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Introduction. A political map of the World

Target: to familiarize students with the structure of the course, with sources of information, with the features of the textbook; to form an idea of ​​the diversity of the modern world, to give knowledge about the classification of countries, to show the place of Russia in the world; develop the ability to listen to a lecture and keep notes of the abstract of the lesson material.

Equipment: political map of the world, atlas, textbook, workbook

During the classes

1. Introductory speech of the teacher

This year we will get acquainted with the peculiarities of the development and distribution of the population and economy in the world and in individual countries. Science will help us in this - the economic and social geography of the world.From what words did this term come from?This science combines elements of geography, economics and sociology. Geography is the science of the Earth, economics is the science of housekeeping, sociology is the science of society. These sciences are closely interconnected: it is impossible to study the Earth, the economy of countries without people, without taking into account the human factor.

New directions have appeared in economic geography: the geography of population, industry, transport, agriculture, medical geography, geoecology, and others.

Our scientists, Nikolai Nikolaevich Baransky and Ivan Alexandrovich Vitver, made a great contribution to the development of the EiHM.

2. Introduction to the tutorial(according to the textbook p. 5-7)

3. Learning new material

What is shown on the political map of the world?(states, their capitals and borders between countries). The political map of the world is constantly changing. Its formation is a long process, reflecting the development of human society. There are 5 stages.

Political map of the world at the beginning of the XXI century. finally formed. Of course, it can change, then these changes will no longer be cardinal. Currently, there are 230 states on the political map.

A sovereign state is a politically independent state.The rest of the statescolonies, i.e. non-self-governing territories. A metropolis is a country that owns colonies.

Country classification

By size of territory (giant countries and dwarf states)

By population

By geographical location (coastal, land, island, peninsular, archipelago countries)

These are the quantitative characteristics of countries

Based on the flyleaf of the textbook and atlas, write out (indicating the capital):

7 largest countries in the world by area - Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia, India

5 microstates of Europe - San Marino, Monaco, Vatican, Andorra, Liechtenstein

10 countries with a population of more than 100 million people - China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Russia, Nigeria, Japan

5 peninsular states - Italy, Spain, Greece, Saudi Arabia, Turkey

5 island states - Sri Lanka, Iceland, Great Britain, Ireland. Madagascar

5 archipelago countries - Japan. Indonesia, Philippines, Fiji, New Zealand

10 land countries - Belarus, Austria, Hungary, Armenia, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Chad, Niger, Mali, Bolivia

10 coastal states - Peru, Argentina, Mexico, Guatemala, Morocco, Algeria, France, Norway, Thailand, Myanmar

Country classification

According to the social system (socialist, capitalist)

By level of socio-economic development (developed, developing, countries with economies in transition)

These are the qualitative characteristics of countries

According to the social system, until quite recently, countries were divided into socialist, capitalist and developing countries. In connection with the collapse of the world socialist system, these concepts have become obsolete. Nevertheless, there are several socialist countries in the world (DPRK, Cuba, China, Vietnam). The rest of the world has a capitalist economy of varying degrees of development.

The level of socio-economic development of the country is expressed by two indicators - the gross domestic product (GDP) and the human development index (HDI).

GDP is the value of all goods and services produced in a given country in a year in $.

HDI - the level of per capita income, education, average life expectancy, crime rate, environmental safety.

According to these indicators, countries are divided into:

economically developed countries

Peculiarities - a high level of industrial development, significant capital stocks, a high level of technological development, large volumes of exports, significant mineral reserves.

1. G7 countries: USA, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Canada. GDP per capita is $20-30 thousand.

2. Western European countries with the highest standard of living. Holland, Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark, Finland are considered the most prosperous today.

3. Countries of "resettlement" capitalism (former British colonies): Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Israel.

developing countries

This is most of the countries in the world. Many of them were colonies and gained independence after the Second World War. They are also called third world countries.

Peculiarities – periodic economic crises, instability, dependence on foreign loans, high unemployment, low incomes of the population

1. Key countries - leaders of the "third world" countries with great natural, human and economic potential - India, Brazil, Mexico.

2. Latin American countries - Argentina, Chile, Venezuela, etc., as well as countries in Asia and North Africa.

3. NIS - Newly Industrialized Countries: Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Thailand, Indonesia, etc. They made a big leap in their socio-economic development and received the nickname "Asian dragons."

4. Oil-exporting countries of the Persian Gulf - Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Iran, etc.

5. Most African countries are classic developing countries

6. About 40 least developed countries (“fourth world”). They are characterized by total poverty of the population, lack of basic necessities, unsanitary living conditions, widespread unemployment, low level of education, underdeveloped industry, high mortality, periodic mass starvation. This is Mozambique, Ethiopia. Rwanda, Somalia, etc.

countries with economies in transition

These are post-socialist countries: countries that were previously part of the USSR and former socialist countries of Eastern Europe. Although many of them can be attributed to developed countries (Group 2). Some are intermediate between developed and developing. And Russia is even a member of the G8 countries.

4. Fixing: R.T. pp. 3,6 (No. 1-10)

5. Homework: § 1, complete R.T., make a crossword "Countries of the World", be able to show on the map all the countries and their capitals recorded in the lesson

Modern political map of the world

Conduct form: lesson-offset.

Lesson Objectives: consolidation of the studied material, testing knowledge and skills on the topic. The formation of geographical culture, the formation of geographical thinking about the political map, about the main problems and directions of world development, the technology of countries, the political system, about the features of international relations at the present stage.

Lesson equipment: political map of the world, textbook, atlases, reference book "Countries of the World", geographical reference books.

During the classes

Students work during the lesson in writing and orally. For written assignments, they prepare a knowledge record sheet in advance, which is filled in gradually and handed over at the end of the lesson.

I stage. Oral questions and assignments. Students answer from their seats and at the blackboard, working with a political map.

1. What is called the political map of the world? How many countries are on the political map of the world? (230.)

2. What is a sovereign state? How many sovereign states are on the political map of the world? (195)

3. On the political map of the world, show the 7 largest countries in the world. (Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia, India.)

4. On the political map of the world, show 5 countries with a population of more than 100 million people. (China, India, USA, Brazil, Indonesia.)

5. On the political map of the world, show several peninsular countries (India, Italy, Turkey), island countries (Great Britain, Jamaica, Cuba, Cyprus), archipelago countries.

II stage. Students begin to work with a sheet of knowledge and skills.

What do the following countries have in common?

I option

A. USA, Germany, France, Great Britain, Japan - all are members of the G8.

B. Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Bahrain, Iran are oil-exporting countries.

II option

A. Australia, New Zealand, South Africa - countries of resettlement capitalism.

B. South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan - new industrial countries.

Which of the following countries would be examples:

A. Countries having a republican form of government. (Bulgaria, Poland, Great Britain, France, Japan, Saudi Arabia.)

B. Countries with a federal administrative-territorial structure. (Great Britain, Cuba, USA, France, India, Egypt, Brazil.)

III stage. Orally. "The most - the most on the political map of the world." This stage of the lesson can be carried out in the form of group work in the form of a competition.

Questions

1. The largest state in the world by area. (Russia, 5 = 17.01 million km2)

2. The smallest independent state in the world. (Vatican, 5 = 0.44 ha.)

3- The smallest property in the world. (Gibraltar - 6.5 km2)

4. A state whose territory (excluding possessions) is located simultaneously in the northern, southern, eastern and western hemispheres. (Republic of Kiribati.)

5. States located in two parts of the world. (Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Denmark from the island of Greenland, Spain from the Canary Islands, Portugal from the island of Madeira.)

6. The largest island state in terms of area. (Republic of Indonesia - 1904 thousand km2)

7. The oldest republic in the world and at the same time the oldest of the existing states of Europe. (San Marino, republic since 301 AD)

9. The youngest state (Republic of Palau, 1994)

11. The southernmost capital of the state (Wellington, New Zealand - 41 ° 18 "S, 174 ° 48" E)

IV stage. Students work with a sheet of knowledge and skills. ( in writing.)

Topic keywords. Define terms.

I option

1. Republic.

2. Federal state.

II option

1. Monarchy.

2. Unitary state.

Fill in the gaps in the following sentences

I option

The main criterion for the typology of the countries of the modern world is ... (the level of socio-economic development) of a particular state, expressed through the indicator ... (GDP) per capita.

II option

At the heart of regional and local conflicts lie either ... (border disputes) or ... (religious-ethnic contradictions).

V stage. It is done orally. In advance, the students were asked to do their homework: write out the toponymic names of any 5 states and their capital in workbooks.

Lesson topic: Political map of the world.

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES:

Improve knowledge of the political map of the world.

To get acquainted with the stages of formation of the political map of the world.

Be able to explain quantitative and qualitative changes on the political map of the world.

Improve the ability to work with the political map of the world.

Type of lesson: learning new material.

Equipment: Political map of the world, handouts, grade 10 atlas, textbook.

During the classes:

Organizational target stage:

Greetings:

- Identification of absent students.

Checking homework

2. Actualization of educational knowledge, their generalization: Traveling on a physical map of the world "5 minutes". It takes place in several stages:

Stage 1: Students in pairs ask each other for a physical map of the world, in turn. (For example: mountains, plains, rivers, islands, etc.)

Stage 2: At the docks, on the map, they show the teacher geographic objects for a while. (Physical map).

Stage 3: Consolidation - students write from memory all the geographical objects known to him from the physical map of the world. Who is bigger.

Stage 4: Summing up.

3. Checking homework for questions.
— What does the socio-economic geography of the world study?

(The economic and social geography of the world is a social geographical science that studies the territorial organization of human society. Sociology is the science of society, of people's behavior.)
— What historical and geographical regions exist in the world?

(Historical and geographical regions of the world. The ancient civilized regions of the world were the valleys of the Nile, Tigris and Euphrates, Indus, Ganges, Huang He and Yangtze, and later the territories of Ancient Rome and Ancient Greece.)
- What sources of geographical knowledge are most convenient for you to use and are the most informative? (The source of geographical knowledge is: maps, atlases, geography textbooks, geography reference books, geography magazines, geography books, photographs (satellite images, etc.), etc.
- What methods did you use when compiling the reference diagrams “Sources of Geographical Knowledge” and “Methods of Geographical Research”? (When compiling a reference outline, you should select key words, sentences, associations, schemes (for example, a well-known image allows you to revive a geographical object in memory by association ).
- Name the leading economic scientists - geographers. (Baransky N.N., etc.)

4. Motivation of educational and cognitive activity.
- Consider the political map of the world in atlases (page 3-4), as well as on the board, and try to formulate the concept of "political map of the world" (I write down all the options on the board).
- And now, from the recorded words, highlight the essential phrases, key words. As a result, we have formed several definitions.

Answer: Political map of the world -geographic map , reflecting countriespeace , themform of government andstate structure . The political map reflects the main political and geographical changes: the formation of new independent states, the change in their status, the merger and division of states, the loss or acquisitionsovereignty , changing the area of ​​states, replacing themcapitals , changing the names of states and capitals, changing forms of government, etc.

5. Learning new material.
1) Political map of the world.
Your interpretation is understandable, since in socio-economic geography the concept of "political map of the world" is used in a narrow and broad sense. In a narrow sense, the political map of the world is a geographical map of the Earth, which displays all the countries and states of the world, their borders and capitals, some other geographical objects of great political importance (settlements, communication routes, etc.)

2). Work with the textbook. Paragraph No. 1 and 2. read and answer the questions:

What is political geography? (Political geography is a branch of geography that studies the political map of the world and the patterns of its change)

How is political geography different from physical geography? (While changes in physical geography occur slowly (climate change, movement of lithospheric plates, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions), in economic, political and social geography changes occur daily. Geography is happening here and now (change of borders, Russia's accession to the WTO, political upheavals that lead to economic and social changes, etc.)

Writing definitions in a notebook

Let's figure it out and write it down. (Verbally pronounce each reason)

Reasons for changing the formation of the political map of the world

the revolution

national liberation movements

war

religious-ethnic conflicts

changes in the economic formation

political changes

Working with the textbook:

Stages of forming a political map

Ancient (until the 5th century AD. The emergence and collapse of the first states)

Medieval V-XVI centuries. (The emergence of large feudal states in Europe and Asia)

New XVI - XIX centuries. (Formation of a colonial empire)

The latest (1st half of the 20th century. Formation of socialist countries, collapse of the colonial system)

Modern:

Stage 1 - the emergence of the world socialist system, the formation of independent states in Asia (40-50s of the XX century)

Stage 2 - the formation of independent states, mainly in Africa (60-70s of the XX century)

Stage 3 - the collapse of the socialist system, profound changes on the map of Europe and Asia (80-90s of the XX century)

Independent work: Find in the textbook in paragraph No. 1 definitions for groups, each option has its own cards.
Group 1. Determine the legal status of the concepts "country", "state".

(A state is a power-political organization that has sovereignty, a special apparatus of control and coercion, and establishes a legal order in a certain territory. A country is a state that occupies a certain, strictly limited territory.)
Group 2. Explain the essence of state sovereignty. (Sovereignty - supreme power, supremacy, domination) - the independence of the state in external and supremacy in internal affairs. Free, independent of any external forces, the supremacy of state power.)

6. Consolidation of new knowledge, skills and abilities.

Independent work in a notebook.

Based on the political map of the world in the atlas and additional material, write it out in a notebook, and then put it on a contour map.

a) the seven largest countries in the world; (1. Russia - 17,102,345 2. Canada - 9,976,139 3. China -9,640,821 4. USA - 9,522,057

5. Brazil - 8,511,965 6. Australia - 7,686,850 7. India - 3,287,590)

c) ten countries of the world with a population of over 100 million people (China1 347 350 000 2. India1 223 442 000 3. USA314 347 000 4. Indonesia 237 641 326 5. Brazil 197 059 000 6. Pakistan 176 728 500 68 628 .Bangladesh152,518,015 9.Russia145,452,581 10.Japan126,400,000)

c) 5 examples of peninsular and 5 island countries, 2 archipelagos;

(Peninsular Saudi Arabia, Denmark, South and North Korea

Island Cuba, UK, New Zealand

Archipelagos of Micronesia, Polynesia, Japan, Indonesia Great Britain (if you count Northern Ireland together with it)

e) 5 examples of inland countries (1. Andorra
2. Afghanistan 3. Botswana 4. Austria 5. Bhutan)

7. Lesson summary: So what is the political map of the world?

What are the characteristics of sovereign states?

List the main stages in the formation of the political map of the world.

8. Homework.

Work out the paragraph of the textbook No. 1-2.

Learn from additional sources of information about the centers of military or political conflicts in the world and mark them on the contour map.

Prepare for practical work.

geography teacher MOU SOSH 176

slide 2

1. Stages of formation of the political map of the world

2. Division of countries:

• according to the level of socio-economic development
• by territory size
• by population
• by geographic location
• by form of government
• According to the peculiarities of the territorial - state structure

3. Political geography

slide 3

Stages of formation of the political map of the world

• Ancient (before the 5th century AD) the emergence and collapse of the first states.
• Medieval (V - XVI centuries) - the emergence of large feudal states in Europe and Asia
• New (XVI-XIX centuries) - the formation of a colonial empire.
• The latest (first half of the 20th century) - the formation of socialist countries, the collapse of the colonial system
• Modern (second half of the 20th century - modern period)

On a political map, like on any other, states, their borders, administrative-territorial division, and largest cities are depicted. All of this means something much more - the regularities of the placement of forms of state structure of the countries of the world, the relationship between states, territorial conflicts associated with the drawing of state borders.

The political map of the world is in the process of constant changes occurring as a result of wars, treaties, the collapse and unification of states, the formation of new independent states, changes in the forms of government, the loss of statehood / political sovereignty /, changes in the area of ​​​​states / countries / - territories and water areas, their borders, changing capitals, changing the names of states / countries / and their capitals, changing forms of government, if they are shown on this map.

Only during the 1990s. on the political map of the world, a new state of Eritrea appeared (separated province of Ethiopia on the Red Sea), Cambodia changed the form of government, becoming a constitutional monarchy.

Formation of the modern political map of the world basically happened to New(the turn of the 17th - 16th centuries before the 1st World War) and Recent periods of history. The European colonization of the New World, which began in the 15th century with the capture by Europeans of the terminal points of trans-Saharan trade - the cities of Ceuta and Melilla, the economic and political development of new territories led to significant changes on the political map - the emergence of new forms of government and government. Spain and Portugal became the largest metropolises, later Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Germany joined them. Territories in America, Africa, Asia (with rare exceptions) received colonial status.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the national liberation movement in Latin America led to the formation of new independent states.

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the struggle between the leading metropolitan countries for the territorial redistribution of the world intensified, culminating in World War I.

In total, in 1900, the colonial possessions of all the imperialist powers covered an area of ​​73 million square meters. km (55% of the land area) with a population of 530 million people (35% of the world's population).

The main milestones in the formation of a modern political map in Newest period were the 2nd World War, 1950-60s (the collapse of the colonial system - the decolonization of Africa, Asia, Oceania, the Caribbean), the turn of the 1980s-90s. (major changes on the political map of Eastern Europe).

FORMS OF GOVERNMENT OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD

All objects of the political map of the world can be conditionally divided into two large groups: independent states and non-self-governing territories.

INDEPENDENT STATES. Monarchies and republics have this status, they can conclude equal treaties with other states, be members of the UN, and be members of international economic and political organizations. The form of government has an impact on the socio-political life of countries, traditions, but does not determine either the level of economic development or

features of the internal political situation: often monarchies (for example, in Europe) are essentially more democratic than some republics.

MONARCHIES - a form of government in which power is concentrated in the hands of one person - the king, emperor, king, sultan and is inherited. In absolute monarchies, the power of the monarch is practically unlimited. Their number on the political map of the world is constantly decreasing, most of them are located in Asia (in fact, absolute monarchies are Bhutan, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain and Kuwait).

Theocratic monarchies are headed by a religious leader. There are only a few such states on the globe - the Vatican, headed by the Pope; Saudi Arabia's king of this monarchy is both the head of the Sunni Muslim religious community and the Sultanate of Brunei.

In constitutional monarchies, the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution, and in parliamentary monarchies, by parliament. In fact, monarchs "reign but do not rule", having become a symbol of the nation and a tribute to tradition. Most of the monarchies of Western Europe have this form of government - Great Britain, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, etc.

By the end of the 1990s. there were about 30 monarchies in the world: 2 in Oceania, 3 in Africa, 13 in Asia, 12 in Europe, including Andorra, which is actually a republic, formally a constitutional monarchy (principality), from the end of the 13th century . under the dual sovereignty of France and Spain. Some monarchies have elements of republics, such as federalism. The supreme rulers of federal constitutional monarchies are elected: for five years by the hereditary rulers of the Malaysian sultanates (in Malaysia), by the Supreme Council of Emirs (in the United Arab Emirates). The constitutional monarchy in Belgium since 1993, according to a referendum, began to consist of federations.