sharky:
03/25/2013 at 16:04
and why is 1900 not a leap year? Leap year occurs every 4 years, i.e. Divisible by 4, it's a leap year. And no more divisions by 100 or 400.
Asking questions is normal, but before you say something, study the materiel. The earth revolves around the sun in 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 46 seconds. As you can see, the rest is not exactly 6 hours, but 11 minutes 14 seconds less. This means that by making a leap year we add extra time. Somewhere in 128 years, extra days accumulate. Therefore, every 128 years in one of the 4-year cycles, a leap year is not necessary to get rid of these extra days. But to simplify, a leap year is not made every 100th year. Is the idea clear? Good. But how then to proceed, because an extra day is added every 128 years, and we cut it every 100 years? Yes, we cut off more than it should be, and this must be returned sometime.
If the first paragraph is clear and still interesting, then read on, but it will be more difficult.
So, in 100 years, 100/128=25/32 days of excess time accumulate (this is 18 hours 45 minutes). We do not make a leap year, that is, we subtract one day: we get 25/32-32/32 = -7/32 days (this is 5 hours and 15 minutes), that is, we subtract the excess. After four cycles of 100 years each (after 400 years) we will subtract an extra 4*(-7/32)=-28/32 days (this is minus 21 hours). On the 400th year, we make a leap year, that is, we add a day (24 hours): -28/32+32/32=4/32=1/8 (this is 3 hours).
We make every 4 years a leap year, but at the same time every 100 years is not a leap year and at the same time every 400 years is a leap year, but still every 400 years an extra 3 hours are added. After 8 cycles of 400 years, that is, after 3200 years, an extra 24 hours will accumulate, that is, one day. Then another one is added. required condition: every 3200th year must not be a leap year. 3200 years can be rounded up to 4000, but then again you have to play with added or truncated days.
3200 years have not passed, so this condition, if it is made so, is not yet spoken of. But 400 years have already passed since the approval of the Gregorian calendar.
Years divisible by 400 are always leap years (for now), other years divisible by 100 are not leap years, other years divisible by 4 are leap years.
My calculation shows that in the current state, an error of one day accumulates over 3200 years, but this is what Wikipedia writes about this:
“An error of one day compared to the year of the equinoxes in the Gregorian calendar will accumulate in about 10,000 years (in the Julian - in about 128 years). A frequently encountered estimate, leading to a value of the order of 3000 years, is obtained if we do not take into account that the number of days in a tropical year changes with time and, in addition, the ratio between the lengths of the seasons changes. From the same Wikipedia, the formula for the length of the year in days with fractions paints a good picture:
365,2425=365+0,25-0,01+0,0025=265+1/4-1/100+1/400
The year 1900 was not a leap year, but 2000 was, and special, because such a leap year happens once every 400 years.
Everyone has heard of the existence of a leap year. But few people know where this name came from, and how humanity has a certain time limit in reserve, which in the future may be a whole year. Why leap years of the 21st century are considered unlucky, how they can be determined - will be described in this review.
The common unit of time is the year.
During this period of time, a full seasonal cycle takes place:
- Spring;
- summer;
- autumn;
- winter.
It is during this period of time that the Earth makes a complete revolution around the star Sun. This action takes 365 full days and 6 hours. This time period is called the astronomical year. One day contains 24 hours. Of the "extra" 6 hours of each year, an additional day is accumulated, which falls on every fourth year in a row. This day falls on February 29th.
Important! The presence of the 29th day in February makes the year a leap year.
The unusual year owes its name to the Latin language, from which literally “Bicsextus” is translated as “second sixth”. In the Julian calendar, the “extra” number was the second 24. And since February was last month year according to Caesar's calendar, an extra day was added to it.
Julian and Gregorian calendars
Since the beginning of world history, mankind has become aware of two types of calendars:
- Julian;
- Gregorian.
Starting from January 1, 45 BC, civilized mankind lived according to the Julian calendar, which Gaius Julius Caesar founded. According to this calendar, every third year was followed by a long year with a 366-day composition.
The Romans believed that it takes 365.25 days for a complete revolution of the planet around the heavenly body, while the exact date is 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 46 seconds. It turns out that every year between the two equinoxes there is a difference of 11 minutes and 14 seconds.
Thus, over 128 years of these minutes, one day has accumulated, and over 16 centuries this figure has increased to 10. In the Julian calendar, a leap year was any that was a multiple of 100, 200.
This continued until 1582, while the then acting Pope Gregory presented a new calendar, where a leap year is not only every fourth year, but even one that is a multiple of 400. Such, for example, was 2000.
One of the reasons why it was decided to change the calendar was the Christian holidays, which were required to be celebrated in certain time no offset. So, the Catholic Pope Gregory XIII proposed his own calendar, which was approved and adopted during the Ecumenical Council.
Answering the question of how to determine a leap year without having a table at hand, every second even year of the Gregorian calendar should be considered as such.
Since 1918, the inhabitants of our country began to use Gregorian calendar. Since the transition to the Gregorian style, dates have been mixed by 10 days, although until now, the difference between the Gregorian and Julian calendars increases by 3 days every four centuries.
Leap year calendar
In order to know for sure and not wonder how to determine a leap year, you need to adopt such a feature - the number of the year is divisible by 4, 100 and 400 without a trace. If the number is divisible by 4,100 but not divisible by 400, then the year is not a leap year. Taking into account this information, you can easily determine the desired year.
Cause of Leap Year's Bad Fame
It must be admitted that if we did not have leap years, there would be a regular shift of the seasons. Therefore, they help to synchronize the Gregorian and astrological calendars, and not allow the seasons to shift to other months.
But why a leap year is considered bad, you should understand. In Slavic culture, there has long been a negative attitude towards such years. An extra day in February was considered the cause of disasters and dashing deeds.
Perhaps the reason for such dislike was the fact that this time of February 29, according to Slavic beliefs, is subject to Kashchei-Chernobog, who commanded dark forces, sowing evil, death, disease and madness.
Often, the ancient Russians associated a leap day with Cassian, who was born just on February 29th. Based on the legends, where he was assigned the role of a guardian of the gates of Hell, a traitor cherub, a pupil of demons, etc., one can understand why this character was greatly feared and strongly cursed. The Russians were sure that Cassian had a negative impact on the whole year. There was a pestilence of cattle and poultry, crops were destroyed in the fields, and famine set in.
On the day of February 29, the people tried once again not to go out into the yard, to keep cattle and poultry locked up.
It is difficult to unequivocally answer why a leap year is considered bad. Some scientists claim that natural disasters and man-made disasters are becoming more frequent during this period of time. Many individuals are also in a hurry to write off their individual troubles for more than a year.
Historical facts are such tragic events:
- collapse Byzantine Empire and the cities of Constantinople fall on the leap year 1204;
- in 1232 the bloody Spanish Inquisition began;
- pestilence of inhabitants medieval Europe from the plague, which killed 1/3 of the population in 1400;
- the terrible events of the Bartholomew night in 1572;
- the terrible tsunami in Japan in 1896 and the earthquake in China in 1556;
- in 1908, everyone became aware of the fall of the Tunguska meteorite, etc.
This list can be continued for a long time. These are the statistics that back up most of the popular beliefs, superstitions and signs.
Good to know! Those newlyweds who dared to celebrate their wedding in a leap year were predicted to have a difficult family life.
List of leap years in the 21st century
In order to plan important events in your life, such as marriage, the birth of children, a change of profession, place of residence, etc., information about which leap years this century will be useful.
Leap years, list in the 20th century: 1904, 1908, 1912, 1916, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1806 1988, 1992, 1996.
Leap years in our century: 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020, 2024, 2028, 2032, 2036, 2040, 2044, 2048, 2052, 2056, 2060, 2064, 2068, 2082.2082, 2082.2082 2088, 2092, 2096, 2100.
It is generally accepted that all years since February 29 bring trouble and are marked by tragic events. But, taking into account the information received, we can conclude that you should not pay too much attention to signs. Bad events and cataclysms happened at different times.
Some people, on the contrary, endow the leap year with mystical properties, and wonder why it is considered bad.
Certain lucky ones and originals consider themselves to be people born on February 29th. They can celebrate their birthday only once every 4 years.
Useful video
Summing up
Positive attitude and faith in own forces constitute a powerful base for important accomplishments in a person's life, and small superstitions should not become an obstacle to achieving goals.
The new year 2020 will be a leap year, which means that in it we will live 1 more day - in February, instead of the usual 28 days, there will be 29. An additional 366 day in a leap year on February 29 is due to the fact that the Earth makes its revolution around the Sun in 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes and 46 seconds. To compensate for this difference of almost 6 hours, one day is added to the calendar every 4 years.
Everyone has a different attitude to a leap year - someone considers this period the most ordinary year that does not carry any danger, someone is afraid of it and associates many superstitions with this period. In this article we will try to understand all the signs, beliefs and misconceptions associated with a leap year.
Upcoming Leap Years: 2020, 2024, 2028, 2032, 2036, 2040, 2044.
An extra day in a leap year, February 29, is called Kasyanov Day. In Naoda, this day is considered one of the most difficult and dangerous. Bad attitude to a leap year was in folk beliefs associated with a certain Kasyan, about whom there were many legends and beliefs. According to one legend, Kasyan was an Angel who knew all the affairs and plans of God. However, it later turned out that he was a traitor who told all the plans to the demons. For this he was punished - for 3 years he was beaten on the forehead, and for 4 years he was released to Earth, where he had already committed evil deeds. According to another legend, Kasyan was a saint, but he broke the law and drank alcohol for 3 years, and stopped for 4 years.
Signs for Leap Year 2020
In Leap Year, nothing serious can be started - building a house, major contracts or transactions, purchases, weddings, and much more. All this was forbidden. Because nothing good will come of such undertakings - everything will soon fall apart and bring many more problems with it. Also, if possible, do not change jobs and apartments.
In a leap year, it is better not to start building a bathhouse.
A child born in a leap year needs to take blood relatives as godfathers.
If you live in a village and breed geese, then, when slaughtering a bird in a leap year, give the third goose as a gift to relatives or neighbors.
In the spring of a leap year, when you plant seeds and seedlings for the first time in the garden, say: "In a leap year, it's fine to die."
If you still decide to get married in a leap year, then before the ceremony, say this amulet: "I crown with a crown, and not with a leap year."
People who get divorced in a leap year should buy a new towel. These towels are then taken to the church and given to the cleaners, saying to themselves: “I pay tribute to the leap year, and you, family angel, stand next to me. Amen. Amen. Amen.
In a leap year, when leaving home, they say without stepping over the threshold: “I’m going and going along the leap year, I bow to the leap year. I left the threshold, I’ll be back here. Amen.”
At the first thunder in a leap year, they cross their fingers and whisper: "The whole family is with me (names of your family members). Amen."
Hearing the howl of a dog in a leap year, they say: "Go howl, but not to my house. Amen."
Leap year (lat. bis sextus - “second sixth”) - a year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, the duration of which is 366 days - one day more than the duration of a regular, non-leap year. In the Julian calendar, a leap year is every fourth year; in the Gregorian calendar, there are exceptions to this rule.
A year is a conventional unit of time, which historically meant a single cycle of seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter). In most countries, the calendar length of the year is 365 or 366 days. At present, the year is also used as a temporal characteristic of the revolution of planets around stars in planetary systems, in particular the Earth around the Sun.
The calendar year in the Gregorian and Julian calendars is 365 days in non-leap years and 366 days in leap years. The average length of the year is 365.2425 days for the Gregorian and 365.25 days for the Julian calendar.
The calendar year in the Islamic calendar contains 353, 354 or 355 days - 12 lunar months. The average length of the year is 354.37 days, which is less than the tropical year, and therefore Muslim holidays "roam" according to the seasons.
The calendar year in the Jewish calendar contains 353, 354 or 355 days in a simple year and 383, 384 or 385 days in a leap year. The average length of the year is 365.2468 days, which is close to the tropical year.
The length of the tropical year (the time between the two vernal equinoxes) is 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 46 seconds. The difference in the duration of the tropical year and the average Julian calendar year (365.25 days) is 11 minutes 14 seconds. Of these 11 minutes and 14 seconds, approximately 128 years add up to one day.
As the centuries passed, a shift in the day of the vernal equinox was noticed, with which church holidays. By the 16th century the vernal equinox came about 10 days earlier than March 21, used to determine the day of Easter.
To compensate for the accumulated error and avoid such a shift in the future, in 1582, Pope Gregory XIII reformed the calendar. In order to better match the average calendar year to the solar year, it was decided to change the leap year rule. As before, a year remained a leap year, the number of which is a multiple of four, but an exception was made for those that were a multiple of 100. From now on, such years were leap years only when they were also divided by 400.
In other words, a year is a leap year in two cases: either it is a multiple of 4, but not a multiple of 100, or it is a multiple of 400. A year is not a leap year if it is not a multiple of 4, or it is a multiple of 100, but not a multiple of 400.
The last years of centuries, ending in two zeros, in three cases of the four are not leap years. So, the years 1700, 1800 and 1900 are not leap years, since they are a multiple of 100 and not a multiple of 400. The years 1600 and 2000 are leap years, since they are a multiple of 400. The years 2100, 2200 and 2300 are non-leap years. In leap years, an extra day is introduced - February 29. The Catholic world lives according to the Julian calendar. Unlike the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar takes into account only one object - the Sun.
We currently live by the Julian calendar new style), before the revolution they lived according to the Gregorian ( old style). The difference between the old and new styles was 11 days in the 18th century, 12 days in the 19th century, and 12 days in the 20th century. XXI centuries- 13 days. In the 22nd century, this difference will already be 14 days. The Gregorian calendar was introduced under Soviet rule on February 14, 1918 (after January 31, it was no longer February 1, but immediately the 14th). The last leap year was , the next one will be .
1996 1992 1988 1984 1980 1976 1972 1968 1964 1960 1956 1952 1948 1944 1940 1936 1932 1928 1924 1920 Gregorian calendar 1900 is a non-leap year, Julian is a leap year. 1896.
Note: For most computer and mobile systems, valid dates are from December 13, 1901, 20:45:54 GMT to January 19, 2038, 03:14:07 GMT. (These dates correspond to the minimum and maximum value of a 32-bit signed integer). For Windows, valid dates are from 01-01-1970 to 01-19-2038.
A leap year, or it is also called the word "leap year", causes a lot of rumors and superstitions, which boil down mainly to the fact that this year is unhappy and promises only one negative events. In this article, we will discuss how true these opinions are.
A bit of history
The word "leap year" came to us from Latin, that is, it ancient origin, and its literal translation sounds like "second sixth".
According to the Julian calendar, the Earth goes through its cycle in 365.25 days, while every year the day shifted by 6 hours. Such an error could well confuse ancient men, and in order to avoid this, it was decided that after every fourth year another day would be added to the annual cycle. Accordingly, this year will include 366 days, and they will be added in the shortest month - February, it will consist of 29 days. For distinction, he was called a leap.
On the Ancient Russia, in turn, there were many legends about the emergence of leap years, and each of them was already perceived as necessarily unlucky. The legends about the arrival of the new calendar and the leap year in it in Russia were also reflected in the Saints. So, February 29 is dedicated to the memory of St. Kasyan, and among the people he is called Kasyanov Day. Several legends and apocrypha are dedicated to this day (stories that are not recognized by the church as confirmed and consistent with what we know about God). But it sheds light on the origin of the bad reputation of the leaps.
According to this legend, Kasyan appears to the common people not as a man, but as an angel, moreover, a fallen one, who was once tempted by Satan, as a result of which he fell away from God. However, in the future, he realized how wrong he was, repented and begged the Creator for mercy. Taking pity on the traitor, God, before taking him back, put His angel to him. The celestial shackled Kasyan and, by order from above, beat him on the forehead with a metal hammer for admonition for 3 years, and released him on the fourth.
The second legend about Kasyan
According to the second story Kasyan- this is a person, and Kasyanov's day is the date of his name day. However, according to legend, that man systematically drunk dead for three years in a row, but on the fourth he came to his senses, brought repentance, gave up addiction, turned to repentance and became a saint - he acquired the Holy Spirit. Therefore, the people considered, it is fitting for them to celebrate their day so rarely - only on February 29th.
The third legend about Kasyan
This legend is dedicated to St. Kasyan traveling the earth and Nicholas the Wonderworker, well known to Christians. And then they meet a man along the way. He asked them for help as his wagon became bogged down in the mud. Kasyan replied to this that he was careful not to spoil his clean riza, and Nikolai, not afraid of dirt, immediately helped. The saints returned to the Kingdom of God, and the Creator noticed that Nicholas's robe was dirty and asked him what it was about.
The Saint told him what had happened on the way. Then the Lord noticed that Kasyan's clothes were clean, and asked the question: did they not travel together? Kasyan replied that he was afraid to stain his clothes. God understood that Cosmas was cunning, and arranged in such a way that his name day is celebrated with him once every 4 years. And Nikolai's namesake for his meekness - twice in 365 days.
Anyway , whatever it may be, the leap was recognized as bad. Therefore, the Russian superstitious people tried to somehow protect themselves from this day.
- I tried to finish all the important things before the 29th of February.
- Some did not dare to leave the house.
- On February 29, if the sun came out, it was called Kasyan's Eye or Kasyanov's Eye. Then they tried not to fall under the sun, so that the saint would not… jinx them! And he did not bring suffering and disease to the poor person.
As in ancient times, in today's world one often comes across superstitions and signs that are not better side determine the leap years of the 21st century. We list some of them:
Why is a leap year considered bad?
Such an attitude is quite understandable: the appearance of the 29th day in February characterizes the whole year differently from others, psychologically distinguishes it from others. This can be important for a person who is unsure of their abilities. It will be much easier for him, referring to this special period, to give up something new than to expend energy for self-development or the start of some business.
For the same reason, it will be easier not to get pregnant, so as not to give birth later, because the fear that the birth will be difficult increases, the baby may be born painful. And if not, then suddenly his life will be bleak or hard.
See our resourceful people and the threat in the very name of the leap year, saying that it “mows down” people, in other words, takes them away, leads to death. Therefore, the holiday is met with apprehension (or, conversely, on a special scale - you never know who will die ...). This is a very common belief that tries to infiltrate the statistics. It is becoming accepted that the death rate increases every 4th year. At the same time, the statistics themselves do not confirm these data in any way.
Mushrooms can not be collected either, and even more so they can be eaten or sold to people. No, not so as not to get poisoned, but so that with the “bad earth” a person does not get “something bad”.
It is believed that a leap year entails cataclysms in nature and all sorts of disasters: drought, floods, fires.
What years are leap years
In the last century, as well as in the present, such calendar periods also terrified. A list of them can be seen in the image or found on the Internet. Also, the year 2000, the same millennium, in turn was a leap year, opening a whole millennium.
Despite the fact that with the development of technology, information has become more accessible and it has become possible to learn more and expand one's horizons, getting rid of primitive fears, many continue to anxiously expect a leap year, internally setting themselves up for problems and troubles, and when they come (if they come), this is perceived as doomed: well, it's a leap year... An extra day in February. Deadly!
There are special calendars that indicate exactly when the leap year occurs. It is enough to carefully look at the table and find (or not find) the actual numbers there. It is enough to know at least one leap year, after which, through elementary arithmetic, it will be possible to calculate them yourself. Let's say you're interested in leap years in the 21st century. Find a calendar and view it. Knowing that 2016 is a leap year, it is easy to understand that the next one will come in 2020.
If you trust the statistics, a very small number of all catastrophes and misfortunes falls on leap years. The superstitions that exist today can be interpreted by the fact that people who were closely following the misfortunes and misfortunes that occurred at leap years, communicated an exaggerated meaning to what was happening only because of the unflattering reputation of the latter. Persons who extremely trust superstitions about leap years would like to wish to pay more attention to positive events and changes. And then, perhaps, a list of good and joyful signs will restore the reputation of the leaps.
