Carbon monoxide. Household gas outline of the lesson on obzh (grade 5) on the topic. carbon monoxide poisoning

"OBZH "First Aid"" - Determination of the presence of consciousness in the victim. OBJ lesson. Foreign bodies in the upper respiratory tract. Respiratory and circulatory arrest. In accordance with Part 4 of Article 31 of the Federal Law of November 21, 2011 No. 323-FZ, drivers of vehicles and other persons have the right to provide first aid if they have the appropriate training and (or) skills.

"Sunstroke" - What to do. Use protective creams. Self-help for heat and sunstroke. How to prevent. Signs of sunburn. Headache, weakness, tinnitus. Come to the beach either in the morning or in the afternoon. Move more. What is the difference between heatstroke and sunstroke. Help the victim. How to prevent sunstroke.

"The first honey. help" - Shoulder dislocations. Signs of death. Fractures of the bones of the forearm. Soft tissue wounds. Inject 2 ml of a 50% solution of analgin intramuscularly. Fracture. Artificial respiration from mouth to nose. Injury. Clavicle fractures. Apply a fixing bandage. First aid. Indirect massage. Compression of the arteries. Hypothermia.

"Providing first aid at work" - Recommendations with pictograms for providing first aid to workers. Drowning. For bruises and fractures. Hand harnesses. When suffocating. Areas of application of a tourniquet for bleeding from the arteries. Signs of true drowning. Heatstroke. Sharp adynamia. Fixation of the bones of the lower leg, thigh and knee joint.

"First Aid for Food Poisoning" - Treatment Scheme. In the digestive organs, sudden pathological conditions occur. Poisoning associated with the consumption of poisonous plants. The most common types of food poisoning. How to give first aid. Poisoning by chemicals of various categories. Digestive system.

"Providing first aid" - When providing first aid, they are transferred to a warm room. First aid for closed fractures. First aid for bleeding. Ensuring the patency of the upper respiratory tract. Forced flexion of the limbs. The combination of an indirect heart massage. Thermal shocks.

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Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide poisoning- an acute pathological condition that develops as a result of carbon monoxide entering the human body, is dangerous to life and health, and without adequate medical care can lead to death.

Poisoning is possible:

during fires;

· in production, where carbon monoxide is used for the synthesis of a number of organic substances (acetone, methyl alcohol, phenol, etc.);

In garages with poor ventilation, in other unventilated or poorly ventilated rooms, tunnels, as the car exhaust contains up to 1-3% CO according to the standards and more than 10% with poor adjustment of the carburetor engine;

When you stay on a busy road or near it for a long time. On major highways, the average concentration of CO exceeds the poisoning threshold;

at home in case of leakage of lighting gas and in case of untimely closed stove dampers in rooms with stove heating (houses, baths);

when using low-quality air in breathing apparatus.

Symptoms:

For mild poisoning:

o headache appears,

o knock in the temples,

o dizziness,

o chest pain,

o dry cough,

o lacrimation,

o nausea,

o visual and auditory hallucinations are possible,

o reddening of the skin, carmine-red coloration of the mucous membranes,

o tachycardia,

o increase in blood pressure.

In case of moderate poisoning:

o drowsiness,

o motor paralysis is possible with preserved consciousness

In case of severe poisoning:

o loss of consciousness, coma

o convulsions,

o involuntary discharge of urine and feces,

o respiratory failure that becomes continuous, sometimes of the Cheyne-Stokes type,

o dilated pupils with a weakened reaction to light,

o sharp cyanosis (blue) of the mucous membranes and skin of the face. Death usually occurs at the scene as a result of respiratory arrest and a drop in cardiac activity.

When leaving a coma, the appearance of a sharp motor excitation is characteristic. Possible re-development of coma.

Severe complications are often noted:

cerebrovascular accident,

subarachnoid hemorrhage,

polyneuritis,

phenomena of cerebral edema,

vision impairment,

hearing loss,

Possible myocardial infarction

Often there are skin-trophic disorders (bubbles, local edema with swelling and subsequent necrosis), myoglobinuric nephrosis,

With prolonged coma, severe pneumonia is constantly noted.

First aid

carbon monoxide poisoning man

1. Remove the victim from a room with a high content of carbon monoxide. If poisoning occurs while using a breathing apparatus, it should be replaced.

2. In case of weak shallow breathing or its stop, start artificial respiration.

3. Contribute to the elimination of the consequences of poisoning: rubbing the body, applying a heating pad to the legs, short-term inhalation of ammonia (a swab with alcohol should be no closer than 1 cm, the swab should be waved in front of the nose, which is very important, since when the swab is touched to the nose, due to the powerful effect of ammonia on the respiratory center, its paralysis may occur). Patients with severe poisoning are subject to hospitalization, as complications from the lungs and nervous system are possible at a later date.

Treatment

It is necessary to immediately eliminate the source of polluted air and provide breathing with pure oxygen at an increased partial pressure of 1.5-2 atm or, preferably, carbogen.

In the first minutes, the victim should be injected intramuscularly with a solution of the antidote "Acyzol". Further treatment in the hospital.

For the relief of seizures and psychomotor agitation, antipsychotics can be used, such as chlorpromazine (1-3 ml of a 2.5% solution intramuscularly, previously diluted in 5 ml of a 0.5% sterile solution of novocaine) or chloral hydrate in an enema. Contraindicated: bemegride, corazole, analeptic mixture, camphor, caffeine.

In case of respiratory failure - 10 ml of a 2.4% solution of aminophylline in a vein again.

· With a sharp cyanosis (blue), in the 1st hour after poisoning, intravenous administration of a 5% solution of ascorbic acid (20-30 ml) with glucose is indicated. Intravenous infusion of 5% glucose solution (500 ml) with 2% novocaine solution (50 ml), 40% glucose solution into a vein drip (200 ml) with 10 units of insulin under the skin.

Prevention

Work to be carried out in well-ventilated areas

Check the opening of dampers when using stoves and fireplaces in homes

· Taking the antidote "Acyzol" 1 capsule 30-40 minutes before contact with carbon monoxide.

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What is carbon monoxide and why is it dangerous?

Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide, or carbon monoxide, chemical formula CO) is a gaseous compound formed during combustion of any kind. What happens when this substance enters the body?

After entering the respiratory tract, carbon monoxide molecules immediately appear in the blood and bind to hemoglobin molecules. A completely new substance is formed - carboxyhemoglobin, which prevents the transport of oxygen. For this reason, oxygen deficiency develops very quickly.

The biggest danger- carbon monoxide is invisible and not noticeable in any way, it has neither smell nor color, that is, the cause of the ailment is not obvious, it is not always possible to detect it immediately. Carbon monoxide cannot be felt in any way, which is why its second name is the silent killer. Feeling fatigue, loss of strength and dizziness, a person makes a fatal mistake - he decides to lie down. And, even if he then understands the reason and the need to go out into the air, as a rule, he is not able to do anything. Knowledge could save many symptoms of CO poisoning- knowing them, it is possible to suspect the cause of the ailment in time and take the necessary measures to save.

Symptoms and signs

The severity of the injury depends on several factors:

the state of health and physiological characteristics of a person. Weakened, with chronic diseases, especially those accompanied by anemia, the elderly, pregnant women and children are more sensitive to the effects of CO;
the duration of the effect of the CO compound on the body;
the concentration of carbon monoxide in the inhaled air;
physical activity during poisoning. The higher the activity, the faster the poisoning occurs.

Severity

(Infographics available by clicking the download button after the article)

Light degree severity is characterized by the following symptoms:

general weakness;
headaches, mainly in the frontal and temporal regions;
knocking in the temples;
noise in ears;
dizziness;

blurred vision - flickering, dots before the eyes;
unproductive, i.e. dry cough;
rapid breathing;
shortness of breath, shortness of breath;
lacrimation;
nausea;
hyperemia (redness) of the skin and mucous membranes;
tachycardia;
increase in blood pressure.

Symptoms medium degree severity is the preservation of all the symptoms of the previous stage and their more severe form:

blurred consciousness, possible loss of consciousness for a short time;
vomit;
hallucinations, both visual and auditory;
violation of the vestibular apparatus, uncoordinated movements;
pressing chest pains.

Severe degree poisoning is characterized by the following symptoms:

paralysis;
long-term loss of consciousness, coma;
convulsions;
pupil dilation;
involuntary emptying of the bladder and intestines;
increased heart rate up to 130 beats per minute, but at the same time it is weakly palpable;
cyanosis (blue) of the skin and mucous membranes;
breathing disorders - it becomes superficial and intermittent.

Atypical forms

There are two of them - fainting and euphoric.

Syncope symptoms:

pallor of the skin and mucous membranes;
lowering blood pressure;
loss of consciousness.

Symptoms of the euphoric form:

psychomotor agitation;
violation of mental functions: delirium, hallucinations, laughter, oddities in behavior;
loss of consciousness;
respiratory and heart failure.

First aid for the injured

It is very important to act promptly, as irreversible consequences occur very quickly.

First, it is necessary to take the victim to fresh air as soon as possible. In cases where this is difficult, then the victim should be put on a gas mask with a hopcalite cartridge as soon as possible, and given an oxygen cushion.

Secondly, it is necessary to facilitate breathing - to clear the airways, if necessary, unbutton the clothes, lay the victim on his side in order to prevent a possible sinking of the tongue.

Thirdly, stimulate breathing. Bring ammonia, rub the chest, warm the limbs.

And most importantly - you need to call an ambulance. Even if a person at first glance is in a satisfactory condition, it is necessary that he be examined by a doctor, since it is not always possible to determine the true degree of poisoning only by symptoms. In addition, timely initiated therapeutic measures will reduce the risk of complications and mortality from carbon monoxide poisoning.

If the victim is in a serious condition, it is necessary to carry out resuscitation measures before the arrival of doctors.

Sources of danger

In our time, cases of poisoning happen a little less often than in those days when residential heating was predominantly stove, but there are still enough sources of increased risk now.

Potential hazards of carbon monoxide poisoning:

houses with stove heating, fireplaces. Improper operation increases the risk of carbon monoxide penetration into the room, thus fading away in houses with entire families;
baths, saunas, especially those that heat “on black”;
garages;
in industries using carbon monoxide;
long stay near major roads;
fire in a closed room (elevator, shaft, and other rooms that cannot be left without outside help).

Only numbers

A mild degree of poisoning occurs already at a concentration of carbon monoxide of 0.08% - there is a headache, dizziness, suffocation, general weakness.
An increase in CO concentration to 0.32% causes motor paralysis and fainting. Death occurs in about half an hour.
At a CO concentration of 1.2% or more, a lightning-fast form of poisoning develops - in a couple of breaths a person receives a lethal dose, a lethal outcome occurs after a maximum of 3 minutes.
Car exhaust contains 1.5 to 3% carbon monoxide. Contrary to popular belief, it is possible to get poisoned while the engine is running not only indoors, but also outdoors.
About two and a half thousand people in Russia are annually hospitalized with varying degrees of severity of carbon monoxide poisoning.

Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) // Harmful substances in industry. Handbook for chemists, engineers and doctors / Ed. N. V. Lazareva and I. D. Gadaskina. - 7th ed. - L .: Chemistry, 1977. - T. 3. - S. 240-253. - 608 p.

Carbon monoxide concentration and symptoms of poisoning

Prevention measures

In order to minimize the risks of carbon monoxide poisoning, it is enough to observe the following rules:

operate stoves and fireplaces in accordance with the rules, regularly check the operation of the ventilation system and in a timely manner, and trust the laying of stoves and fireplaces only to professionals;
do not stay near busy roads for a long time;
always turn off the engine of the car in a closed garage. In order for the concentration of carbon monoxide to become lethal, only five minutes of engine operation is enough - remember this;
when staying in the car for a long time, and even more so when sleeping in the car, always turn off the engine;
make it a rule - if you experience symptoms that can be suspected of carbon monoxide poisoning, provide fresh air as soon as possible by opening the windows, or rather leave the room. Do not lie down if you feel dizzy, nauseous, or weak.

Remember - carbon monoxide is insidious, it acts quickly and imperceptibly, so life and health depend on the speed of the measures taken. Take care of yourself and your loved ones!

The air we breathe is a mixture of gases: oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and others. Special gases are used in the household and in various industries. Synthetic materials are made from gases. Some types of vehicles run on gas.

Some facts

The gas that people use at home and at work is natural gas. Natural gas is a mineral. It is formed in the bowels of the Earth and is a mixture of various gases.

Gas, like fire, helps a person, but in some cases it becomes dangerous:

if there was an uncontrolled leakage;
if a lot of gas has accumulated in a closed room.

In nature, there are different gases with different properties: some gases rise up, while others collect below, near the surface of the earth. Some gases are harmless, others are life threatening. Situations may arise when, in order to save your life, as well as to help the victim, you must know what kind of gas you are dealing with.

In high school chemistry lessons, you will learn all the properties of various gases, but for now let's get acquainted with them from the point of view of life safety.

Let's talk more about dangerous gases, the most common in everyday life.

Carbon monoxide destroys many human lives in fires, as well as in baths, country and rural houses with improper use of stove heating. It is extremely poisonous, and since it is odorless and colorless, it does not irritate the eyes and is difficult to detect. In a dwelling, in a bathhouse, the source of carbon monoxide is incomplete combustion of fuel in stoves, premature closing of the stove valve. Carbon monoxide poisoning is a more common cause of death in fires than fire and heat. The same gas is the cause of death in the cold season of people basking in a car with the engine running. Carbon monoxide is also formed during the incomplete combustion of household gas. Therefore, poor ventilation in the kitchen and bathroom (with a geyser) can also lead to death. Carbon monoxide gas rises, and, therefore, in the room where this gas has accumulated, one must crawl.

In addition to carbon monoxide, car exhaust contains and accumulates along highways and another toxic gas - nitrogen oxide. Therefore, it is best to avoid walking on busy streets and close windows facing the road, especially during rush hours. And also never pick mushrooms and berries near roads where cars often drive!

Toxic gases are also emitted during the combustion of synthetic finishing materials, carpets. In order not to get poisoned, it is better to move low crouching. More air is stored at the bottom.

You should be aware of the poisonous gas that forms in the ground - the uppermost layer of the earth's surface, and which can accumulate in depressions in the terrain. For example, in old landfills, in swamps, in sewer wells, basements, mines. This gas also has no taste and smell, it is heavier than air. In such cases, it is necessary to approach the victim in protective equipment.

city gas. It can be of two types: main gas, more often used in large cities, and liquefied gas in cylinders, consisting of a mixture of two gases - propane and butane. Propane is lighter than air and therefore rises; butane is heavier and therefore, when leaking, it fills first of all basements and underground utilities.

Household gas has neither color nor smell. Therefore, a strongly smelling substance is added to it, giving it a special “gasy” smell. Thanks to him, we can detect a "leak" of gas.

Causes of household gas leakage:

malfunction of gas pipes, stoves, columns, cylinders;
improper installation of gas equipment;
weak fastening of the rubber hose between the cylinder (pipe) and the stove;
incomplete closing of the gas stove tap;
flooding the fire of a gas burner with boiling water;
blowing out a weak fire with a draft.

Explosion, fire and poisoning of people can result from gas leakage.

If you are heating or cooking food yourself, stay close to the gas stove and keep an eye on the gas burner.

It is very important to ensure good ventilation in the room where the gas stove is installed. If there is no exhaust installation, then during long-term operation of the gas stove, you must always keep the window or window ajar. If there is a ventilation hole in the kitchen, it is necessary to monitor the cleanliness of the filter installed in it, as it gradually becomes clogged with dust and soot.

Know that the flame of burning gas should be even, blue. If it is red or yellow, and carbon deposits appear on the dishes, the gas does not burn completely. We need to call the master.

Remember! If there is a smell of household gas in the house or entrance, you can not use electricity: turn on the light, ring the electric bell, call the elevator, as well as matches and lighters. Any spark can cause a gas explosion throughout the house. If you smell the gas, quickly open the doors and windows to let the draft blow out the accumulation of poisonous gas. Shut off the gas pipe. All this must be done while holding your breath and covering your mouth and nose with any tissue. If the cause of the gas contamination is unclear and it is not possible to eliminate it on your own, then you should quickly leave the dangerous place and call the emergency gas service by calling “04”.

When poisoned with any gas, a person first begins to get very sick and dizzy, there is tinnitus. Then it darkens in the eyes, nausea begins. If this happens to you, you need to quickly leave this room and inform adults about your condition and the danger that has arisen.

With more severe poisoning, consciousness is disturbed, muscle weakness and drowsiness appear. Loss of consciousness, convulsions and death are possible.

First aid for a victim of carbon monoxide or household gas: immediately take (take out) him to the street. If breathing is weak or stops, artificial respiration should be applied. Rubbing the body, applying a heating pad to the legs, short-term inhalation of ammonia vapors help in such cases. If a person has signs of severe poisoning, then an ambulance should be called urgently.

Questions

What dangerous gases do you know?
Where does carbon monoxide accumulate in an enclosed space? Why?
What should a person do if he feels signs of gas poisoning?
Which rescue service should I contact in case of a household gas leak?
What can not be done in the event of a household gas leak in an apartment or other enclosed space?
situational task.
- Misha came home and smelled gas. He immediately went to the kitchen and turned on the light... Did Misha do the right thing?
How to help a person if he was poisoned by household or carbon monoxide gas?
Where and under what conditions in everyday life can you encounter carbon monoxide?

Of course, gasification in homes can hardly surprise anyone today (unless, of course, you have relatives in the Amazon jungle). But habit can also do a disservice.

There are two types of "home" gas: methane (the one that goes through the main pipe to your stove) and propane / butane (it is brought in red cylinders). An ordinary person will not only not distinguish these gases, he will not even detect them - they have no smell. However, precisely in order to detect their leakage, a substance with a rather unpleasant odor is added to the gas. It is he who is associated with gas.

IT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW

Methane is lighter than air and tends to rise.

Bottled gas is heavier - it accumulates below, penetrates under the floor if there are gaps.

If there is a leak from a cylinder, for example, in a country house where there are often cellars and underground floors, even if the leak is small, there is a risk that gas can accumulate and at one fine moment one small spark from the switch will be enough for a catastrophe.

If there is no electricity in your cellar, you can simply inhale the gas.

According to statistics, the main cause of all accidents with gas is ordinary negligence and neglect of established safety standards. Therefore, in order to be known as a zealous owner, follow a few rules:

1. Before ignition and during the burning of gas appliances, ventilate the room by slightly opening the window or window or turning on the forced ventilation system.

2. . Check the draft in the smoke channels before lighting, periodically do this during combustion.

3. No matter how trite it may sound, but - do not leave the gas appliances turned on unattended.

4. Do not use gas stoves for heating! Why - see the section "Carbon monoxide".

5. Do not design, transfer or repair gas equipment yourself! This is very dangerous and can lead to an explosion, unless of course you are a gas worker.

6. If there are no residents in the building for a long time, it is better to take the cylinders outside the building and turn off the gas equipment. Even minimally leaking systems can form explosive concentrations of gas with air over long periods in enclosed spaces!

And one more thing: if there is an accident on the highway and it is blocked, do not leave the valves open. Gas can be given at any time without warning, and you just won't notice. The consequences can be the most deplorable.

HOW TO DETECT A LEAK

Visually: Soap the alleged leaks - most often these are the joints in pipes and fittings. Where a bubble inflates from soapy water, there is a leak;

Aurally: in case of a strong leak, a characteristic hiss will tell you ... at least where it is worth soaping to check;

By smell: the characteristic odor becomes stronger near the leak. And the very fact of the appearance of the smell is the reason for the above measures.

And, of course, do not try to look for a leak with a lighter!

IF THERE IS A GAS LEAK

1. Do not use electrical appliances

Do not insert or remove plugs from sockets - any spark can cause an explosion. Don't do anything at all that could cause a spark or a rise in temperature.

2. Call service "04" immediately

Better from neighbors or by mobile.

3. Waiting for the "emergency gang", ventilate the apartment

Open the windows, make a draft, which should blow away everyone present in the apartment, except for you. There shouldn't be any extras. Let them go and meet the gasmen. And it is better to turn off the intercom and the bell (see point 1).

IF GAS FIRES AT A LEAK

If it is possible to shut off the supply before the leak, shut it off and everything goes out. If not - by no means do not mascara! At most, you can try to remove combustible objects from the area affected by the flame. But in this case, the fire is less dangerous than the open gushing of gas. The consequences of the explosion will be huge - there have been cases when, due to a gas leak, half the house was blown apart. Therefore, take all your people out of the apartment and run yourself, calling the emergency gas service and the fire department on the run by calling 112.

With a balloon, everything is, of course, easier. But the principles are exactly the same.

If there is a leak from the cylinder, disconnect it from the fittings (if there is nothing, cut off the rubber hose) and take the cylinder outside. Be sure to take an assistant. In order not to drop it, it is fraught with at least ignition. Call the emergency gang on 112, and if the cylinder is not working, ask them for a conclusion in order to exchange it for a new one.

If suddenly gas caught fire at the site of a leak from a cylinder, try calling the “fire department” by calling 112, wrap your hands in a wet towel and turn off the valve. If the flame is small, throw the same wet towel over the spouting site, extinguish the flame, take the cylinder outside and wait for the emergency gang to arrive.

If the flame is large - it is not worth extinguishing it, so as not to let gas into the room - an explosion is possible.

However, no matter what decision you make - to run or to put out fire - you must act quickly. Otherwise, the balloon will heat up and explode anyway.

In addition to the explosiveness of gas, there is another important aspect - its toxic effect on the body. Not the last role in this process is played by the so-called carbon monoxide.

If there is a gas water heater in your apartment, you simply must know everything about it.

CARBON MONOXIDE

Carbon monoxide - carbon monoxide (CO) - a compound familiar from school. And it is extremely dangerous also because in everyday life there are too many options for its formation. In most cases, they are all associated with combustion. CO is one of the products of incomplete combustion of any substance. And, unlike household gas, it cannot be noticed without special devices - carbon monoxide has no color and smell.

During the combustion of almost all types of fuel in conditions of lack of oxygen, CO begins to actively form. Therefore, in stoves and household gas water heaters with impaired ventilation, the formation of this poison is inevitable. If the damper is closed prematurely or too much, it will be dangerous to be in the room.

WHAT IS CARBON MONOXIDE DANGEROUS?

Inhaling carbon monoxide is tantamount to cutting your veins. No, you don't lose blood in the strict sense. However, it loses its main property - to deliver oxygen to the tissues. Carbon monoxide tightly binds to hemoglobin and makes it impossible for an oxygen molecule to attach to it. So with each breath, the efficiency of the blood decreases. The brain will be the first to suffer from oxygen starvation, which will not be able to control the body. And then - death.

FIRST AID FOR CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING

If you or someone around you has a dull headache, dizziness, vomiting, chest pains, confusion, lack of coordination, and bright red or bluish skin, all signs of poisoning are present.

The victim must be moved to a well-ventilated area (or better on the street), do not force him to go himself. And immediately call an ambulance. Provide him with the opportunity to breathe easily, calm. In no case do not give alcohol - it will cause even more toxicity.