I am reading now about the art and architecture of Ancient Egypt. You know me, I always get into the little things and in particular, questions always arise: “How?” Yes, what it's made of. I watched several films about temples and pyramids, everything is clear with this: perfectly even blocks carved from stone, unfortunate builders with osteoarthritis, possible alien intervention and all that. But how did ordinary Egyptians live?
The picture above is actually a screenshot, you can watch the video here
But they just lived very closely. The houses were built of raw brick, which was molded from what the annually flooding Nile brought: a mixture of silt and clay.
Such bricks were used to build houses in ancient Egypt.
The area of the house could be 6-10 square meters (like my kitchen). True, they only slept in the house and made children (apparently, right in front of existing children), spent the rest of the time at work or in the yard when dusk fell, moved to the roof, where they could sit, drink beer (this is a very respected class was in Egypt) and discuss the events of the day. It must be said that the dwelling of the pharaoh did not differ much from the "apartment" of the peasant.
Here you can clearly see the "anatomy" of the pyramids
The palaces were surprisingly small and cramped, although, of course, larger than those of the poor, but much smaller than temples and burial complexes. Wood was in short supply, so coastal clay completely solved the problem of building materials. Raw brick was short-lived, but cheap. Over time, it became limp or crumbled, so almost no dwellings of ordinary people have come down to us. In one program, I saw that archaeologists managed to study one house only because it ... burned down during a fire and was abandoned: the clay, under the influence of high temperature, sintered and acquired burnt properties, which allowed the walls covered with sand to “survive” to this day.
Reconstruction of the dwelling of the Egyptians
So the whole imperial scope was embodied in the "near-burial" architecture of the Egyptians: in pyramids and temples. They built them where there were rocky mountains closer, so as not to carry stone blocks far, but if it was necessary, they dragged them. In general, it is believed that mountains were the prototype of the pyramids. There was plenty of building stone—limestone, Aswan granite, porphyry, and shimmering alabaster.
Ancient image of brick making
So it turns out that the entire historical architecture of Egypt had a very indirect relation to the life of the Egyptians, its purpose was to please the gods, exalt the pharaoh and provide him with a luxurious afterlife. And it does not matter that it took a large part of the state budget.
House of the Modern Egyptian
Interestingly, in ancient Palestine, the dwellings of ordinary people were very similar to those in Egypt.
HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION
With Egypt, everything is clear, but how was it, for example, in the Harappan civilization, little known to us? These guys were more practical, architectural megalomania was not characteristic of them, and the building material was more reliable - baked brick.
Reconstruction of the Harappan city
It seems that it was some kind of semi-utopian civilization of universal prosperity and prosperity, so they took care of their citizens: they paved pavements, built artificial reservoirs, water supply and even sewerage was organized in the Harappan cities. True, from such luxury and comfort, citizens eventually got bored and degenerated. But if they would strain a little, building some kind of wall or pyramid, maybe they would love freedom more and hold on to their goodness.
Harappan buildings. Ruins of Mohejo-Daro
Raw bricks were also used, but much less frequently. The climate in ancient times on the territory of present-day India was once different, much wetter, although now it is not very dry, so the raw material quickly spread. Brickwork was fastened with mud mortar, which was taken from the banks of local rivers.
tower in Mohejo-Daro
Lime was rarely used, only in the lower rows of masonry, the silt mortar was not very strong, did not freeze "tightly", so if necessary, the building could be easily dismantled and the brick reused. Interestingly, the Harappan builders used several different building techniques, that is, they were very "advanced" for their time. In addition to the city walls and gates, nothing gigantic from the Harappas (or whatever they are) is left. There was nothing, there was nothing for the rulers to occupy the people with!
CHINA
But this message reached the Chinese rulers in time. They just occupied their citizens with such useful activities as the construction of the Great Wall of China, while the dwellings of the Chinese were very modest. Especially compared to the Wall, which is quite visible even from space. The total length of the wall exceeds 5 thousand km. The walls are laid out in two rows, the outer parts are made of stone and brick, and inside the wall is stuffed with rammed clay, the total volume of which is about 180 million square meters. m.
The great Wall of China. View from space
If we talk about Chinese dwellings, then the dwelling of the emperors looked not like a giant palace, but like a settlement of wealthy peasants - for example, they covered it with foil a little for force and surrounded it with a wall. Beautiful and rather large buildings began to be erected relatively recently, in recent centuries. It must be said that both the Chinese Wall and the walls of the palaces had a very utilitarian meaning - defensive. The empire constantly suffered from the invasions of barbarian tribes from the North, and China itself was constantly torn apart by internal conflicts, so there is no way without walls.
Reconstruction of the ancient Chinese city of Linzi, 7th century BC
Beautiful Chinese palaces and temples with curved roofs are an echo of those times when all buildings were wooden, then they were built just like that. In general, it is quite difficult to talk about some kind of unified architecture in China - the country is huge, with a heterogeneous relief, and lies in several climatic zones at once. What was at hand, they built from that: from bamboo huts on stilts in the water to caves in the rocks.
Reconstruction-museum of an ancient Chinese dwelling
It must be said that not only Harappan citizens were so literate that they invented water supply. He was also in China, the Chinese used bamboo pipes to supply water. The plumbing was in ancient Egypt and in Rome, and in the latter it was very perfect.
Modern dwelling of a poor Chinese peasant in a deep province
Ancient cave city in China
How everything resonates - the cave city in Petra, Jordan
... And yet - a cave city in Chufut-Kale in the Crimea
BABYLON
Babylonian Gate of the Goddess Ishtar at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin
Let's get back to the brick. The baked brick was also used by the Babylonians. They also made great progress in the art of facing buildings. Everyone knows their beautiful images on a blue background, lined with elegant glazed tiles. We also know about the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, although we can hardly imagine what it really was.
The current ideas about the Hanging Gardens of Babylon are very different: from quite traditional options ...
...To the very unexpected. This is not a reconstruction, but a very real building in modern Japan.
It is clear that "Glory to Ishtar!" - this is sacred, but how did ordinary Babylonians live, those who built the tower to the very sky, built it, but did not complete it? Judging by the materials of the excavations, they lived closely and not particularly luxuriously. Like the Egyptians, and the Chinese, and the Harrap guys.
Babylon
The ruins of Babylon, photo 1932
Hittites
We also forgot the Hittites. These were mainly built of stone, sometimes practically untreated, as they lived among the mountain ranges of Anatolia, there were even heaps of stone there. However, in the city of Karchemysh (XX-VIII centuries BC), buildings were also found from the same raw brick, though on stone foundations. The Hittites did not build large temples and tombs, but still some Cyclopean structures remained from them. For example, the famous Lion's Gate. The fortress walls and towers were also very massive - it was necessary to defend themselves from restless neighbors. The stone blocks used for the walls were just huge!
Lion's Gate in the capital of the Hittites, Hattusa.
For the construction of residential premises, a medium-sized stone and the mentioned brick were used, outside all this beauty was coated with clay. Housing, as you may have guessed, like other peoples, was usually quite small.
Ruins and partial reconstruction of Hattusa
Hattus. Reconstruction.
So, it seems that all peoples lived the same way: in small houses without amenities and a TV set, and in the historical memory of civilization, buildings "for protection" and "for an idea" were imprinted. This topic is far from exhausted, so then we will continue somehow.
KNOW YOUR MEASUREMENT. Northern house building tradition
Interview with the master of wooden architecture Igor Tyulenev, who creates houses according to the principles of the old foundations of house building and sazhen proportioning. The interview was conducted specifically for the readers of the Pashkovka newspaper.
“The foundations of our Russian, Northern Tradition found a deep response in my heart,” says Igor Tyulenev. – Gradually I learned to perceive and understand and pass on the traditions of house building. And I continue to study. In Russia, an osmerik or a shesterik was placed everywhere (a house with eight or six (like a honeycomb in a bee hive) corners). And this is directly related to the harmony of the ascending and descending streams of power: The Earthly and Heavenly Yaris are alive (as it is now fashionable to call these streams - Yin and Yang, and the Ancestors called them - the nature of the Father and Mother, male and female energy) with their flow in a spiral. Towers and huts were mostly round in shape. Everything in house building has a certain importance, and the form is no exception.
For example, try, without changing the shape of the vessel or product, to fill a bottle of mineral water with ripe apples. Nothing will come of it, either you have to break the bottle, or finely chop the apples. A basket is better for storing apples, they will breathe easily in it, and, accordingly, they will be well stored, but it would never occur to anyone to store fresh honey or ripe kvass in a wicker basket. That is, everything needs a proper container.
Life is Force, and the form is activated by that Force, and the house is filling. For example, a "gasoline" car will not run on diesel fuel. Thus, the form may or may not be able to contain and perceive this or that energy, force. The well-known expression: “a house is a full bowl”, is now perceived as a house full of all kinds of “good” - things, furniture, but initially no one put such a meaning into this expression-wish. “A house is a full bowl” is a house filled to the brim with harmoniously intertwined flows of Earthly and Heavenly forces, which need a certain form for this, here the place of setting up the house is also of decisive importance.
I repeat, gradually, dwellings and other buildings took on a geometrically more “simple” shape, became square and rectangular. A right angle is formed at the intersection of the walls, but the Heavenly force tends to flow down and the Earthly one rises. The Force, like water in a river, does not flow at a right angle, and therefore in the corners of today's brick, stone and panel houses, "negative" constantly accumulates, there the current of the Force is disturbed, without movement it “fades out”, the river turns into a swamp. A permanent minus point is formed in the corner. Subsequently, in order to avoid this process in wooden, already square houses, walls began to be hewn, thus giving a rounding of the corners, and allowing the flows of the Force to flow.
Why was wood preferred as a building material?
- The trunk of a tree is essentially a retinue (coil, spiral, and Vita - Life) structure of tubular systems, since the entire trunk from the butt to the top is pierced by bellies - channels through which, while the tree is growing, juice flows - from the roots up the trunk , and materialized sunlight from the leaves of the crown - also on the bellies, spreads throughout the tree. Depending on the purpose of the tree: to receive or give strength, its trunk acquired a left-handed or right-handed twist, the so-called swirl, in the process of growth, and because of this, the felled log became “right” or “left”.
Huts used to be cut down, combining these logs proportionally, or consciously giving the structure certain qualities, laying mainly right-handed or left-handed logs into the log house. Thanks to the method of stacking a log in a log house (butt - top), a continuous current of Zhiva and Yari was achieved in a spiral. In cups (places of cuts) the poles of energy change, a phase transition takes place by 90 degrees - plus to minus, the Force of the Father "becomes", is filled with the Force of the Mother, and vice versa. But this happens only if the core, the core of the tree, is not damaged. Therefore, earlier at home they chopped into okhrjap - into the lower bowl. Today, experts criticize this method of logging, saying that moisture accumulates in the lower bowl, and the tree in the log house is more prone to decay, and they offer log cabins chopped into a hook - into the upper bowl. At the same time, they avoid making locks - fat tails, not realizing that the core of the tree broken in the log house in this case is a disservice to the residents of such houses.
The roof closes the entire contour of the house. And here the angle of the roof already matters, or rather the corners, since there are many options for them in the canon of housing construction. A house was built with one corner of the roof, and a barn with another ... Now few people think about this, approaching this issue from the concepts of aesthetics, or the possibility of material, nothing more. The house is designed to accommodate Life with certain qualities. Thus, it is necessary to take into account the place of setting (they heard the expression “the house must be placed on a stone”, this is because the current of force crosses differently). Do not build houses on sand, not only because it can collapse, but also because sand is not a conductor, there will be no power in such a house.
You also need to take into account the shape of the house, and the angle of the roof, as well as the material from which the house is built, and then the house can be given any properties - a Healing House, a Ritual House, a Residential House. All buildings and houses must have one hundred percent compliance with Form and Content.
By the way, the stove in the house, as its engine, must necessarily rely on the load-bearing beams of the floor, and not on an independent foundation - as is often the case now. Depending on how the stove stands in the house in relation to the entrance, to the right or to the left of it, the stove can be Straight and Unspun, respectively. So in your house, either everything is “rushing”, going well, or not very ... About the magic of the Russian stove, you can and should speak separately, its ability to give birth to bread, warm the house and keep the Fire of the hearth, in itself is priceless.
How were houses built in the old days?
- In the old days, houses were built by the whole Relatives, and often by the whole world, such a term was - help, everyone gathered and built together. The ovens were adobe, and only immaculate girls and boys were invited to “beat” the oven, what strength they put into the oven! “In your own home, even the walls help” - so they say. Since we are talking about the house as a concept, about the essence of its purpose, so to speak, I can say more simply: the House is a place of Power that you create artificially. Home is a tool of evolution given by Rod. Your home, a universal tool with which you can do everything! This house has now been built, but we do not know how to interact with it. I mean with the house itself, with its space.
Of course, in order for the house to truly become yours, you must build it yourself, or at least take the maximum part in its construction. It is necessary to structure it for yourself, in the process of birth at home, water it, where it is salty with your sweat, and, maybe, where you get hurt with a little blood, the more valuable it will become for you, the more you put your strength into it, into your home. Previously, at least three generations of relatives Father, Mother, Grandfather and Grandmother and children lived in one hut. Knowledge was transferred naturally. There was a continuity in the transfer of knowledge, from grandfather and father to grandson and son.
- I heard that there used to be the concept of "Construction sacrifice"?
- Yes it is. Before a tree was cut down, gifts were brought to each tree and each tree was directly asked for permission to cut down. Promising him the continuation of existence in a new form, in the form of a Dwelling. And if the tree gave such permission, then it experienced a state of supreme joy. As a result of the action of such a higher emotion, the entire molecular structure of wood changed, and now it was friendly to humans. In the new incarnation - a new measure, this expression is equal to all. A tree cut down in such a state will imprint it forever in its body, and a house built from such a log will constantly share this state of joy with its residents. And also will protect them from all misfortunes.
Now almost no one does this. But what I want to say: the attitude of a person himself to the house, to Life can change everything down to the atomic level. It is very important what you have inside, with what mood you live and act. Even a house built of railway sleepers soaked in creosote can become a source of positive power if a bright person lives in it, full of the Joy of Life…
House, Family Homestead as an artifact.
The estate is not only a hedge, a garden, a kitchen garden, a forest, a clearing, a pond, but also various buildings - a house, a pantry, a shed, a bathhouse, a gazebo.
Nature and man himself should be a model and measure for the structures created on the estate. Then all the buildings will be harmonious and beautiful, life will flow in them in the most favorable way for the psyche and health, and it will be possible to reveal and realize many of the abilities inherent in a person.
Today in architecture there are:
1. Estates and houses built according to living dimensions.
These houses are inherent in the properties of all living beings - they were created taking into account the golden ratio and the so-called wurf coefficients. Wurf is a three-member division of the human body (it will be discussed in more detail below). This includes houses created using the old Russian system of sazhens. This is how houses are built for a comfortable and pleasant life.
Basic fathoms in meters:
City police 2,848
Large 2,584
Great 2,440
Greek 2,304
Treasury 2,176
Pharaoh 2,091
Piletsky 2,055
Royal 1,974
Church 1,864
Folk 1,760
Chernyaeva 1,691
Egyptian 1,663
Masonry 1,597
Simple 1,508
Small 1,424
Lesser 1.345
All 16 fixed sazhens, according to which it is proposed to design structures, are calculated based on the size of historical buildings - cultural monuments. Fathoms increase in accordance with the coefficient of harmony of the musical series - 1.059.
I would like to emphasize that fathoms are a tool for creating volume, and not just a unit of length. From any size you can make a sazhen.
Harmonious dimensions give buildings and structures the following properties:
1. Beauty;
2. Durability;
3. Strength;
4. Excellent acoustics;
5. Health effect for people;
6. Harmonization of space.
Before the introduction of design by meters, not only houses, but also parks, cities were created according to sazhens, the name of one of the sazhens reminds us of this - the city.
The land in the estate was changed by tithes - 1 tithe - 109 acres. There are 2400 square fathoms in one tithe. 4,548 sq. m - square sazhen.
2.848x1.597=4.548 sq. m;
2.548x1.76 = 4.548 sq. m;
2.44x1.864=4.548 sq. m;
2.304x1.974=4.548 sq. m;
2.176x2.090=4.548 sq. m;
1.508x2x1.508=4.548 sq. m;
When creating a house according to sazhens, it is taken into account that in nature there are no identical figures - diversity pleases the eye, pacifies the psyche.
Amazing yields were also noted on the ridges, marked by sazhens.
Separately in the estate is the theme of creating a "living pond", i.e. such a reservoir, where the water is maximally self-purifying (does not overgrow), everything is favorable for the life of fish, crayfish and, at the request of the owners, for swimming. Of course, for the construction of a pond, it is first of all important to have a source of water (indicators of the source are green grass, willow, alder), a bed of clay, and the location of the banks along geodetic lines. And only then is the marking of the pond by fathoms.
The depth of the bottom should be different, and it is desirable that the reservoir be deeper in the north, shallower in the south. For convenience, it is possible to build 1 or 2 terraces deep into the pond with a width of about 0.5 m for planting aquatic plants, such as water lilies, reeds. It is desirable to stretch the banks of the pond in the direction of the wind. The combination of natural forms and geodesic lines is important. For example, a pond shaped like a shrimp or a snake will not self-clean if built on a plain. But this form is great for a reservoir at the foot of a mountain or in a ravine.
The paths in the estate do not have to be straight. The energy goes tortuously. A striking example is the streets of old Moscow. Standing at the beginning of such a street, you will not see its end - it is so crooked. It is necessary to follow nature, and there are no straight lines in it, especially parallel ones. Likewise with the ridges. It is better when long ridges are arranged in the form of a meander or snake.
2. Dead estates and houses.
These structures slow down natural processes, therefore, they are used to preserve inanimate products and bodies, like refrigerators, storehouses, crypts. Such houses are based on regular geometric shapes that are not found in nature - a square, a circle, an isosceles and an equilateral triangle. The exception here is a hexagon - a honeycomb, a regular geometric figure, but alive.
Land is measured in squares - square meter, square weave, square hectare.
Ponds are created in the form of regular geometric shapes, regardless of geodesic lines, cardinal points and wind direction.
The paths are straight, turns at clear angles.
3. Other facilities.
Not "living" and "dead" estates and houses. Such structures are created by amateurs or are intended for some unknown, space purposes. These include new building, city apartments. The topic has not been studied, you can write a dissertation ....
Used Books:
2. Seminar July 6-10 by Sepp Holzer at the Krameterhof.
3. Site sazheni.ru
4. Forum http://forum.anastasia.ru/topic_47351_90.html
Rationale for the use of fathoms
God has arranged the World, and in the Harmony of the World God's perfection is remotely reflected. God gave people reason and feelings capable of perceiving the Harmony of the World. Moreover, Harmony is inherent in the Man himself. And Man can not only perceive, but also reproduce the Harmony of the World in his works.
Harmony is measurable. One of the measures of Harmony is a human measure - a sazhen. Creating something by sazhens, Man gives Beauty and Harmony to his works. As much as it is organic for a Human to live in the nature created by God, it is natural for a Human to live and use the creations that reflect this Harmony.
It is natural for a person to live in a harmonious environment created by him. This so-called "cultural" environment. It is a secondary habitat artificially created by Man. However, this secondary nature must also comply with the laws of Harmony and be favorable for a person. Such a correspondence can be provided by a sazhen.
The uniqueness of the system of ancient Russian sazhens lies in the fact that “fundamentally, there is no single standard measuring unit for sazhens, and the measurement system itself is not Euclidean.
For many centuries, the lack of a single standard did not interfere, and moreover, it contributed to the construction of magnificent structures that were aesthetically proportional to nature, also because in ancient Russian architecture all articulations were three-part, notes A. F. Chernyaev in the book Golden Fathoms of Ancient Russia .
For example, fingers, toes, hands (shoulder-forearm-hand), legs (thigh, lower leg, foot), etc. - have a three-membered structure. Moreover, a two-term limb did not exist in nature.
The ratio of 3 lengths make up a proportion called wurf. Wurf values for the human body vary, averaging 1.31.
Moreover, the coefficient of the golden section squared, divided by two, is equal to the wurf. (1.618x1.618): 2=1.31.
At present, most architects in Russia have undeservedly forgotten the method of designing by sazhens and use the metric system.
Consider the history of the meter. Meter was first introduced in France in the 18th century and originally had two competing definitions:
As the length of a pendulum with a half-period of swing at a latitude of 45° equal to 1 s (in modern units, this length is m).
As one forty-millionth part of the Paris meridian (that is, one ten-millionth part of the distance from the north pole to the equator along the surface of the earth's ellipsoid at the longitude of Paris).
The modern definition of the meter in terms of time and the speed of light was introduced in 1983:
A meter is the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum in (1/299,792,458) seconds.
It turns out that the meter is an artificially derived unit of measurement that is not directly related, and, accordingly, does not reflect the Harmony of the World and Man. A meter is a standard that forms a line. Fathoms are a natural measure for Man. They form a three-part (3 is a sacred number) system, according to which the area and volume are harmoniously formed.
Peter the Great, as D.S. Merezhkovsky, in his work "The Antichrist", abolished the natural measures: a fathom, a finger, an elbow, an inch, which were present in clothes, utensils and architecture, making them fixed in the Western manner. It is not just that the meter was introduced in France and Russia during the revolutions. The destroyers knew why it was necessary to forget the wisdom and traditions of the ancestors, to destroy the roots...
Ancient people felt Harmony intuitively, without thinking about measurements. But the connection with God was weakening, and therefore rigidly fixed sizes of sazhens arose, rules for building various structures according to sazhens appeared.
Our ancestors carefully preserved and passed on the age-old wisdom and beauty, embodying them in the temples of Ancient Russia. Life in estates and houses built according to sazhens allowed not to lose the feeling of the Harmony of the World, reminded Man of God.
Now we visit estates miraculously preserved after collectivization and urbanization. For example, in Moscow, near Red Square, the family estate of the Romanovs, where now only the house-museum remains, “The House of the Romanov Boyars”. The house-museum and part of the estate of the artist Vasnetsov in the former Troitsky Lane near the Sukharevskoye metro station have been preserved.
On Novy Arbat, a piece of the estate and the family home of the Lermontovs are hidden behind skyscrapers. Everyone knows Boldino - the family estate of the great Russian poet Pushkin. A charming corner is the estate of the artist Polenov in Tarusa, a museum run by his descendants.
The family estate of the “father of Russian aviation”, the memorial house-museum and the estate of Zhukovsky are located in the village of Orekhovo, which is 30 km from Vladimir, on the Vladimir-Alexandrov highway. And there are many such examples.
The revival of the ancient traditions of creating estates and estates will undoubtedly serve the socio-economic upsurge and improvement of life in the country, the development of the spiritual, creative forces and abilities of the new landowners.
Used Books:
- A.F. Chernyaev "Golden fathoms of Ancient Russia".
- Forum http://forum.anastasia.ru/topic_47351_90.html
- Wikipedia.
Variety of fathoms
Consider various options for using fathoms in the design of a residential building. Common to all methods: when building a house according to sazhens, the external dimensions of the house should have different sizes along 3 coordinate axes, and only an even number of sazhens is set aside. Similarly, the space inside the house is planned, only an even number of half-sazhens, elbows, spans, metacarpuses or vershoks is taken.
Details such as windows and doors rounded at the top, a high roof, various terraces and porches, asymmetric elements and parts of the house make it original and memorable. A separate topic is the decoration of the house with carvings, the so-called "patterning". This is a whole language of various figures, telling about the family living in the house. The furniture is made in accordance with the size of the house and the owners. The color of the decoration complements the interior space of the house: curtains, carpets, paintings.
Design for 16 fixed fathoms
An even number of fathoms is plotted along the 3 axes, which must be different and not be next to each other in the list.
1. Piletsky 2.055
2. Egyptian 1,663
3. Lesser 1.345
4. Treasury 2.176
5. Folk 1,760
6. Small 1.424
7. Greek 2,304
8. Church 1,864
9. Simple 1,508
10. Great 2,440
11. Royal 1,974
12. Masonry 1,597
13. Large 2,584
14. Pharaoh 2,091
15. Chernyaeva 1,691
16. Policeman 2,848
So, the external dimensions of the house can be as follows: length - 6 church fathoms, height - 4 royal fathoms, width - 4 people's fathoms. If the house is round or polygonal, then the outer diameter is equal to an even number of fathoms, for example, 4 masonry fathoms.
Fathoms according to the golden proportions of the owner.
It is proposed to take five consecutive numbers of the golden ratio 0.382/0.618/1/1.618/2.618. These coefficients must be multiplied by the growth of the owner - as a result, a number of fathoms is obtained, proportional to its growth. For example, with a height of 1.764 m, the scale will be as follows: 0.674 / 1.090 / 1.764 / 2.854 / 4.618 m. The indicated row is successively multiplied by 2, 4, 8, 16 ... - a table is formed, according to which the sizes of individual fathoms are determined. The fathoms calculated by this method are divided into 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 ... parts, respectively. As a result, we get independent units: half a sazhen, elbows, spans, metacarpuses, vershoks.
Types of "human" fathoms.
The most famous "human" fathoms:
- flywheel. This is the length of outstretched arms;
- growth. Just the height of a man;
- oblique. The height of a person with his arm raised up.
According to the indicated sazhens, a house is designed, taking into account the size of the owner and hostess. The external dimensions of the house are calculated according to the size of the owner, and the internal dimensions are calculated according to the size of the hostess. There is a certain meaning hidden here: such a correspondence is intended to reflect the relationship between the roles of men and women in the family.
In conclusion, it should be noted that regardless of the units of length (the distance can be measured in feet, meters or parrots), when designing according to fathoms, we create a “live”, harmonious space for a Person for Love, creativity and relaxation.
Used Books:
1. A. F. Chernyaev “Golden fathoms of Ancient Russia”.
Review of the hostess of the house, built according to the system of ancient Russian sazhens, about her house
My house is really built according to Russian sazhens. But only outside. Inside - how it happened. It is comfortable to live in it, we don’t want to leave it - we perceive it as a living being, very friendly and cheerful.
Whether the reason for this sazhen, or the fact that it was built with love by our like-minded person, a very clean and kind person with extensive construction experience, is hard to say.
Most often I hear such words about my house: “what a nice one you have!”. It seems small, but it seems - not very, moderately high, moderately wide, so strong - in a word - okay. But in this, I think, the merit of fathoms.
He is pleasing to the eye with his proportions, well, smart, of course (after all, we love him - so we dressed him up). Guests, entering for a moment, do not leave for hours - they just sit on the steps or the terrace. This is especially noticeable in children, the mother of the baby will lower the baby to the ground to go home, and he again climbs the stairs to the house - and he is so happy.
Six months after the construction of the house, I attended Chernyaev's seminar in Lipetsk. There I learned an important thing that everyone should take into account when building a house, even if the construction is not in sazhens.
The height of the ceiling in a house with stove heating should be as high as possible - superheated air rises and hangs from the ceiling. If the ceilings are 3 meters (Chernyaev says 3.20 is better), then everything is fine. If it is lower, then our head is always in the discomfort zone.
Indeed, during the heating season, my son could not sleep on top of a bunk bed (our ceiling height is 2.5 meters) - it is very hot and stuffy up there.
I am for the fact that the houses of the settlers were solid, beautiful and well-ordered. The extra costs of “beauty” pay off a hundredfold - how many times my eye catches my eye.
The Siberian taiga is the largest forest in the world. Russian traditions of felling houses from logs are known all over the world. But we continue to build obsolete log buildings - dull and monotonous. Is it possible to build an ultra-modern house using primordial technologies? It turns out you can!
Forests occupy a significant part of the territory of our country - just remember the Siberian taiga. We have again learned how to cut log houses, but for some reason they are not delivered either to Europe or to other parts of the world. Russia mainly exports roundwood. lumber at best. On the other hand, red cedar houses cut down in Canada are bought with pleasure all over the world (including Russia), despite their high cost. Why is our cedar worse than Canadian? Maybe we just offer both European and domestic developers the wrong houses?
For several years, such questions haunted the specialists of the Taiga House company, who came to a disappointing conclusion: we really offer the consumer unsuitable houses. They should have more light and as many windows so that the landscape is perceived by the owners as part of the interior. And yet - unbanal appearance and interior space. It is also necessary that the buildings are reliable, durable and very warm. But how to combine all these requirements in a log structure?
If you delve into botany, then the Siberian cedar (lat. Pinus sibirica) is actually one of the types of pine. Canadian red cedar is also not a cedar. Its official name is Thuja folded (lat. Thuja plicata), or Thuja giant, and it belongs to the genus Thuja of the Cypress family (Cupressaceae). However, following Canada, awarded thuyu named Western Red Cedar, everyone began to call this plant cedar.
The solution, of course, was found, but the company's specialists had to study domestic and foreign technologies for making corner and wall cuts for a long time and carefully, methods for creating frame structures from logs, as well as techniques that allow combining log and frame structures in one building.
Modern facades of wooden houses
At the same time, unexpectedly for themselves, they discovered that all the necessary technologies, methods and techniques were successfully used centuries ago in Russian felling. It's just that the more far-sighted Canadians not only studied and mastered, but even improved many of them much earlier than us.
And today we are adopting someone else's experience, completely forgetting about our own developments.
It was these almost forgotten techniques that formed the basis for the technology of building houses in the new Russian style: felling “in the saddle with a fat tail” (it still differs somewhat from the “Canadian cup”), “in the fence”, frame structures of roofs over huge, composed from individual log cabins with houses that resemble a bar in shape, the letter "G". "P" or "D". (By the way, before there were technologies that allowed, if necessary, to increase such buildings, transforming them from one form to another.)
In order to modernize future facades and interiors, the company's specialists carefully studied, let's not be afraid of this word, the creations of such a well-known house-building company as
Pioneer Log Homes of British Columbia, a master craftsman like Bnan Moore, and a timber house architect and designer like Murray Amott. And of course. tried to adopt from them all the best technologies and techniques. For example, the moon groove. cut at the bottom of the logs for their tight longitudinal connection. Outwardly, it only slightly differs from the Russian semicircular groove, but in the assembled structure, the upper log with sharp edges of the lunar groove cut into it from below rests tightly on the lower log.
In such a connection and in a self-sealing saddle-shaped cup with a “tail tail”, the insulation is laid even during the assembly of the walls, and they do not need subsequent caulking. However, they are very time consuming and should be performed only by highly skilled craftsmen.
Experts paid special attention to sliding joints of wooden elements, which allow compensating for shrinkage of log structures associated with frame structures, as well as installation methods that protect windows (ordinary, panoramic, triangular or even diamond-shaped) in log cabins from crushing. About all this - in our story about the construction of a log house with a useful area of 380 m 2, made in such an unusual architectural manner that it can be called a new Russian style.
It was erected in the Moscow region by the Taiga House company.
It is no secret that the construction of a log house begins long before the house kit is delivered to the developer's site.
It is only negligent carpenters who allow themselves to bring a bunch of logs to the site, and then on the spot make and assemble a log house from them - “look, master, how we work.” A competent manufacturer prepares a log house on a special site, as close as possible to the source of raw materials, and then brings it to the customer and assembles it in a week or two on the foundation, thereby saving the owners from the need to observe the work of the cutters for a long time, and to clean up mountains of wood waste.
In this case, the future house was made for almost six months on a site located on the bank of one of the Yenisei dens. To create the side log parts, cedar pine logs with an average diameter of 450 mm were used, which were connected in the cuts and corners with a saddle-shaped replacement with an upper notch - it looks beautiful on logs of large diameter (the lock is cut from below, the notch is made from above). In the central (frame) part, the diameter of the log-racks was 450-500 mm, and the diameter of the beams connecting them was 380-420 mm. The rafter legs were made of logs with a diameter of 320-360 mm. After manufacturing and careful adjustment of all elements to each other, the house was dismantled and sent to the customer, and then assembled on the foundation in just 2 weeks.
The foundation of the construction of a modern wooden house
A full-fledged basement floor was designed under the house, it was planned to equip technical rooms, a living room, a home cinema, etc. in the engine. they reinforcing frame and poured concrete grade M400.
Further along the bottom of the pit, a sand and gravel pad 300 mm thick was built, a formwork was installed around the perimeter, a reinforcing cage was placed in it, and a monolithic slab 250 mm thick was cast. After that, the formwork for the walls was mounted, the reinforcement was laid and the walls were cast from M400 concrete. Then a flooring of laminated plywood was laid on top of them, a metal frame was placed on it and a basement slab 200 mm thick was poured. Subsequently, drainage pipes were laid along the perimeter of the basement floor, and its walls were waterproofed and insulated from the outside with extruded polystyrene foam. The cellar is warm and dry.
Wooden house - warm!
Since the photo essay illustrated in sufficient detail the process of erecting a log house with a frame (made of logs) central part and log side parts (connected to the frame posts with a cut-in “into the fence”), we will add only a few words about the heat-saving parameters of the building.
Thanks to a well-thought-out cutting and assembly technology, the minimum wall thickness in corners, cuts and longitudinal joints of logs is approximately 1.2-1.5 times greater than that of the walls of houses from the best Canadian manufacturers. And that means that the walls of the building near Moscow are warmer.
To create window structures (including panoramic ones), a warm Italian-made aluminum profile with three thermal breaks was used.
Of course, the purchase and delivery of products from abroad is not cheap, but it was worth it, because these profiles are one of the warmest on the world market.
In such a profile, energy-saving double-glazed windows 48 mm wide are installed. with glass thickness b mm. between which argon is pumped. As a result, the reduced heat transfer resistance of the window as a whole is very high - Ro = 0.95-1 m2. °C/W. Under all the large windows, convectors were built into the floors. Thus, in a house with such extensive glazing, even in the most severe frosts, it will be warm and comfortable.
Log house - construction
1, 2. First, for the construction of a log house on the site, in accordance with the plan of the house, wooden stands (1) were put on the same level, and then the first crown of larch (2) was laid on them - it is not afraid of moisture and is resistant to diseases
3-8. First of all, two side log cabins were erected, using lunar grooves (4) and saddle-shaped locks with an upper notch (3, 5, 6) to connect the crowns. Then, with the help of a cut “into the fence”, the frame racks were docked to the log cabins (7, 8)
9. 10. After completing the installation of the racks that unite the ends of the log cabins (9), the carpenters installed the necessary additional pillars and mounted the beams of the interfloor ceiling and the truss system (10)
11-13. In the design of the rafter system, specially designed locks were used, allowing the rafters to move outward when the log house shrinks (11, 12). Over large spans, the rafters were joined by beams (13)
14.15. For the construction of the basement, a foundation pit was dug, and bored piles were made at its bottom (14). Next, a reinforced concrete slab, walls and basement were cast in succession (15)
16. Since all the details of the wooden structure were carefully adjusted to each other in advance, the assembly of the log house took only 2 weeks.
17.18. When assembling the log house, metal screw shrinkage compensators with a threaded rod diameter of 80 mm were installed under all the logs-racks. They had to be made to order.
19.20. During assembly, the crowns are so tightly fitted to each other that it is impossible to insert even a knife blade into the longitudinal joint of the logs or into the cup (19). The insulation lying in the longitudinal lunar groove (20) can only be seen in window openings.
21-23. From above, the rafters were cut into one plane, and then a flooring of boards was laid on them (21). A vapor barrier was laid on top of it and a beam with a section of 200 x 80 mm (22) was stuffed across the slope. Between the bars, a heater was laid with a layer of 200 mm, covered with wind insulation, a counter-lattice and a crate were nailed, and a copper seam roof was laid on it (23).
24, 25. Rectangular windows were installed in casing boxes, attached to the logs framing the opening in a sliding way. To protect against the inevitable shrinkage of the log house above the boxes, gaps were left 5% wide of the height of the opening and filled with insulation.
26-28. The already unusual architectural appearance of the house is emphasized by triangular and diamond-shaped windows mounted under the roof itself. A specially designed mounting system with a shrinkage gap protects against crushing during shrinkage of the window frame logs.
29, 30. Natural lighting of the living room and bedrooms located on the second floor is provided by skylights, which are equipped with a remote-controlled automatic opening system.
31-33. When dried, the tree "sits" by 0.5-0.8% in the direction along the fibers. Therefore, panoramic windows (32, 33) were mounted in casing boxes slidably attached to the pillars (a gap was left above the boxes).
34-36. All wooden elements in the house were sanded. A large stone-lined fireplace (FOR) was erected in the living room. Doors with original decor leading to the bedrooms on the second floor (35, 36) were made to order
37, 38. Outside the house, the logs were sanded and covered with a protective compound. The terraces were covered with larch boards, and their parapets were decorated with balusters made of cedar roots raised from the bottom of the river.
39, 40. On the copper roof, immediately after its installation, snow holders made of the same material were installed in two rows. Within six months, the copper was covered with a patina, emphasizing the aesthetic and noble appearance of the building.
41-43. The concrete walls of the basement floor were insulated from the outside with extruded polystyrene foam and lined with stone (42, 43). Around the house, at the request of the owners, the ground was leveled, lawns were laid out, and trees and ornamental shrubs were planted (41).
Read also:
Construction of a modern wooden house - a photo of a log house and assembly
Communications inside a modern wooden log house
Since all the engineering “services” of the house are located on the basement floor, the pipes, cables and exhaust ventilation ducts coming from them were spread across the “basement” floor, and then lifted onto its walls and released upstairs from both sides of the spacious living room. In the premises of the first floor, communications were carried out along the basement slab. On the second level, they were laid inside the frame walls and separated into rooms inside the interfloor ceiling.
The material was prepared by Ryabtseva Svetlana on the basis of a conversation held with the Shtakins family - Marina and Dmitry, on whose site a sazhen bathhouse was designed and built. Moreover, Svetlana took an active part in the development of the bath project according to the traditions of old Russian architecture. The owners willingly shared information about how the original project was brought to life. So, first things first.
In the south of the Moscow region in the Serpukhov district, on the banks of the Oka River, there is a village "N". The mountainous landscape of this area allows us to call it Russian Switzerland. Before the revolution, there were a large number of households in the countryside. Wealthy peasants lived there, most of whom owned working crafts: foundry, blacksmithing, plumbing. Many of them were related, had large plots of land and beautiful houses. Before the revolution it was a village with a wooden church. In this beautiful place, our ancestors also owned a piece of land. For more than 300 years they lived in this place and cultivated this land. In Soviet times, the site was shrunk to a size of 24 acres. As expected, at the beginning of the site there is a solid five-walled hut, built according to Russian traditions in sazhens. Below, in a ravine, springs a source of excellent mineral water, which has served the inhabitants since the formation of the village.
Recently, we have become the heirs of this land. Everything would be fine, but modern man needs more comfort - and we thought about building a bathhouse in this family nest. As usual, appetite comes with eating and we wanted to build a bathhouse with a second floor, with a balcony and a terrace on the first floor. As expected, you need to start with a plan and not a simple one, but with a plan calculated in sazhens, ensuring harmony in the size of the house and the size of the owners. We were also attracted by the fact that a house built by sazhens is durable and has a beneficial effect on all those living in it /1/. Immediately before the start of construction, the bath plan was approved.Plan of the 1st floor.
Attic plan.
The plan of the bath was made according to the ancient Russian sazhens, restored by A.F. Chernyaev on the basis of measurements of Russian temples /1/. Initially, the dimensions of the log house were supposed to be 6x6.4 m, that is, the width was 4 simple sazhens, the length was 4 masonry sazhens. The height of the entire bath was supposed to be 7m, that is, 4 folk sazhens. The foundation was planned to be low, 40 cm, so it was not taken into account. Immediately before the start of work, we made adjustments - we added steps with a canopy and roof overhangs. The final dimensions with the porch turned out to be 7.5 x 8 m, or 4 church fathoms by 6 smaller fathoms.
The plan in sazhens was developed in accordance with all our wishes. It only remained to find excellent builders. The first company we contacted was unable to produce a log cabin that was different from the standard dimensions of 6x6m. We got lucky here. On the building materials market, we managed to get the phone of a foreman from Chuvashia, who offered log cabins for baths with logs as much as 38 cm in diameter.
In May, work began to boil. The area opposite the old house was identified and cleared. Previously, a little lower than the bath, from the side of the steam room, the builders made a septic tank with an overflow system - they dug 3 rings, cemented the bottom and added 2 rings for overflow, they were covered with plastic hatches from above. On the other hand, higher up, they chose a place for a well. The foundation was planned in accordance with all the rules: they provided not only ventilation holes, but holes for pipes - for supplying well water and draining wastewater. In autumn, after the construction of the bathhouse, a well was dug next to the bathhouse. In the future, we planned to supply water directly to the bathhouse, install a boiler in order to take a shower in the summer without resorting to a preliminary firebox to heat water.
The first step was to mark up the foundation.
Workers dug a trench for a strip foundation measuring
6.0x6.5 m and 70 cm deep. 20 cm of sand was laid on the bottom - the so-called sand cushion.
