Probably the best way to increase the usable area of your own house is to replace the gable roof of the house with a mansard. In this way, one, two or even three additional rooms can be purchased without carving out additional space on the site and without getting involved in the very laborious processes of pouring a new foundation and erecting walls. And in order to find out how to make the attic correctly, you need to consider all the stages of its arrangement, starting with calculations and ending with the roofing of the roof and finishing the resulting additional premises.
In order for all work to be successful, first of all, you need to make sure that the existing walls (if the add-on will be built in the old house) are able to withstand the additional load. It will depend on this factor whether it is worth starting such a construction site, and if so, on which design of the mansard roof it would be better to stop.
It should be noted that the load on the load-bearing walls will increase significantly - due to a larger number of rafters, due to the mass of interior decoration of walls and floors, windows and doors, insulation systems, as well as all elements of the interior filling of attic rooms. All these factors indicate that you need to start with choosing the optimal attic design, with calculations, drafting and drawings of the future superstructure.
Types of attic superstructures
According to current building codes, an attic is considered to be a room under a roof that has a height from ceiling to ridge of at least 2500 mm. If this parameter is less than the specified limit, then the room is considered an ordinary attic.
- If the vertical racks that determine the height of the walls of the room are 1500 mm in size, then the attic space can be considered a full-fledged floor.
- A semi-mansard is an attic room in which there are no vertical racks, or if they have a height of 500 to 700 mm.
At the heart of any roof structure are always triangles with their “rigid” structure. There are several types of attic superstructures, but the most popular of them are high gable and broken structures. Their popularity can be explained by simpler calculations, relatively simple installation work and ease of use. In third place, after gable and broken structures, one can name a shed version of the roof, which is also sometimes used to equip the attic. Unfortunately, this type of superstructure can not be used in every house design, since it requires not only the reconstruction of the roof, but also raising the height of already built walls, which significantly increases the load on them and on the foundation.
If a new house is being built, and a second floor is planned in the form of an attic, then a shed roof option is well suited for this purpose. In addition, it will help save on roofing material.
More complex structures - domed, four-pitched, as well as with various protrusions-consoles arranged in the roof slopes (single-level and multi-level), are used extremely rarely and only in exclusive projects, as they have a complex design both in engineering calculations and in installation.
The figure below the numbers shows:
1 - Gable attic.
2 - Broken attic
3 - Single-level console attic
4 - Multi-level attic.
Gable attic
attic space under d with a wuska roof, which is arranged at an angle between the slopes of 80 ÷ 90 degrees on the ridge, it may well be converted into an attic. To create full-fledged living quarters under it, it will be necessary to carry out a number of necessary reconstructions, for example, very often it is not possible without strengthening the attic floor. All these alterations and plus to this - the necessary insulation will certainly “eat up” a significant part of the usable space under the roof, so you should not expect that the rooms in such an attic will be spacious and with high ceilings.
Of course, if the dimensions (length and width) of the house are large enough, and the roof has a significant angle of inclination (45 degrees or even higher), then after the alterations it will be possible to count on a relatively spacious attic room.
broken roof
A room under a sloping mansard roof will be much more spacious and with a fairly high ceiling. Such an attic can be easily divided into two separate rooms.
The interior of the attic, made according to the "broken" type The sloping roof has four planes of slopes. They are located at different angles - the upper slopes are called ridge, and the lower ones are lateral. They, for the most part, play the role of walls.
This type of mansard roof is somewhat more difficult to design and install, but the result will please you with spacious rooms and a respectable appearance of the house.
One-level console attic
This type of attic has an even more complex design than the previous one, as it implies a displacement of the attic space to one side or the other.
Using this version of the attic device, you can get spacious rooms, much larger in area than under a gable roof.
The design of a single-level mansard roof can repeat not only a gable, but also a shed version - this will depend on how much it is supposed to take the console out of the attic and raise its ceiling.
Layered add-on
A multi-level structure is the most difficult to design and install. In its development and construction, the help of qualified specialists will definitely be needed. The supports for the levels of the attic rooms are different truss systems and ceilings, which are combined with the main one. A multi-level system involves the location of rooms at different levels of the attic, which is why the consoles should be located that way.
Having chosen the most desirable type of attic, it is necessary to determine whether it is possible to arrange it on the old walls of the house, or whether they will have to be strengthened. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out accurate calculations and draw up a project.
Roof truss basics
Most roofs, and the attic in this matter is no exception, have one of two types of truss system, or a combination of them. Each of these varieties has its own characteristics, which depend on the location of the load-bearing walls of the building.
Hanging system
The hanging truss system is determined by the fact that it is supported only by two external capital walls located along the length of the building, in which there are no internal capital partitions.
Such a system is used provided that the distance between the main supports is no more than 13 ÷ 14 meters. In any case, this design gives a fairly large load on the walls and foundation of the building.
To reduce the loads in this system, various support structures are used. elements - crossbars, grandmas, struts, puffs, racks and other details.
For example, headstocks, as it were, suspend the entire system to the ridge beam with the help of a puff, and struts pull the overlapping beams to the rafter legs.
For the attic floor in this system, it is necessary to use thick bars, logs or boards that are installed on the edge. Their thickness can be determined from the table given in this publication, based on the distance between the support points.
In order for the floor to be reliable and durable when using a hanging system, you need to carry out accurate calculations, and if it is difficult to do it yourself, then it is better
Layered construction
The layered system is distinguished by the fact that it has supports not only on external main walls, but also on internal partitions, which have a foundation under them.
Therefore, starting the construction of a house in which an attic is planned, you need to think in advance about the location of the internal capital partitions.
For a house with an attic, a layered system is the best option, since the beams overlapping the house will be firmly and securely fixed to the walls and partitions.
When erecting a broken attic roof structure, you can use a combined version of the truss system, that is, use elements of both a hanging and a layered system.
Attic design
When drawing up a project for the construction of any type of attic, it is recommended to consider it in different projections in order to visually determine the location of all supporting elements. Calculating all the parameters of the attic, they must be immediately included in the project.
Based on the calculations made, the places and methods of installation of all structural elements of the truss system are determined. The calculation is also necessary to accurately determine the materials needed for the construction of the attic and their parameters.
Structural elements
Any of the wooden structures of the mansard roof consists of certain elements that are interconnected by connecting nodes that have different configurations. To better understand the design of these connections, it is recommended to draw each of them, and when carrying out installation work, be sure to have this drawing on hand.
The design of a broken mansard roof includes the following components of the system:
- Mauerlat - element, made of a wooden beam and laid on the main walls of the building in its length. It serves to evenly distribute the load from the structure of the truss system to the wall and foundation. Rafter legs are installed and fixed on the Mauerlat. This element is mounted both in a gable and in a broken structure of the attic roof.
- Floor beams, which are laid on the main walls of the building and are the basis for the future floor of the attic and the ceiling of the first floor, as well as for the installation of the entire truss system.
- The rafter leg consists of one straight element - bar or boards in a gable type of roof, or from two parts - in a broken structure. In a broken mansard roof, the upper part fixed to the ridge is called the ridge, and the lower part, which forms the walls of the attic, is called the side. Obviously, the side leg will be installed on a layered basis, while the upper ridge rafter - usually becomes hanging
- For the ridge, a beam or board of a certain thickness is used. Sometimes they do without it, connecting the upper ridge parts of the rafter legs together, which form the ridge.
- Racks are the supporting elements of the system. They support the rafter legs and take some of the load off the walls and foundation of the building. Racks in the future will become a crate for the walls, which will be installed in the process of finishing the attic.
- Bevels or other elements installed diagonally are additional supports that hold the rafters and retaining beams together, making the system more reliable.
- Between the rafter legs for rigidity, bars are installed, called inter-rafter runs - they also give the system rigidity.
Carrying out basic attic calculations
It is quite difficult to develop a mansard roof project on your own, since this process requires certain knowledge and skills in designing and carrying out specific architectural calculations. If you make mistakes at the same time, the design of the attic will be unreliable, and besides, with its weight it can damage the walls and foundation of the building.
Everything must be taken into account in the calculations - from the beginning of construction to the finishing of the premises. However, if a not too complicated design is conceived, then you can try to cope on your own.
Skate Height Calculation
The size usable area of the attic room depends on the height of the roof ridge, and the latter is determined by the selected slope of the slopes - the smaller this angle, the lower the ceiling and, accordingly, less effective area attic space.
H=L×tgα
H- the height of the skate;
L- ½ the width of the building (if we are talking about a gable symmetrical roof);
α - the angle of inclination of the slope of the truss system.
Scheme - for clarity As an example, you can substitute the above data into the formula:
Building size 8×10 m, slope angle 30°, tangent 30°= 0.58
H \u003d 8/2 × 0.58 \u003d 2.32 m
The height of the skate will be 2,32 m.
In great detail, with all possible nuances and necessary reference tables, the process and all other parameters associated with it are described from a separate publication dedicated to this particular issue.
The area of the interior space of the attic
The technique used to determine the area of the attic space will make it possible to calculate the amount of material needed for the construction of the truss system, for insulation and decoration. Especially accurate calculations are important if the attic will be used to equip additional living rooms, as they require special design.
Usually the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe room under the roof is calculated, that is, both useful and the so-called "deaf". The living space is limited to the installed racks, which will be the basis for the installation and finishing material of the walls. The zone behind them is considered deaf, that is, most often not used.
The total area is calculated quite simply: the width of the overhangs on both sides is added to the width of the building. The resulting amount is multiplied by the length of the building.
It is also easy to find the area of \u200b\u200bliving space: for this you need to measure the width of the attic space between the racks installed under one and the other slope of the roof, and multiply the resulting parameter by the length of the attic from gable to gable.
Roofing area
To determine in advance the amount of roofing material, it is necessary to calculate the total area of \u200b\u200bthe roof slopes.
If a decision is made to install a broken or even more complex structure, it is necessary to calculate the area of \u200b\u200ball sections of the roof. To do this, you need to break it into separate geometric shapes, and then calculate the area of \u200b\u200beach of them and add the results.
For those who do not firmly remember the formulas for calculating the areas of flat figures, a "cheat sheet" scheme is given.
Shed roof area
If the attic roof is pitched, then its area can be calculated using the formula: Sabcd = Lcd × Lbd.
The area of one slope - there is nothing easier Pay attention to the drawing. When calculating, not only the length and width of the roof structure of the slope are taken into account - we must not forget about the cornice overhangs from all sides.
gable roof
With a symmetrical arrangement of roof slopes, for calculating a gable roof, it remains only to multiply the value obtained above by two.
For example, take the same example as discussed above. The size of the building is 10×8 m. The angle of the slope is 30 °, the height of the ridge H = 2.32 m. It is easy to determine the length of the rafter - S
S = H / sin α = 2.32 / 0.5 = 4.64 m
We accept cornice overhang 0,7 m, gable overhang 0,7 m. According to the shed roof formula, the area of \u200b\u200bone slope is calculated.
(10 + 2 × 0.7) × (4.64 + 0.7) = 60.88 m²
Then, to get the total area of the two slopes, the resulting result is multiplied by two.
Q = 121.76 m²
This technique is designed to calculate the continuous surface of slopes, excluding windows, ventilation channels and a chimney.
If the roof has a very complex structure, then it is better not to take risks and still seek the help of professionals who will make the necessary calculations using special computer applications.
When using slate, soft roofing, other profile materials, you can use a simplified calculation formula.
Starting from the drawing:
So, the following formula is applicable for calculation:
Q\u003d K × (B + 2A) × (L + 2C)
Q- the required amount of roofing;
AT — the width of the building (along the gable wall);
BUT- the width of the planned eaves of the roof;
L- total length of the building;
C- the width of the side overhangs of the roof.
To is a coefficient that takes into account the angle of inclination of the slope with respect to the horizon (α). By and large, it is a trigonometric function of secant (sec), equal to the reciprocal of cosα.
In order not to delve into the theory, it is easier to give a coefficient table To in absolute, that is, numerical measurement:
| Tilt angle, degrees | K factor | Tilt angle, degrees | K factor | Tilt angle, degrees | K factor | Tilt angle, degrees | K factor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1.0002 | 18 | 1.0515 | 36 | 1.2361 | 53 | 1.6616 |
| 2 | 1.0006 | 19 | 1.0576 | 37 | 1.2521 | 54 | 1.7013 |
| 3 | 1.0014 | 20 | 1.0642 | 38 | 1.2690 | 55 | 1.7434 |
| 4 | 1.0024 | 21 | 1.0711 | 39 | 1.2868 | 56 | 1.7883 |
| 5 | 1.0038 | 22 | 1.0785 | 40 | 1.3054 | 57 | 1.8361 |
| 6 | 1.0055 | 23 | 1.0864 | 41 | 1.3250 | 58 | 1.8871 |
| 7 | 1.0075 | 24 | 1.0946 | 42 | 1.3456 | 59 | 1.9416 |
| 8 | 1.0098 | 25 | 1.1034 | 43 | 1.3673 | 60 | 2.0000 |
| 9 | 1.0125 | 26 | 1.1126 | 44 | 1.3902 | 61 | 2.0627 |
| 10 | 1.0154 | 27 | 1.1223 | 45 | 1.4142 | 62 | 2.1301 |
| 11 | 1.0187 | 28 | 1.1326 | 46 | 1.4396 | 63 | 2.2027 |
| 12 | 1.0223 | 29 | 1.1434 | 47 | 1.4663 | 64 | 2.2812 |
| 13 | 1.0263 | 30 | 1.1547 | 48 | 1.4945 | 65 | 2.3662 |
| 14 | 1.0306 | 31 | 1.1666 | 49 | 1.5243 | 66 | 2.4586 |
| 15 | 1.0353 | 32 | 1.1792 | 50 | 1.5557 | 67 | 2.5593 |
| 16 | 1.0403 | 33 | 1.1924 | 51 | 1.5890 | 68 | 2.6695 |
| 17 | 1.0457 | 34 | 1.2062 | 52 | 1.6243 | 69 | 2.7904 |
| 35 | 1.2208 | 70 | 2.9238 |
Let's go back to our example:
Q= 1.1547 × (8 + 2 × 0.7) × (10+2 × 0.7) = 123.74 m²
With considering overlaps slate sheets - it turns out almost the same as in calculations carried out by a different method. Of course, on the advice of experienced builders, another 10 ÷ 15 %
(The figure shows a gable roof, however, the formula is fully suitable for calculations with the required level of accuracy for single-pitched or hip roofs. True, with a caveat - at the hip roof, the steepness of the main and side slopes must match. If not, then the calculation is carried out for each pairs of rays separately, and then the value is summed).
Total weight from truss system and roofing
It is equally important to correctly choose the optimal material for roofing and correctly make a crate for it. This calculation is carried out taking into account the length of the rafters and the angle of their slope.
The crate for roofing material can be sparse, mixed or solid. For example, a metal tile, corrugated board or slate is fixed to a sparse crate, and a soft roof - only to a solid one.
When choosing a roof, you need to get information about its operational characteristics. It is from them that the durability and reliability of the roof structure will depend. Roofing material must also be selected taking into account the specific region and its climatic conditions, especially factors such as temperature changes and strong winds.
An important factor is the weight of the roofing, especially if the mansard roof is installed on old walls. Therefore, you should estimate the weight of the roof in advance and find out how much the load on the building structure will increase, and whether it will be acceptable.
| Roofing material for mansard roof | Roof slope | Material weight kg / m² |
|---|---|---|
| Asbestos cement slate sheets with medium profile | 1:10 to 1:2 | 11 |
| Slate with reinforced profile | 1:5 to 1:1 | 13 |
| bituminous tiles | From 1:10 and more | 6 - 8 |
| Soft roofing, taking into account the continuous lathing | From 1:10 and more | 9 - 15 |
| Galvanized metal sheets with single seam | From 1:4 and more | 3 - 6,5 |
| With double folds | From 1:5 and more | 3 - 6,5 |
| Ceramic tiles | 1:5 to 1:0.5 | 50 - 60 |
| Cement-sand tiles | 1:5 to 1:0.5 | 45 - 70 |
| metal tile | From 1:5 and more | 5 - 7 |
| Ondulin | From 1:10 and more | 3 - 3,5 |
Most often, soft roofing or ondulin is used to cover attics, since these materials are one of those that have the lightest weight and are easy to install.
For example, you can calculate the weight of 1 square meter of roofing, where ondulin is used for coating, taking into account the crate and insulation - sprayed polyurethane foam. To do this, you need to find the sum of the weight of each of the materials and multiply by a factor of 1.1 (this factor takes into account the overlap on adjacent sheets of roofing material).
- The weight from a flat crate, 20 mm thick (plywood or OSB) is 14 kg / m².
- Insulation - polyurethane foam, 100 mm thick, has an average weight of 3 kg / m²
- The average weight of ondulin is 3.3 kg / m²
We get in total:
(14 + 3 + 3.3) × 1.1=22.3kg /m²
To calculate the total weight load of the roof on the walls, you need to multiply the weight of one square meter by the area of \u200b\u200bthe entire coating. In our example, this will work:
M = 123.74 × 22.3 = 2751.82 kg.
A lot - almost 3 tons gives only a very light roofing with a crate and also a very light type of insulation.
But that's not all! The roof is affected by snow loads in the winter, plus wind pressure, all year round. These parameters are also necessarily taken into account when calculating the necessary wooden structural elements of the truss system and floor beams, and when taking into account the total load of the roof structure on the walls and foundation of the building.
- Then, the whole system is closed with a vapor barrier film, which is fixed on the logs with brackets.
- Boards or plywood sheets can be laid on top of it.
- A decorative coating is laid on them - it can be linoleum, laminate, parquet board and other materials.
Additional insulation can be created by laying an electric cable or infrared warm floor under the decorative coating. It is better to read about these possibilities separately in the article devoted to
- If the floor is mounted on floor beams, you will have to work from the side of the first floor.
- From the side of the lower room, boards are mounted on the floor beams. It is desirable that they be even, you can even use a floorboard for the subfloor.
- After that, a vapor barrier film is laid on these boards from the side of the attic, which will cover not only the subfloor, but also the floor beams.
- On top of it, another layer of vapor barrier is laid and attached to the beams.
- Then, logs are fixed to this coating perpendicular to the beams.
- Another layer of insulation is mounted between the lags, for it it is better to choose mineral wool, since, when straightened, it is tightly installed between the bars, leaving no voids.
- Then it should also be covered with vapor barrier material.
If it is decided to cover the floor with one of the decorative coatings, then plywood sheets are laid on top of the log, and then laminate, linoleum or other materials are laid on them. Again, nothing prevents in this case from using, for example, film floor heating.
Installation of insulation on the walls and ceiling of the attic
Having finished the installation of the floor, you can proceed to the installation of insulation on the walls.
- If material in mats is chosen for this process, then before laying it, sheets of vapor barrier material are fixed on the rafters.
It is fixed in such a way as to close the entire space and deepen it between the rafters.
If the vapor barrier is fixed on the other side of the rafters, then the mats will independently hold between two wooden surfaces.
- If one of the is selected, then it is not necessary to fix the vapor barrier film under it. It will be enough waterproofing, which is laid on the rafters outside the structure.
Spraying polyurethane foam - quickly and efficiently, but requires special equipment and work skills To use this insulation technology, you must have special technological equipment, or you will have to invite a specialist who will do the work in one day. It is not easy to carry out this operation on your own without experience - in order to do the work without harming your health, you need to know the process technology and have the necessary protective equipment.
After carrying out insulation work, wall cladding is carried out.
Prices for popular types of heaters
insulation
Attic wall decoration
Before you start finishing the walls, you need to resolve the issue of electrical wiring, the cable of which must be well insulated with double-layer corrugated pipes.
After the wiring of the electrical cable is done, you can safely proceed with the installation of the finishing material.
For decoration, they usually use wooden lining, drywall or plywood with a beautiful textured pattern.
For any of these materials, it is desirable to make a crate of slats on the rafter legs and vertical racks with a section size of approximately 20 × 70 mm. These guides are fixed in increments of 500 ÷ 600 mm. In addition to the fact that the crate of the slats becomes the basis for fixing the finish, it also forms a ventilation gap between the finishing material and the vapor barrier.
- made quite simply. It leaves walls smooth and neat, ready for painting, traditional wallpapering or even liquid wallpapering.
Therefore, drywall finishing should be chosen by those homeowners who like to often change the interior design of the premises.
- Clapboard wall decoration is a longer and more laborious process than. For such a sheathing, a crate with the above parameters is also perfect. The only thing to think about is the direction of the lining boards, that is, it should be located vertically with the horizontal orientation of the crate and vice versa.
If desired, after installation, the wood can be varnished with a water-based varnish or give it a deeper color using a stain.
Wood is an amazing material that can create a special atmosphere in the room with the aroma of the forest, which has a positive effect on the structure and well-being of the residents. That is why natural lining is very often chosen for flooring, walls and attic ceilings.
Video: insulation of the attic room and finishing it with clapboard
- You can come up with a beautiful plywood finish. But that's only if it will not be covered with paint on top, then you need to choose a quality material that has a beautiful natural pattern. Plywood is mounted much faster than lining, and makes the walls even, covering large surfaces at once.
This material can be covered with varnish, paint or any kind of wallpaper, but you can leave the walls in their natural state only by carefully cleaning possible defects in the form of protruding splinters or burrs.
The construction of an attic is a rather laborious and complex process that requires high experience in the construction craft. If there is no one to understand about the above technological operations, then you should not take it on your own - it is better to invite professional masters to perform the work. They will save you from unnecessary problems and build an attic according to the project conceived by the owner of the house.
Video: an example of the construction and decoration of the attic
The device of the attic in an individual house is a fairly common phenomenon. This method of construction allows you to reduce the cost per square meter and create a rather interesting room in the under-roof space. In order to properly perform the device of the attic floor, it is necessary to study the basic requirements for it and choose the right type of roof and its slope.
What is an attic
According to regulatory documents, the attic floor is the volume under the roof, which is used to accommodate residential and utility rooms. At the same time, the height of the outer walls should be no more than 1.5 m in the general case, otherwise the space will be considered a full-fledged residential floor.
A do-it-yourself attic is beneficial both during construction and during the operation of a private house. In the first case, costs are reduced due to the fact that the height of the vertical enclosing structures is reduced. The roof takes on this function without ceasing to fulfill its original purpose.
An attic is an under-roof space that can be equipped as a separate room for living.
In operation, cost savings can be as follows:
- Decreased space to be heated, consequently, there is a reduction in heating costs, which are an impressive item in the cost of utilities.
- After the construction is completed, the house must be measured by specialists from the BTI, after which a passport of the object is issued. It is on the basis of the area values \u200b\u200bgiven in it that taxes are charged and utility bills are paid (provided that they are connected to centralized systems and there are no metering devices, which is now practically not found). The area of the attic floor is included in the area of the whole house with coefficients of 0.7 or 0.8, depending on the height of the outer wall and the angle of the roof, which allows significant savings throughout the entire life of the facility.
Preparatory stage
It is worth starting construction with the development of a project or diagrams on which the future structure will be drawn. Most often, the roof that is used for the attic floor is gable, but it is also possible to use a hip four-pitched roof. The gable design makes it possible to provide full-fledged windows in the gables.
In the case of using a hip to illuminate the premises, it is possible to install only attic window openings. This option can become more time consuming in terms of installing roof elements and designing interiors. Cost reduction with a hip roof is achieved due to the absence of gables (especially the savings will be noticeable in a brick house, where the cost of materials and the installation of wall fences themselves is quite high).
Do-it-yourself attic construction begins with determining the geometric dimensions and shapes of the roof. Earlier it was already said about the choice of the type of rafter system at home (gable, hip), after which it will be necessary to decide whether the slope will be straight or broken. The broken structure has such disadvantages as increased cost and labor intensity. Its use is justified by the need to increase the height of the room by changing the angle of the roof.
At the design stage, the optimal slope of the roof is determined. Its choice depends on ergonomic considerations and the roofing material used, which imposes limitations.
Before making an attic, it is also necessary to calculate all its load-bearing elements for strength and bending, select the composition of the roof pie, perform thermal engineering calculations and decide on the materials. More on this later.
Main bearing elements
The design includes the following components:
- rafter legs, which transfer the load from the weight of the roofing and the wall to the walls of the house. The section is selected depending on the angle of inclination, span, step and design load. A professional can correctly perform a detailed calculation. For private construction, approximate values \u200b\u200bcan be used, while it is best to provide a small margin.
- Narozhniki- these are rafter legs, which, on one or both sides, are supported by slanted ones. The cross section is calculated in the same way as for rafters.
- Slanted legs- a design that is used in a hip roof. This element serves as a support for the sprigs. The cross section is taken depending on the load and the span, in any case it should be larger than that of the rafter legs.
- Mauerlat- an element that serves as a support for the stops and transfers the load from the roof to the walls, evenly distributing it. It will be correct to choose a section with dimensions of 100 by 100 or 150 by 150, depending on the complexity of the object. Mounting of the Mauerlat is not carried out during the construction of frame and wooden houses, since in this case we play the upper crown of the walls or the strapping in its role.
- Rigel- a beam, which is also a support for the rafters, but already in the upper part. The crossbar is installed in the ridge of the roof or at the break of the slope, in case of a broken structure. The cross section should be taken depending on the conditions, as a recommended value, dimensions of 200 by 200 mm can be given.
- Struts, racks, fights- additional elements for unfastening elements. They are used to reduce the cross section of load-bearing structures. Their cross section is most often chosen constructively. At the same time, it is important to take into account the convenience of making connections.
A do-it-yourself mansard roof should be built starting from the selection of sections of all elements of the roof frame. The material for manufacturing is selected taking into account the following conditions:
- wood must be coniferous (pine, spruce, larch);
- material grade - first or second;
- humidity not more than 15%.
Be sure to treat all boards and bars with antiseptic compounds before starting construction.
Thermal engineering calculations
To keep the heat in the house, you will need to choose the thickness of the insulation. Most often, mineral wool is used for attic rooms (more often in slabs than in mats). It is also possible to use polyurethane foam, polystyrene foam, extruded polystyrene foam and ecowool. Having determined what to make the heat-insulating layer from, select its thickness. It is important to consider the height of the rafters. It must always be equal to or greater than the thickness of the thermal insulation. For mineral wool, it will also be necessary to provide a 50 mm ventilation gap between the upper surface of the heat insulator and the roofing. If the cross section of the rafters is small, then in order to fulfill this requirement, a counter-lattice is installed.
Before you build a mansard roof with your own hands, you can calculate it according to heat engineering manually, guided by the Joint Venture "Thermal Protection of Buildings". But it is better to turn to special programs for help. In order to correctly calculate the thickness in the Teremok program (freely available on the network), you need to know the thermal conductivity of the insulation and the area of \u200b\u200bconstruction of the house, the program will find the rest itself.
A do-it-yourself mansard roof differs from a conventional pitched roof only in the presence of thermal insulation. More layers are also added to the cake to protect the insulation. The step-by-step instructions below will allow you to correctly install the elements of the mansard roof.
The procedure is as follows:
- fastening the Mauerlat to the wall;
- installation of rafters and systems of struts and racks;
- installation of waterproofing and wind protection;
- crate;
- roofing;
- warming;
- bottom trim.
Assembling the roof frame
Installation begins with a Mauerlat. It is laid on the inner grant of the outer wall. Fastening depends on the material of the load-bearing walls, but in general it can be done in several ways:
- on staples;
- on studs;
- on the anchor.
For fragile materials of the walls of the house, such as aerated concrete and foam concrete, a monolithic belt is made along the edge, which will prevent the destruction of the walls. Mauerlat is not provided for wooden and frame houses.
Next, you need to install the crossbars, if any. After the supporting structures are laid, the rafter legs are laid out. The fastening of the rafters to the Mauerlat can be rigid and articulated. It is better to do it with the use of cutting and fixing with metal corners on both sides.
This is a fairly old album, so nails are used as fasteners in all the drawings in it. It is better to replace them with studs. The design of the roof of the house in this regulatory document is shown in great detail, so it is recommended that you familiarize yourself with it before starting work.
Before starting the installation of insulation in the house, it is necessary to ensure its protection from negative environmental influences. To do this, a moisture-windproof membrane is spread over the surface and the crate is fixed. After that, the roofing is mounted, taking into account the recommendations for the selected material. For example, bitumen shingles require a solid crate, which is most often made of moisture-resistant plywood.
Installation of thermal insulation
To perform the insulation of the house, you need to install a heater without gaps and cracks. For mineral wool, it will be easier to install if the distance between the rafters is 580 or 1180 mm clean. This will allow you to lay the material with a slight expansion, which will prevent cracks.
When using expanded polystyrene, the distance between the plates and rafters is filled with sealant or mounting foam.
After laying the insulation, you need to fix the vapor barrier to it from below. After that, the lower crate and ceiling lining are mounted. For the attic, sheathing with two layers of drywall 12.5 mm thick along the frame is best suited, followed by finishing.
Free space under the roof of the house can be converted into a residential attic. This is not only a rational option to turn the attic space into a functional area, but also a great way to increase the usable area. Turning an attic into a room today is not difficult. Fortunately, there are advanced technologies and modern materials for this. Often, all work is carried out independently, taking into account the nuances of such a room. The arrangement of a free zone under the roof is useful not only from an aesthetic point of view, but also from a functional one. When carrying out work on the arrangement of the upper part of the house, the mansard roof is additionally insulated.
Peculiarities
The popularity of houses with an attic is explained by the peculiarity of the architecture of the building. The attic got its name from the founder, the French architect Francois Mansart, back in the 17th century. Since then, it has become convenient to use the last floors of buildings, although initially they were allocated for household needs, it was not a living or warm room.
Today it is quite possible, for example, to equip an additional bathroom. But more often the room is modified for an additional bedroom, living room or playroom for children. The attic will never be a living room in the traditional sense due to the broken roof and technical nuances. However, this does not prevent many from planning the construction of houses, taking into account additional meters, just in case. Like any building, an attic room in a private house has its own characteristics, advantages and disadvantages.
It is worth mentioning the following main advantages of a functional room in a private house:
- no additional structures are required;
- the building is able to increase the area of \u200b\u200bthe house;
- no need to solve problems with sealing buildings;
- you can beat the design of the external appearance of the structure;
- even a two-level design is reliable;
- heat losses are reduced (this is especially noticeable in winter);
- in the process of arranging the attic, as a rule, major repairs are not required.
When evaluating the quality of the building as a whole, it would be useful to recall the shortcomings of the attic:
- sometimes this is not an opportunity to increase space, but a clear “loss” of useful meters (mainly in old houses);
- problems may appear in the presence of sloping ceilings and walls;
- hydro and thermal insulation of the house leaves much to be desired (what to say about the attic);
- old roof windows sometimes cause a lot of problems.
Features of the attic floor often lie in the fact that this room itself (more often in modern houses) extends almost along the entire perimeter of the house. In this regard, it is often necessary to modify or supplement the facade of the house (parapets, niches, ledges, decorative elements) in accordance with the technical features of the roof. In individual construction, the possibility of completing or altering the mansard roof is provided.
Types of roof structures
For individual construction, the use of various options for the roofing system is typical.
Particular attention is paid to the construction of a mansard roof, which differs in the main types of structures:
- single or gable (broken, gable);
- hip and semi-hip.
Characteristic features for each type determine the possibility of arranging the attic.
Today, in addition to traditional, more modern forms are used:
- shed mansard roof with a sloping area (mounted on load-bearing walls);
- rigid gable mansard roof with a slope on opposite sides;
- sloping roof (installation of a gable roof option);
- a hip or half-hip roof with four slopes (the end slopes of the hip roof differ in shape in the form of beveled triangles (the gable area is protected at the half-hip roof);
- pyramidal (also called tented) types of roofs, which are not widespread, are distinguished by their polygonal shapes.
The shape of the roof is not the only distinguishing feature of a modern mansard roof. What matters is the height of the building and the nature of the coating (corrugated board, metal, you can make plastic tiles).
Separately, it is worth highlighting the universal distinctive features of the mansard roof:
- it is not only the roof, but also the walls of the house;
- the maximum height of the building is not more than 2.5 m;
- the possibility of installing metal-plastic windows with tempered glass;
- multilayer structure;
- the cost of a mansard roof is ultimately more than a regular one.
Even when designing a house, you can choose the most suitable shape of the roof, if necessary, lengthen the rafter legs (layering from the walls is about 50-55 cm), calculate the loads and allocate space for windows.
Types and sizes
The highest point of the height of the under-roof space must be at least 2.5 m in order to consider this room as an attic. Otherwise, it's already an attic. According to SNiP, you can set the minimum value from ceiling to floor.
Differences in the types of attic roofing are determined by the following values:
- semi-attic - with a vertical wall height of less than 0.8 m;
- attic - with a wall height of 0.8 to 1.5 m;
- floor - with a wall height of more than 1.5 m.
The width of the structure is another main component for determining the type of attic. The minimum standards for width are at least 80 cm. For a residential attic, this indicator (width) increases to 2 m, especially if the width of the house itself is at least 4.8 m. As for the building area, this parameter can be set using a special formula. Calculations are carried out in accordance with building codes and regulations. The area of an ordinary attic cannot be less than 16 square meters. m. The attic arrangement project covers all structural elements - roof slopes, supporting walls, gables, rafters. The type and size of the attic room is fully taken into account.
In general, the work on the arrangement of the attic is as follows:
- the roof is checked;
- lathing is carried out (from wooden boards);
- fastening of insulating materials is carried out;
- the top of the truss structure is strengthened;
- stiffeners are checked (if necessary, replaced) - rafters for the roof;
- beams are laid along the perimeter of the outer walls, they are connected to the rafter structure;
- diagonal bevels (ties) are performed to give strength to the mansard roof;
- supporting supports are strengthened.
- A waterproofing layer is laid, insulation.
Useful area calculation
When arranging the under-roof space, it is important to correctly calculate the area of \u200b\u200bthe attic room. The size, size, height of the attic, especially the angle of inclination are closely related in the calculations. Any redevelopment is carried out in accordance with the norms of SNiPa. So, according to this provision, the minimum height of the dwelling under the roof is 2.5 m. The slope of the roof affects the calculation of the height of the room. Thanks to the calculations during the design, it is possible to reflect the real parameters of the upper floor of the house to obtain a usable area.
You can do the attic area yourself when calculating, but the initial data will depend on the following parameters:
- slope level of 30 degrees (in the narrowest part of the slope, the height is 1.5 m);
- slope level of 45 degrees (in the narrowest part of the slope, the height is 1.1 m);
- the slope level is 60 degrees and above (at the narrowest part of the slope, the height is 0.5 m).
To calculate the area of \u200b\u200bthe structure, the smallest height is taken and and is multiplied by 0.7 (reducing factor). Then, for the minimum level of the walls of the attic with a slope of 30 degrees, an indicator of 1.2 m is obtained; from 45 to 60 degrees - 0.8 m; over 60 degrees - do not limit. It is important to remember that a successful attic project with a modern roof requires accurate and accurate calculations, for this you can use specially designed computer programs (a work scheme will appear before your eyes).
Design and materials
When choosing materials for the construction of the attic, timber is traditionally chosen, and aerated concrete is also actively used. But there are other options for building and finishing materials for construction, the main thing is that it be a frame technology. The choice is made based on the type of structure and its size, taking into account the configuration of the roof and the slope of the walls. Wooden rafters are best suited for the attic frame, moreover, it is important that they are perfect - without cracks and knots, especially without signs of decay.
As for the choice of aerated concrete, it is a fairly cheap and easy-to-install material. In addition, it is strong and durable. Aerated concrete blocks can be further processed with a special tool. However, due to the lime, which is part of the material, aerated concrete cannot be classified as environmentally friendly materials. Instead, you can use corrugated board, foam blocks or sip panels. The advantages of the foam block include a sufficient level of noise and heat insulation.
When arranging the under-roof space, competent design and drawings are of great importance. Modern mansard roofs enjoy well-deserved popularity not only in summer cottage construction. More and more different options for small country houses with a furnished attic appear in our open spaces. It's all about the rationality and efficiency of such a room. Of interest are ready-made schemes of roof structures, which imply an attic in a classic form, although the alteration of space even in an old house is not always capital. Most of the schemes are not very complex, so the entire attic or balcony can be designed and made by hand. There are separate schemes for finished structures, where beams and ceilings do not even change.
Engage in design should be at the initial stage of construction or repair. The attic floor is included in the project of the house. And the choice of roofing type largely depends on how successful the building as a whole will be. The finished attic space can also be skillfully converted and equipped, turning it into a full-fledged functional room. Thanks to modern technologies and materials, today it is not a problem to design an attic floor in a finished house. The project can be selected by the type of attic.
Forms
The room under the roof is given a special role so that it can be used comfortably.
To this end, a number of requirements are imposed on the attic space under the attic:
- the shape of the attic should be as convenient as possible;
- you need to pay attention to warming;
- room lighting is also important.
Proper planning will help to realize many useful ideas. The geometric shape of the attic has become a classic of the genre. Such a roof can be triangular or broken, with symmetrical or asymmetrical sides relative to the walls of the building. The floor itself can be located both on one of the sides and across the entire width, even somewhat going beyond the boundaries of the outer walls. Some of these projects involve the installation of additional supporting structures, for example, in the form of columns or walls.
In general, roof structures can be designed as follows:
- in the form of a separate multi-level floor;
- solid floor with two-level development;
- two-level floor with the base of the mezzanine floor.
The load-bearing walls of roof structures usually consist of two parts:
- vertical wall (wall material for the construction can be used the same as in the construction of the lower floors);
- inclined wall (the truss system serves as its frame, and the roof serves as the outer skin).
The ratio in the project of all these elements among themselves depends on the design as a whole. The shape of the mansard roof gives the whole house a special look. Attic premises of a residential type may vary in the shape of the roof.
Basically, it is customary to distinguish the following types:
- shed roof (without sidewalls, with a single roof space);
- gable roof (a complicated design that allows you to design a comfortable attic floor, taking into account the roof windows);
- a broken gable roof with a characteristic silhouette (slopes can be bent inward or bent outward).
A competent project allows you to "free up" the desired usable area. It can be increased by installing a vertical, attic wall. It is worth considering that the useful area of \u200b\u200ba hipped roof is less than that of a gable roof. This is due to the large number of bevels that do not allow free design of the under-roof space. It is optimal to use a typical attic project.
Since the height of the attic floor is important, it affects the usable area. In addition, the height distinguishes the type of room under the roof. For the overall picture, it does not hurt to study the project of a typical attic structure in section.
Let's consider what it is.
- If the height of the vertical wall of the roof space is more than 1.5 m, then this is already a full-fledged floor. In the center of the structure, you can move freely without bending over. With an attic wall height of more than 2 m, we can talk about a functional room, which in terms of comfort will resemble a typical room.
- If the attic has a single or gable roof with an attic wall height of about 0.8 m (up to a maximum of 1.5 m), then this design is characterized by increased functionality.
- The presence of walls less than 0.8 m high (or if there are no vertical walls) may indicate an insufficiently functional room.
There are several ways to turn the attic into a functional room, more convenient and rational. The general tone is set by the interior of the roofing room. Sometimes extraordinary solutions may be required for its arrangement, but it is better to follow well-known and proven rules in work. So, the quality characteristics of the attic largely depend on the purpose of the room. For example, it is convenient to turn a small, narrow attic into an extra bedroom. The high attic allows you to equip an entire guest floor under the roof. It is also important what furniture will be in the room and, accordingly, you can build in a wardrobe or put a rack.
It is important to comply with two general requirements:
- for a large room, the height of the walls to the floor from the ceiling is not less than 2.2 m;
- the height of the attic walls from the level of the bed is about 1.4 m.
A competent ceiling device will improve the proportions of the room under the roof to the desired ones (in accordance with the standards).
Device
Do-it-yourself construction of an attic roof implies a strong foundation and a reliable floor, the presence of reinforcing supports to ease the load due to the attic floor (the attic needs to be further strengthened). Sometimes it is necessary to further strengthen the foundation of the house or redo a separate foundation. Professional skills are indispensable here.
stingrays
Even at the initial stage of the attic device, it is necessary to resolve all issues related to the design features of the building, taking into account all the partitions. The house may have slopes that affect the design features as a whole. And the under-roof space itself can differ in a variety of forms. The interior decoration of the attic will depend on the features of the intra-roof structure. If the roof of the house is constructed in a special way, then you will have to remove the old rafters and materials, replacing them with new ones, taking into account the features of the project (additional load, angle of inclination and other design features of the building are taken into account).
truss system
The entire truss structure must be calculated and designed for the type of attic floor. The best option for a typical house is the manufacture of an attic floor with a broken gable roof. Such a roof has a large load on the walls, however, the combined area of \u200b\u200bthe attic space is most often equipped in this way. At the same time, it is important to comply with the requirement for the presence of additional bearing supports (installation of inclined rafters designed for vertical and horizontal loads). When installing the rafter system, the Mauerlat is installed, after which the rafter legs are assembled and installed. The installation of the rafters is carried out, starting from two opposite legs, they are pulled on top of each other (the installation accuracy must be adjusted). This is how the frame of the truss system is installed, after which the crate is performed, which depends on the roofing material.
Roof
When constructing the upper floor, it is important to take into account the complexity of the attic roof. It differs from a typical roof in that it bears the functional load of a residential and under-roof space. The ceiling of the house is a mansard roof with the necessary sound and heat insulation layers, with the finishing of the room. It should be as warm, comfortable, spacious and light as possible. An additional crate of the roof structure will improve the quality of the thermal insulation of the attic floor, although mineral wool can serve as the main insulation for these purposes.
High-quality finishing of the roof-ceiling depends on the purpose of using the attic. So, for example, lining, fiberboard, plywood sheets are traditionally used for summer cottages. Finishing of residential premises is carried out with more substantial and expensive materials. Roofing material for exterior decoration creates comfort for the interior of the attic. In this case, slate, bitumen-based materials and modern tiles are traditionally used. It is better not to use metal sheets, they do not retain heat and create additional noise during rain, wind. It is also better to refuse roofing material, since in summer it heats up a lot, releasing a specific smell.
Window
The correct frame of the roof structure includes the arrangement of windows. They are installed between the rafters. For the reliability of the window attachment points (bottom and top of the structure), horizontal lintels from a bar are placed.
Installation of roof windows is carried out in stages:
- build an opening for a window;
- mount a frame with a dismantled double-glazed window;
- lay insulation and a layer of waterproofing;
- carry out fastening of the gutter of the window structure;
- install details;
- return the dismantled double-glazed window to its place;
- perform interior decoration.
There is not always a constructive opportunity to build or expand the usable area of the house by adding a full-fledged upper floor or side structure. To increase the space in small houses, it is best to use the attic. It does not take up much space, but it allows you to “unload” the house a little, saving on construction.
In order to build an attic or make it from an attic, you need to stock up on materials:
- rafters are made of wooden beams (with a section of 50x180 cm);
- the crate is made of a wooden board;
- end wall cladding is made of wall panels;
- fastening of roofing elements is carried out on self-tapping screws, nails, metal profiles and metal corners;
- during construction, heat-insulating, vapor-proofing and waterproofing materials are necessarily used;
- roofing material is used at the finishing stage;
- at the end, the interior decoration of the room is done from modern facing materials, the main heating is installed.
Before starting work, it is important to make sure that the floors that are located between the first floor and the attic are sufficiently strengthened. Loads need to be calculated. After making sure that the fasteners are reliable, you can proceed to the arrangement of the truss system. In the process of work, the quality of the connections of each element of the system is controlled. For a sloping roof project, support beams with end walls are first mounted. After that, work begins on the collection of the frame structure of the truss system.
Separate elements of the truss system are fastened with a groove-ledge connection and with metal plates for greater reliability. The use of all wooden elements is possible after special treatment for additional protection. It is also necessary to treat with flame retardants to reduce the flammability of wooden structures. After assembling the truss system, they proceed to the processing of the bevels of the walls and internal partitions.
An obligatory stage during the construction of the attic is the ventilation of the attic floor. It was enough for the attic to ensure the ventilation of the room. The attic building must meet the requirements of the dwelling. Ventilation problems can lead to heat loss, moisture condensation, and rot. All these external factors can lead to subsequent destruction. Simple ventilation is ineffective here, forced ventilation of the system and insulation is necessary.
Next, the arrangement of several layers of the mansard roof is carried out: the very top is a roofing material, under it is a waterproofing material, a crate, a heat-insulating and vapor barrier material, and a ceiling finish. It is important to emphasize that the sequence of multi-layer stacking cannot be changed. Installation of insulation is carried out on the truss system. There is a gap between the insulation and the roof for natural ventilation. In some cases, insulation (mineral wool and other fire-resistant insulator) is laid on the crate.
The heat-insulating layer is about 25-30 cm thick. For reliable fixation of this layer, an additional frame perpendicular to the rafters can be used. A vapor barrier in the form of a breathable membrane and a waterproofing material are attached at some distance from the insulation. It is worth considering that not only the roof should be insulated, but also the walls of the attic room to ensure greater comfort. It turns out a "pie", which ensures the reliability and strength of the structure. Finishing the roof-ceiling is done in the usual way - with plywood sheets, ceiling tiles, drywall, clapboard.
Decorative decoration of the attic depends on the overall design of the room. Usually the walls and ceiling are covered with wallpaper in the style of the whole house. Walls can also be painted or plastered.
Warming and soundproofing
The main sound insulation in the attic room falls on the floors. Noise reduction is necessary to ensure comfort in the upper part of the floor, and so that excess noise does not spread to neighboring rooms.
For this purpose, old proven methods and new technologies are used:
- polyethylene foam with foil is laid on the logs (on one side);
- sand 5 cm thick is poured between the beams.
Properly executed soundproofing dampens impact noise from above, whether it be steps, falling objects. For sound absorption, mineral wool, polystyrene or felt, as well as basalt slabs, are often used. It also provides vapor barrier and thermal insulation.
Due to the constant contact of the attic roof with atmospheric loads, summer overheating or winter cooling of the roof, it is necessary to carry out work on additional insulation of the attic. To do this, even at the stage of construction under the slate or other flooring, a special protective layer of insulation and films against moisture are laid. The main scope of work on waterproofing the attic is carried out from the inside after the completion of the main stage of construction.
It is important to leave a small space between the roofing layer and the insulation for natural ventilation. Today, additional external insulation of the attic is being carried out with modern means so as not to reduce the usable area inside the attic building. The light weight of the insulation does not allow the structure to sag or deform. On sale there are special heaters - materials for spraying. They create a uniform, durable surface that prevents the appearance of moisture.
Finishing
Original and practical solutions for cladding a wooden or brick attic room give free rein to imagination. The design of the attic is largely determined by the overall design decision, but sometimes the most daring ideas are used. Facing the attic floor is primarily associated with the features of the finished structure. In this regard, the interior decoration of the attic has a number of features.
It is necessary to pay attention to several points.
- The presence of skylights affects the internal appearance of the attic. They are located on the slopes of the roof. An ordinary window is placed on a flat wall, the room gets more light.
- You can come up with an unusual design for the attic walls, for example, in colorful shades that contrast with the color of the ceiling or floor.
- The bevels of the mansard roof can be designed in a designer way, emphasizing all the unusual design of the attic room.
- The special atmosphere of the attic room is given by non-standard furniture (for example, irregular shape). A low, non-equiangular cabinet will fit perfectly in the narrow and low part of the attic.
- A large attic area can be divided into functional zones.
Today, there are a lot of options for zoning an attic space to find the best option for your home. All internal work can be done both independently and with the help of professionals.
There is the only real opportunity to inexpensively increase the living square meters of a private house. It is in the attic to organize an attic. In this article we will talk about how to properly build an attic so that it is inexpensive. We will analyze two options: when a house with an attic is already in operation, when a house is just being built. Let's consider the entire technological chain: from the choice of materials to the finishing of new premises.
Rules for organizing an attic in an old house
What is an attic. This is under the roof of the house. That is, there is nothing above it, except for the roof structure. Therefore, the attic can be organized in any attic, regardless of what type of roof it is located under. The main task is to create all the conditions for a comfortable stay in the attic room. That is, it should be not only beautiful and comfortable, but warm in winter and cool in summer, not to mention the presence of the necessary communication networks.
To make an attic on an old wooden or brick house, you need to think carefully about everything. Firstly, it is necessary to solve the issue of constructing a solid floor with laying a floor base. Secondly, the issue of roof insulation. These are the two main tasks. After that, you can engage in the laying of heating systems, plumbing and sewerage, install air conditioning, and carry out the finishing of new premises.
Floors in the attic
If we are talking about a wooden house, then the floors in it are formed by load-bearing beams from timber, on which boards are stuffed. Wooden flooring must be insulated. The same design is often found in brick houses. But in most cases, concrete floor slabs are used with brick buildings, which are also insulated.
How to quickly make floors in the attic along the floor beams.
On the laid beams along their lower edges, the so-called tiled bars.
across at them stacking boards close to each other.
Laying waterproofing film, which will perform the functions of protecting the insulation from moist air vapor emanating from the rooms of a private house.
Between the beams on the waterproofing layer lay insulation(mineral wool or polystyrene foam boards).
over the beams lay the vapor barrier.
Top across installing plank floor from grooved boards. You can use plywood or OSB boards, on which the flooring (laminate, linoleum, tile, etc.) will subsequently be laid.
The main task of the manufacturer of works is to make the floor even, durable, and heat-resistant.
If the floor of the house is reinforced concrete slabs, then the insulation is carried out in the following order. It all depends on what thermal insulation material will be used. For example, expanded clay:
overlap leveled with concrete screed small thickness (3-5 cm);
after drying of the latter, the entire area of the floor base covered with waterproofing film in the form of strips, which I overlap with each other with an offset of 10-15 cm and are closed with adhesive tape;
around the perimeter of the attic stack the bars section 70x70 or 100x100 mm, they are attached to the concrete floor with anchors;
in the longitudinal or transverse direction stack the same bars with a step of 1-1.5 m;
into the resulting cellular structure expanded clay falls asleep medium or fine fraction;
on top the crate is covered vapor barrier membrane;
on top of the heat-insulating cake along the laid bars boarded floor or slab, sheet material.
If slab heat-insulating materials are used as a heater, then everything is done in exactly the same way. The only thing you need to pay attention to is the tight pressing of the insulation boards to the elements of the floor crate so that there are no cold bridges.
Roof insulation
If the roof truss system, the crate and the roofing material itself are in good technical condition, then the issue of building an attic in the country is simplified to a minimum. What do I need to do:
first of all, all wooden elements of the roof structure processed at first antiseptic composition after drying flame retardant;
on rafter legs vapor barrier film is laid so that it exactly repeats the configuration of the rafter legs, as shown in the photo below;
then between the rafters lay insulation, in the photo below this is also clearly visible, the main thing is the tight pressing of the material to the ends of the rafter legs;
over two stacked materials stretch waterproofing film;
after which the whole structure covered with slab or sheet material, for example, it can be drywall, plywood, chipboard, fiberboard, OSB and so on.
On our website you can find the most . In the filters, you can set the desired direction, the presence of gas, water, electricity and other communications.
Construction of an attic superstructure
So, if a new house is being built or the roof of the old one does not meet modern operating requirements, then it is possible to build an attic superstructure, as they say, “from scratch”. What does that require. First of all, the project. You can't just buy building materials and start building. The attic is not a heavy structure, but this does not mean that it should be treated with a lesser degree of responsibility.
The project is best ordered by professionals who will take into account the bearing capacity of the walls of the building, foundation and other building structures. And on the basis of this, they will create a project that will guarantee that an old or new house with an attic will serve faithfully for more than a dozen years.
Installation of the attic begins with laying the mauerlat on the walls of the house. This is a beam with a section of 150x200 or 200x200 mm. It is attached to the walls with anchors that were previously installed in the reinforcing belt. The latter is poured along the outer walls of a private house. How it turns out in the end result is very clearly visible in the photo below.
Attic projects
The first construction work has been completed. It is carried out regardless of what configuration the attic was planned by the project. As mentioned above, living quarters can be organized under any roof. For example, the photo below shows an attic under a pitched roof. It would seem that this is not a very good example, but such projects exist, which means that this confirms that you can live under roofs of any configuration.
And yet there is one design, which is called the attic. She has a broken roof, which you will not confuse with any other.
Construction of a classic mansard roof
This type of roof has two slopes, divided into two parts. The first upper part is with a small angle of inclination, that is, sloping, the other lower part is with a large inclination, that is, steep. This is the main difficulty in building an attic superstructure on an old house or a new one.
This problem is solved like this:
The project must have exactly stated fracture site.
It is in this place that it is laid from wall to wall roof beam. There will be two of them for each kink.
Along every beam vertical racks are installed, which determine the useful height of the attic room. Usually it is within 2.5-3.0 m. The cross section of the beams is at least 100x100 m, the installation step is within 1.5-2.0 m. Two beams are installed along the Mauerlat between the floor beams.
Along the top of the beams a strapping is made from a beam section 100x100 mm. Strapping is done not only around the perimeter of the installed racks, but also between them in the transverse direction. The frame of the attic was formed in the form of a box of racks.
In the middle of the transverse elements of the upper trim install short poles, forming the upper slopes of the roof. The longer the racks, the steeper the slopes.
Installed on racks horizontal ridge run.
Mount rafter legs gentle slopes. With their upper edges they rest against the ridge beam, with their lower edges against the upper trim of the structure.
form steep lower attic slopes. Rafters are also installed here, which with their upper edges abut against the upper trim of the attic structure, and with the lower edges against the Mauerlat.
Video description
The video shows in detail how to build a classic mansard roof:
So, the frame of the attic structure is ready. It remains to form the floors of the room, conduct insulation and cover the roof with roofing material. And then move on to the finishing touches.
How to make insulated floors - has already been described above. How to insulate a mansard roof too. But there is one point here that facilitates the implementation of thermal insulation measures for the roof structure. The thing is that the roof has not yet been covered, which means that it is better to lay the vapor barrier membrane on top of the truss system.
The photo below shows this very well:
across the rafters install vapor barrier strips, which are attached to them with small nails or steel staples using a stapler;
over insulation and rafters mount rails, which will perform the functions of a counter-lattice. Its task is to create a ventilated gap between the heat-insulating cake and the roofing material in order to remove moist air vapors that have leaked through the insulation;
along the counter-lattice across the rafters lay the crate;
carry out installation of roofing material.
Other operations: laying insulation and waterproofing is carried out from the inside of the attic.
Scheme of assembly of insulated mansard roof
Formation of gables
This is an important part of the design of the mansard roof. In fact, two pediments are the walls of the new premises. And they must meet the strict requirements of living rooms. It is in them that windows and doors are installed. The latter only if a balcony or terrace is attached to the attic.
With insulation, everything is simple. It's like in a frame house:
from the outside install a vapor barrier;
do the outer lining sheet or panel materials: lining, plywood, OSB, etc.;
from within lay insulation;
close the gables waterproofing membrane;
carry out inner lining.
In principle, the attic is ready. It remains to finish the interior space. There are no strict restrictions here. The attic is a living space, so any design projects and finishing materials are used. In this case, you can build a horizontal ceiling, you can leave everything as it is, that is, with slopes going up. Everything is at the discretion of the customer. As one of the options - a project in a modern style in the photo below.
Advantages and disadvantages of the attic
The main advantage is to get additional residential square meters for small capital investments. The attic is a frame structure, which means it is not heavy. And if it is erected on an old house, then in most cases this does not affect the strengthening of the foundation and load-bearing walls of the building. If you think carefully about the exterior decoration of the entire building, it will not be noticeable that the superstructure was built later than the main house.
As for the disadvantages, according to the method of construction, the classic mansard roof is more complicated than a single or gable roof. It uses a large number of different elements that will have to be cut, adjusted to the required dimensions, which leads to the formation of a large amount of waste.
Video description
In the video, the specialist discusses the advantages and disadvantages of houses with attic add-ons:
Conclusion on the topic
So, we tried to deal with the construction of attics on an old house (with attic projects, indicating some important nuances of the structure). Houses with such superstructures today grow like mushrooms after rain. They are popular, they provide an opportunity to save on construction. The main thing is the project, which takes into account all the construction moments in accordance with the rules and regulations.
Reading time ≈ 3 minutes
If you look into history, then the attic was first used in France. It was inhabited by poor people, but today everything has changed, and it has become fashionable and prestigious to have an additional room for living or comfortable rest. In this article, we will look at step-by-step instructions in which we will tell you how to build an attic with your own hands. In addition, you can see photos and videos of the attic structure with your own hands.
Before starting any work, it should be understood that the additional living space will be located in the place of the attic, which means that the roof structure will need to be completely changed.
Materials for the construction of the attic
So, for the construction of an attic with your own hands, you will need the following materials:
- Reiki.
- Wooden bars.
- Boards.
- Metal corners.
- Fasteners.
- Metal staples.
- Mineral wool.
- Waterproofing.
- window structures.
- Mineral wool.
- Stairs.
In addition to all these materials, it is necessary to prepare a set of construction tools such as a screwdriver, drill, hacksaw, stapler, chisel, level.
Do-it-yourself step-by-step instructions for building an attic
1. Project of the future attic
The main element in this work is the roof, which is distinguished by its unconventional structure. Very often, window openings are installed in the roof. Their difference is that they are located at an angle. Do-it-yourself attic roof often includes profile changes, making it broken.
2. Roof shape
Imagine in advance what shape the future roof should be and the angles of inclination of the planes.
The roof of the attic can be:
- Broken gable.
- Standard double.
- Single-sided (rare).
Start drawing. It must be done in different projections. Be sure to specify the dimensions and indicate the relative position of all elements.
3. Construction of the frame of the future attic
Experts believe that this stage of construction is considered the most time-consuming. This work cannot be done on your own, it requires the involvement of a partner. Along the perimeter of the upper part of the house, it is necessary to lay a Mauerlat. Next, attach the two extreme racks with slings to the Mauerlat (horizontal bars interconnected) using metal corners. After that, install the longitudinal jumper on the top of the uprights.
4. Arched design
Pull the cord. Between the resulting ones, put the internal elements of the frame. Consider the fact that their size should correspond to the side arches. Between all stoics there should be the same step. Elements of the arched structure should be fixed with metal brackets and corners. When setting inclined roof elements, maintain the calculated angle of inclination of the slope and centering. After that, on the outside of the resulting roof, use a hammer and nails to nail a crate of slats or boards. Do not forget to leave openings in it for future windows.
5. Hydro and thermal insulation
Hydro and thermal insulation is an important step in the construction of the attic with your own hands. The best option for protecting the attic from moisture is a membrane type film.
It is laid on top of the crate. For insulation, mineral wool is an excellent material. Cotton wool is attached from the inside of the truss system. It is important that the installation is carried out without gaps.
