Many gardeners are happy to plant various varieties of grapes on their plots, selecting the best, breeding and selecting the most suitable in terms of yield, endurance and taste. Among them, a well-known breeder stands out, thanks to whose enthusiasm and painstaking work more than fifty varieties have appeared.
Breeder Pavlovsky brought about 50 varieties of grapes, including Rochefort
Breeder Pavlovsky
Evgeny Georgievich Pavlovsky is one of the most successful and talented breeders who managed to give excellent viable varieties. A simple miner, who in his spare time was engaged in his personal plot, back in 1985 brought out the first copies that received many awards and prizes at international competitions and exhibitions. Many of them are successfully cultivated in various regions of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine.
The basis of the collection are hybrids bred through painstaking selection and selection of the best qualities and properties. Among the unifying positive points can be identified:
- precocity;
- frost resistance;
- high yield;
- attractive presentation of bunches;
- resistance to fungal diseases.
All gardeners note the excellent taste and sufficient sugar content, which make the new plants bred by Pavlovsky indispensable on land.
Hip-Hop grapes, like other varieties of Pavlovsky, have a high sugar content.
All varieties developed by E.G. Pavlovsky, are a novelty on the market, therefore, it is worth buying them for planting in special nurseries with seedlings, having previously studied the features of the species so that it meets all expectations.
Almost all of them are adapted for planting in spring and autumn, they require protection from cold winds, but they winter well due to their excellent frost resistance. The land for planting must be prepared, taking into account the standard requirements for any grape, not planted immediately after the old bush, allowing the soil to rest for several years.
Optimal care conditions
Like any fruit-bearing plant, grapes need a sufficient amount of moisture, so regular full-fledged watering, especially on hot dry days, will favorably affect the amount of the harvest.
E.G. himself Pavlovsky recommends, at least sometimes, feeding the bushes with humus, potash or phosphate fertilizers, be sure to mulch the ground around for the best supply of nutrients to the root system. For this, blackened sawdust, sprinkled with a layer of 3 centimeters, is useful.
An important necessary step is the well-thought-out pruning of the bush, which affects its ability to bear fruit well. By reducing the excess number of stepchildren, you can direct nutrients to the fruits, as well as form a clear, neat shape.
With the onset of cold weather, grapes need shelter, especially if the growing area is characterized by winters with an average temperature of about 20 degrees below zero. Young seedlings are insulated with specially prepared tubs, clean plastic containers from under the water, and covered with earth. Adult fruit-bearing bushes are covered with a film, trying to leave some air space.
Carmen grapes and other varieties of Pavlovsky should be carefully wrapped for the winter
Features of the selection of cuttings for planting
The laying of a generous harvest begins with a leisurely choice of cuttings, compliance with all conditions for planting in the ground, and high-quality care for it. Experienced growers themselves receive the material on their site. And when choosing in a nursery or on the market, you need to consider the following points:
- the seedling must have a developed root system;
- the roots should have a whitish tint, and the cut should be green;
- there must be at least three buds on the handle.
Before planting, they should be pre-prepared by soaking in a special solution for a day.
The famous breeder constantly pleases fans with new hybrids with improved qualities, but it is worth mentioning in detail the varieties that have already proven themselves and have received high consumer ratings in recent times.
The grape seedling must have a healthy and attractive appearance.
Ali Baba: nutmeg dessert
Obtained as a result of crossing popular unpretentious varieties, this hybrid species immediately fell in love with a delicate harmonious taste with pleasant nutmeg notes. Thanks to its amazing persistence and productivity, it has been chosen as the main one by many industrial vineyards.
It pleasantly amazes its owners with luxurious brushes weighing up to 800 grams with densely spaced large berries. They have an excellent presentation, in addition to a beautiful dark red color, attracting with a light aroma, delicate rich taste. Under a thin, imperceptible shell on the tongue, a fairly dense fleshy pulp is hidden.
Among the undoubted positive aspects of Ali Baba, noted by gardeners, the most important when growing are called:
- a short period of aging;
- high yield and quality berries;
- the presence of flowers of each sex on the vines;
- resistance to diseases and frosts up to 23 degrees.
This species is perfectly propagated by cuttings that have excellent adaptive properties in new conditions. They grow quite quickly, giving good rich harvests in a few years. The vegetative period declared by the breeder is about 100 days, depending on weather conditions and the amount of sunlight.
A pleasant feature of "Ali Baba" is the ability of young stepchildren to bear fruit, although they produce clusters that are less plentiful in weight, ripening later than on the main lashes. Even from a green stepson, you can collect up to 4 kilograms of quality grapes.
Among the negative aspects of this specimen, the owners note that the strong density of berries on the gron prevents them from forming the oval shape characteristic of the variety. Although young branches bear fruit, they strongly take away the nutritious juices of the main part of the bush, requiring enhanced care and feeding. Therefore, in the spring there is always a dilemma: to leave or remove new shoots in order to get a high quality crop.
Ali Baba grapes produce fruits with a nutmeg flavor
Delicate table "Marshmallow"
Very popular among gardeners is the variety of table grapes “Zefir”, wonderful in taste and quality, bred by Pavlovsk breeding on the basis of the frost-resistant “Talisman”. It is also characterized by the presence of bisexual flowers that solve the problem of pollination, excellent adaptability to changeable weather, suitable for cool areas of the middle regions of Russia.
This is an early ripening hybrid form, characterized by large heavy clusters, the berries on which reach an average of 14 grams. Zephyr is characterized by a very beautiful red color with a slight purple tint, iridescent in the sun. On average, one brush reaches 600 grams, but with persistent warm weather and enhanced feeding, you can get more than a kilogram. Large appetizing berries are densely packed, not having the property of peas, and their flavor is very sweet and unobtrusive.
Zephyr has an interesting distinguishing feature: despite the precocity, a fully ripened crop can not be harvested until frost. It is perfectly stored on the sleeves without loss of taste and visual commercial qualities, allowing you to shoot a small amount every day without cutting off the rest of the brushes. And a large number of clusters makes it a very profitable purchase for a small plot.
Marshmallow grapes have an unusual color
Rostov "Ayuta"
A wonderful hybrid variety, named Pavlovsky in honor of the river flowing near Rostov, appeared on the market in 2012 and was immediately liked by lovers of breeding early table species. It is distinguished by a pleasant aftertaste with a touch of tea rose, remaining in the mouth after dense pulp. One of the most popular in the collection of the famous selector, Ayuta grapes have many advantages for gardeners:
- crunch characteristic of this species when biting;
- normal resistance to cold;
- resistance to rot, diseases and pests;
- early aging;
- flower stalks on the vine are always of both sexes.
Clusters of "Ayuta" have a good presentation, attracting large purple berries, lying tightly on a massive bunch weighing up to a kilogram. They are fully ripe by August, and can remain on the lashes until the first frost without bursting and without losing their sweet delicate taste. A dense shell allows you to transport it to the place of sale without any special precautions.
This specimen does not require special additional care, constant loosening, calmly referring to a slight lack of moisture, poor soil condition, and is not subject to various types of decay, damage by pests and insects. And good resistance to freezing made "Ayuta" a gift for gardeners from regions with a cool climate.
Ayuta grapes produce bunches weighing up to a kilogram
Amber "Monarch"
Tasty and beautiful table variety "Monarch", obtained by Pavlovsky as a result of many years of selection, belongs to the early ripening time. Depending on the climatic features of the region, the harvest can be obtained as early as mid-August, and the average growing season is no more than four months.
This specimen is characterized by a fairly good yield, the ability to collect brushes up to one kilogram. Large, elastic berries have an even conical shape, slightly reminiscent of medium-sized plums. In the sun, they play with amber hues, with a slight redness.
The pulp is juicy and fleshy, with a pronounced nutmeg taste, and a small amount of seeds. The berries do not crumple during transportation, are perfectly stored and are liked by customers with their appetizing appearance.
The indisputable advantages of Monarch are:
- excellent taste and sweetness, regardless of the vagaries of the weather;
- the same size of berries;
- good performance in grafting and transplanting;
- excellent frost resistance up to 25 degrees.
From one adult plant, it is quite possible to collect about 7 kilograms of delicious fruits. But this species has an increased growth force, increasing by a third during the season due to the growth of greenery and stepchildren, therefore, it needs pruning and thinning of the leaves. But the presence of female and male flowers on the bush simplifies the task of pollination for the owner.
The only problem of "Monarch" is a large number of falling ovaries during the flowering period, even under the most favorable conditions. But the remaining inflorescences cope with the task quite well, turning into large, heavy clusters.
Monarch grapes are distinguished by large berries
Golden "Ozone"
Despite the absolutely identical source material with Ali Baba, E.G. Pavlovsky managed to get a completely different hybrid grape, noticeably different in shape and properties.
Fragrant and juicy "Ozone" surprises the owners with generous brushes up to 1.5 kilograms, on which golden grapes of a cylindrical shape are grouped. Despite the simple nutmeg taste, they are very juicy, sweet and contain many useful substances.
The yield of "Ozone" is quite stable, but it needs correction of greenery and ovaries in the spring so as not to get a lot of small berries. The full ripening period is equal to 105 days, allowing you to enjoy a natural dessert in early August. He, like Ali Baba, is not afraid of freezing on the soil, ideally adapting to the conditions of the middle lane.
This is a wonderful tasty specimen, the only drawback of which is his youth. It was bred in 2012 and has not been studied enough, so it can give unpredictable results in new conditions.
Grapes Ozone gives large brushes of 1.5 kg in weight
Delicate "Romeo"
An interesting hybrid with the usual even taste is the Romeo table variety, which belongs to the late varieties that ripen by early autumn. Quite unpretentious to weather conditions and temperature, it quickly takes root, grows intensively, forming luxurious clusters of about one kilogram. However, in cool weather, the weight may be slightly less.
Delicate lilac berries on the brush are always papillary of an unusual shape, but the thin skin is easily damaged, making it difficult to transport the crop. Therefore, it is not recommended to grow it for sale.
The distinctive characteristics of "Romeo" are called:
- very good harvest from one bush;
- sustainable resistance to diseases that affect grapes;
- the presence of flowers of different sexes;
- frost resistance and adaptability.
"Romeo" is a worthy hybrid for home breeding, capable of providing the whole family from one adult bush.
Romeo grapes - a fruitful hybrid of a very pleasant taste
Sweet "Beauty"
Another hybrid form, proposed by Pavlovsky, was bred by mixing pollen from tender European and resistant Amur vines. The resulting tall massive bush turned out to be above average among similar ones, but ripens well, giving a delicious harvest in early August.
Pretty Woman grones can't offer a record-breaking mass, limiting themselves to a neat 700 gram bunch, producing attractive small-sized dark pink berries with a nutmeg aftertaste and a characteristic purple tip.
Of the positive aspects of "Pretty Woman" - its resistance to frost and rapid maturation, ideal for areas with a short summer period. And the disadvantages are its little study due to its youth, which does not provide full-fledged research material on the level of resistance to certain diseases characteristic of grapes. Therefore, the bush requires very close care and health monitoring, a quick response to any manifestations of rot or mildew.
Grapes Beauty is suitable for regions with a cold climate
Graceful "Juliet"
Many growers often purchase "Juliet" complete with "Romeo", which look perfect and complement each other in taste and color. Despite the different basis taken by E.G. Pavlovsky for selection, they ripen and fill with juice at the same time.
"Juliet" is a vigorous, low plant, on which small brushes grow up to 500 grams with a very subtle flavor, reeking of nutmeg. On a small crown, large sweet grapes of a beautiful yellow-green hue are formed with a lot of sugar.
This vine tends to lose yield when the bush is overloaded with tassels, therefore, it requires mandatory thinning during the release of peduncles. If this is not done, a large yield will prevent the creation of a rich shade of nutmeg and give tasteless unleavened berries.
Juliet grapes produce sweet nutmeg berries
The breeder, continuing to cooperate with many well-known colleagues from different countries, constantly improves his work, releasing new forms for reproduction, most of which are immediately to the taste of gardeners:
- 'Carmen': a novelty with a short maturation time, characterized by luxurious clusters of dark saturated blue, with large oval grapes. The standard taste of "Carmen" is complemented by a special combination of natural sugars and acids. The plant is quite resistant to winter cold, confidently gaining popularity in the middle zone of the country.
- "Rochefort": causes genuine interest of gardeners for the opportunity to grow clusters of stunning size, reaching 4 kilograms in favorable weather. When ripe, the grapes turn blue, as they become saturated with sweetness, becoming an unusual almost black color. The variety has successfully passed the tests of cold and diseases typical for grapes.
- "Hip-Hop": behind a frivolous name lies a very promising hybrid novelty from Pavlovsky, ripening early and presenting delicious juicy grapes with a yellowish tint. For its fleshy pulp, thin, strong skin that can easily withstand transportation, the ability to quickly propagate by cuttings, large agricultural producers are seriously interested in Hip Hop.
Given the great variety of grape varieties obtained by the talented hands of E.G. Pavlovsky, the list is endless. But many of them have common features, appearing on the basis of the same mother bush by green grafting.
Most of them have already passed some testing, including the ability to survive the cold, resist gray rot or leaf pests, but the latest still require attention and special conditions for a full-fledged harvest.
» » The latest hybrid varieties of grapes of Pavlovsky E.G.
I became interested in grapes about 15 years ago. At that time, I grew the “Queen of the Vineyards” and “Lydia”, however, like many ... I did not even suspect that there were disease-resistant grape varieties. Every year I had to spray Bordeaux liquid. I saw a vineyard at my classmate and got carried away. Yes, so much so that I uprooted all the fruit trees on the estate, drove the tractor, planned, and out of the blue I broke into planting grapes. No experience, I had to go to Zaporozhye to Leonov S.G. Later the author of the book "Amateur viticulture". He told me in detail what and how. I started planting with cuttings. Then I went to Klyuchikov E.A. for seedlings. Corresponded with many growers, such as: Sokolov V.I., Olefir E.M., Alekseenko A.N., Kuzmenko N.I., Dmitrenko V.P., Piven I.I., Sinyak G. I.and others..Sokolov V.I.I want to note as a knowledgeable, experienced viticulturist-practitioner from the city of Nikolaev. He helped me a lot at that time with new varieties.After all, what do we want? to surpass the rest and no one had. Like pigeons. In a word, I also joined this race for the “miracle variety” of grapes. and replacing the soil .. And 2004, a shallow year, cured me of my craving for a “new variety.” I began to see old varieties created by specialists and tested by time differently. I’m not against today’s home-grown breeders, but why fool people? so what? Now you need to test and get a certificate? And who can help evaluate and issue a "good" for distribution? If Krasokhina S.I. trades in dubious varieties. site. So it turns out that black business is flourishing in the field of amateur viticulture. An experienced wine grower, of course, will not buy it, but beginners, even very easily.
I, too, at one time, for sporting interest, wanted to create a variety. After all, in essence, what is it? Any seedling carries the uniqueness of the variety, so do it. In my opinion, do not blame me for simplicity, there are two ways to get a variety. Clone selection and hybrid. Clone, this is when the entire vine of the variety goes to planting seedlings and the best ones are selected. .But this is a long way. And the second, a hybrid in which plant pollen is involved. Please forgive me for my stupidity, but as I understand it. I got this process to growing seedlings. but “my selection stopped.” And I started with the following. I don’t remember exactly, but it seems that the bunches of the Rapture variety were placed in a paper bag, and when flowering, I tied flowers of a different variety to them, in my opinion, Natalya. the appearance of a droplet on the pistil, remove the stamens for bisexuals, and for female flowers, it is even easier to tie and wait. in general, at that time I didn’t pursue the goal of creating super-berries. It was just interesting. When the berries are tied, the packages are removed and they wait for full ripening. Then, like in tomatoes, the seeds are selected, washed in a weak solution of potassium permanganate and dried. Store in the basement , preferably in a bag of dense fabric in the sand. In early spring, the seeds are stratified in wet sand for a week, then they are allowed to dry and planted like carrots with sand, but only to school and under a film. Normal care, watering and thinning. In the second year, the seedlings are transplanted and observe the strength of growth and the presence of sores. To obtain the first trial berries, there should be 5 year old rootstock bushes in which the stem is cut to cause shoots and the best seedlings are grafted onto them. If you are lucky, you will get a new variety. So, nothing original in this is not, it would be time and desire.
Some growers sleep and see how to breed a new variety, and what to cross to get a hybrid form that strikes the imagination in size, color and taste ... I want to disappoint those who want to try on Michurin's laurels. Selection is a long process.
If time doesn't scare you, be patient! You will need the following gentlemen's kit:
- at least five years to breed one variety;
- decent piece of land;
- the ability to endure failure;
- receive positive emotions from the lesson.
It is useful to familiarize yourself with the professional literature. This may be a textbook on viticulture by the authorship of Negrul, and "Genetics and selection of the vine" by Ayvazyan P.K. and Dokuchaeva E.N.
You also need to turn your vineyard into an impregnable fortress, otherwise the fruits of your combinations may go to banal thieves who will sell bunches on the market, and you will lose all the results of your work. Such cases are not just unsettling, they leave a bitter aftertaste for a long time.
And still it is necessary to put only feasible tasks. Entire scientific institutes are engaged in breeding frost-resistant grapes with good characteristics, and the results are still modest.
An amateur breeder cannot handle such tasks. The probability of getting a variety with frost resistance -30...-32°C from offspring with frost resistance -23 ... -25 ° С is the same as hitting the jackpot in the lottery. The same can be said about high resistance to diseases.
Despite these limitations, the field of activity of enthusiasts is very extensive. You can improve the color of the bunches, the shape of the berries, the size, the taste, the structure, the ripening time, the vigor of the growth, the yield, the sex of the flower, the seedlessness… So that's enough work.
Never cross pairs at random. Use the “duet” rule: if you plan to breed a large-berry variety with a given color of bunches, then choose both parental forms with a given color. Use this rule when setting a selection problem. The probability of getting a bisexual variety is different: when crossing bisexual varieties, the probability is 3 to 1. That is, three seedlings will be bisexual, and one will be unisexual. Previously, all same-sex forms were rejected. But if we do this now, then we would be left without Talisman, Flora, Flamingo, Victoria, Sofia, Gourmets ... So do not rush to reject hybrid forms, maybe they will have other advantages. In industrial selection, out of a hundred seedlings, only one or two with the desired properties were selected, the rest were rejected. In amateur breeding, 20-30 seedlings are considered sufficient.
And the last. It has been noted that the earlier the maturation period of the mother form, the worse the germination of hybrid seeds. The lowest germination in super-early varieties is only 1-1.5%. And in maternal forms with early maturation - 10-25%. The best germination is in seeds from late mother bushes.
Most popular on the site
01/18/2017 / Veterinarian
BUSINESS PLAN for breeding chinchillas from P...
In modern conditions of the economy and the market as a whole, to start a business ...
01.12.2015 / Veterinarian
If you compare people who sleep completely naked under the covers and those ...
11/19/2016 / Health
Moles are not our enemies, they are just unwanted guests on the site. Between p...
26.03.2020 / Kitchen garden
GUYOT AGAINST WOOD At one time I was fond of single-shoulder shaping...
03/01/2020 / Grapes
Lunar-sowing calendar gardener-gardener...
11/11/2015 / Kitchen garden
The doctor who contracted the coronavirus...
British doctor Claire Gerada has recently been ill with coronavirus and...
24.03.2020 / Health
Melons are not imported bananas. They are both tastier and more aromatic...
03/25/2020 / Kitchen garden
Reflections on unspoken goals and objectives...
Age statistics of mortality from coronavirus Infant ...
26.03.2020 / Society
The other day I went to the site to a good friend of the vegetable grower. Plot me...
03/25/2020 / Kitchen garden
What happens to the body during corona...
In this article, we will talk about exactly how the coronavirus infects the body. What...
The crossing technique is quite simple; for this purpose, the mother plant is first prepared.
Mother plant preparation
Most varieties of grapes have bisexual flowers and, with pure-grade plantations, as a rule, self-pollinate, that is, the egg is fertilized by pollen that develops on the same or neighboring flower.
In order to prevent the process of self-pollination or intravarietal pollination (pollen from the flowers of neighboring bushes), pollen should be removed within the inflorescence. This process of removing pollen is called "castration". Castration starts 2-3 days before flowering. Castration is done with tweezers, which carefully remove the flower cap (corolla) and at the same time anthers with pollen. If the flower's filaments are short and the anthers sit at the level of the stigma of the pistil or below it, then in this case only the cap of the flower is removed first, and then the stamen filaments with anthers break off.
In the inflorescence, not all flowers are castrated, but only 40-50% of the total number, approximately 100-150. The remaining flowers are cut off so that the castrated flowers are evenly distributed on the inflorescence. After castration, the inflorescence should be immediately isolated with a bag made of parchment paper. The paper insulator prevents the flowers from being exposed to pollen.
When varieties with a functionally female type of flower are used for hybridization, castration is not carried out, since the pollen of these flowers is not capable of fertilization. However, such flowers are also isolated until the moment of artificial pollination.
Collection of pollen from the paternal plant
Then proceed to harvest the pollen of the paternal plant. For this purpose, during the flowering of the paternal plant, the filaments with anthers are collected in paper bags, after which they are transferred to the room and spread out on paper for drying and ripening. After a day or two, when the anthers burst, the pollen is separated from the filaments and anthers by sifting through a silk sieve and placed in test tubes. Harvested pollen should be stored in a dry and cool place. In the case when the flowering of the mother and father plants coincides, the pollen of the father plant is not collected, and in order to fertilize the mother plant, the plucked inflorescences of the father plant are shaken over the inflorescence of the mother plant. When the flowering of the paternal plant is later than the mother plant, it is necessary to artificially either accelerate the flowering of the paternal plant, or delay the flowering of the mother plant.
You can speed up the beginning of flowering by layering with a vine. As observations have shown, flowering on layering occurs 7-10 days earlier compared to flowering on ordinary bushes. Flowering is accelerated even more if greenhouse frames are installed above the bushes. You can delay the beginning of flowering by carrying out snow retention and late spring watering. For a longer period, flowering can be delayed if a hole is dug under the bushes intended for hybridization, into which snow is poured and covered with straw and earth on top.
With earlier flowering of paternal plants, pollen can be prepared in advance and stored until the moment of use. Under appropriate conditions of heat and humidity, pollen can be stored for up to a year.
pollination process
After harvesting pollen or inflorescences with pollen, they begin to artificially apply the pollen of the paternal plant to the flowers of the mother. The process of pollination is usually started when a special, slightly sticky liquid appears on the stigmas of the pistils of the mother plant. In order to prevent foreign pollen from getting onto the stigma through the air, the insulator is usually not removed, but a round hole is cut out in it, through which pollen is applied with a brush or cotton wool, after which the hole is sealed with a circle of parchment paper. If pollination is carried out by shaking the plucked inflorescence, then in this case it is better to remove the insulator and, after applying pollen to the flowers of the mother plant, put it on again.
Since not all flowers of the mother plant are simultaneously prepared for the perception of pollen, pollination is recommended to be repeated after 2-3 days.
In order to ensure interspecific or intergeneric crossing, I. V. Michurin developed a method of vegetative convergence. To do this, before crossing, the initial forms are grafted. It is possible to instill the future paternal form on the maternal one and, conversely, the maternal one on the paternal one. As a result of the mutual influence of the scion on the rootstock, pollen or an egg appear, which are biologically more similar, and the process of fertilization occurs.
In some cases, to overcome non-crossing, a mixture of pollen from several species is used, or the mother's pollen is mixed with the father's. A. Ya. Kuzmin developed another way to overcome non-crossing, which consists in the late application of pollen to the stigma of the pistil, when the stigma is on the verge of dying off.
After the berries have developed to the size of a pea, the parchment insulators are removed and gauze bags are put on instead to better preserve the hybrid seeds.
Working with seeds
The resulting hybrid berries remain on the bushes until the seeds fully ripen. Then the clusters are removed from the bushes along with gauze bags and transferred to a storage room. In winter, the seeds are removed from the berries, washed thoroughly and slightly dried on well-ventilated racks. Then the seeds are placed in wet sand and stored in clay pots in unheated rooms at a temperature of 5-7 degrees Celsius. The room where the seeds are stored (at the same time the seeds are stratified) should not be excessively damp. Two weeks before sowing in the ground or greenhouses, they are transferred to a warm room, where, after being transplanted into boxes with sand, the swelling process occurs and the seeds begin to germinate.
The seeds that have hatched are transplanted into greenhouses or directly onto the ridges in the ground. Transplanting seeds into the ground should be done at such a time that the seeds do not experience a sharp temperature fluctuation.
Sowing seeds in greenhouses is carried out at a distance of 8 cm between rows from each other and is covered with humus, mixed half with river sand, to a depth of 3-4 cm. is located depending on the scale of work and methods of mechanized tillage. With a small amount of breeding work and manual processing of ridges, the distance between rows is 35-40 cm. With horse cultivation, row spacing increases to 70-75 cm. Seedling care consists in maintaining the necessary soil moisture, combating weeds, diseases and pests.
From the moment of seed germination to the entry of young seedlings into a state of full fruiting, hybrid plants are provided with good conditions for development.
Directed parenting
At a young age, a hybrid plant, being plastic, can develop certain properties that correspond to environmental conditions. The growing conditions of a hybrid plant are of decisive importance for identifying the required traits and properties and the time of entry into fruiting seedlings.
On the issue of creating new varieties by the method of hybridization and directed education, I. V. Michurin wrote “In this matter, everything depends on the experimental selection of combinations of crossed pairs, plants and, mainly, on the expedient education of hybrid seedlings at their young age. Here, almost entirely the qualities of the future variety depend on the mode of its upbringing. Directed education is necessary to accustom the plant to easily endure all the adverse conditions of the area. So, if the task is to develop high-yielding, high-quality and cold-resistant varieties, hybrid seedlings should be placed in natural conditions of low winter temperatures. Seedlings obtained, for example, from crossing European varieties of grapes with Amur grapes should be slightly covered with earth in the first year, and then they should be gradually taught to endure winter temperatures without any cover by earth. In addition, to increase cold resistance, you can use the “mentor” method of education developed by I. V. Michurin. For this purpose, young seedlings need to be grafted onto a cold-resistant stock of Amur grapes, or a cutting of this cold-resistant species is grafted onto a seedling. Under the influence of a cold-resistant stock or scion, the property of cold resistance is enhanced in a hybrid seedling.
If the task is to develop Muscat resistant to oidium and mildew diseases, then, in addition to crossing this variety with some disease-resistant American variety, it is sometimes necessary to strengthen this resistance again by grafting. The same method of directed education can be used in breeding more productive varieties with early ripening of berries and with other features and properties. In particular, with distant interspecific hybridization, it often becomes necessary to improve the quality of the variety. For this purpose, cuttings of high-quality European grape varieties are grafted onto the seedling. In this case, the tissues of the seedling are built on the nutrients produced by the leaves of a quality European variety, due to which the same trait develops in the hybrid seedling.
Improvement in the quality of the variety and increase in yield can be achieved by improving the nutritional conditions a year before fruiting. To do this, organic fertilizers are applied in a mixture with granular phosphorus and potash fertilizers. In the year of the beginning of fruiting, the amount of fertilizer applied increases.
To ensure strong growth and quick fruiting, seedlings should not be replanted frequently, and the leaf area should also be reduced when pruning. Seedlings should be transplanted only after the first rejection at the age of one year.
When transplanting, seedlings are given normal distances between bushes and rows, established for a fruit-bearing vineyard in a given area, while the root system should be significantly deepened compared to its location in a one-year-old seedling. Pruning of shoots in this case is long, which contributes to the early entry of a young plant into fruiting.
rejection
But not all seedlings obtained should be brought to fruiting. Some seedlings can be selected and discarded already at an early age. Depending on the task, the selection of unsuitable seedlings can be carried out in various ways and on various grounds.
So, for example, when breeding cold-resistant varieties, the selection of seedlings is achieved in a natural way. That part of the seedlings that does not have sufficient cold resistance, when left for the winter without shelter with earth, will have varying degrees of damage by winter frosts. Seedlings severely affected by frost can be rejected in the first year if they do not have other valuable traits and it is not intended to carry out additional work with them in the future to increase their cold resistance by grafting. By the time of ripening of the vine, one can also judge the property of cold resistance and the duration of the growing season. The faster and better the annual shoots of seedlings ripen, the more cold-resistant the latter.
In the spring of each year, seedlings can be selected not only for cold resistance, but also for other characteristics. During the development of fungal diseases or during artificial infection, the most disease-resistant seedlings should be selected. During the flowering period of grapes, seedlings with an abnormal flower structure can be isolated and discarded.
Evaluation of the resulting hybrids
The most complete assessment of the resulting hybrids can only be given after they have entered fruiting. It must be borne in mind that in the first year of fruiting it is impossible to judge the yield and quality of fruits, since at this time both clusters and berries are usually smaller. With the further development of grapes and the improvement of nutritional conditions, the size of clusters and berries gradually increases and the quality indicators of plants are revealed.
It is necessary to remember the instructions of T. D. Lysenko that “good varieties of plants, as well as good breeds of animals, in practice have always been created and are being created only under the condition of good agricultural technology, good animal husbandry. With poor agricultural practices, not only can good varieties never be obtained from bad varieties, but in many cases even good cultivars become bad after several generations. Therefore, newly obtained hybrids should receive good agricultural technology, since under poor growth and development conditions, valuable traits and properties may change for the worse in the future.
The significance of the abundant nutrition of hybrid seedlings can be judged from the data obtained by A.K. Ayvazyan, who grew seedlings when 18 kg of humus, 150 g of superphosphate and 20 g of ash were added per square meter.
Seedlings grown on such an agricultural background were characterized not only by strong growth, but also laid fruit buds, starting from 12-13 nodes and above.
In the second year of vegetation, seedlings, as a rule, begin to bear fruit, which makes it possible to select valuable numbers not only in terms of growth and morphological characteristics of shoots and leaves, but also in terms of yield.
Seedlings grown with abundant nutrition, in the third year, in terms of overall growth strength and fruiting, do not differ from ordinary bushes that have already entered the fruiting season.
Abundant nutrition not only accelerates the fruiting of seedlings, but also contributes to the development of valuable traits in them. If in the first year of development of seedlings, fruit buds develop starting from the 12-13 node, then in two-year-old and older plants, the development of fruit buds moves closer to the base of the shoot.
Further propagation of newly bred varieties
Further propagation of newly bred varieties is carried out by cuttings. It must be remembered that not all cuttings can provide valuable traits of a new variety. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the selection of the best bushes and cuttings within the bushes. Considering that vegetative deviations often appear on young bushes, if the cuttings are not taken correctly, the variety can be worsened, and, conversely, if the best cuttings are carefully selected, the variety can be improved.
For the conditions of the south and south-east of Ukraine and the south of Russia, as experience has shown, it is necessary to create new varieties of grapes. They must have high frost and mildew resistance, combined with good fruit quality, large size of berries and clusters, and external attractiveness.
Until recently, vineyard breeders used the best European varieties as "parents" to obtain resistant varieties, crossing them with Amur wild or American grapes and their hybrids.
Thus, N.I. Guzun (1976) used crossbreeding of grape varieties carrying complexes of resistance genes with the best European varieties. They have been allocated a number of forms in terms of quality at the level of released varieties and suitable for non-covering and self-rooted crops in the conditions of Moldova.
On a large scale, complex hybrids of the French breeder Save Villar were used by Moldovan scientists D.D. Verderevsky and K.A. Votovich and others. From crossing these hybrids with European varieties, a number of new varieties with high group resistance and good fruit quality (Lyana, Suruchensky white, Nistru, Kriulyansky, Norok, etc.) were bred.
Breeders of the All-Russian Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking. ME AND. Potapenko used European varieties and wild Amur grapes in breeding work. From such crossings, frost-resistant varieties were obtained, which, moreover, have increased resistance to mildew: Violet early, Shasla northern, Northern saperavi, Vydvizhenets, Vostorg, etc. (I.A. Kostrikin, 1985) S.A. Pogosyan (1972 d.) when breeding for frost resistance, it also uses European varieties that are relatively more resistant to critical temperatures.
Poghosyan came to the conclusion that when breeding frost-resistant grape varieties for hybridization, it is necessary to attract high-quality European varieties that have a relatively high frost resistance and high fruitfulness of replacement buds.
Similar varieties have been bred in the conditions of Armenia and Ukraine. These include Adisi, Sev Lernatu, and among the Western European and Black Sea groups - Riesling, Cabernet Sauvignon, Saperavi.
On the basis of experimental data, Pogosyan believes that with the correct selection of European varieties-producers, through intervarietal hybridization in the south, it is possible to develop high-quality varieties that can withstand frosts in the range of -27 ... -30 "C.
R.P. came to the same conclusion. Hakobyan (1969). He noted that when crossing such relatively frost-resistant varieties of the Western European group as Cabernet and Riesling with varieties of the eastern eco-geographical group Adisi and Sev Lernatu, individual seedlings, along with high fruit quality, surpass parental species in frost resistance by about 4-5 "C .
Important for breeding work is the study of the behavior of the original parental pairs in local conditions.
Of the 110 uncovered varieties and breeding forms of grapes studied in the Donbass, very high winter hardiness was noted only in 7 varieties: Alpha Black, Suputinsky White, Taiga Emerald, Elvira, Arktika, Buitur and Amur grapes.
In them, the death of the central kidneys does not exceed 20-46%. These varieties tolerate frosts well - 31 "C even after thaws, which indicates their high resistance.
High winter hardiness and the ability to develop fruit-bearing shoots from replacement buds have been established in the varieties Russian Concord, Pineapple, Solovyova early, Chugai-23.
Increased winter hardiness in comparison with European varieties is also possessed by varieties - Violet early, Shasla northern, Saperavi northern, Iyulsky, Decorative. They are of great interest not only for industrial distribution, but also in breeding work.
Having crossed the frost-resistant large-fruited variety Pineapple with the Euro-Amur Decorative, we have identified two promising forms of grapes for further selection. These are #7-28 and #7-61; they winter well in the conditions of Donbass, have large clusters. But the quality of the berries needs to be improved by crossing with resistant nutmeg varieties of the Jubilee-70 type, bred by the Moldavian Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking "Vierul".
The experience of the senior researcher of the Donetsk experimental station of viticulture V.T. Galushenko shows that the use of these forms as parent pairs made it possible to create stable table varieties with good fruit quality.
Crossing, carried out at the Ukrainian Research Institute of Winemaking and Viticulture. Tairov, two hybrids with resistance genes of Euro-Amur and Euro-American origin (Muscat blue early x Pieril) made it possible to create a rather frost- and mildew-resistant Muscat variety of technical direction - Muscat Odessa.
Thus, in order to create stable table grape varieties suitable for non-covering crops in the conditions of Donbass, it is necessary to cross not with European varieties, but between the best Euro-American and Euro-Amur hybrids.
For this purpose, we consider the following varieties to be promising: Vostorg, Northern Shasla, Early Purple, Northern Saperavi, Bruskam, Vydvizhenets, Burmunk, Nerkarat, Zovuni, Karmreni, Dimatskun, Mertsvan, Ushakert, Qakhtsreni, Armavir, Lusakert, Nalbadyani, Zeytun, Ashtaraki, Nushayut, Aknalig, seedling No. 1647/2, Gorizda No. 19 and No. 117. It is desirable to cross them with varieties of European-American origin: Anniversary-70, Memory of Verderevsky, Memory of Negrul, Anniversary of the Crane, Lyana, Nistru, Kriulyansky, Suruchensky white, Lanka , Original, Save Villar 20-365, Anitscan Muscat, Kodryanka, Frumoas Albe, Kontemirovsky, Strashensky, Zhemchug Zala.
However, some varieties of European origin can also be involved in hybridization. These are such as Abundant, Lobular, Derbent Muscat, Paytel Muscat, Amber Muscat, Korna Neagre.
High-frost-resistant grapes Amur, Buitur, Arktik, Russian concord, Pineapple, Suputinsky white, etc. can also be crossed with stable high-quality varieties.
Wine growers of Donbass need varieties with a short growing season and early, as well as ultra-early ripening.
Therefore, the selection of parental pairs must be carried out so that both "parents" have these features, or at least one of them.
