Tunnel restoration. Types of blockages Type of blockages formed during the complete destruction of buildings

One of my clients has a greenhouse in the Gift of Fortune area of ​​her house. Previously, she took down all unnecessary things there.

This lady was an excellent doctor, but she could not earn enough money to support herself. By cleaning the greenhouse and planting flowers in it, she made sure that her income increased significantly.

Another woman has accumulated a lot of rubbish in the area of ​​​​Relationships. All the men she attracted in her life were saddled with problems. After clearing this area of ​​debris, she finally found a man with whom she could establish a strong relationship.

If there are probably weak people in your life sides, check if the corresponding area in your house is not littered with any rubbish!

Your front door

Keep this place completely clean. The front entrance to your home symbolizes your approach to the world as you look outward and your approach to your own life as you look inward.

When the first thing you see when you enter your house is a pile of rubbish, your energy level drops before you have time to cross the threshold. Some people like to hang all their outerwear and shoes in a tiny space outside of course the entrance. door(see source). Definitely not a good idea.

Others like to put things near the entrance so as not to forget to take it out of the house, and this ends with the fact that they are forced to step over the resulting blockage all the time. This is how you create tension for yourself.

An astonishing number of environmentally conscious people use the front area of ​​their home as a place to store old newspapers, magazines, cans and plastic bottles, which are then recycled.

By keeping all of this in plain sight, you are thereby making a statement (however unconscious it may be) that your approach to life is to constantly repeat situations of the past.

It can refer to ideas, problems, illnesses, relationships with people, and so on. This means that you never learn a lesson the first time. Repetition itself is a good thing. However, why admire this rubbish before you cross the threshold of your house?

Behind the doors

Doors that don't open fully restrict the flow of energy in your life. I have been in houses where there was so much rubbish behind the doors that people had to squeeze through narrow cracks. Remove everything that prevents the doors from opening completely, this also applies to clothes hanging behind them.

corridors

These are the arteries of your home. Rubbish in the hallway and corridors interferes with the current of life energy and erects obstacles in your way. As a result, you are more likely to trudge through life like an old horse than to walk with pleasure. Keep all passageways clear.

If you can't get rid of debris, at least clear the floor of debris. Many people who suffer from depression keep all sorts of nasty things on the floor that are decidedly constantly(source not specified) "grounds" their energy.

Under the beds

Piles of trash under your bed affect the quality of your sleep. If you sleep on a bed with drawers, it is best to keep only pure linens. To sleep well, remove everything from your bedroom except the bed itself!

On cabinets

The blockages hidden from view on cabinets are like problems hanging over you, waiting for a solution. They reduce your ability to think clearly and distinctly. If you're stacking things on your bedroom closet, it's sure to have a influence(source not specified) to your dream.

It will be difficult for you to wake up if the first thing that catches your eye in the morning is the warehouse on the closet. When your house has a lot of rubble hidden somewhere upstairs, they will have an overall overwhelming effect on you. In addition, you may to suffer from headaches.

Get rid of unwanted clothes

Do you have clothes that you have not worn for a long time, but keep "for probably every happening(source not cited)"?

One woman said in my seminar that when her husband got paid, they decided to boo and buy her two really nice suits "in case" they never had more(source not specified) there won't be enough money to buy something like that.

Two years have passed since then, and she has never worn any of these costumes. She believes that the money was thrown away.

Some people keep things they haven't worn for 20 years. They say that if you keep them long enough, they will come back into fashion again. My advice to you is if you haven't worn an item in the last year, let alone if you haven't worn it for two or three years in a row, part with it, sell it, trade it, burn it, or just throw it away.

Feng Shui and Clothing Feng Shui masters say that clothes should probably always be neat and attractive in order for Lady...

blockage building rescue

For 5 years in Russia there were more than 70 destructions of buildings with the subsequent formation of a blockage, 27 of them occurred during an earthquake.

The reason for the destruction of buildings can be natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes, storms, landslides, landslides, mudflows), the effects of natural factors leading to aging and corrosion of materials (atmospheric moisture, groundwater, subsiding soils, sudden changes in temperature air), errors at the design and construction stage, violations of the rules for the operation of the facility, military operations. The degree of damage to buildings depends on the strength of the destructive factor, the duration of its impact, the seismic resistance of structures, the quality of construction, and the degree of wear (aging) of buildings.

It is believed that a blockage is formed if the building receives a severe or complete degree of destruction. In case of severe destruction, up to half of the construction volume of the building turns into a blockage.

Types of blockages formed during severe destruction of buildings:

A) unilateral; b) bilateral; c) V-shaped; d) flat

As a result of the complete destruction of the building, a continuous blockage is formed.

The structure, configuration and dimensions of the blockage depend on:

• - type of building;
• - size of the building;
• - directions of destructive influence.

The main indicators of blockages are:

Also taken as indicators of blockages:

• -Range of debris spread (L);
• - the size of the upper and lower faces of the blockage (length, width);
• - blockage height;

All blockages are heterogeneous in their volume. As a rule, blockages have a higher density near the surface. The main mass of small fragments, fragments of the roof, construction debris will also be concentrated here. In the center of the blockage, at its base, there are mainly large and medium-sized fragments, voids are more common, the dimensions of the voids are relatively large. This distribution of fragments is explained by the nature of the blockage formation. When a building is destroyed, the structures of its upper floors travel a longer path, receive greater acceleration and are subjected to higher dynamic loads. This leads to the fact that these structures for the most part turn into small debris and debris. The structures of the lower floors of the building are less destroyed when falling and, piling up, form secondary vaults in which a large number of voids are formed. There is a high probability of formation of voids in the surviving corners of the building and in the areas where the staircases (elevator shafts) are located.

In some cases, when a building is destroyed, secondary vaults are not formed. This can happen during earthquakes and collapses, characterized by the vertical collapse of buildings with insufficiently strong walls. In this case, a blockage is formed in which the interfloor ceilings of the building are destroyed relatively weakly and practically lie on top of each other. The voids in such a blockage are relatively small. Similar blockages took place in Neftegorsk during the destruction of panel buildings from an earthquake and were called "layer cake". These blockages are considered the most difficult for rescue and other work to be carried out in them.

Quite often, RPS has to be carried out in the conditions of blockages. Blockage is a chaotic heap of building materials and structures, fragments of technological equipment, sanitary devices, furniture, household utensils, stones.

The reason for the formation of blockages can be natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes, storms, landslides, landslides, mudflows), the effects of natural factors leading to aging and corrosion of materials (atmospheric moisture, groundwater, subsiding soils, sudden changes in temperature air), errors at the design and construction stage, violations of the rules for the operation of the facility, military operations. The degree of damage to buildings depends on the strength of the destructive factor, the duration of its impact, the seismic resistance of structures, the quality of construction, and the degree of wear (aging) of buildings.

According to the degree of destruction of buildings, the blockages are divided into five types.

1. Light damage: thin cracks appear on the walls of buildings, crumble
plaster, small pieces break off, glass in the windows is damaged.

2. Weak fracture: small cracks in the walls, chip off quite
large pieces of plaster, cracks appear in the chimneys, some of them
the roof collapses, the roof is partially damaged, the glass in the windows is completely broken.

3. Medium destruction: large cracks in the walls of buildings, collapse of flue
pipes, partial fall of the roof.

4. Strong destruction: collapse of internal partitions and walls, breaks in the wall
nah, collapse of parts of buildings, destruction of connections between parts of buildings, collapse
roofs.

5. Complete destruction.

Blockages are continuous and separate (local). The volume of blockages in the destruction of residential buildings is 35-50%, industrial - 15-20% of the construction volume. The height of the blockages of residential buildings is 1/5-1/7, industrial buildings - 1/4-1/10 of their original height. The average slope angle of blockages is 30°. The volume of voids in the rubble is 40-60%.

Blockages are conditionally divided into reinforced concrete and brick. Reinforced concrete blockages consist of fragments of reinforced concrete, concrete, metal and wooden structures, fragments of brickwork, elements of technological equipment. They are characterized by the presence of a large number of large elements, often interconnected, voids and unstable elements.

Brick blockages consist of brick blocks, broken bricks, plaster, fragments of reinforced concrete, metal, and wooden structures. They are characterized by high density, the absence of large, as a rule, elements and voids.

The formation of blockages is accompanied by damage to electrical, thermal, gas, plumbing and other systems. This creates a risk of fires, explosions, floods, electric shocks. Particularly dangerous are the blockages of industrial buildings in which hazardous substances are produced or stored.

The destruction of buildings and the formation of blockages are usually accompanied by death, blocking, and injury to people. Of all the victims in the rubble, approximately 40% receive minor injuries, 20% receive moderate injuries, the same percentage receive severe and extremely severe injuries and injuries.

Chapter 3

Content | Index

The degree of destruction of buildings:

a - slight damage; b - weak; c - average; g - strong; d - complete destruction

Victims can be in the upper, middle, lower parts of the blockage, in littered basements and underground protective structures, in the technological underground and in the premises of the first floors. In some cases, they can remain on different floors of partially destroyed premises, in niches and voids, on roofs.

Chapter 3

Organization and conduct of search and rescue operations

Content | Index

A typical scheme for organizing RPS in the event of the destruction of buildings and structures:

1 - cordon by the traffic police of the emergency area, posts on the roads;

2 - cordon by law enforcement agencies of the emergency zone and
the object of the RPS; 3 - headquarters of the leadership (OG EMERCOM of the Russian Federation);

4 - point of medical care for lightly injured;

5 - point of medical care for seriously injured;

6 - platform for identification of victims; 7 - first-aid post with
rotation of the victims; 8 - path for through traffic of cars
ambulance mobiles; 9 - way for through traffic
fire service vehicles and construction equipment;
10 - entry and exit coordination point; 11 - rest point
rescuers; 12 - point of heating of rescuers; 13th item pita
rescuers; 14 - reserve forces; 15 - collection point found
documents and valuables; 16 - reserve equipment; 17 - platform for
corrections of fuel and lubricants equipment; 18 - forces and means of necessary ava
military services; 19 - areas of work; 20 - object of emergency

Practically in all the blockages there are people, some of them die immediately, some are injured. On the first day after the emergency, in the absence of first aid, approximately 40% of the victims die in the rubble. After 3-4 days after the formation of the blockage, the living people in it begin to die from thirst, cold, and injuries. After 7-10 days, there are practically no living people left in the rubble.

Search and rescue operations in the conditions of blockages begin with reconnaissance, for which you should:

Establish the emergency zone and its nature;

Determine the location and condition of the victims;

Assess the condition of objects in the emergency zone (buildings, communications, engineering
systems);

Determine the presence of fires, radioactive, chemical, bacteriological
contamination, poisonous and explosive substances, to prevent them from
negative impact on people, eliminate or localize;

Determine the places for laying access roads, installing equipment, evacuation routes
ation of the victims;

Establish permanent monitoring of the state of the blockage.

Before starting the RPS in the rubble, you must:

- turn off the power supply, gas supply, water supply;

- check the status of the remaining structures, overhanging elements
tov, walls;

- inspect the interior;

- make sure there is no danger, create safe working conditions
bots;

- determine evacuation routes in case of danger

Content | Index

Chapter 3 Organization and conduct of search and rescue operations

Content | Index 313

The technology of conducting RPS in the blockage includes the following main stages.

Stage No. 1. Study and analysis of the situation, assessment of the degree of destruction, establishment of the destruction zone, marking. Assessment of the stability of buildings and structures. Organization of safe working conditions for rescuers.

Stage number 2. Providing prompt assistance to the victims, located on the surface of the blockage.

Stage number 3. Thorough search for victims using all available search tools and methods.

Stage No. 4. Partial dismantling of the blockage using heavy equipment to provide assistance to the victims.

Stage No. 5. General dismantling (clearing) of the blockage after removing all the victims.

Marking is an important element of RPS organization in the blockage. Main

markings are shown below.

□ - the building has access and is safe for RPS. The damage is minor. The probability of further destruction is low;

0 - the building has significant damage, some areas are safe, others require strengthening or destruction;

^ - the structure is dangerous for RPS;

< -стрелка рядом с квадратом указывает направление к безопасному входу в строение.

The search for victims in the rubble is carried out in the following main ways: visually, according to eyewitnesses, with the help of search dogs, with the help of special devices.

After conducting reconnaissance and ensuring safe working conditions, rescuers begin to dismantle the rubble to provide assistance to the victims. First of all, RPS are carried out in those places where living people are found. This uses two main methods: demolition of the blockage from top to bottom; manhole device in the rubble.

When conducting RPS in the rubble, the following tools, devices, machines and mechanisms are most often used.

Hydraulic tools: jaw spreaders, reamers, jacks, hydraulic cylinders.

Electric tools: chain and circular electric saws, angle grinders.

Trench tools: crowbars, shovels, picks, saws.

Machinery and mechanisms: truck cranes of various carrying capacity, excavators, loaders, bulldozers, trucks.

To obtain sound information during the RPS in the rubble, it is necessary to arrange the so-called "HOUR OF SILENCE". At the command of the head in the emergency zone, all work is stopped, traffic stops, all working machines and mechanisms are turned off. Only rescuers with devices to search for victims, cynologists with dogs, and “hearers” remain on the blockage. The duration of the "hour of silence" is 15-20 minutes. During the day, the "hour of silence" can be announced several times. The “Hour of Silence” was successfully used by rescuers of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations during the RPS in the conditions of rubble after the earthquake in the village of Neftegorsk

Content | Index 313

Chapter 3

Organization and conduct of search and rescue operations

Content | Index

The demolition of the blockage from above is carried out to provide assistance to the victims, who are located in the upper part of the blockage and have free access to them. The blockage is disassembled manually using crowbars, shovels, shovels. Lifting equipment (jacks, winches, cranes) is used to lift and move large and heavy elements of the obstruction. At the same time, it is necessary to exclude the possibility of a sudden movement of elements of the blockage, which can cause additional suffering to the victims. After the victims are released, they are given assistance and transported to a safe place.

Often the victims are in the depths of the blockage. To extract them, rescuers make a special narrow passage (manhole), taking into account the shortest distance to people, in the most easily overcome sections of the blockage. It is not recommended to arrange a hole in the immediate vicinity of large boulders, as they can settle and make work difficult. Laz is done in horizontal, inclined and vertical directions. The optimal width of the manhole is 0.8-0.9 m, height is 0.9-1.0 m. Work on the device of the manhole is carried out by several groups (3-4 people each) manually or using a tool. Their task includes dismantling the blockage, making a manhole, preparing and installing fasteners, removing wreckage, releasing the victims, and transporting them. The movement of rescuers during the construction of a manhole is carried out on all fours, crawling lying on their backs, on their stomachs, on their sides. If the movement of rescuers is hindered by large reinforced concrete, metal, wood, brick products, then they must be bypassed, if this is not possible, then destroyed, in some cases a hole can be made in them.

When constructing a manhole, special attention should be paid to its reliable fastening in order to prevent the collapse of the walls. For this, a special, pre-prepared fastening material is used - racks, struts, boards, beams, shields, crossbars, struts.

When constructing a manhole, the movement of rescuers and equipment along the upper part of the blockage is not allowed.

After completing work on the device of the manhole and fixing the passage, rescuers begin to free people. First of all, the condition of the victim and the degree of his injury are determined. Then the pressed or pinched parts of the body are released with the simultaneous application of tourniquets and compressive bandages, the mouth and nose are cleaned, small fragments, debris, rubble are removed from the victim by hand. Depending on the physical condition of the victim, the method of its extraction and transportation is selected.

At least two rescuers must free the victim from the rubble. If there is such an opportunity, then it is pulled out by the hands or the upper shoulder girdle. If this is not possible, then the rescuers bring their hands under his shoulder girdle and lower back, and only then carefully release the victim. Sometimes it is advisable to use a dense fabric for laying the victim or a stretcher.

Content | Index

Chapter 3 Organization and conduct of search and rescue operations

Content | Index 315

If the victim is under large and heavy elements of the blockage, then he is released with the help of spreaders, jacks, lifting equipment. In cases where the victim is pinned to the ground, he can be released by digging.

Injuries characteristic of people trapped in rubble are fractures, bruises, concussion. A specific injury is considered to be prolonged squeezing of muscles and internal organs - long-term squeezing syndrome.

This type of injury is characterized by the cessation of blood flow and metabolism in compressed areas of the body, which leads to the intensive formation and accumulation of toxic decay products, tissue destruction, and the formation of under-oxidized metabolic products. When the compressed area of ​​the body is released and blood circulation is restored, a huge amount of toxins enter the body. It directly depends on the area of ​​the affected areas and the time of compression. Along with the outflow of toxins from the affected areas, a large amount of blood plasma rushes to these places (sometimes 3-4 liters). The limbs sharply increase in volume, the contours of the muscles are disturbed, the edema acquires a maximum density, which causes pain. The described redistribution of toxins and blood plasma leads to inhibition of the activity of all body systems and is the cause of death of the victim in the first minutes after being released from the rubble.

Simultaneously with the formation of toxic substances in the affected muscles, molecules are formed myoglobin. Together with the blood, they enter the kidneys, damaging their tubules, which can cause death from kidney failure.

In order to save the life of the victim during prolonged tissue compression, it is necessary to inject plasma-containing solutions into the blood before release, give plenty of warm drink, and apply cold to the damaged areas. Immediately after release, the compressed surface should be bandaged tightly to reduce swelling and limit the amount of redistributed plasma. Regardless of the presence or absence of damaged bones, splints are applied, cold, painkillers are applied, the issue of delivering the victim to a medical institution, which must have an “artificial kidney” device, is promptly resolved.

It is very important for the rescuer to know the exact time of the onset of compression, since during the first two hours the consequences of this injury are reversible and not dangerous to humans. During this time, rescuers must release as many people as possible.

A rational method of assisting victims with prolonged compression syndrome is the following.

1. During the first 2 hours after the start of the disaster, it is necessary to mobilize all
forces and means to release the victims from compression, which will ensure light
minimizing the development of toxicosis.

2. After 2 hours, all victims should be divided into 2 groups (with mild and severe
desired forms of injury). The nature of the injury is determined by the mass of compressed tissues
and general condition of the victim.

Victims with a mild form of injury should be quickly released from squeezing and sent to a medical facility.

Victims with a severe form of injury must be released from squeezing so as not to stimulate blood circulation in damaged tissues for the period of transportation. Assistance is required slowly, consistently performing anesthesia, introducing plasma-containing solutions into the body, using plenty of fluids, bandaging the affected limb, cooling, tourniquet, splints.

3. Seriously ill patients need resuscitation therapy and surgery.
Therefore, they should be sent to stationary medical institutions.

Content | Index 315

Chapter 3

Organization and conduct of search and rescue operations

If it is impossible to transport a seriously ill patient to a medical institution, then one should start amputating the limb on the spot without removing the tourniquet, having obtained the consent of the victim.

The described technique makes it possible to prevent the development of toxicosis and save the life of as many victims as possible.

Partially destroyed buildings and structures remain in the emergency zone. They are a potential hazard due to a possible sudden collapse. These structures must be reinforced with special devices (stops, props, struts) or collapsed. The collapse is carried out in three main ways using:

Hammerball;

Traction device (winches, tractors, cars);

Explosive work must be carried out by specially trained rescuers. The areas where these activities are carried out must be fenced off.

Many buildings and structures are equipped with basements, shelters, technological underground, in which people can find themselves. The resulting blockages, as a rule, close the exits, impede the access of air, and make it impossible for people to independently exit these shelters. Rescuers are responsible for:

Search for littered shelters;

Finding out the situation inside the shelter (the number of people, their condition,
damage and shelter stump, availability of water, food, medicines);

Organization of the supply of air, water, food, medicines, dressings to the shelter
ny materials, means of protection;

Clearing, opening shelters, evacuation of victims, rendering assistance to them.
The search for littered shelters is carried out using the plans of the city, district,

streets, according to external signs (air intake pipes), according to sound signals (shout, moan, knock), using dogs.

After finding a shelter, contact is established with the victims (voice, tapping, radio or telephone). At the same time, rescuers begin to clear and open shelters. First of all, they are released and dis-

the locations of hatches, doors, heads, openings, air intake pipes are cleaned. If this is not possible, then the rescuers punch holes in the wall or ceiling. These works are carried out with the help of a concrete breaker, a jackhammer, a perforator, a crowbar, a sledgehammer, a chisel, a shovel. The holes are used to supply air, water, food, medicines. After their expansion, they are used to evacuate people.

When carrying out RPS in the rubble, machines and mechanisms are often used. With their help, passages and driveways are cleared, heavy structural elements are moved and collapsed, rescuers and victims are moved.

Work to rescue people located in partially destroyed ground structures at a height begins with an inspection and verification of the degree of damage to the external capital walls and overhanging structures, internal premises, determining the location of people and the possibility of their evacuation. If necessary, the walls, beams, trusses, floors are strengthened by installing props, racks, braces, stretch marks. The main means of lifting rescuers to a height is a ladder.

Making a hole in the wall of the shelter

When using the ladder, you must:

Securely install and secure it;

Put your foot on the step with the middle or front of the foot;

Cover the steps or side racks of the stairs with your fingers; - Keep
body body closer to the stairs;

Turn your knees behind the side racks of the stairs;

Move smoothly without swaying.

The movement of rescuers on the stairs is carried out in a one-sided or diagonal way. The one-sided method consists in the simultaneous transfer to the next step of the right foot and right hand or left foot and left hand. Diagonal way - in the simultaneous transfer to the next step of the right foot and left hand or left foot and right hand.

Chapter 3

Organization and conduct of search and rescue operations

Opening device in the ceiling

You need to move along securely fixed stairs, equipped with anti-slip stops, grippers and installed on reliable lower and upper supports. Safe installation angle - 75°. The stairs are usually ascended or descended one at a time.

The transition of the rescuer from the stairs to the window (opening) is carried out as follows. Having climbed the stairs to the level of the window sill (the lower edge of the opening), holding the ladder with one hand, you should stand with your foot on the window sill (the edge of the opening) and at the same time, holding the edge of the wall with your other hand, move your foot from the stairs and lower yourself to the floor.

If the window is closed or barred, then the rescuer must attach himself to the ladder at the level of the window, open it and then enter the room.

Content | Index

Chapter 3

Organization and conduct of search and rescue operations

The transition from the stairs to the roof is performed in this order. The rescuer climbs the stairs slightly above the level of the roof eaves. Holding his hand on the ladder (if there is a gutter - on it), he puts one foot on the roof, then the other.

To go from the window (opening) and from the roof to the ladder, the rescuer must go to the upper end of the ladder, grab the upper step from the outside with one hand, press against the ladder, turn 180 ° facing the ladder, put one foot on the step, take the other hand on the step and move the other leg to the step.

The rise of rescuers to the upper floors of buildings can be carried out using an assault ladder. It has 13 steps and is equipped with a special hook with teeth, with which it is fixed to the window sill (opening).

Installation of the assault ladder in the window of the second floor is carried out by raising it and fixing it with a hook to the window sill on the right side of the window. After hanging the ladder, the rescuer begins climbing it. When entering the window sill, the right leg should be in position on the ninth (tenth) step, hands - on the thirteenth step. Holding the step with your hands, the left leg must be moved over the window sill and sit on it astride, straighten the right leg, go into the room.

The rise of rescuers to the third and subsequent floors is carried out in the following order. In a sitting position on the windowsill, with your right hand, you need to grab the side stand above the twelfth step or this step, with your left hand - a hook or three

Evacuation of victims from a partially destroyed building:

1 - by helicopter; 2 - mechanical lift; 3 - on the assault ladder; 4 - on the ropes; 5 - on ladders; 6 - through the hole

Chapter 3

Organization and conduct of search and rescue operations

Content | Index

eleventh step. With a strong jerk with both hands and extension of the body, raise the ladder and turn it with a hook towards you, moving your hands alternately along the side stand, raise the ladder to the hook position 15-20 cm above the window sill, turn the ladder with a hook into the window and hang it on the right half of the window.

Evacuation of victims from the upper floors of buildings using rope (cable) roads

The transition from the window sill to the stairs is carried out in this order:

Put your right foot on the first step;

Take the fourth (fifth) step with your left hand from the inside;

With your right hand, grab the fifth (sixth) step from the outside and under
go up to straighten the right leg, put the left leg on the windowsill near the side
howling rack;

Pushing off with the left foot from the window sill and pulling up on the hands, the right leg
put on the third (fourth) step and continue climbing.

Upon reaching the predetermined floor, the rescuer must sit on the window sill, lower the left leg to the floor, grab the hook with the left hand and move the right leg to the window.

Content | Index

Chapter 3 Organization and conduct of search and rescue operations

Content | Index 321

The descent along the assault ladder is carried out in the following order:

Move the right leg over the window sill;

Sit on the windowsill astride;

Grasp the top step with your hands;

Put your right foot on the ninth (tenth)
step;

Straighten the body and move the left leg to
tenth (ninth) step;

Go down the stairs to the bottom
sill;

Move your left leg over the windowsill and sit down
riding on him;

Grasp with your right hand the left side post above the third step, left
hand - for the right side post above the same step;

Raise the ladder, turn it with a hook towards you, turning over the side stands with your hands.
ki, lower the ladder to the position of the hook overhead, turn the ladder with the hook in
window and hang it on the windowsill;

Exit the stairs and drop to the ground;

Grasp the side racks above the third step, raise the ladder by 15-20
cm, disengage the hook from the window sill, lower the ladder.

To rescue people who are on the roof, rescuers go up to them using:

Ladders (attached, assault, retractable, hinged, rope);

Rope systems;

Special lifts;

Surviving flights of stairs, fire escapes, structures.

In some cases, a helicopter is used to rescue people on the roof.

Blockages are formed as a result of the collapse of buildings and structures caused by earthquakes, explosions, storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, mudflows, landslides and other natural and man-made phenomena. The nature of the blockage depends on the source (cause) of its formation, on the type and duration of the damaging factor, on the type and number of storeys of buildings, on the features of development and other factors. The degree of destruction of buildings is divided into four categories (Table 1.1).

Table 1.1. Characteristics of the degree of destruction of buildings.

The rubble is a chaotic heap of large and small fragments of building structures, technological equipment, utility and energy devices, furniture, etc.

In the thickness of the rubble, large gaps can remain through which smells and sounds from a person who is there freely pass. This makes it easier to search for people trapped in the rubble.

The most typical for blockages is the heap of collapsed building structures, their individual fragments, including fragments of concrete, reinforced concrete structures and brickwork up to 0.8 m 3 and construction debris.

The volume of blockages in the destruction of residential buildings is 35-50%, industrial buildings - 15-20% of the construction volume. The volume of voids in the rubble is 40-60%. The greatest height of blockages of residential buildings is 1/5-1/7, and industrial buildings - 1/4-1/10 of their height. The average slope angle of blockages is 30°.

Table 1.2. The structure of the rubble.

The destruction of buildings during an emergency is accompanied by the blocking of people and their defeat.

The number of irretrievable losses at the time of destruction of buildings and structures on average can be equal to 10-20% of the total number of victims.

The defeat in disasters is accompanied, as a rule, by mechanical injuries:

40% of those affected - mild degree of damage;

20% of those affected - the average degree;

20% of those affected - severe;

20% of those affected are extremely severe.

During the liquidation of the consequences of the earthquake in Spitak (Armenia) in 1988, due to the peculiarities of the process of destruction of buildings and structures, a relatively large number of deaths at the time of the earthquake and within two days from the moment of the earthquake (out of the total number of deaths during this time) were found in the upper layers of the dam, and in absolute terms, for the upper layers of the dam, the number of dead exceeded the number of living people who were in this layer of the dam.

Starting from 3-4 days after the earthquake, people who were alive under the rubble begin to die from hypothermia, thirst and other causes. As a result, after 7-10 days, the chances of finding a living person in the rubble are practically zero.

As the rubble is cleared, the number of people recovered alive is growing.

As a rule, about half of the victims (40-50%) are not able to declare their existence due to their injuries. In the first day after the defeat, in the absence of medical care, the lethality among the victims can reach 40%.

Blockage is a chaotic heap of building materials and structures, fragments of technological equipment, sanitary devices, furniture, household utensils, stones.

The sudden collapse of buildings and structures can be caused by design errors, deviations from the project during construction work, and violations of the rules for erecting structures.

There is a poor quality of construction work and the use of substandard building materials. Significant influence is exerted by underground karst voids formed underground under the influence of water flows. Inconsistent housing redevelopments can have disastrous consequences for a building.

In some cases, the cause of the collapse may be the lack of reliable ventilation in the room where gas is used. The collapse is facilitated by explosions due to gas leakage, improper operation of household gas appliances, careless handling of fire, storage of flammable liquids and explosives indoors.

In addition, the collapse of the structure is possible due to man-made emergencies, as well as during natural disasters, and, first of all, during an earthquake. Destruction can be the result of not only the forces of the elements, but also the poor quality of buildings or their technical wear and tear.

It is also impossible to exclude a terrorist act and local military operations with the use of various types of weapons.

The degree of damage to buildings depends on the strength of the destructive factor, the duration of its impact, the seismic resistance of structures, the quality of construction, and the degree of wear (aging) of buildings.

According to the degree of destruction of buildings, the blockages are divided into five types.

1. Light damage: thin cracks appear on the walls of buildings, plaster is sprinkled, small pieces break off, glass in windows is damaged.

2. Weak destruction: small cracks in the walls, quite large pieces of plaster break off, cracks appear in the chimneys, some of them collapse, the roof is partially damaged, glass in the windows is completely broken.

3. Medium destruction: large cracks in the walls of buildings, collapse of chimneys, partial fall of the roof.

4. Strong destruction: collapse of internal partitions and walls, gaps in the walls, collapse of parts of buildings, destruction of connections between parts of buildings, collapse of the roof.

5. Complete destruction.

Blockages are continuous and separate (local).

Blockages are conditionally divided into reinforced concrete and brick.

Reinforced concrete blockages consist of fragments of reinforced concrete, concrete, metal and wooden structures, fragments of brickwork, elements of technological equipment. They are characterized by the presence of a large number of large elements, often interconnected, voids and unstable elements.

Brick blockages consist of brick blocks, broken bricks, plaster, fragments of reinforced concrete, metal, and wooden structures. They are characterized by high density, the absence of large, as a rule, elements and voids.

The formation of blockages is accompanied by damage to electrical, thermal, gas, plumbing and other systems. This creates a risk of fires, explosions, floods, electric shocks. Particularly dangerous are the blockages of industrial buildings in which hazardous substances are produced or stored.

The destruction of buildings and the formation of blockages are usually accompanied by death, blocking, and injury to people. Of all the victims in the rubble, approximately 40% receive minor injuries, 20% receive moderate injuries, the same percentage receive severe and extremely severe injuries and injuries.

Practically in all the blockages there are people, some of them die immediately, some are injured. On the first day after the emergency, in the absence of first aid, approximately 40% of the victims die in the rubble. After 3-4 days after the formation of the blockage, the living people in it begin to die from thirst, cold, and injuries. After 7-10 days, there are practically no living people left in the rubble.

More on the topic Causes of blockages:

1. N 4. Techniques and rules of forensically similar investigative actions
2. Law and morality are very close concepts Interview with the Chairman of the Association of Russian Lawyers Yakovlev Veniamin Fedorovich