction, and this is associated with the recombination of genes. Therefore, when breeding apple trees, vegetative propagation is usually used - layering, cuttings or grafting buds on other trees.
Asexual reproduction, reproducing individuals identical to the original organism, does not contribute to the emergence of organisms with new variants of traits, and thereby limits the ability of species to adapt to new environmental conditions. The means of overcoming this limitation was the transition to sexual reproduction.
3. Sexual reproduction
The fundamental difference between sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction is that it usually involves two parental organisms, the features of which are recombined in the offspring. Sexual reproduction is characteristic of all eukaryotes, but it prevails in animals and higher plants.
The transition to this type of reproduction was of great importance for the evolution of life on Earth. Sexual reproduction creates an infinite variety of individuals, including those that successfully adapt to changing external conditions, "conquer the world", spreading to new habitats, and leave offspring, passing on their hereditary material. The offspring of two successful parents may end up with an even more successful combination of hereditary traits, and accordingly they will develop the success of their parents. Individuals with an unfortunate combination of traits will be eliminated by natural selection. Thus, sexual reproduction creates rich material for natural selection and evolution. Another thing is also curious: the very emergence of an individual as an individual, an indivisible and mortal being, is the result of the transition to sexual reproduction. During asexual reproduction, the cell divides endlessly, repeating itself: it is potentially immortal, but it can only be called an individual conditionally, since it is indistinguishable from an indefinite set of daughter cells. In sexual reproduction, on the contrary, all the offspring differ from each other and differ from their parents, and they die over time, taking with them their unique features. The American zoologist R. Hegner, discussing the protozoa, expressed it this way: “They have acquired another innovation - sex; the price of this acquisition is inevitable natural death... Isn't this price high?'[ Hormonal regulation of reproduction in mammals. M., 1987] We emphasize, however, that at the same time opportunities for development and improvement opened up, and they led to the emergence of various living forms that are not comparable in terms of the level of organization with those organisms that stopped at asexual reproduction.
3.1. Sexual reproduction in animals
The transition to sexual reproduction is associated with the appearance of specialized germ cells - male and female gametes, as a result of which (fertilization) fuses, a zygote is formed - a cell from which a new organism develops that has a new combination of initial genetic characteristics. [Maynard Smith J. Evolution of sexual reproduction. M., 1981]
Sexual reproduction first appeared in protozoa, but the transition to it was not associated with an immediate loss of the ability to reproduce asexually: a number of animals retained it, usually alternating asexual reproduction with sexual reproduction. Such an alternation of generations is observed in some protozoa, coelenterates and tunicates.
3.2. Gametes and gonads
The basis for the formation of gametes (gametogenesis) is meiosis - cell division with a halving of the number of chromosomes, as a result of which gametes, unlike all other cells of the body, are haploid. The fusion of gametes restores the number of chromosomes in the zygote to diploid. The subsequent division of the zygote occurs by mitosis. Note that in all multicellular organisms, the division of all body cells, except for the sex cells, occurs by mitosis. Consequently, the asexual reproduction of cells by dividing into two has been preserved in evolution as the main mechanism for the growth and development of the organism, but not its reproduction.
In many protozoa, sexual reproduction occurs with the participation of morphologically identical male and female gametes (in foraminifera, for example, they are represented by very small cells that are formed in the haploid parent cell in the alternation of generations). This phenomenon is called isogamy. It is characteristic only of unicellular organisms.
However, already in some protozoa, for example, sporozoans, and in all multicellular organisms, differentiation of gametes occurred: they began to differ in form and function - heterogamy arose, i.e. division of germ cells into eggs (female gametes) and spermatozoa (male gametes).
Most animals are characterized by the so-called. oogamy: a large immobile ovum (egg) and a small mobile spermatozoon, due to the active movements of which its contact with the egg occurs, leading to fertilization.
In sponges and some ciliary worms, germ cells are scattered in the body and are excreted through breaks in the body wall or through the mouth opening, but many flatworms (and hydra in its infancy) have gonads - special glands that produce gametes. The male gonads are the testes, the female gonads are the ovaries. True, in such hermaphrodite animals as gastropods, male and female germ cells mature in the same gonad, but usually at different times, so that the gonad functions now as a testis, now as an ovary, and self-fertilization does not occur. In other hermaphroditic animals, such as flatworms or leeches, one individual contains both ovaries and testes; however, even in the case of simultaneous maturation of eggs and spermatozoa, the animal avoids self-fertilization and usually mates with another individual (an exception is, for example, tapeworms (chains), living alone in the intestine). Hermaphroditism is most common in worms and mollusks and is rare in more highly organized forms - echinoderms, arthropods and vertebrates; on the other hand, it is quite rare in such ancient multicellular organisms as coelenterates and, in particular, jellyfish.
Already in some worms and molluscs, in addition to the gonads, the genital ducts have formed - the vas deferens and oviducts. Gonads and genital ducts are the main functional parts of the internal genital organs, and they are present in all more highly organized animals.
In previous articles, we talked about seed propagation of vegetable crops and flower summers through and through. Today we will talk about vegetative propagation (by rhizomes, bulbs, corms, root tubers, layering and cuttings) - the most common method of propagation of flower perennials.
Vegetative reproduction
Vegetative propagation has a number of advantages: it allows you to get plants that are identical to the parent ones (with the seed method, the characteristic features of the variety are often not preserved at all or are not preserved in full), reduces the juvenile (young) period of plant development. Some perennials are preferably propagated only vegetatively, because. it significantly reduces the period of entry of new plants into the most decorative phase - flowering. With seed propagation in plants such as saffron, peony, skewer, etc., it often occurs at 4-6 years of age.Vegetative propagation can be carried out rhizomes, bulbs, tubers, root crops, layering and cuttings, which are used to obtain a new plant. Propagation methods for some plants are listed below.
Division of rhizomes
The most common method of vegetative propagation is division of rhizomes. Rhizome - an elongated underground part of the plant, bearing the remains of leaves, buds and adventitious roots. For propagation of plants by rhizome, delenki ** obtained from the periphery of the old bush are used. To obtain high-quality planting material for irises, peonies, daylilies, etc., it is better to propagate plants at the age of 3-4 years. With age, a large number of renewal buds develop on the rhizome, which eventually begin to compete for living space. As a result, in the center of the bush, the buds are weak, and on the periphery - stronger and more viable. Therefore, when dividing old bushes, it is better to use material from the outer part of the rhizome, and remove the central one. Some gardeners grow the central part of the old bush and after a while re-divide.Most rhizomatous plants have a loose rhizome that is divided by hand or with a sharp knife. A very old plant or a plant with a dense root system is cut with a shovel.
If the task is not to get as much planting material as possible, it is better to divide the bush into 3-5 divisions. Plants from such divisions can bloom in the first year, from the second year they form powerful, well-developed and normally flowering bushes. If you need to get a lot of plants from one mother bush, then it can be divided into smaller divisions (with one bud), but in this case, in the first two years after division, the plants will develop slowly and bloom only in the second or third year. In order for such a plant to grow better, it is not allowed to bloom in the second year, breaking off the flower stalks. With a small division, a complete renewal of the root system occurs and in the future this plant will be stronger and more durable than the one propagated by a standard division.
Plant division is best done in a cool, shady area.. To stimulate the growth of young lateral roots in the resulting divisions, the roots are cut to about 1/3 of their length. Long, uncut roots at planting are difficult to evenly distribute in the planting hole, which can lead to their twisting, rotting and death of the entire plant.
The division and transplantation of perennials is carried out in early spring (April-early May) or at the end of summer (late August - early September). At the spring time of division, while the buds have not yet begun to grow, it is enough just to trim the roots. During summer-autumn transplants, it is necessary to cut off the above-ground part of the plants, leaving about 15-20 cm, because. the roots will not yet be able to provide the plants with everything they need, which can lead to illness and a delay in flowering.
The division of certain cultures often has its own characteristics. So, for example, when propagating a peony, you should not use large delenki with a large number of buds and many long roots, as it will hurt for a long time and bloom weakly.
In order to form a large iris bush faster, the delenki are planted in a circle or in rows, taking into account the area required for an adult plant, etc.
When dividing the daylily, the old roots are cut, leaving no more than 7-8 cm, the places of the cuts are sprinkled with ash.
Before planting the delenok, it is advisable to dip the root system in a clay mash. To prepare it, a small amount of clay is added to 10 liters of water (so that after dipping in a talker a thin layer of clay remains on the hand), 1 tablet of heteroauxin or a bag of root (you can use any other root formation stimulator, according to the instructions) and 1 kg of fresh manure. Add components in the order listed. The roots treated with a talker must be dried in the open air for 30 minutes, and then the delenki should be planted in prepared, moistened pits.
The division of the bush
Some perennials (primroses, cloves, perennial onions, ivy-leaved bud, speedwells, common oregano, bellflower, cinquefoil, daylily, large-rhizome geranium, marjoram, daisy, medicinal lungwort, roofing juvenile, common stonecrop, evading peony, thyme, sage, etc.) , which form daughter plants, are propagated by dividing the bush. If the bush is loose, then the rhizome is cut with a shovel, if it is dense, then the whole plant is dug up, inspected, removing all doubtful places, then daughter plants are separated with a sharp knife. When planting delenok, compost or long-acting fertilizer is added to the planting holes. Delenki are planted immediately, at the same depth as before, but at a greater distance.
Deadlines for harvesting cuttings
Very important for success cutting time. It is determined by the nature of the growth and development of the mother plant. By these indications perennials are divided into two groups.To first group include species with active growth of young shoots for most of the growing season. These include:
- all perennials with overwintering above-ground shoots,
- plants that form pillows and sods;
- rhizomatous, rhizomatous, stolon plants with herbaceous shoots, flowering in late autumn or flowering in early spring, but characterized by a long vegetation, the ability to form summer rosettes of leaves and shoots.
Second group combines species with active shoot formation at the beginning of the growing season, sometimes continuing until flowering. 
Shoots for cuttings are harvested from healthy, well-developed, fairly young (3-4-year-old) plants.
Species first group long shoots can be cut into cuttings from 3 cm or more in size (2-4 internodes). In this case, the lower cut is made at a distance of 3 mm from the leaf node, the upper one is 6-10 mm higher than the leaf node.
Species second group not the entire shoot is cut into cuttings, but only the apical part of the young shoot with close internodes and poorly developed leaves, when the shoot has not yet become hollow. Such cuttings give a higher percentage of rooting compared to more lignified cuttings from the bottom of the shoot. The exception is peony., from which they take the lower part of the shoot with a heel. In moisture-loving plants with large or medium-sized, but highly evaporating leaves, part of the leaf blade is shortened by 1/2 or 1/3.
Propagation by stem or green cuttings
Many spicy-flavoring plants (wormwood, sage, mint, lavender, catnip, etc.) are propagated by cuttings, receiving cuttings when pruning plants. Pruning is carried out in June-July, cutting off the tops of the shoots above the axillary bud. The end of such a cutting should already be slightly lignified. All leaves, with the exception of the top two or three, are removed. The cuttings are planted in a sandy substrate, which should always be moderately moist, and covered with a glass jar or plastic bag. They take root within 3-4 weeks.
In some cases, the cuttings are not cut, but are broken out from the mother plant. In May, this is how cornflower is propagated. When its shoots reach a length of 5-7 cm, they are broken out or cut off with a heel, leaving at least half of the shoots on the plant. Cuttings are planted in greenhouses or greenhouses, on ridges sprinkled with a layer of pure river sand, to a depth of 1.5-2 cm; plentifully watered and covered with glass or film. Cuttings take root, as a rule, quickly, for 10-15 days. After about a month, they can be planted in open ground.
Reproduction by leaf cuttings
Some perennials, in which adventitious or dormant buds are formed not on the stem in the axil of the leaves, but on the basis of the extended end of the petiole or on the basis of the leaf blade of the sessile leaf (as, for example, in the cornflower), can be propagated leaf cuttings. Only fully formed leaves with normally developed petioles are suitable for rooting. Depending on the size of the leaf petioles, they are planted to a depth of 0.6-1.5 cm, with an inclination to one side. Ridges are made in shady places. For normal root formation, a constant moisture content of the substrate is maintained through regular watering and spraying.Propagation by root cuttings
Perennials, in which adnexal buds form in the places of root wounds, can be propagated root cuttings. When part of the root is separated from the mother plant, the buds develop new shoots with a new root system. Root cuttings are the most reliable method of propagation in primroses. They are dug up no later than the first days of May. The roots are washed and a few of the healthiest ones are cut with a knife directly under the leaf rosette. The separated roots are cut into pieces of 5 cm, and the lower cut is made oblique. Cuttings are planted one at a time in a loose substrate with an oblique cut down. The straight cut should be level with the surface of the substrate. In the spring of next year, they are planted in a permanent place. For propagation of horseradish, it is preferable to use long root cuttings (30-40 cm). They are dug up in the fall, stored in the sand until spring, then planted, deepening into the soil with the lower end by 10 cm, and the upper, thickened end by 5 cm.In principle, the technology of propagation by root cuttings involves digging up queen cells with the preservation of all roots. Then the selection of roots with a thickness of 0.3 to 2 cm, which are cut into pieces 5-7 cm long, are laid out in horizontal rows on a previously prepared shaded bed. From above they fall asleep with a layer of sand 0.5 cm thick and earth -2 cm, after which they are compacted and watered. As practice shows, cuttings harvested in August take root within a month, harvested in September are best kept for spring rooting in order to avoid rotting during autumn planting.
Reproduction by bulbs
Among ornamental perennials, vegetable crops, there are enough bulbous plants that can be propagated with bulbs.Bulb- This is a perennial underground organ that serves to preserve storage nutrients and renew plants after a dormant period. In structure, it is a modified shortened shoot, consisting of a bottom - a shortened stem and scales - modified leaves. An apical bud is formed on the upper part of the donut, from which an aerial stem, leaves and flowers develop in the future, and roots on the lower part of the donut. The bulb can be of a different structure:
- tiled (lilies), consisting of individual scales;
- concentric with closed inner succulent scales and with a covering thin outer scale (most bulbous);
Bulbous plants are planted at a depth 3-4 times the diameter of the bulb, and in such a way that there is no empty space under the bulb. It is important to correctly position the bulb when planting: with the kidneys up, and with the roots or bottom down. After planting, water abundantly.
Reproduction by tubers, corms, root crops, layering
CormsSome perennials (crocosmia, crocus) store nutrients in corms, which also serve as breeding material. The corm looks like a bulb, but has a different structure. This is the overgrown lower part of the stem. It can be covered with a dense shell or have the remains of lower leaves in the form of dry scales. During the growing season, the corm uses nutrients and dies off along with the roots (with a few exceptions). A replacement corm grows above it, and children grow from the sides. Due to the large number of tuber buds, corms can be cut into several pieces that form a normal corm, sometimes blooming in the same year.
tubers
Everyone knows that dahlias and potatoes are propagated by tubers. Tuber- storage underground organ. In structure, this is a modified shoot, but it has neither a bottom nor a single stem growth point; renewal buds ("eyes") are scattered over the entire surface of the tuber. Tubers are thick, knobby, of various shapes; as they grow, they can increase or decrease in size. For propagation, use whole tubers or cut them into pieces with one or more "eyes".
Root tubers and root crops
Pip(for example, in Jerusalem artichoke) - storage substances are formed in overgrown powerful roots. They depart from the base of the old stem from one point. During the growing season, thin roots grow from them.
For plant propagation root crops(well-known carrots, beets, radishes, etc.) the leaves of the root crops are cut so as to leave petioles 1-2 cm long and the apical bud.
layering plants can be propagated, the shoots of which, lying on the ground, give adventitious roots, and new plants develop from the buds. Such a rooted shoot is cut into pieces according to the number of new shoots formed and planted as independent plants - layering. Planting material can serve as mature plants ( mint, basil, thyme, lavender, etc.), which are transplanted into greenhouses, greenhouses or pots before the onset of frost.
Selection and processing of planting material, planting
- Whatever method is chosen for propagation and planting, it must be remembered that the planting material must be healthy, free from diseases and pests: various kinds of root rot, nematodes, aphids. Therefore, when harvesting planting material, plants are examined for infestation and special treatment is carried out to avoid the spread of infection or pests.
- The quality of the planting material directly affects how your plants will look: density of shoots, size of flowers, fruits, etc. If the rhizomes are too finely divided, underdeveloped annual seedlings, small bulbs or green cuttings of the first year of rooting are planted, then you will have to reap the fruits of failure: the plants of the first year, and some species will bloom poorly in the second year.
- It is not recommended to replant undivided old perennial bushes. As a result of a long stay in one place, the shoots become crowded, the stems become thinner and become slightly leafy, and the flowers and inflorescences become very small. Therefore, old bushes must be rejuvenated by division or thinning, i.e. by cutting out part of the stems.
- All perennials propagated by seeds or vegetatively (except when the rhizomes are divided into large parts) must be grown for 1-2 years on well-cultivated, fertilized ridges before planting in permanent places.
- Planting perennials is as follows. In the intended place, they dig a hole, the size of which allows you to freely place the root system of the plant. Humus is brought into the pit. Preliminarily inspected roots (broken, rotten ones are removed with a sharp knife, the sections are sprinkled with coal powder) are evenly distributed in the pit, covered with soil, pressed tightly and watered abundantly.
- Planting depth depends on the size and type of plant. A guide can be the root neck of the old shoot, which should be at the same level as it was before planting.
- Plants with a basal rosette of leaves are planted so that the center of the rosette is not buried in the ground.
Methods of reproduction of some flower annuals, perennials and vegetable crops
layeringCreeping tenacious, medicinal watercress, goose cinquefoil
bulbs
Onions, garlic, saffron, yellow goose onion, crocosmia
Tubers, root tubers, root crops
Jerusalem artichoke, potatoes, tuberous buten, sweet potato, tuberous stalks, Spanish goat, pore-leaved goat-beard, tladianta, floating pondweed, edible sytch, Siebold's chist
cuttings
Chrysanthemum, rosemary, sage, marjoram, tarragon tarragon, creeping clover, narrow-leaved lavender, bitter wormwood, large-rhizome geranium, veronica, white-tomentose dubrovnik, great source, common stonecrop, fragrant rue
Seedlings from seeds
Garden
: artichoke, basil, cabbage, eggplant, zucchini, squash, melon, tomato, pepper, leek, chives, physalis, okra, celery, capers, amaranth, marjoram, lagenaria, momordica, tladianta, anguria, catnip, benincasa
Garden
: marigold, daisy, hyssop, calendula, elecampane, perilla, loofah, bergenia
rhizome
Garden:
artichoke, common sorrel, mint, asparagus, oregano, thyme
Garden
: large-rhizome geranium, rapunzel-shaped bell, coltsfoot, tansy, tarragon tarragon, lake reed, reed, yarrow, hops, rosea rhodiola, calamus, marshmallow, thick-leaved bergenia, small cornflower, veronica, river gravel, elecampane high, angelica, creeping tenacious, large source, common canuper, medicinal burnet, kupena, meadowsweet, goose cinquefoil, cattail, meadow core, umbrella susak, narrow-leaved chamenerion, cumin, arrowhead
By dividing the bush
Garden:
tubular onion, fragrant onion, drooping onion, shallot, chives, lovage, marjoram, rhubarb, rosemary, asparagus, thyme, oregano, sage
Garden
: daisy, bluebell, garden carnation, evasive peony, wormwood, daylily, speedwell, medicinal lungwort, ivy-leaved bud, yellow gentian, white-felt dubrovnik, hyssop, cinquefoil, garden quinoa, fennel polygrate, young roofing, common bracken, common stonecrop , primrose, fragrant rue.
1. What is the basis of vegetative reproduction?
Vegetative propagation is the property that distinguishes plant organisms from animals. The basis of vegetative propagation is the ability of plants to regenerate. Regeneration— this is the renewal of the whole organism from its parts due to cell division. As a result of vegetative propagation, a large number of identical descendants appear, which are a copy of the parent plant. Together they form clone - offspring that arises from one individual by vegetative reproduction. Cloning allows a person to preserve the varietal characteristics of many cultivated plants. Today, a method of cell and tissue culture has been developed, thanks to which clones of plants are obtained by growing them on a nutrient medium from one cell or group of cells. Cloning allows you to grow valuable or rare plants from individual cells (for example, growing ginseng), quickly get a large plant mass to extract certain useful substances from it. So, the basis of vegetative reproduction is regeneration.
2. How is natural vegetative propagation carried out?
As you already know, plants have modified organs - bulb, rhizome, tuber etc., which carry out vegetative propagation. bulbs lilies, daffodils, tulips, etc. multiply. And plants such as wheatgrass, lily-of-the-valley, thistle can quickly capture a large area with the help of rhizomes. The separation and transformation of parts of the rhizome into independent plants can be facilitated by animals living in the soil (for example, moles, mice, beetles), etc. Some plants reproduce tubers(potato, corydalis, Jerusalem artichoke). Plants often propagate by above-ground shoots. So, in the wild strawberries, several creeping shoots grow during the summer - mustache, on the tops of which young shoots and adventitious roots develop. Over time, the whiskers dry out and die, and new plants begin to live on their own. Poplar, willow, aspen can reproduce by rooting branches. The wind will break the branch, transfer it to moist soil - and now it has already taken root and given rise to a new plant. In many woody plants (for example, cherry, raspberry, lilac), reproduction is common root suckers. So, natural vegetative reproduction occurs with the help of parts of the vegetative organs and their modifications.
3. What are the methods of artificial vegetative propagation of cultivated plants?material from the site
For vegetative propagation of plants, a person often chooses the very methods by which wild-growing species reproduce: strawberries are propagated with mustaches, potatoes are propagated with tubers, etc. Lilacs and raspberries are propagated by root offspring, and berry crops are propagated by dividing the bush. In crop production, special methods of vegetative propagation are also used - cuttings and vaccination.cuttings -This is reproduction by parts of a shoot or root separated from the body. cutting called a part of a shoot or root with several buds. stem cuttings, that is, parts of a shoot with several buds propagate tradescantia, grapes, etc. Parts of roots with several adnexal buds - root cuttings - propagate raspberries, plums. Plants such as begonia, lemon, propagate leaf cuttings - separate leaves, on which there are adventitious buds, giving rise to adventitious roots and shoots. Graft— This is the fusion of a cutting of one plant (graft) with another rooted plant (rootstock). About 100 different methods of vaccination are known, which are combined into three types: inoculation(budding) - grafting, having only one kidney, taken with a thin layer of bark (for example, in roses); cutting grafting(copulation) - oblique graft cut cuttings of a scion with several buds (in fruit trees, etc.); inoculation by rapprochement(oblacation) - grafting, in which the graft is not separated from the parent plant until it completely grows together with the stock (for example, in grapes). So, artificial vegetative propagation is carried out using parts of vegetative organs or their modifications, using special methods of reproduction. — cuttings and grafting.
Vegetative propagation in ornamental crop production most often aims to obtain plants with certain qualities: crown shape, color and shape of leaves, double flowers, etc., which are not transmitted to offspring during seed propagation or are transmitted to a very small number of specimens.
Reproduction by inseparable parts
Obtaining new plants from parts not separated from the parent specimen includes obtaining plants from stem cuttings and root offspring.
Reproduction by layering is used primarily for lindens and their forms, roses, lilacs, mock oranges, hydrangeas, viburnum boule de tender, forms of firs and climbing plants, pomegranate; can be used for European spindle tree, beaver, hawthorn, elderberry, viburnum vulgaris, cotoneaster, sea buckthorn, spirea, birch, elm, fir, hazel, larch, sucker, juniper, ash, forsythia, weigela.
Standard seedlings are planted on a special layering plantation at a distance between plants of 1.5-2 (shrubs) and 3-4 m (trees). A year after planting (during this year, careful care and watering is carried out), in the spring, the seedlings are heavily pruned - they are planted on a stump, leaving a shoot 12-18 cm above the ground. ) 40-60 and 100-150 cm. These shoots (not all, but 3/4 of their number) in the spring of the next, third, year are laid on the ground in various ways, attached to the soil and sprinkled with earth rich in organic matter. You can not bend the shoots to the ground, but spud them, but in this case, plants with a worse root system are obtained. Rooted allotted shoots are grown on the plantation for another year, after which they are separated from the mother plant and planted for further formation in a new area.
Rice. Various methods of propagation by layering:
a - diversion of branches into the grooves with a bow; b - abduction of branches by a snake; in - branch layout (Chinese way); G - diversion of branches by hilling
Root offspring propagate aspen, silver poplar, white poplar, black sorrel, pears, plums, bird cherry, sucker, skumpia, deren, robinia and other breeds. In most plants, offspring develop on roots located at a depth of 1 - 3 cm, but in some - plums, cherries - at a depth of about 50 cm. In the latter case, mother plants need to be cut down to obtain offspring plants, so this technique is rarely used.
Root offspring are harvested on the uterine plots, causing their abundant appearance by plowing between rows and injuring the roots. Harvesting of root offspring is often done by the simplest method: tearing off from the maternal root (tearing off).
The root system of cutters is usually poorly developed, therefore, for the successful rooting of plants, the aerial part must be shortened.
Reproduction of shrubs by dividing bushes is used only for own-rooted plants that are capable of increasing in size as a result of the appearance of offspring (mock orange, mahonia, snowberry, deutsia, euonymus, spirea, wild rose, currant, privet, oleander, jasmine, barberry, etc.).
The division of the bush into two or more parts is carried out directly on the spot with a sharpened shovel.
Reproduction by parts separated from the plant
Separated parts of plants from which new independent plants must develop are called cuttings. Reproduction by separated parts is carried out by root, stem lignified, stem semi-lignified (green), leaf cuttings. In ornamental tree growing, stem cuttings are used mainly, root cuttings are used to a lesser extent, and leaf cuttings are not used at all. New plants from stem cuttings are obtained by rooting or grafting onto other plants (rootstock).
Propagation by root cuttings is used very limitedly: it is believed that it is possible for breeds that give root offspring - roses (rose hips), alder, robinia, cherry, plum, aspen, linden, hawthorn, chaenomeles, euonymus, etc.
Root cuttings are taken in October-November or very early in spring, before the growth of the aerial part. The length of the cuttings is 5-8, the thickness is 0.5 - 1.5 cm. When planting, the basal and apical parts of the cuttings should not be confused, they must be strictly oriented. Studies of fluffy ash showed that the ability to form both roots and aerial parts is higher in cuttings taken from a zone close to the root collar; as you move away from it, this ability decreases and at a distance of 20-25 cm from the root neck is almost zero. For fluffy ash, the optimal dimensions of root cuttings are as follows: length 10-12, diameter 4-6 cm.
The possibility of propagation by root cuttings of conifers has not been studied.
Reproduction by lignified (winter) cuttings
This is the simplest form of vegetative propagation. One-year matured branches are used. Older branches are used in the propagation of poplars (biennial) and silver willow (three-, four-year). Vegetative, vigorous branches from the middle part of the crown are taken for cuttings.
Lignified cuttings intended for rooting in open ground are parts of a branch 15–30 cm long with several (three to seven) internodes (Fig.). In especially difficult climatic conditions (in the Karakum) they are made longer - 40-50 cm. Cuttings longer than 20 cm are planted obliquely at an angle of 40 °, which makes it easier to dig up plants later.
If lignified cuttings are rooted in greenhouses, they are cut into 4-10 cm long, which depends on the length of the internodes, which should be at least three.
To obtain cuttings, branches are harvested most often in autumn, after leaf fall, less often in winter and even more rarely in spring, before the start of sap flow (in February-March).
Rice. Lignified (1) and green (2) cuttings:
a - poplars; b and c - roses; g - lilac; I - removed kidneys; II - shortened leaf blades
It is preferable to cut the branches after leaf fall, because at this time in the tissues of the branches there are more plastic substances than in winter and spring, which are necessary for good rooting and further growth of plants.
Cuttings are planted in open ground deep, up to the upper bud, on light soils and in the southern regions - vertically, on heavy soils and in the middle zone - obliquely.
Reproduction by lignified cuttings is very effective for conifers (Fig.), But the technology of their reproduction has the following features:
cuttings are taken immediately before rooting; cuttings are scheduled for April-May, before the start of the growing season; cuttings are taken with an apical bud and with a “heel”.
Rice. Cuttings of coniferous species (for example, thuja):
a - incorrectly cut stalk; b - correctly cut stalk with a “heel”, followed by shortening of the bark; in - correctly cut stalk along the ring
Cuttings of poplars, willows, mock orange, weigela, forsythia, as well as evergreens - oleander, Japanese euonymus, boxwood, jasmine, brilliant honeysuckle, take root directly in the open ground. In evergreens, cuttings are taken from last year's growths, and leaves are removed from cuttings on the basal part (by 2/3 of the length of the cutting). In winter cuttings of roses, all buds are removed in this part. Cuttings for rooting in open ground are planted under Kolesov's sword, under a planting peg, leaving one kidney above the ground. Cuttings are planted in ridges according to the scheme 10x10 cm, for vigorous species, the distance between cuttings is increased to 30 cm. .
In closed ground - in greenhouses, under a film - lignified cuttings of hard-to-root species, rare and valuable varieties, having a length of 4-10 cm, are rooted, depending on the length of the internodes. They are planted in early spring at a distance of 5 cm from each other in a layer of sand 10 cm thick, poured on a well-drained fertile substrate (soil). The cuttings take root for 4-6 weeks, then in July-August they are planted in the open ground of the breeding department, where they grow for another 1-2 years before planting the corresponding school of trees or shrubs in the open ground. Rooted cuttings of rapidly growing rocks from under a film or from a greenhouse are planted immediately to school.
Propagation by green (summer) cuttings
For propagation of plants in this way, shoots of the current year are used, which have completed or are ending their growth, but have not yet had time to lignify and are in a state of semi-lignification. Morphologically, the state of semi-lignification of the shoot is characterized by the fact that the base of the shoot has become solid, and the top is still grassy. The middle of the shoot is flexible, green does not turn into the color characteristic of lignified shoots of a particular breed.
Cutting technique. Green cuttings have a length of 5-7, depending on the size of the internodes, they can have one (for lilacs) or two (for roses) internodes. Planting depth of green cuttings 0.5-1.0 cm; 200 to 800 cuttings are planted per 1 m 2 of area, depending on the size of the leaves.
Cuttings are cut with a knife, secateurs or cutter in the morning or in cloudy weather.
Usually, when cutting green cuttings of hardwoods, two cuts are obtained - in the upper (apical) and lower (basal) parts. However, in some breeds, only cuttings from the upper part of the shoot with an apical bud are well rooted, such cuttings have only one cut at the bottom (actinidia, three-lobed almonds, chokeberry, caragana tree, felt cherry, skumpia, sea buckthorn, hydrangeas, blood red currant, elm Androsov, viburnum ordinary dwarf). Softwood cuttings are also taken predominantly with an apical bud and, for most species, from shoots growing vertically, since plants obtained from cuttings from lateral shoots usually tend to grow not upwards, but to the side (topophysis).
In conifers with shortened internodes, cuttings are harvested by pulling branches away from the mother branch. At the same time, a piece of wood remains on the current shoot. Rooting is carried out in greenhouses, greenhouses.
Vaccinations
Grafting is an artificial splicing of the grafted component - the scion - with the plant on which the graft is grafted - the stock. Inoculation techniques were developed in antiquity, they were described in the works of the ancient Romans. The main area in which grafting methods have been developed is fruit growing, where mass reproduction of varieties is necessary. The same goals are pursued by ornamental crop production in the reproduction of forms, varieties, clones. As a result of grafting, the graft and rootstock grow together into a single plant organism, each part of which, while developing, retains its functions: the stock supplies the entire plant with water and minerals from the soil, and the graft, which forms the crown of the plant, provides the plant with photosynthesis products - organic substances.
When grafting, one has to strictly take into account the properties of the scion and rootstock, which affect both the survival rate of the grafts and the longevity of the complex organism.
Good tissue fusion and maximum longevity are ensured by grafting systematically close species, as well as by grafting forms and varieties to the species from which they originate. Biologically incompatible rootstocks and scions either do not grow together at all, or form non-viable organisms. An example of the latter in ornamental plant growing is the experience of grafting varieties of common lilac on Hungarian lilac. These vaccinations began to be practiced due to the fact that the Hungarian lilac is more vigorous than the common lilac, and rather gives a ready-made stock for bush, semi-standard and standard plants. But after 5-9 years, depending on the grafted variety, its incompatibility is revealed - an influx forms at the grafting site and the scion breaks off.
Sometimes the idea of incompatibility is created due to insufficiently accurate knowledge of the sap flow time of the rootstock, on which the success of grafting depends (for example, in a group of willow pears), from insufficient adherence to technology - drying components, contamination of compatible surfaces and low skill of the one who grafts.
The mutual influence of the rootstock and scion in lilacs is also manifested in the following fact: when a white variety is grafted onto a rootstock obtained from lilac seeds with lilac flowers, the survival rate is lower than when grafted on a white-colored rootstock, and the color of the pure-white variety becomes a dirty shade , which is especially noticeable when forcing lilacs in winter in greenhouses.
Vaccinations differ: in place - in the root, root collar, bole, crown; by time - spring, summer, autumn, winter; on production - in the closed or open ground.
Vaccination methods can be grouped into three groups:
ablactation, or grafting by bringing together the branches of two own-rooted plants;
grafting with a cutting with 2-5 buds taken from a perennial branch;
budding - grafting one kidney (eye).
Ablactation is rarely used and only for hard-growing species: birch, chestnut, beech. For ablactation, the rootstock and scion are grown side by side. On neighboring shoots (rootstock and scion), longitudinal shallow sections of the bark are made with a thin layer of wood 4-5 cm long and combined with bare surfaces. For strength in exposed areas, splits are made at % of the length of the cut surface. Combined shoots are tied with a washcloth or film. An ablactation with a saddle on the apical shoot is also used.
In order to avoid swinging by the wind, the graft is tied to a stake. After fusion, the scion is separated below the grafting site and the crown of the stock is cut off above the grafting site.
Grafting with a cutting consists in the fact that an escape with two or more eyes is transferred to the stock. It can be done in a variety of ways throughout the year.
Copulation is carried out if the diameters of the scion and rootstock are the same.
For the strength of the graft, as in the case of ablactation, splits are also made along the cut - this is improved copulation (Fig.).
Butt grafting is carried out when the diameter of the scion is less than the diameter of the rootstock (Fig. a). For greater strength, they are grafted with a saddle (Fig. b) and with tongue (Fig. in).
Rice. Copying methods:
a - simple; b - simple copulation for maples (the opposite arrangement of the kidneys is preserved); c - improved copulation with tongue
Grafting in the butt with a saddle is easier to perform. The most suitable time is the period of spring sap flow, but they also do it in winter.
Bark grafting (fig.) is the best way to graft mature trees and regraft; it is the easiest, and it is from it that one must begin to master the technique of inoculation. The time for these vaccinations is spring sap flow and winter. Grafting for the bark is carried out more often with a cut in the bark in order to less damage the cambium when inserting the scion cutting. For the strength of the graft, the cut on the scion is made with a saddle.
Split grafts are the oldest and most imperfect, but the most suitable for conifers (Fig. a).
Triangulation (incrustation, "goat's foot") is carried out for coniferous and tender hardwoods in the pre-spring period, from January to March, if the stock is much thicker than the scion (Fig. b). The best graft for elm, as well as for ash, is “in the knot”, i.e. so that the buds of the scion and rootstock are on the same level.
Lateral grafting (Fig. c, d) used when replenishing the crown with missing branches. The best time for side grafting is spring, but roses, lilacs can be grafted indoors in winter. A stalk - a scion is taken with a heel, which is inserted behind the bark of the cut on the rootstock.
Budding (eye grafting, bud grafting) is the most commonly used grafting method, as it is simple, reliable and gives good survival results for all hardwoods. It is carried out in two terms: the so-called spring budding with a sprouting eye is done during the spring sap flow; during the period of late summer outflow, in July-August, summer budding is carried out with a sleeping eye.
Fig. Vaccination in butt: a - simple; b - c saddle; in- with tongue
Rice. Bark graft:
a - a stalk with a simple grafting over the bark; b - stalk with improved grafting with a saddle; in - grafting without cutting the rootstock bark; G - grafting with an incision in the rootstock bark, followed by tying;
During these periods, when there is active sap flow, the bark of the rootstocks is well separated from the wood, which is the key to successful fusion of the rootstock and scion.
a B C D
Rice. Vaccination methods:
a - in a split; b - triangulation ("goat's leg"); c, d - in the lateral incision (lateral incision)
When budding in spring, the scion is the bud (eye) of the previous year, which will blossom and shoot in the same year. When budding in July-August, the bud formed in the same summer serves as a scion; it will bloom and shoot only after overwintering, the next year (Fig.).
According to the technique of execution, spring budding is less convenient than summer budding, since the spring bud does not have a leaf petiole. Therefore, it was rarely used before, but due to the increase in the production of grafted plants, it is being used more and more widely to extend the work period. In addition, spring budding for climatic regions with little snow and severe winters is the only possible one, since buds grafted in July-August freeze out in these regions during the winter.
There are several ways of budding. The first and most common is budding behind the bark by a bud with a shield consisting of bark and a thin layer of wood, the so-called budding with wood (Fig. a and b).
The second method is the same budding behind the bark, but the shield does not have a layer of wood - this is the so-called budding without wood.
Budding with dormant and germinating ocelli is most often performed in T-shaped or cruciform incisions (Fig. d, e).
The third method is budding with a tube, when the kidney is removed not with a shield, but with a large section of the cortex, which has a rectangular shape. This method is used for thick-skinned rootstocks - on nuts, horse chestnut, figs, tung (Fig. e).
Rice. 4.38. Budding methods:
a- shield during budding with a germinating eye (April-May), side and front views; b - scutellum when budding with a dormant eye (July-August), side, front and section views; c - shield during budding in the butt with insufficient sap flow; d, d - T-shaped and cruciform cuts on the rootstock; e- removal of a section of bark on a rootstock with a rectangular shield
The use of the method, when the bark is removed without a piece of wood, gives better survival of the eyes, but it is complicated by the fact that it can be carried out provided that the wood is well separated from the bark, otherwise the vascular bundle of the kidney is often damaged and a significant number of grafted eyes become unusable. Therefore, in practice, budding is often carried out with a shield with wood.
The fourth method is lateral budding in the butt with a cut in place of the axillary bud of the stock at the first or second node of the annual shoot.
Depending on the requirements for decorative planting material, budding is carried out in different parts of the rootstock. When growing trees and shrubs with different colors or structure of leaves in their natural life form, budding is carried out as close as possible to the root neck, so that the entire aerial part - the stem and crown of the tree, the shoots of the shrubs develop from the eye - scion. Budding of weeping and spherical forms is carried out not in the root collar, but in the trunk, at a height determined by the technical requirements for the material. In the stem, budding is also carried out to obtain stem and semi-stem roses and lilacs.
Budding in the root neck is carried out, as a rule, on two- or three-year-old plants with a stem diameter of 0.7-1.5 cm. the thickness at the budding site should be 0.7-1.5 cm.
To obtain plants grafted by any method, it is necessary to have healthy mother plants of grafted (propagated) forms and a healthy rootstock. Vegetative rootstocks are grown less, for example, to obtain dwarf plants.
